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Zhang J, Wang Y, Wang L, You L, Zhang T. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma chemoresistance: From metabolism reprogramming to novel treatment. Chin Med J (Engl) 2024; 137:408-420. [PMID: 37545027 PMCID: PMC10876258 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000002758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT As pancreatic cancer (PC) is highly malignant, its patients tend to develop metastasis at an early stage and show a poor response to conventional chemotherapies. First-line chemotherapies for PC, according to current guidelines, include fluoropyrimidine- and gemcitabine-based regimens. Accumulating research on drug resistance has shown that biochemical metabolic aberrations in PC, especially those involving glycolysis and glutamine metabolism, are highly associated with chemoresistance. Additionally, lipid metabolism is a major factor in chemoresistance. However, emerging compounds that target these key metabolic pathways have the potential to overcome chemoresistance. This review summarizes how PC develops chemoresistance through aberrations in biochemical metabolism and discusses novel critical targets and pathways within cancer metabolism for new drug research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingcheng Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
- Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Yutong Wang
- Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Lejunzi Wang
- Department of Anaesthesia, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Lei You
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Taiping Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
- Clinical Immunology Centre, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
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2
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Poh AR, Ernst M. Functional roles of SRC signaling in pancreatic cancer: Recent insights provide novel therapeutic opportunities. Oncogene 2023:10.1038/s41388-023-02701-x. [PMID: 37120696 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-023-02701-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an aggressive malignant disease with a 5-year survival rate of <10%. Aberrant activation or elevated expression of the tyrosine kinase c-SRC (SRC) is frequently observed in PDAC and is associated with a poor prognosis. Preclinical studies have revealed a multifaceted role for SRC activation in PDAC, including promoting chronic inflammation, tumor cell proliferation and survival, cancer cell stemness, desmoplasia, hypoxia, angiogenesis, invasion, metastasis, and drug resistance. Strategies to inhibit SRC signaling include suppressing its catalytic activity, inhibiting protein stability, or by interfering with signaling components of the SRC signaling pathway including suppressing protein interactions of SRC. In this review, we discuss the molecular and immunological mechanisms by which aberrant SRC activity promotes PDAC tumorigenesis. We also provide a comprehensive update of SRC inhibitors in the clinic, and discuss the clinical challenges associated with targeting SRC in pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashleigh R Poh
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute and La Trobe University School of Cancer Medicine, Melbourne, VIC, 3084, Australia.
| | - Matthias Ernst
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute and La Trobe University School of Cancer Medicine, Melbourne, VIC, 3084, Australia.
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3
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Lee LD, Pozios I, Liu V, Nachbichler SB, Böhmer D, Kamphues C, Beyer K, Bruns CJ, Kreis ME, Seeliger H. Thymidine phosphorylase induction by ionizing radiation antagonizes 5-fluorouracil resistance in human ductal pancreatic adenocarcinoma. RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2022; 61:255-262. [PMID: 35084511 PMCID: PMC9021112 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-022-00962-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Chemoresistance in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) frequently contributes to failure of systemic therapy. While the radiosensitizing properties of 5-fluorouracil (FU) are well known, it is unknown whether ionizing radiation (IR) sensitizes towards FU cytotoxicity. Here, we hypothesize that upregulation of thymidine phosphorylase (TP) by IR reverses FU chemoresistance in PDAC cells. The FU resistant variant of the human PDAC cell line AsPC-1 (FU-R) was used to determine the sensitizing effects of IR. Proliferation rates of FU sensitive parental (FU-S) and FU-R cells were determined by WST-1 assays after low (0.05 Gy) and intermediate dose (2.0 Gy) IR followed by FU treatment. TP protein expression in PDAC cells before and after IR was assessed by Western blot. To analyze the specificity of the FU sensitizing effect, TP was ablated by siRNA. FU-R cells showed a 2.7-fold increase of the half maximal inhibitory concentration, compared to FU-S parental cells. Further, FU-R cells showed a concomitant IR resistance towards both doses applied. When challenging both cell lines with FU after IR, FU-R cells had lower proliferation rates than FU-S cells, suggesting a reversal of chemoresistance by IR. This FU sensitizing effect was abolished when TP was blocked by anti-TP siRNA before IR. An increase of TP protein expression was seen after both IR doses. Our results suggest a TP dependent reversal of FU-chemoresistance in PDAC cells that is triggered by IR. Thus, induction of TP expression by low dose IR may be a therapeutic approach to potentially overcome FU chemoresistance in PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas D Lee
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12200, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ioannis Pozios
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12200, Berlin, Germany
| | - Verena Liu
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12200, Berlin, Germany
| | - Silke B Nachbichler
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, Klinikum der Universität München, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Dirk Böhmer
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Radiotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12200, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carsten Kamphues
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12200, Berlin, Germany
| | - Katharina Beyer
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12200, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christiane J Bruns
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital of Cologne, 50937, Cologne, Germany
| | - Martin E Kreis
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12200, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hendrik Seeliger
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12200, Berlin, Germany.
- IU Health University, 10243, Berlin, Germany.
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Caragana rosea Turcz Methanol Extract Inhibits Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammatory Responses by Suppressing the TLR4/NF-κB/IRF3 Signaling Pathways. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26216660. [PMID: 34771068 PMCID: PMC8586996 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Caragana rosea Turcz, which belongs to the Leguminosae family, is a small shrub found in Northern and Eastern China that is known to possess anti-inflammatory properties and is used to treat fever, asthma, and cough. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of its anti-inflammatory effects are unknown. Therefore, we used lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in RAW264.7 macrophages to investigate the molecular mechanisms that underlie the anti-inflammatory activities of a methanol extract of Caragana rosea (Cr-ME). We showed that Cr-ME reduced the production of nitric oxide (NO) and mRNA levels of iNOS, TNF-α, and IL-6 in a concentration-dependent manner. We also found that Cr-ME blocked MyD88- and TBK1-induced NF-κB and IRF3 promoter activity, suggesting that it affects multiple targets. Moreover, Cr-ME reduced the phosphorylation levels of IκBα, IKKα/β and IRF3 in a time-dependent manner and regulated the upstream NF-κB proteins Syk and Src, and the IRF3 protein TBK1. Upon overexpression of Src and TBK1, Cr-ME stimulation attenuated the phosphorylation of the NF-κB subunits p50 and p65 and IRF3 signaling. Together, our results suggest that the anti-inflammatory activity of Cr-ME occurs by inhibiting the NF-κB and IRF3 signaling pathways.
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Liu Y, Fu H, Zuo L. Synergistic Cytotoxicity Effect of 5-fluorouracil and SHP2 Inhibitor Demethylincisterol A3 on Cervical Cancer Cell. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2021; 22:1313-1319. [PMID: 34238199 DOI: 10.2174/1871520621666210708130703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Demethylincisterol A3 (DTA3) has been identified as an SHP2 inhibitor and suppresses the growth of many cancer cells. 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is widely used for the clinical treatment of various cancers. However, the combined effects of 5-FU and DTA3 on cervical cancer cells remain unknown. OBJECTIVE This study evaluates the mechanism of the combined effects of 5-FU and DTA3 in cervical cancer cells. METHODS The synergistic cytotoxic effects of 5-FU and DTA3 in cervical cancer cells were calculated. Apoptosis was analysed by flow cytometry. Western blot analyses were used to examine the related signalling pathways. RESULTS DTA3 and 5-FU synergized to induce apoptosis and repress proliferation of cervical cancer cells by downregulating the activation of PI3K/AKT and NF-κB signalling pathway. We provided evidence that the upregulation of SHP2 expression by transfection significantly inhibited the cytotoxicity of 5-FU and DTA3. SHP2 knockdown enhanced the antiproliferation activity of 5-FU, indicating targeting SHP2 sensitized cervical cancer cells to 5-FU. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrates that SHP2 inhibitor DTA3 and 5-FU have a synergistic cytotoxic effect on cervical cancer cells. The synergistic combination of SHP2 inhibitor and 5-FU may present a promising strategy for the treatment of cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Department of Immunology, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, CN 550004, China
| | - Hua Fu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, CN 550004, China
| | - Li Zuo
- Department of Immunology, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, CN 550004, China
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Li ZY, Sun XY. Recent progress in SRC targeted therapy for pancreatic cancer. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2021; 29:621-627. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v29.i12.621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PC) is a highly lethal malignancy with a 5-year survival rate of only 10% and is extremely resistant to chemotherapy. Therefore, developing effective therapeutic drugs is urgently needed. SRC is a proto-oncogenic tyrosine protein kinase and highly expressed in more than 70% of PCs. SRC is involved in regulating the proliferation, infiltration, and metastasis of PC cells as well as tumor angiogenesis, thus representing one of the most promising molecular targets for developing novel drugs. Preclinical studies demonstrate that small-molecule SRC inhibitors display significant anti-cancer activities in vitro and in vivo, and have a synergistic effect with conventional chemotherapy drugs against PC. Some SRC inhibitors have been evaluated in clinical trials. This article analyzes the regulatory mechanism of SRC and the recent progress and problems in developing drugs targeting SRC for the treatment of PC. Unfortunately, up to date no SRC inhibitor or regiment containing SRC inhibitors has been approved for the clinical treatment of PC. In the authors' opinion, the introduction of precision medicine principles to carry out SRC inhibitor clinical trials, combination of immunotherapy and SRC inhibitors, seeking more selective and effective SRC inhibitors, and further exploration of the SRC regulatory network may be the future directions for developing SRC-targeted therapies against PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Yi Li
