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Kadariya Y, Sementino E, Ruan M, Cheung M, Hadikhani P, Osmanbeyoglu HU, Klein-Szanto AJ, Cai K, Testa JR. Low Exposures to Amphibole or Serpentine Asbestos in Germline Bap1-mutant Mice Induce Mesothelioma Characterized by an Immunosuppressive Tumor Microenvironment. CANCER RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 2024; 4:1004-1015. [PMID: 38592450 PMCID: PMC11000687 DOI: 10.1158/2767-9764.crc-23-0423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Asbestos and BAP1 germline mutations are risk factors for malignant mesothelioma (MM). While it is well accepted that amphibole asbestos is carcinogenic, the role of serpentine (chrysotile) asbestos in MM has been debated. To address this controversy, we assessed whether minimal exposure to chrysotile could significantly increase the incidence and rate of MM onset in germline Bap1-mutant mice. With either crocidolite or chrysotile, and at each dose tested, MMs occurred at a significantly higher rate and earlier onset time in Bap1-mutant mice than in wild-type littermates. To explore the role of gene-environment interactions in MMs from Bap1-mutant mice, we investigated proinflammatory and protumorigenic factors and the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME). IHC and immunofluorescence staining showed an increased number of macrophages in granulomatous lesions and MMs. The relative number of CD163-positive (CD163+) M2 macrophages in chrysotile-induced MMs was consistently greater than in crocidolite-induced MMs, suggesting that chrysotile induces a more profound immunosuppressive response that creates favorable conditions for evading immune surveillance. MMs from Bap1-mutant mice showed upregulation of CD39/CD73-adenosine and C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (Ccl2)/C-C motif chemokine receptor 2 (Ccr2) pathways, which together with upregulation of IL6 and IL10, promoted an immunosuppressive TIME, partly by attracting M2 macrophages. Interrogation of published human MM RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) data implicated these same immunosuppressive pathways and connections with CD163+ M2 macrophages. These findings indicate that increased M2 macrophages, along with upregulated CD39/CD73-adenosine and Ccl2/Ccr2 pathways, contribute to an immunosuppressive TIME in chrysotile-induced MMs of Bap1-mutant mice, suggesting that immunotherapeutic strategies targeting protumorigenic immune pathways could be beneficial in human BAP1 mutation carriers who develop MM. SIGNIFICANCE We show that germline Bap1-mutant mice have enhanced susceptibility to MM upon minimal exposure to chrysotile asbestos, not only amphibole fibers. Chrysotile induced a more profound immune tumor response than crocidolite in Bap1-mutant mice by upregulating CD39/CD73-adenosine and Ccl2/Ccr2 pathways and recruiting more M2 macrophages, which together contributed to an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Interrogation of human MM RNA-seq data revealed interconnected immunosuppressive pathways consistent with our mouse findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwaraj Kadariya
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Eleonora Sementino
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Maggie Ruan
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Mitchell Cheung
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Parham Hadikhani
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Cancer Biology Program, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Hatice U. Osmanbeyoglu
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Cancer Biology Program, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Kathy Cai
- Histopathology Facility, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Joseph R. Testa
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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2
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Sha J, Zhang M, Feng J, Shi T, Li N, Jie Z. Promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger controls type 2 immune responses in the lungs by regulating lineage commitment and the function of innate and adaptive immune cells. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 130:111670. [PMID: 38373386 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.111670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Type 2 immune responses are critical for host defense, mediate allergy and Th2-high asthma. The transcription factor, promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger (PLZF), has emerged as a significant regulator of type 2 inflammation in the lung; however, its exact mechanism remains unclear. In this review, we summarized recent findings regarding the ability of PLZF to control the development and function of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), iNKT cells, memory T cells, basophils, and other immune cells that drive type 2 responses. We discussed the important role of PLZF in the pathogenesis of Th2-high asthma. Collectively, prior studies have revealed the critical role of PLZF in the regulation of innate and adaptive immune cells involved in type 2 inflammation in the lung. Therefore, targeting PLZF signaling represents a promising therapeutic approach to suppress Th2-high asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiafeng Sha
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingjing Feng
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianyun Shi
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Na Li
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhijun Jie
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Center of Community-Based Health Research, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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3
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Tuncel T, Metintas M, Güntülü AK, Güneş HV. Whole-Genome Comparative Copy Number Alteration Profiling between Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma and Asbestos-Induced Chronic Pleuritis. J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol 2024; 43:31-44. [PMID: 37824368 DOI: 10.1615/jenvironpatholtoxicoloncol.2023047755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is rare and aggressive cancer. The most important risk factor for MPM is exposure to asbestos. In this study, we scanned the genomes of individuals MPM and asbestos-induced chronic pleuritis (AICP) to compare and determine copy number alterations (CNAs) between two asbestos-related diseases. We used high-resolution SNP arrays to compare CNA profiles between MPM (n = 55) and AICP (n = 18). DNAs extracted from pleural tissues in both groups. SNP array analysis revealed common losses at 1p, 3p, 6q, 9p, 13q, 14q, 15q, 16q, 22q and frequent gains at chromosomes 1, 3, 5, 7, 8, and 6p, 12q, 15q, 17p, 20q in MPMs (frequencies max 67%-min 30%; these alterations were not detected in AICPs. Besides detecting well-known MPM-associated CNAs, our high -resolution copy number profiling also detected comparatively rare CNAs for MPMs including losses like 9q33.3, 16q and gains of 1p, 1q, 3p, 3q, 6p, 7q, 15q, 12q, 17p, 20q at significant frequencies in the MPM cohort. We also observed Copy Number gains clustered on the NF2 locus in AICPs, whereas this region was commonly deleted in MPMs. According to this distinct genomic profiles between the two groups, AICPs genomes can be clearly distinguished from highly altered MPM genomes. Hence, we can suggest that SNP arrays can be used as a supporting diagnostic tool in terms of discriminating asbestos-related malignant disease such as MPM and benign pleural lesions, which can be challenging in most instances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tunç Tuncel
- Health Institutes of Turkey, Turkish Biotechnology Institute, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Muzaffer Metintas
- Eskisehir Osmangazi University Medical Faculty, Department of Chest Diseases, Lung and Pleural Cancers Research and Clinical Center, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - A K Güntülü
- Eskisehir Osmangazi University Medical Faculty, Department of Chest Diseases, Lung and Pleural Cancers Research and Clinical Center, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Hasan Veysi Güneş
- Eskisehir Osmangazi University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biology, Eskisehir, Turkey
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4
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Identification of Candidate Genes Regulating Carcass Depth and Hind Leg Circumference in Simmental Beef Cattle Using Illumina Bovine Beadchip and