- Hepatosplenic Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Xue-Ying Sun
- Hepatosplenic Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
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George TJ, Ali A, Wang Y, Lee JH, Ivey AM, DeRemer D, Daily KC, Allegra CJ, Hughes SJ, Fan ZH, Cameron ME, Judge AR, Trevino JG. Phase II Study of 5-Fluorouracil, Oxaliplatin plus Dasatinib (FOLFOX-D) in First-Line Metastatic Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma. Oncologist 2021; 26:825-e1674. [PMID: 34101295 DOI: 10.1002/onco.13853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
LESSONS LEARNED Preclinical studies have demonstrated that Src inhibition through dasatinib synergistically enhances the antitumor effects of oxaliplatin. In this phase II, single-arm study, FOLFOX with dasatinib in previously untreated patients with mPC only showed only modest clinical activity, with a progressive-free survival of 4 months and overall survival of 10.6 months. Continued investigation is ongoing to better understand the role of Src inhibition with concurrent 5-fluorouracil and oxaliplatin in a subset of exceptional responders. BACKGROUND Src tyrosine kinase activity is overexpressed in many human cancers, including metastatic pancreatic cancer (mPC). Dasatinib is a potent inhibitor of Src family of tyrosine kinases. This study was designed to investigate whether dasatinib can synergistically enhance antitumor effects of FOLFOX regimen (FOLFOX-D). METHODS In this single-arm, phase II study, previously untreated patients received dasatinib 150 mg oral daily on days 1-14, oxaliplatin 85 mg/m2 intravenous (IV) on day 1 every 14 days, leucovorin (LV) 400 mg/m2 IV on day 1 every 14 days, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) bolus 400 mg/m2 on day 1 every 14 days, and 5-FU continuous infusion 2,400 mg/m2 on day 1 every 14 days. Primary endpoint was progression-free survival (PFS) with preplanned comparison to historical controls. RESULTS Forty-four patients enrolled with an estimated median PFS of 4.0 (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.3-8.5) months and overall survival (OS) of 10.6 (95% CI, 6.9-12.7) months. Overall response rate (ORR) was 22.7% (n = 10): one patient (2.3%) with complete response (CR) and nine patients (20.5%) with partial response (PR). Fifteen patients (34.1%) had stable disease (SD). Nausea was the most common adverse event (AE) seen in 35 patients (79.5%). CONCLUSION The addition of dasatinib did not appear to add incremental clinical benefit to FOLFOX in untreated patients with mPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J George
- Division of Hematology Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.,University of Florida Health Cancer Center, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Azka Ali
- Division of Hematology Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.,University of Florida Health Cancer Center, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Yu Wang
- Division of Quantitative Sciences, University of Florida Health Cancer Center, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Ji-Hyun Lee
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.,Division of Quantitative Sciences, University of Florida Health Cancer Center, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Alison M Ivey
- University of Florida Health Cancer Center, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - David DeRemer
- University of Florida Health Cancer Center, Gainesville, Florida, USA.,Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Karen C Daily
- Division of Hematology Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.,University of Florida Health Cancer Center, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Carmen J Allegra
- Division of Hematology Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.,University of Florida Health Cancer Center, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Steven J Hughes
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Z Hugh Fan
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Miles E Cameron
- College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Andrew R Judge
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Jose G Trevino
- Department of Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
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8
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Omrani VF, Koochaki A, Behzad S, Kia V, Ghasemi P, Razaviyan J, Moosavian HR, Rezapour M, Vasei M, Asouri M, Mohammadi-Yeganeh S. Effects of Sambucus Ebulus Extract on Cell Proliferation and Viability of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: An In Vitro and In Vivo Study. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2021; 22:1386-1396. [PMID: 33845752 DOI: 10.2174/1871520621666210412113944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) accounts for 15% of all breast cancer (BC) cases and is a severe type of BC. Since medicinal herbs containing biocompatible substances that are accepted by patient more than chemical therapeutics, they can be considered a safe option for treating BC. OBJECTIVE This study evaluated the effect of Sambucus Ebulus (S. ebulus) extract on a model of TNBC. METHODS S. ebulus extract was prepared using petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, and methanol. The petroleum ether extract was fractionated and analyzed using vacuum liquid chromatography and GC-MS, respectively. MDA-MB-231 and MCF-10A were used as TNBC and normal breast cells, respectively. Flowcytometry and MTT assays were performed to evaluate cell cycle, apoptosis, and viability of the cells. Gene expression analysis was performed using RT-qPCR. Nude mouse allograft tumor models were used, and pathological sections were evaluated. RESULTS The findings indicated that S. ebulus extract remarkably decreased cell proliferation and viability. The extract had no toxicity to the normal breast cells but efficiently killed the cancer cells. Cell cycle- and apoptosis-related gene expression showed that fraction 4 of S. ebulus extract significantly increased the expression of Bax, Bak, P53, and c-MYC. CONCLUSION This study showed satisfactory results of the effect of S. ebulus extract on clearing BC cells both in vitro and in vivo. Thus, S. ebulus extract may be a safe herbal compound for eliminating BC cells without toxicity to host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid F Omrani
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran. Iran
| | - Ameneh Koochaki
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran. Iran
| | - Sahar Behzad
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran. Iran
| | - Vahid Kia
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud. Iran
| | - Peyman Ghasemi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran. Iran
| | - Javad Razaviyan
- Student Research Committee, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shahid Behehshti University of Medical Sciences. Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Moosavian
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran. Iran
| | - Maysam Rezapour
- Modeling in Health Research Center, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman. Iran
| | - Mohammad Vasei
- Department of Pathology, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran. Iran
| | - Mohsen Asouri
- North Research Center Pasteur Institute of Iran, Amol. Iran
| | - Samira Mohammadi-Yeganeh
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran. Iran
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Targeting SRC Kinase Signaling in Pancreatic Cancer Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207437. [PMID: 33050159 PMCID: PMC7588004 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The proto-oncogene nonreceptor tyrosine-protein kinase SRC is a member of the SRC family of tyrosine kinases (SFKs), and its activation and overexpression have been shown to play a protumorigenic role in multiple solid cancers, including pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). PDAC is currently the seventh-leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide, and, by 2030, it is predicted to become the second-leading cause of cancer-related death in the United States. PDAC is characterized by its high lethality (5-year survival of rate of <10%), invasiveness, and chemoresistance, all of which have been shown to be due to the presence of pancreatic cancer stem cells (PaCSCs) within the tumor. Due to the demonstrated overexpression of SRC in PDAC, we set out to determine if SRC kinases are important for PaCSC biology using pharmacological inhibitors of SRC kinases (dasatinib or PP2). Treatment of primary PDAC cultures established from patient-derived xenografts with dasatinib or PP2 reduced the clonogenic, self-renewal, and tumor-initiating capacity of PaCSCs, which we attribute to the downregulation of key signaling factors such as p-FAK, p-ERK1-2, and p-AKT. Therefore, this study not only validates that SRC kinases are relevant and biologically important for PaCSCs but also suggests that inhibitors of SRC kinases may represent a possible future treatment option for PDAC patients, although further studies are still needed.
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Fendiline Enhances the Cytotoxic Effects of Therapeutic Agents on PDAC Cells by Inhibiting Tumor-Promoting Signaling Events: A Potential Strategy to Combat PDAC. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20102423. [PMID: 31100813 PMCID: PMC6567171 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20102423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The L-type calcium channel blocker fendiline has been shown to interfere with Ras-dependent signaling in K-Ras mutant cancer cells. Earlier studies from our lab had shown that treatment of pancreatic cancer cells with fendiline causes significant cytotoxicity and interferes with proliferation, survival, migration, invasion and anchorage independent growth. Currently there are no effective therapies to manage PDACs. As fendiline has been approved for treatment of patients with angina, we hypothesized that, if proven effective, combinatorial therapies using this agent would be easily translatable to clinic for testing in PDAC patients. Here we tested combinations of fendiline with gemcitabine, visudyne (a YAP1 inhibitor) or tivantinib (ARQ197, a c-Met inhibitor) for their effectiveness in overcoming growth and oncogenic characteristics of PDAC cells. The Hippo pathway component YAP1 has been shown to bypass K-Ras addiction, and allow tumor growth, in a Ras-null mouse model. Similarly, c-Met expression has been associated with poor prognosis and metastasis in PDAC patients. Our results presented here show that combinations of fendiline with these inhibitors show enhanced anti-tumor activity in Panc1, MiaPaCa2 and CD18/HPAF PDAC cells, as evident from the reduced viability, migration, anchorage-independent growth and self-renewal. Biochemical analysis shows that these agents interfere with various signaling cascades such as the activation of Akt and ERK, as well as the expression of c-Myc and CD44 that are altered in PDACs. These results imply that inclusion of fendiline may improve the efficacy of various chemotherapeutic agents that could potentially benefit PDAC patients.
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11
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Ma L, Wei J, Su GH, Lin J. Dasatinib can enhance paclitaxel and gemcitabine inhibitory activity in human pancreatic cancer cells. Cancer Biol Ther 2019; 20:855-865. [PMID: 30866697 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2019.1579956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
SRC and its activated form, phospho-SRC (pSRC), are aberrantly activated in pancreatic cancer and SRC represents a potential target for pancreatic cancer therapy. In this paper, we examined the inhibitory effect of dasatinib, a potent SRC inhibitor in combination with paclitaxel or gemcitabine on human and murine pancreatic cancer cell lines. The results showed that p-SRC can be highly expressed in most human and mouse pancreatic cancer cell lines compared with normal human cell lines and can be induced by paclitaxel or gemcitabine in HPAC cells. Dasatinib can enhance the efficacy of paclitaxel or gemcitabine by reducing the cell viability and inhibiting the cell proliferation. Dasatinib with paclitaxel combination exhibits statistically greater inhibition of the cell migration ability than single agent alone, paclitaxel with gemcitabine or FOLFIRINOX (combination of fluorouracil, leucovorin, irinotecan, and oxaliplatin) in HAPC, PANC-1, and BXPC-3 human pancreatic cancer cell lines as well as 8-285 APR and 8-365 APR mouse pancreatic cancer cell lines. In addition, dasatinib with gemcitabine combination also showed statistically greater inhibition of cell migration than single agent alone, paclitaxel with gemcitabine, or FOLFIRINOX in HAPC, PANC-1 and 8-285 APR cells. The combination of dasatinib with paclitaxel or gemcitabine also showed greater inhibition of the colony formation ability of pancreatic cancer cells compared with single-agent monotherapy or FOLFIRINOX. Dasatinib with paclitaxel or gemcitabine combination also inhibits p-SRC, p-STAT3, p-AKT, and/or p-ERK in these pancreatic cancer cells. Therefore, our results support that combined dasatinib and paclitaxel or gemcitabine therapy may be a viable therapeutic approach for human pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Ma
- a Department of Clinical Laboratory, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , China.,b Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine , University of Maryland , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - Jia Wei
- b Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine , University of Maryland , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - Gloria H Su
- c Department of Pathology and Cell Biology , Columbia University Medical Center , New York , NY , USA
| | - Jiayuh Lin
- b Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine , University of Maryland , Baltimore , MD , USA
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Abdellatif KR, Bakr RB. New advances in synthesis and clinical aspects of pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine scaffolds. Bioorg Chem 2018; 78:341-357. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2018.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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13
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Natural compound Oblongifolin C confers gemcitabine resistance in pancreatic cancer by downregulating Src/MAPK/ERK pathways. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:538. [PMID: 29749405 PMCID: PMC5970202 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0574-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Gemcitabine (GEM)-induced drug resistance is the major reason for the failure of chemotherapy in pancreatic cancer (PC). In this study, we found that Oblongifolin C (OC) efficiently inhibited PC cell proliferation by inducing G0/G1 arrest and apoptosis. Also, our mechanism study demonstrated that OC re-sensitized the GEM-resistant PC cells through the ubiquitin-proteasome-dependent degradation of Src, and then downregulating the MAPK pathway. Knockdown of Src plus OC resulted in a greater inhibitory effect in GEM-resistant PC cells. In contrast, Src overexpression reversed OC-mediated chemosensitization, thereby implicating Src in the action of OC. Moreover, our in vivo study showed that OC suppressed the tumor growth via the downregulation of Src, and enhanced the chemosensitivity of GEM-resistant PC to GEM. Overall, our results have revealed that OC is applicable as a promising agent for overcoming GEM-resistant PC, especially with aberrant Src expression.
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Monica V, Lo Iacono M, Bracco E, Busso S, Di Blasio L, Primo L, Peracino B, Papotti M, Scagliotti G. Dasatinib modulates sensitivity to pemetrexed in malignant pleural mesothelioma cell lines. Oncotarget 2018; 7:76577-76589. [PMID: 27391433 PMCID: PMC5363531 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Thymidylate synthase (TS), one of the key enzymes for thymidine synthesis, is a target of pemetrexed (PEM), a key agent for the systemic therapy of malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) and its overexpression has been correlated to PEM-resistance. In MPM, experimental data report activation of the c-SRC tyrosine kinase suggesting it as a potential target to be further investigated. Results MPM cell lines showed different sensitivity, being MSTO the most and REN the least sensitive to PEM. REN cells showed high levels of both TS and SRC: dasatinib inhibited SRC activation and suppressed TS protein expression, starting from 100 nM dose, blocking the PEM-induced up regulation of TS protein levels. Dasatinib treatment impaired cells migration, and both sequential and co-administration with PEM significantly increased apoptosis. Dasatinib pretreatment improved sensitivity to PEM, downregulated TS promoter activity and, in association with PEM, modulated the downstream PI3K-Akt-mTOR signaling. Cell lines and Methods In three MPM cell lines (MPP89, REN and MSTO), the effects of c-SRC inhibition, in correlation with TS expression and PEM sensitivity, were evaluated. PEM and dasatinib, a SRC inhibitor, were administered as single agents, in combination or sequentially. Cell viability, apoptosis and migration, as well as TS expression and SRC activation have been assessed. Conclusions These data indicate that dasatinib sensitizes mesothelioma cells to PEM through TS down-regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Monica
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, San Luigi Hospital, Orbassano, Torino, Italy
| | - Marco Lo Iacono
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, San Luigi Hospital, Orbassano, Torino, Italy
| | - Enrico Bracco
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, San Luigi Hospital, Orbassano, Torino, Italy
| | - Simone Busso
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, San Luigi Hospital, Orbassano, Torino, Italy
| | - Laura Di Blasio
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, IRCCS Candiolo, Torino, Italy
| | - Luca Primo
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, IRCCS Candiolo, Torino, Italy
| | - Barbara Peracino
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, San Luigi Hospital, Orbassano, Torino, Italy
| | - Mauro Papotti
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, San Luigi Hospital, Orbassano, Torino, Italy
| | - Giorgio Scagliotti
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, San Luigi Hospital, Orbassano, Torino, Italy
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15
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Weishaar KM, Ehrhart EJ, Avery AC, Charles JB, Elmslie RE, Vail DM, London CA, Clifford CA, Eickhoff JC, Thamm DH. c-Kit Mutation and Localization Status as Response Predictors in Mast Cell Tumors in Dogs Treated with Prednisone and Toceranib or Vinblastine. J Vet Intern Med 2017; 32:394-405. [PMID: 29194765 PMCID: PMC5787208 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background KIT inhibitors, such as toceranib (TOC), and vinblastine (VBL) have not been prospectively compared in the treatment of macroscopic mast cell tumors (MCTs). Also, it is unknown whether VBL or TOC is superior for treating MCT without c‐kit mutations. Hypothesis/Objectives To determine the value of KIT genotyping and localization in treatment decisions for dogs with macroscopic MCT. We hypothesized that c‐kit mutated MCT would have a better response to TOC than VBL. Animals Eighty‐eight client‐owned dogs with macroscopic MCT. Methods Prospective, randomized trial. Dogs were randomized to TOC (2.75 mg/kg EOD) or VBL (2.5 mg/m2 weekly × 4 then EOW) by KIT localization and c‐kit mutation status using an adaptive randomization scheme. Results Sixty dogs were allocated to TOC and 28 to VBL. Of the dogs receiving TOC, 20% had c‐kit mutations, compared to 30% receiving VBL (P = 0.74). Overall response rates were 46% (TOC) and 30% (VBL) (odds ratio = 1.56 [0.62–3.92]; P = 0.28). Median progression‐free survival (PFS) for dogs receiving VBL was 78 days (7–1,521) and for TOC 95.5 (14–990); hazard ratio (HR) = 1.34 [0.72–2.50]; P = 0.36. Median overall survival (OS) was 241.5 days (10–1,521) for the VBL group and 159 (20–990) for the TOC group; HR = 0.80 ([0.45–1.41]; P = 0.44). Conclusions and Clinical Importance Neither PFS nor OS was significantly different between treatment groups. As the proportion of dogs with c‐kit mutations was not different between treatment groups in this population of dogs, c‐kit mutation status did not predict treatment response.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Weishaar
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Flint Animal Cancer Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - E J Ehrhart
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Flint Animal Cancer Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - A C Avery
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Flint Animal Cancer Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - J B Charles
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Flint Animal Cancer Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - R E Elmslie
- VRCC Veterinary Specialty and Emergency Hospital, Englewood, CO
| | - D M Vail
- School of Veterinary Medicine and the Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - C A London
- The Ohio State University Veterinary Medical Center, Columbus, OH
| | | | - J C Eickhoff
- School of Veterinary Medicine and the Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - D H Thamm
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Flint Animal Cancer Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
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16
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Lu Y, Yang Y, Liu Y, Hao Y, Zhang Y, Hu Y, Jiang L, Gong Y, Wu K, Liu Y. Upregulation of PAG1/Cbp contributes to adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells promoted tumor progression and chemoresistance in breast cancer. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 494:719-727. [PMID: 29079189 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.10.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
C-terminal Src kinase (Csk)-binding protein (Cbp) is a ubiquitously expressed transmembrane adaptor protein which regulating Src family kinase (SFK) activities. Although SFKs are well known for their involvement in breast cancer, the function of Cbp in breast carcinogenesis upon the adipose-tumor microenvironment has not been investigated. Here, we reported that adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ASCs) induced increased expression of Cbp accompanied by enhanced cell proliferation and chemotherapy resistance in breast cancer cell MCF-7/ADR. Depletion of Cbp in breast cancer cell by RNA interference led to remarkable inhibition of cell proliferation, invasion as well as synergy with adriamycin hydrochloride to suppress the tumor growth. Furthermore, silencing of Cbp concomitantly inhibited the expression of phosphoryl of Src, AKT and mTOR signals. Our study highlights the underlying mechanism of cross interaction between ASCs and breast cancer cells, and indicates that PAG1/Cbp in breast cancer cell may modulate tumor progression and acquired chemoresistance in the ASCs-associated breast cancer microenvironment through Src and AKT/mTOR pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunshu Lu
- Laboratory of General Surgery and Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yipeng Yang
- Laboratory of General Surgery and Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Xinhua Hospital, Affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yajuan Hao
- Laboratory of General Surgery and Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yijian Zhang
- Laboratory of General Surgery and Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yunping Hu
- Laboratory of General Surgery and Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Lin Jiang
- Laboratory of General Surgery and Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yurong Gong
- Laboratory of General Surgery and Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Kejin Wu
- Breast Surgery, Obstetrics and Gynaecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, China.
| | - Yingbin Liu
- Laboratory of General Surgery and Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China.
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17
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Lin LF, Wu MH, Pidugu VK, Ho IC, Su TL, Lee TC. P-glycoprotein attenuates DNA repair activity in multidrug-resistant cells by acting through the Cbp-Csk-Src cascade. Oncotarget 2017; 8:45072-45087. [PMID: 28178691 PMCID: PMC5542168 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that P-glycoprotein (P-gp) expression impairs DNA interstrand cross-linking agent-induced DNA repair efficiency in multidrug-resistant (MDR) cells. To date, the detailed molecular mechanisms underlying how P-gp interferes with Src activation and subsequent DNA repair activity remain unclear. In this study, we determined that the C-terminal Src kinase-binding protein (Cbp) signaling pathway involved in the negative control of Src activation is enhanced in MDR cells. We also demonstrated that cells that ectopically express P-gp exhibit reduced activation of DNA damage response regulators, such as ATM, Chk2, Braca1 and Nbs1 and hence attenuated DNA double-strand break repair capacity and become more susceptible than vector control cells to DNA interstrand cross-linking (ICL) agents. Moreover, we demonstrated that P-gp can not only interact with Cbp and Src but also enhance the formation of inhibitory C-terminal Src kinase (Csk)-Cbp complexes that reduce phosphorylation of the Src activation residue Y416 and increase phosphorylation of the Src negative regulatory residue Y527. Notably, suppression of Cbp expression in MDR cells restores cisplatin-induced Src activation, improves DNA repair capacity, and increases resistance to ICL agents. Ectopic expression of Cbp attenuates cisplatin-induced Src activation and increases the susceptibility of cells to ICL agents. Together, the current results indicate that P-gp inhibits DNA repair activity by modulating Src activation via Cbp-Csk-Src cascade. These results suggest that DNA ICL agents are likely to have therapeutic potential against MDR cells with P-gp-overexpression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Fang Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hsi Wu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Vijaya Kumar Pidugu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.,Taiwan International Graduate Program in Molecular Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - I-Ching Ho
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Tsann-Long Su
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Te-Chang Lee
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.,Taiwan International Graduate Program in Molecular Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.,Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
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18
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Ahn JY, Lee JS, Min HY, Lee HY. Acquired resistance to 5-fluorouracil via HSP90/Src-mediated increase in thymidylate synthase expression in colon cancer. Oncotarget 2016; 6:32622-33. [PMID: 26416450 PMCID: PMC4741717 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
5-fluorouracil (5-FU), one of the first-line chemotherapeutic agents for the treatment of gastrointestinal malignancies, has shown limited efficacy. The expression of thymidylate synthase (TYMS) has been reported to be associated with the resistance to 5-FU. Here, we demonstrate that the enhanced HSP90 function and subsequent activation of Src induce expression of TYMS and acquired resistance to 5-FU in colon cancer. We show that the persistent 5-FU treatment granted 5-FU-sensitive HCT116 colon cancer cells morphologic, molecular, and behavioral characteristic of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), contributing to emergence of acquired resistance to 5-FU. HCT116/R, a HCT116 colon cancer cell subline carrying acquired resistance to 5-FU, showed increased expression and activation of HSP90's client proteins and transcriptional up-regulation of TYMS. Forced overexpression of HSP90 or constitutive active Src in HCT116 cells increased TYMS expression. Conversely, pharmacological blockade of HSP90 or Src in HCT116/R cells effectively suppressed the changes involved in 5-FU resistance in vitro and xenograft tumor growth, hematogenous spread, and metastatic tumor development in vivo. This study suggests a novel function of HSP90-Src pathway in regulation of TYMS expression and acquisition of 5-FU resistance. Thus, therapeutics targeting this pathway may be an effective clinical strategy to overcome 5-FU resistance in colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Young Ahn
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Sun Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Young Min
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Young Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
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19
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Stojanović N, Brozovic A, Majhen D, Bosnar MH, Fritz G, Osmak M, Ambriović-Ristov A. Integrin αvβ3 expression in tongue squamous carcinoma cells Cal27 confers anticancer drug resistance through loss of pSrc(Y418). BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2016; 1863:1969-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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20
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Niess H, Camaj P, Mair R, Renner A, Zhao Y, Jäckel C, Nelson PJ, Jauch KW, Bruns CJ. Overexpression of IFN-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 3 (IFIT3) in pancreatic cancer: cellular "pseudoinflammation" contributing to an aggressive phenotype. Oncotarget 2016; 6:3306-18. [PMID: 25650658 PMCID: PMC4413655 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation contributes to important traits that cancer cells acquire during malignant progression. Gene array data recently identified upregulation of interferon-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 3 (IFIT3) in aggressive pancreatic cancer cells. IFIT3 belongs to the group of interferon stimulated genes (ISG), can be induced by several cellular stress stimuli and by its tetratricopeptide repeats interacts with a multitude of cellular proteins. Upregulation of IFIT3 was confirmed in the aggressive pancreatic cancer cell line L3.6pl compared with its less aggressive cell line of origin, COLO357FG. Transgenic induction of IFIT3 expression in COLO357FG resulted in greater mass of orthotopic tumors and higher prevalence of metastases. Several important traits that mediate malignancy were altered by IFIT3: increased VEGF and IL-6 secretion, chemoresistance and decreased starvation-induced apoptosis. IFIT3 showed binding to JNK and STAT1, the latter being an important inducer of IFIT3 expression. Despite still being alterable by “classical” IFN or NFκB signaling, our findings indicate constitutive - possibly auto-regulated - upregulation of IFIT3 in L3.6pl without presence of an adequate inflammatory stimulus. The transcription factor SOX9, which is linked to regulation of hypoxia-related genes, was identified as a key mediator of upregulation of the oncogene IFIT3 and thereby sustaining a “pseudoinflammatory” cellular condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanno Niess
- Department of Surgery, Medical Center of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Campus Grosshadern, Munich, Germany
| | - Peter Camaj
- Department of Surgery, Medical Center of the Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Ruth Mair
- Department of Surgery, Medical Center of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Campus Grosshadern, Munich, Germany
| | - Andrea Renner
- Department of Surgery, Medical Center of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Campus Grosshadern, Munich, Germany
| | - Yue Zhao
- Department of Surgery, Medical Center of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Campus Grosshadern, Munich, Germany
| | - Carsten Jäckel
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Campus Innenstadt, Klinikum der Universitaet Muenchen, Arbeitsgruppe Klinische Biochemie, Munich, Germany
| | - Peter J Nelson
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Campus Innenstadt, Klinikum der Universitaet Muenchen, Arbeitsgruppe Klinische Biochemie, Munich, Germany
| | - Karl-Walter Jauch
- Department of Surgery, Medical Center of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Campus Grosshadern, Munich, Germany
| | - Christiane J Bruns
- Department of Surgery, Medical Center of the Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany
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21
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Bartscht T, Rosien B, Rades D, Kaufmann R, Biersack H, Lehnert H, Gieseler F, Ungefroren H. Dasatinib blocks transcriptional and promigratory responses to transforming growth factor-beta in pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells through inhibition of Smad signalling: implications for in vivo mode of action. Mol Cancer 2015; 14:199. [PMID: 26588899 PMCID: PMC4654868 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-015-0468-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We have previously shown in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cells that the SRC inhibitors PP2 and PP1 effectively inhibited TGF-β1-mediated cellular responses by blocking the kinase function of the TGF-β type I receptor ALK5 rather than SRC. Here, we investigated the ability of the clinically utilised SRC/ABL inhibitor dasatinib to mimic the PP2/PP1 effect. Methods The effect of dasatinib on TGF-β1-dependent Smad2/3 phosphorylation, general transcriptional activity, gene expression, cell motility, and the generation of tumour stem cells was measured in Panc-1 and Colo-357 cells using immunoblotting, reporter gene assays, RT-PCR, impedance-based real-time measurement of cell migration, and colony formation assays, respectively. Results In both PDAC cell lines, dasatinib effectively blocked TGF-β1-induced Smad phosphorylation, activity of 3TPlux and pCAGA(12)-luc reporter genes, cell migration, and expression of individual TGF-β1 target genes associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition and invasion. Moreover, dasatinib strongly interfered with the TGF-β1-induced generation of tumour stem cells as demonstrated by gene expression analysis and single cell colony formation. Dasatinib also inhibited the high constitutive migratory activity conferred on Panc-1 cells by ectopic expression of kinase-active ALK5. Conclusions Our data suggest that the clinical efficiency of dasatinib may in part be due to cross-inhibition of tumour-promoting TGF-β signalling. Dasatinib may be useful as a dual TGF-β/SRC inhibitor in experimental and clinical therapeutics to prevent metastatic spread in late-stage PDAC and other tumours. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12943-015-0468-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Bartscht
- First Department of Medicine, UKSH, Campus Lübeck, 23538, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Benjamin Rosien
- First Department of Medicine, UKSH, Campus Lübeck, 23538, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Dirk Rades
- Department of Radiation Oncology, UKSH, Campus Lübeck, D-23538, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Roland Kaufmann
- Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, Jena University Hospital, D-07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Harald Biersack
- First Department of Medicine, UKSH, Campus Lübeck, 23538, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Hendrik Lehnert
- First Department of Medicine, UKSH, Campus Lübeck, 23538, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Frank Gieseler
- First Department of Medicine, UKSH, Campus Lübeck, 23538, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Hendrik Ungefroren
- First Department of Medicine, UKSH, Campus Lübeck, 23538, Lübeck, Germany.
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Chojnacka K, Mruk DD. The Src non-receptor tyrosine kinase paradigm: New insights into mammalian Sertoli cell biology. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2015; 415:133-42. [PMID: 26296907 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Src kinases are non-receptor tyrosine kinases that phosphorylate diverse substrates, which control processes such as cell proliferation, differentiation and survival; cell adhesion; and cell motility. c-Src, the prototypical member of this protein family, is widely expressed by several organs that include the testis. In the seminiferous epithelium of the adult rat testis, c-Src is highest at the tubule lumen during the release of mature spermatids. Other studies show that testosterone regulates spermatid adhesion to Sertoli cells via c-Src, indicating Src phosphorylates key substrates that prompt the disassembly of Sertoli cell-spermatid junctions. A more recent in vitro study reveals that c-Src participates in the internalization of proteins that constitute the blood-testis barrier, which is present between Sertoli cells, suggesting a similar mechanism of junction disassembly is at play during spermiation. In this review, we discuss recent findings on c-Src, with an emphasis on its role in spermatogenesis in the mammalian testis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dolores D Mruk
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, USA.
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23
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Pathania D, Kuang Y, Sechi M, Neamati N. Mechanisms underlying the cytotoxicity of a novel quinazolinedione-based redox modulator, QD232, in pancreatic cancer cells. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 172:50-63. [PMID: 25047070 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Revised: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Pancreatic cancer is characterized by alterations in several key signalling proteins, including increased expression and activity of the Src tyrosine kinase and focal adhesion kinase (FAK), which have been linked to its chemoresistance. Sustained Src inhibition reactivates survival pathways regulated by the transcription factor STAT3, also leading to resistance. Therefore, simultaneously targeting Src/FAK and STAT3 signalling could provide an important strategy for treating pancreatic cancer. Recently, we described novel quinazolinediones that increased generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and were cytotoxic in pancreatic cancer cells. Here, we have investigated effects of our lead compound, QD232, on Src/FAK and STAT3 signalling. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The major signalling pathways affected by QD232 in pancreatic cancer cell lines were identified by Kinexus proteomic analysis. Changes in key signalling proteins were confirmed by Western blotting. Cell migration was assessed by Boyden chamber and wound healing assays. Direct inhibition of kinase activity in vitro was assayed with a panel of 92 oncogenic kinases. Safety and efficacy of QD232 were determined in a xenograft mouse model of pancreatic cancer. KEY RESULTS QD232 potently inhibited Src/FAK and STAT3 phosphorylation, decreasing pancreatic cancer cell viability and migration. Furthermore, QD232 arrested cell cycle progression and induced apoptosis in these cells at low micromolar concentrations. Effects of QD232 on Src/FAK and STAT3 phosphorylation were blocked by N-acetylcysteine or glutathione. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS QD232 is a novel compound with a unique, ROS-dependent mechanism, effective in drug-resistant cancer cell lines. This compound shows potential as therapy for pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Pathania
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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24
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Chen J. Signaling pathways in HPV-associated cancers and therapeutic implications. Rev Med Virol 2015; 25 Suppl 1:24-53. [DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2014] [Revised: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiezhong Chen
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology; The University of Queensland; Brisbane Queensland Australia
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Pan Y, Zheng M, Zhong L, Yang J, Zhou S, Qin Y, Xiang R, Chen Y, Yang SY. A Preclinical Evaluation of SKLB261, a Multikinase Inhibitor of EGFR/Src/VEGFR2, as a Therapeutic Agent against Pancreatic Cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2014; 14:407-18. [PMID: 25519702 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-14-0485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Youli Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Mingwu Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Lei Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jiao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Shu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ya Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Rong Xiang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuzong Chen
- Bioinformatics and Drug Design Group, Department of Pharmacy, and Center for Computational Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sheng-Yong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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Wang WB, Yang Y, Zhao YP, Zhang TP, Liao Q, Shu H. Recent studies of 5-fluorouracil resistance in pancreatic cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:15682-15690. [PMID: 25400452 PMCID: PMC4229533 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i42.15682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 05/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Resistance to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), an important anticancer drug, is a serious challenge in the treatment of pancreatic cancer. Equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 and multidrug-resistance protein (MRP) 5 and MRP8, rather than P-glycoprotein, play important roles in 5-FU transport. Thymidylate synthase, dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase, methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase and thymidine phosphorylase are four key enzymes involved in 5-FU metabolism. Other metabolic enzymes, including uridine monophosphate synthetase, also contribute to chemoresistance. Intracellular signaling pathways are an integrated network, and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells, AKT and extracellular signal-regulated kinases are signaling pathways that are particularly relevant to 5-FU resistance. In addition, recent reports indicate that STAT-3 is a crucial survival protein. Proteomic assays provide a powerful tool for identifying target proteins and understanding the role of microRNAs and stromal factors to facilitate the development of strategies to combat 5-FU resistance.
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Zhao Y, Yang X. The Hippo pathway in chemotherapeutic drug resistance. Int J Cancer 2014; 137:2767-73. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yulei Zhao
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine; Queen's University; Kingston Ontario Canada
| | - Xiaolong Yang
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine; Queen's University; Kingston Ontario Canada
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Isakoff SJ, Wang D, Campone M, Calles A, Leip E, Turnbull K, Bardy-Bouxin N, Duvillié L, Calvo E. Bosutinib plus capecitabine for selected advanced solid tumours: results of a phase 1 dose-escalation study. Br J Cancer 2014; 111:2058-66. [PMID: 25290090 PMCID: PMC4260032 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2014.508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: This phase 1 study evaluated the maximum tolerated dose (MTD), safety, and efficacy of bosutinib (competitive Src/Abl tyrosine kinase inhibitor) plus capecitabine. Methods: Patients with locally advanced/metastatic breast, pancreatic, or colorectal cancers; cholangiocarcinoma; or glioblastoma received bosutinib plus capecitabine at eight of nine possible dose combinations using an ‘up-down' design to determine the toxicity contour of the combination. Results: Among 32 enrolled patients, none of the 9 patients receiving MTD (bosutinib 300 mg once daily plus capecitabine 1000 mg m−2 twice daily) experienced dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs). Overall, 2 out of 31 (6%) evaluable patients experienced DLTs (grade 3 neurologic pain (n=1); grade 3 pruritus/rash and increased alanine aminotransferase (n=1)). Most common treatment-related adverse events (AEs) were diarrhoea, nausea, vomiting, palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia (PPE), fatigue; most frequent grade 3/4 AEs: PPE, fatigue, and increased alanine/aspartate aminotransferase. Although diarrhoea was common, 91% of affected patients experienced maximum grade 1/2 events that resolved. Best overall confirmed partial response or stable disease >24 weeks (all tumour types) was observed in 6 and 13% of patients. Conclusions: In this population of patients with advanced solid tumours, bosutinib plus capecitabine demonstrated a safety profile similar to that previously reported for bosutinib or capecitabine monotherapy; limited efficacy was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Isakoff
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - D Wang
- Phase I Clinical Trials Program, Henry Ford Hospital, 2799 West Grand Boulevard, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - M Campone
- Institut de Cancerologie de l'Quest-Rene Gauducheau, Saint Herblain, Nantes Cedex 44805, France
| | - A Calles
- START Madrid, Centro Integral Oncológico Clara Campal, Hospital Madrid Norte-Sanchinarro, C/Oña n°10, 28050 Madrid, Spain
| | - E Leip
- Oncology Clinical Statistics, Pfizer Inc, 10 Fawcett Street, Suite 2013, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - K Turnbull
- Oncology Clinical Development, Pfizer Inc, 10 Fawcett Street, Suite 2013, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - N Bardy-Bouxin
- Oncology Late Phase Strategy Development, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 23-25 av du Dr Lannelongue, Paris 75668, France
| | - L Duvillié
- Oncology Clinical Development, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 23-25 av du Dr Lannelongue, Paris 75668, France
| | - E Calvo
- START Madrid, Centro Integral Oncológico Clara Campal, Hospital Madrid Norte-Sanchinarro, C/Oña n°10, 28050 Madrid, Spain
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Strickler JH, McCall S, Nixon AB, Brady JC, Pang H, Rushing C, Cohn A, Starodub A, Arrowood C, Haley S, Meadows KL, Morse MA, Uronis HE, Blobe GC, Hsu SD, Zafar SY, Hurwitz HI. Phase I study of dasatinib in combination with capecitabine, oxaliplatin and bevacizumab followed by an expanded cohort in previously untreated metastatic colorectal cancer. Invest New Drugs 2014; 32:330-9. [PMID: 24173967 PMCID: PMC4108590 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-013-0042-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Dasatinib inhibits src family kinases and has anti-angiogenic properties. We conducted a phase I study of dasatinib, capecitabine, oxaliplatin, and bevacizumab (CapeOx/bevacizumab), with an expansion cohort in metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC). METHODS Patients were enrolled in a dose escalation cohort to establish the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and the recommended phase II dose (RP2D). Using a "3 + 3" design, twelve patients with advanced solid tumors received dasatinib (50 mg twice daily or 70 mg daily), capecitabine (850 mg/m(2) twice daily, days 1-14), oxaliplatin (130 mg/m(2) on day 1) and bevacizumab (7.5 mg/kg on day1), every 3 weeks. Ten patients with previously untreated metastatic CRC were then enrolled in an expansion cohort. Activated src (src(act)) expression was measured by immunohistochemistry, using an antibody that selectively recognizes the active conformation of src (clone 28). RESULTS Twenty-two patients were enrolled between June 2009 and May 2011. Two DLTs were observed in the 50 mg bid dasatinib cohort, and one DLT was observed in the 70 mg daily dasatinib cohort. The MTD and RP2D for dasatinib was 70 mg daily. The most common treatment-related adverse events were fatigue (20; 91 %) and diarrhea (18; 82 %). Biomarker analysis of src(act) expression demonstrated that the overall response rate (ORR) was 75 % (6/8) for patients with high src(act) expression (IHC ≥ 2), compared to 0 % (0/8) for patients with low srcact expression (IHC 0 or 1); (p = 0.007). CONCLUSIONS The RP2D of dasatinib is 70 mg daily in combination with CapeOx/bevacizumab. High levels of srcact expression may predict those patients most likely to benefit from dasatinib.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - John C. Brady
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Herbert Pang
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | | | - Allen Cohn
- Rocky Mountain Cancer Centers Denver, CO, 80218, USA
| | - Alexander Starodub
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Indiana University Health Goshen Cancer Center, Goshen, IN, 46526, USA
| | | | - Sherri Haley
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - S. David Hsu
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
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31
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Zhao Y, Bao Q, Schwarz B, Zhao L, Mysliwietz J, Ellwart J, Renner A, Hirner H, Niess H, Camaj P, Angele M, Gros S, Izbicki J, Jauch KW, Nelson PJ, Bruns CJ. Stem Cell-Like Side Populations in Esophageal Cancer: A Source of Chemotherapy Resistance and Metastases. Stem Cells Dev 2014; 23:180-92. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2013.0103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhao
- Department of Surgery, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- DKTK, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Qi Bao
- Department of Surgery, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Bettina Schwarz
- Department of Surgery, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Lu Zhao
- Department of Surgery, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Josef Mysliwietz
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Center for Environment and Health, Munich, Germany
| | - Joachim Ellwart
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Center for Environment and Health, Munich, Germany
| | - Andera Renner
- Department of Surgery, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Heidrun Hirner
- Department of Surgery, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Hanno Niess
- Department of Surgery, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Peter Camaj
- Department of Surgery, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Angele
- Department of Surgery, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Stephanie Gros
- Department of Surgery, University of Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jakob Izbicki
- Department of Surgery, University of Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Peter Jon Nelson
- Clinical Biochemistry Group, Medizinische Klinik und Policlinic IV, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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Loss of Smad4 in colorectal cancer induces resistance to 5-fluorouracil through activating Akt pathway. Br J Cancer 2014; 110:946-57. [PMID: 24384683 PMCID: PMC3929873 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2013.789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Revised: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Higher frequency of Smad4 inactivation or loss of expression is observed in metastasis of colorectal cancer (CRC) leading to unfavourable survival and contributes to chemoresistance. However, the molecular mechanism of how Smad4 regulates chemosensitivity of CRC is unknown. Methods: We evaluated how the loss of Smad4 in CRC enhanced chemoresistance to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) using two CRC cell lines in vitro and in vivo. Immunoblotting with cell and tumour lysates and immunohistochemical analyses with tissue microarray were performed. Results: Knockdown or loss of Smad4 induced tumorigenicity, migration, invasion, angiogenesis, metastasis, and 5-FU resistance. Smad4 expression in mouse tumours regulated cell-cycle regulatory proteins leading to Rb phosphorylation. Loss of Smad4 activated Akt pathway that resulted in upregulation of anti-apoptotic proteins, Bcl-2 and Bcl-w, and Survivin. Suppression of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway by LY294002 restored chemosensitivity of Smad4-deficient cells to 5-FU. Vascular endothelial growth factor-induced angiogenesis in Smad4-deficient cells might also lead to chemoresistance. Low levels of Smad4 expression in CRC tissues correlated with higher levels of Bcl-2 and Bcl-w and with poor overall survival as observed in immunohistochemical staining of tissue microarrays. Conclusion: Loss of Smad4 in CRC patients induces resistance to 5-FU-based therapy through activation of Akt pathway and inhibitors of this pathway may sensitise these patients to 5-FU.
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Cbl-b enhances sensitivity to 5-fluorouracil via EGFR- and mitochondria-mediated pathways in gastric cancer cells. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:24399-411. [PMID: 24351824 PMCID: PMC3876118 DOI: 10.3390/ijms141224399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is an essential component of anticancer chemotherapy against gastric cancer. However, the response rate of single drug is still limited. The ubiquitin ligase Cbl-b is a negative regulator of growth factor receptor signaling and is involved in the suppression of cancer cell proliferation. However, whether Cbl-b could affect 5-FU sensitivity remains unclear. The present study showed that Cbl-b knockdown caused higher proliferation concomitant with the decrease of apoptosis induced by 5-FU treatment in gastric cancer cell. Further mechanism investigation demonstrated that Cbl-b knockdown caused significant increase of phosphorylation of EGFR, ERK and Akt, decrease of mitochondrial membrane potential, and increase of expression ratio of Bcl-2/Bax. These results suggest that Cbl-b enhances sensitivity to 5-FU via EGFR- and mitochondria-mediated pathways in gastric cancer cells.
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Nicotine induces inhibitor of differentiation-1 in a Src-dependent pathway promoting metastasis and chemoresistance in pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Neoplasia 2013; 14:1102-14. [PMID: 23308043 DOI: 10.1593/neo.121044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Revised: 10/12/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Smoking is a significant risk factor for pancreatic cancer, but the molecular mechanisms by which tobacco smoke components promote the growth and progression of these cancers are not fully understood. While nicotine, the addictive component of tobacco smoke, is not a carcinogen, it has been shown to promote the growth of non-small cell lung and pancreatic cancers in a receptor-dependent fashion. Here, we show that stimulation of pancreatic cancer cells with nicotine concentrations that are within the range of human exposure results in activation of Src kinase, which facilitated the induction of the inhibitor of differentiation-1 (Id1) transcription factor. Depletion of Id1 prevented nicotine-mediated induction of proliferation and invasion of pancreatic cancer cells, indicating that it is a major mediator of nicotine function. Nicotine could promote the growth and metastasis of pancreatic cancers orthotopically implanted into SCID mice; in addition, cells stably expressing a short hairpin RNA for Id1 did not grow or metastasize in response to nicotine. Nicotine could also confer resistance to apoptosis induced by gemcitabine in pancreatic cancer cells in vitro and depletion of Src or Id1 rendered the cells sensitive to gemcitabine. Further, nicotine could effectively inhibit the chemotherapeutic effects of gemcitabine on pancreatic tumors xenografted into mice. Clinical analyses of resected pancreatic cancer specimens demonstrated a statistically significant correlation between Id1 expression and phospho-Src, tumor grade/differentiation, and worsening overall patient survival. These results demonstrate that exposure to tobacco smoke components might promote pancreatic cancer progression, metastasis, and chemoresistance and highlight the role of Id1 in these processes.
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Nam HJ, Im SA, Oh DY, Elvin P, Kim HP, Yoon YK, Min A, Song SH, Han SW, Kim TY, Bang YJ. Antitumor activity of saracatinib (AZD0530), a c-Src/Abl kinase inhibitor, alone or in combination with chemotherapeutic agents in gastric cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2012; 12:16-26. [PMID: 23144237 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-12-0109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Src is a nonreceptor tyrosine kinase involved in the cross-talk and mediation of many signaling pathways that promote cell proliferation, adhesion, invasion, migration, and tumorigenesis. Increased Src activity has been reported in many types of human cancer, including gastric cancer. Therefore, this factor has been identified as a promising therapeutic target for cancer treatments, and targeting Src in gastric cancer is predicted to have potent effects. We evaluated the antitumor effect of a c-Src/Abl kinase inhibitor, saracatinib (AZD0530), alone or combined with chemotherapeutic agents in gastric cancer cell lines and a NCI-N87 xenograft model. Among 10 gastric cancer cell lines, saracatinib specifically inhibited the growth and migration/invasion of SNU216 and NCI-N87 cells. Saracatinib blocked the Src/FAK, HER family, and oncogenic signaling pathways, and it induced G(1) arrest and apoptosis in SNU216 and NCI-N87 cells. Apoptosis required induction of the proapoptotic BCL2 family member Bim. Knockdown of Bim using siRNA decreased apoptosis induced by treatment with saracatinib, suggesting that Bim has an important role in saracatinib-induced apoptosis. Saracatinib enhanced the effects of lapatinib, an EGFR/HER2 dual inhibitor, in SNU216 and NCI-N87 cells. Furthermore, combined treatment with saracatinib and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) or cisplatin exerted synergistic effects in both saracatinib-sensitive and saracatinib-resistant cells. Consistent with our in vitro findings, cotreatment with saracatinib and 5-FU resulted in enhanced antitumor activity in the NCI-N87 xenografts. These data indicate that the inhibition of Src kinase activity by saracatinib alone or in combination with other agents can be a strategy to target gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Jin Nam
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Pratap A, Singh S, Mundra V, Yang N, Panakanti R, Eason JD, Mahato RI. Attenuation of early liver fibrosis by pharmacological inhibition of smoothened receptor signaling. J Drug Target 2012; 20:770-82. [PMID: 22994359 DOI: 10.3109/1061186x.2012.719900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hedgehog (Hh) signaling is involved in the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis. It has been previously shown that Hh-inhibitor cyclopamine (CYA) can reduce liver fibrosis in rats. However, CYA is not stable in vivo, which limits its clinical application. This study compares the antifibrotic potential of two known Hh antagonists, vismodegib (GDC-0449, abbreviated to GDC) and CYA. GDC is a synthetic molecule presently in clinical cancer trials and has been reported to be safe and efficacious. These drugs attenuated early liver fibrosis in common bile duct ligated rats, improved liver function, and prevented hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation, thereby suppressing epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). While both CYA and GDC increased the number of proliferating cell nuclear antigen positive liver cells in vivo, only CYA increased Caspase-3 expression in HSCs in rat livers, suggesting that while GDC and CYA effectively attenuate early liver fibrosis, their hepatoprotective effects may be mediated through different modes of action. Thus, GDC has the potential to serve as a new therapeutic agent for treating early liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshay Pratap
- Division of Solid Organ Transplantation, Methodist University Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
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37
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Su B, Gao L, Meng F, Guo LW, Rothschild J, Gelman IH. Adhesion-mediated cytoskeletal remodeling is controlled by the direct scaffolding of Src from FAK complexes to lipid rafts by SSeCKS/AKAP12. Oncogene 2012; 32:2016-26. [PMID: 22710722 PMCID: PMC3449054 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2012.218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Metastatic cell migration and invasion are regulated by altered adhesion-mediated signaling to the actin-based cytoskeleton via activated Src-FAK complexes. SSeCKS (the rodent orthologue of human Gravin/AKAP12), whose expression is downregulated by oncogenic Src and in many human cancers, antagonizes oncogenic Src pathways including those driving neovascularization at metastatic sites, metastatic cell motility and invasiveness. This is likely manifested through its function as a scaffolder of F-actin and signaling proteins such as cyclins, calmodulin, protein kinase (PK) C and PKA. Here, we show that in contrast to its ability to inhibit haptotaxis, SSeCKS increased prostate cancer cell adhesion to fibronectin (FN) and type I collagen in a FAK-dependent manner, correlating with a relative increase in FAKpoY397 levels. In contrast, SSeCKS suppressed adhesion-induced Src activation (SrcpoY416) and phosphorylation of FAK at Y925, a known Src substrate site. SSeCKS also induced increased cell spreading, cell flattening, integrin β1 clustering and formation of mature focal adhesion plaques. An in silico analysis identified a Src-binding domain on SSeCKS (a.a.153–166) that is homologous to the Src binding domain of Caveolin-1, and this region is required for SSeCKS-Src interaction, for SSeCKS-enhanced Src activity and sequestration to lipid rafts, and for SSeCKS-enhanced adhesion of MAT-LyLu and CWR22Rv1 prostate cancer cells. Our data suggest a model in which SSeCKS suppresses oncogenic motility by sequestering Src to caveolin-rich lipid rafts, thereby disengaging Src from FAK-associated adhesion and signaling complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Su
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
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38
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The Src family kinase inhibitors PP2 and PP1 effectively block TGF-beta1-induced cell migration and invasion in both established and primary carcinoma cells. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2012; 70:221-30. [PMID: 22699812 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-012-1904-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Accepted: 05/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We have previously demonstrated that in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC)-derived cell lines, the common Src family kinase inhibitors PP2 and PP1 effectively inhibited morphologic alterations associated with TGFβ1-mediated epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) by blocking the kinase activity of the TGF-β type I receptor ALK5 rather than Src (Ungefroren et al. in Curr Cancer Drug Targets 11:524, 2011). In this report, the ability of PP2 and PP1, the more specific Src inhibitor SU6656, and the ALK5 inhibitor SB431542 to functionally block TGF-β1-dependent EMT and cell motility in established PDAC (Panc-1, Colo 357) and primary NSCLC (Tu459) cell lines were investigated. METHODS The effects of PP2, PP1, SU6656, and SB431542 on TGF-β1-dependent cell scattering/EMT, cell migration/invasion, and expression of invasion-associated genes were measured by using the real-time cell analysis assay on the xCELLigence system and quantitative real-time RT-PCR, respectively. RESULTS In all three cell lines tested, PP1, PP2, and SB431542 effectively blocked TGF-β1-induced cell scattering/EMT, migration, and invasion and in Colo 357 cells inhibited the induction of the invasion-associated MMP2 and MMP9 genes. In contrast, SU6656 only blocked TGF-β1-induced invasion in Panc-1 and Tu459 but not Colo 357 cells. PP1, and to a greater extent PP2, also inhibited the high spontaneous migratory activity of Panc-1 cells expressing a kinase-active ALK5 mutant. CONCLUSIONS These data provide evidence that PP2 and PP1 are powerful inhibitors of TGF-β-induced cell migration and invasion in vitro and directly target ALK5. Both agents may be useful as dual TGF-β/Src inhibitors in experimental therapeutics to prevent metastatic spread in late-stage PDAC and NSCLC.
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WANG XH, ZHENG YM, CUI YQ, LIU S, SUN HC, LI F. The Inhibition Effect of Caveolin-1 on PANC1 Human Pancreatic Tumor Growth <I>In vitro</I> and <I>In vivo</I>*. PROG BIOCHEM BIOPHYS 2012. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1206.2011.00168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Ceppi P, Rapa I, Lo Iacono M, Righi L, Giorcelli J, Pautasso M, Billè A, Ardissone F, Papotti M, Scagliotti GV. Expression and pharmacological inhibition of thymidylate synthase and Src kinase in nonsmall cell lung cancer. Int J Cancer 2011; 130:1777-86. [PMID: 21618517 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.26188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Accepted: 04/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The combination of cytotoxic chemotherapy with signaling pathway inhibitors represents a potential strategy to improve the treatment of nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Thymidylate synthase (TS) is an enzyme essential for DNA synthesis, and its overexpression has been associated with the reduced sensitivity to antifolate agents. Src is a tyrosine kinase that modulates the cytotoxicity of cancer cells after drug treatment, and in vitro data indicate that its inhibition could revert the resistance to TS-inhibiting drugs. Our study investigated the significance of TS and Src expression in NSCLC tissues, and the effects of their pharmacological inhibition in cell lines. In tumor and normal tissues from 94 resected NSCLC patients, TS and Src transcript levels were found positively correlated (R(S) = 0.66), associated with patients smoking history and overall survival. At multivariate analysis, TS gene expression was an independent prognostic factor (relative risk (RR) = 1.78, from 1.16 to 2.72; p < 0.01). Immunohistochemical detection in tumor specimens confirmed that Src kinase activation, evaluated by phospho-specific antibody, was associated to a higher TS expression. In cell lines, dasatinib, a Src-inhibiting agent, synergistically enhanced pemetrexed-cytotoxicity of A549 cells, as evaluated by MTT and apoptosis assays. The biological explanation for this interaction was based on the upregulation of TS messenger RNA and protein levels induced by pemetrexed, which was significantly prevented by dasatinib cotreatment. The data of our study suggest that TS and Src may belong to a common pathway that bears prognostic significance in NSCLC, and that Src represents a potential target to improve the efficacy of TS-inhibiting agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Ceppi
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin at San Luigi Hospital, Orbassano, Italy.
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Sheikh R, Walsh N, Clynes M, O'Connor R, McDermott R. Challenges of drug resistance in the management of pancreatic cancer. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2011; 10:1647-61. [PMID: 20942635 DOI: 10.1586/era.10.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The current treatment of choice for metastatic pancreatic cancer involves single-agent gemcitabine or a combination of gemcitabine with capecitabine or erlotinib (a tyrosine kinase inhibitor). Only 25–30% of patients respond to this treatment and patients who do respond initially ultimately exhibit disease progression. Median survival for pancreatic cancer patients has reached a plateau due to inherent and acquired resistance to these agents. Key molecular factors implicated in this resistance include: deficiencies in drug uptake, alteration of drug targets, activation of DNA repair pathways, resistance to apoptosis and the contribution of the tumor microenvironment. Moreover, for newer agents including tyrosine kinase inhibitors, overexpression of signaling proteins, mutations in kinase domains, activation of alternative pathways, mutations of genes downstream of the target and/or amplification of the target represent key challenges for treatment efficacy. Here we will review the contribution of known mechanisms and markers of resistance to key pancreatic cancer drug treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rizwan Sheikh
- Adelaide and Meath Hospital incorporating The National Children's Hospital, Tallaght, Dublin 24, Ireland.
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Ko JC, Tsai MS, Chiu YF, Weng SH, Kuo YH, Lin YW. Up-regulation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2-dependent thymidylate synthase and thymidine phosphorylase contributes to cisplatin resistance in human non-small-cell lung cancer cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2011; 338:184-94. [PMID: 21444628 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.111.179663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy for advanced human non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) includes platinum-containing compound such as cisplatin in combination with a second- or third-generation cytotoxic agent. 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) belongs to antimetabolite chemotherapeutics, and its mechanism of cytotoxicity is involved in the inhibition of thymidylate synthase (TS). TS and thymidine phosphorylase (TP) are key enzymes of the pyrimidine salvage pathway. In this study, we have examined the molecular mechanism of TS and TP in regulating drug sensitivity to cisplatin in NSCLC cell lines. Cisplatin could increase the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1/2 (MKK1/2)-extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and the protein levels of TS and TP through enhancing the protein stability in A549 and H1975 cells. Blocking ERK1/2 activation by MKK1/2 inhibitor [U0126; 1,4-diamino-2,3-dicyano-1,4-bis(2-aminophenylthio)butadiene)] decreased TS and TP protein levels in both cell lines treated with cisplatin. Depletion of endogenous TS or TP expression by specific small interfering RNA transfection significantly increased cisplatin-induced cell death and growth inhibition. Combined treatment with 5-FU could decrease cisplatin-induced ERK1/2 activation and the induction of TS and TP, which subsequently resulted in synergistic cytotoxic effects. Enforced expression of constitutive active MKK1/2 vectors rescued the protein levels of phospho-ERK1/2, TS, and TP, and the cell viability that were decreased by cisplatin and 5-FU combination. In contrast, U0126 enhanced drug sensitivity to cisplatin and/or 5-FU in lung cancer cells. In conclusion, the up-regulation of ERK1/2-dependent TS and TP can protect human lung cancer cells from cisplatin-induced cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jen-Chung Ko
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hsinchu Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
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Nagaraj NS, Washington MK, Merchant NB. Combined blockade of Src kinase and epidermal growth factor receptor with gemcitabine overcomes STAT3-mediated resistance of inhibition of pancreatic tumor growth. Clin Cancer Res 2011; 17:483-93. [PMID: 21266529 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-10-1670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We previously established a mechanistic rationale for Src inhibition as a novel therapeutic target in pancreatic cancer and have identified activated STAT3 as a potential biomarker of resistance to Src inhibition. The purpose of this study was to translate the current understanding of complementary activated tyrosine kinase signaling pathways by targeting Src kinase and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN IC(50) values for dasatinib, a Src kinase inhibitor, erlotinib, an EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor and gemcitabine were determined and sensitive and resistant pancreatic cancer cell lines were identified. The in vitro and in vivo effects of these agents on multiple signaling pathways and tumorigenicity in pancreatic cancer were investigated. RESULTS The combination of dasatinib, erlotinib, and gemcitabine resulted in cooperative inhibition of cell migration and invasion of both sensitive and resistant pancreatic cancer cells as well as cooperative inhibition of multiple signaling pathways including FAK, AKT, ERK, JNK, MAPK, and STAT3 at concentrations that were ineffective as individual agents or as double combinations of agents. The triple combination of agents was also most effective at inhibiting the growth of xenografts of both sensitive and resistant pancreatic cancer cells in vivo without increasing toxicity. Furthermore, combined inhibition of Src and EGFR with gemcitabine inhibited constitutively activated STAT3 in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSIONS These results provide evidence that combined targeted biological therapy in addition to cytotoxic chemotherapy can overcome treatment resistance. Such treatment strategies may be used to tailor therapy based on identified biomarkers of resistance to targeted monotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagathihalli S Nagaraj
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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Connelly SF, Isley BA, Baker CH, Gallick GE, Summy JM. Loss of tyrosine phosphatase-dependent inhibition promotes activation of tyrosine kinase c-Src in detached pancreatic cells. Mol Carcinog 2011; 49:1007-21. [PMID: 20945416 DOI: 10.1002/mc.20684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Despite an intense focus on novel therapeutic strategies, pancreatic adenocarcinoma remains one of the deadliest human malignancies. The frequent and rapid mortality associated with pancreatic cancer may be attributed to several factors, including late diagnosis, rapid tumor invasion into surrounding tissues, and formation of distant metastases. Both local invasion and metastasis require disruption of tumor cell contacts with the extracellular matrix. Detachment of normal cells from the extracellular matrix leads to a form of programmed cell death termed anoikis. Pancreatic cancer cells avert anoikis by activation of signaling pathways that allow for adhesion-independent survival. In the present studies, cellular signaling pathways activated in detached pancreatic cancer cells were examined. We demonstrate a rapid and robust activation of Src kinase in detached pancreatic cancer cells, relative to adherent. Src autophosphorylation rapidly returned to baseline levels upon reattachment to tissue culture plastic, in the presence or absence of specific extracellular matrix proteins. Treatment of pancreatic cancer cells with tyrosine phosphatase inhibitors increased steady-state Src autophosphorylation in adherent cells and abrogated the detachment-induced increase in Src autophosphorylation. Src was found to co-immunoprecipitate with the Src homology 2 (SH2) domain containing protein tyrosine phosphatase (SHP-2) in pancreatic cancer cells, suggesting that SHP-2 may participate in regulation of Src autophosphorylation in adherent cells. Src family kinase (SFK) dependent increases in Akt and Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) phosphorylation were observed in detached cells, indicating the potential for Src-dependent activation of survival and stress pathways in pancreatic cancer cells that have detached from the extracellular matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah F Connelly
- Cancer Research Institute, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center Orlando, Orlando, Florida 32827, USA
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Mayer EL, Krop IE. Advances in targeting SRC in the treatment of breast cancer and other solid malignancies. Clin Cancer Res 2010; 16:3526-32. [PMID: 20634194 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-09-1834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Src, a membrane-associated nonreceptor tyrosine kinase, plays a crucial role in the coordination and facilitation of cell-signaling pathways controlling a wide range of cellular functions, including growth, survival, invasion, adhesion, and migration. Deregulation and increased activity of Src has been observed in multiple human malignancies, prompting the development of specific inhibitors of Src. In preclinical studies, Src inhibitors show antitumor effects in multiple solid tumor types. Recently completed early-phase trials using the inhibitors dasatinib and bosutinib have suggested modest activity as monotherapy in breast and prostate cancer, with potentially greater activity in combination regimens. Given the interaction between Src and the estrogen receptor, ongoing trials are exploring combinations with endocrine therapy. The relationship between Src and the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor also justifies investigation of combinations with angiogenesis inhibitors. Future trials will continue to explore the contribution of Src inhibition with both chemotherapy and targeted agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica L Mayer
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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Kruewel T, Schenone S, Radi M, Maga G, Rohrbeck A, Botta M, Borlak J. Molecular characterization of c-Abl/c-Src kinase inhibitors targeted against murine tumour progenitor cells that express stem cell markers. PLoS One 2010; 5:e14143. [PMID: 21152443 PMCID: PMC2994747 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0014143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2010] [Accepted: 11/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The non-receptor tyrosine kinases c-Abl and c-Src are overexpressed in various solid human tumours. Inhibition of their hyperactivity represents a molecular rationale in the combat of cancerous diseases. Here we examined the effects of a new family of pyrazolo [3,4-d] pyrimidines on a panel of 11 different murine lung tumour progenitor cell lines, that express stem cell markers, as well as on the human lung adenocarcinoma cell line A549, the human hepatoma cell line HepG2 and the human colon cancer cell line CaCo2 to obtain insight into the mode of action of these experimental drugs. Methodology/Principal Findings Treatment with the dual kinase inhibitors blocked c-Abl and c-Src kinase activity efficiently in the nanomolar range, induced apoptosis, reduced cell viability and caused cell cycle arrest predominantly at G0/G1 phase while western blot analysis confirmed repressed protein expression of c-Abl and c-Src as well as the interacting partners p38 mitogen activated protein kinase, heterogenous ribonucleoprotein K, cyclin dependent kinase 1 and further proteins that are crucial for tumour progression. Importantly, a significant repression of the epidermal growth factor receptor was observed while whole genome gene expression analysis evidenced regulation of many cell cycle regulated genes as well integrin and focal adhesion kinase (FAK) signalling to impact cytoskeleton dynamics, migration, invasion and metastasis. Conclusions/Significance Our experiments and recently published in vivo engraftment studies with various tumour cell lines revealed the dual kinase inhibitors to be efficient in their antitumour activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Kruewel
- Center for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Fraunhofer Institute of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Silvia Schenone
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Marco Radi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Giovanni Maga
- Institute of Molecular Genetics IMG-CNR, Pavia, Italy
| | - Astrid Rohrbeck
- Center for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Fraunhofer Institute of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Maurizio Botta
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Juergen Borlak
- Center for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Fraunhofer Institute of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Hannover, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Bayraktar S, Rocha-Lima CM. Advanced or Metastatic Pancreatic Cancer: Molecular Targeted Therapies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 77:606-19. [DOI: 10.1002/msj.20217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Cancer stem cells in pancreatic cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2010; 2:1629-41. [PMID: 24281178 PMCID: PMC3837327 DOI: 10.3390/cancers2031629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2010] [Revised: 07/29/2010] [Accepted: 08/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is an aggressive malignant solid tumor well-known by early metastasis, local invasion, resistance to standard chemo- and radiotherapy and poor prognosis. Increasing evidence indicates that pancreatic cancer is initiated and propagated by cancer stem cells (CSCs). Here we review the current research results regarding CSCs in pancreatic cancer and discuss the different markers identifying pancreatic CSCs. This review will focus on metastasis, microRNA regulation and anti-CSC therapy in pancreatic cancer.
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Nagaraj NS, Smith JJ, Revetta F, Washington MK, Merchant NB. Targeted inhibition of SRC kinase signaling attenuates pancreatic tumorigenesis. Mol Cancer Ther 2010; 9:2322-32. [PMID: 20682659 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-09-1212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Elevated Src expression correlates with malignant potential and metastatic disease in many tumors including pancreatic cancer. We sought to characterize the molecular effects of Src kinase inhibition with dasatinib (BMS-354825), a novel, multitargeted kinase inhibitor that targets Src family kinases in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA). We identified sensitive and resistant PDA cell lines to dasatinib treatment and tested the molecular effects of Src inhibition in vitro and in vivo. We show for the first time that cellular localization of Src expression affects survival in patients with PDA. Pancreatic tumors with increased membranous expression of Src resulted in decreased survival compared with tumors that had increased cytoplasmic Src expression. Src kinase inhibition with dasatinib markedly inhibits cell proliferation, migration, invasion, cell cycle progression and anchorage-independent growth, and stimulates apoptosis. This was accompanied by decreased phosphorylation of Src, focal adhesion kinase, paxillin, AKT, signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 (STAT3), extracellular signal-regulated kinase, and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), as well as decreased cyclin D1 expression in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Furthermore, small interfering RNA to Src results in a significant decrease in cell proliferation, invasion, and migration of pancreatic cancer cells. Dasatinib treatment also inhibits in vivo pancreatic tumor growth. Mechanisms of resistance to Src inhibition seem to be related to a lack of inhibition of STAT3 and MAPK signaling. These results establish a mechanistic rationale for Src inhibition with dasatinib as a therapeutic target in the treatment of pancreatic cancer and identify potential biomarkers of resistance to Src inhibition.
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Evaluation of the clinical significance of focal adhesion kinase and SRC expression in human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Pancreas 2010; 39:930-6. [PMID: 20431421 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0b013e3181d7abcc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and Src, 2 protein tyrosine kinases, have been suggested to regulate several fundamental cellular activities that promote the malignant phenotype in various human tumors, including pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Even though research has already turned in laboratory investigations and clinical trials on the possible use of agents blocking the 2 enzymes in cancer management, the data on the clinical significance of FAK and Src in pancreatic adenocarcinoma are still scarce. METHODS The FAK and Src protein expression was assessed immunohistochemically in tumor specimens of 65 patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and was statistically analyzed in relation to various clinicopathological characteristics, tumor proliferative capacity, and patients' survival. RESULTS The FAK expression correlated significantly with the T stage of the tumor (P = 0.037), whereas FAK staining intensity with patients' age (P = 0.030), tumors' histopathological grade of differentiation (P = 0.041), and M stage (P = 0.029). The Src expression correlated significantly with the stage of the tumor (P = 0.013) and patients' survival (log-rank test, P = 0.027), being also identified as an independent prognostic factor in multivariate analysis (P = 0.047). Furthermore, trends that did not reach statistical significance were noted between FAK and Src expression and staining intensity and several clinicopathological parameters. CONCLUSIONS The FAK and Src immunohistochemical expression was associated with certain clinicopathological parameters that are crucial for the patients' management.
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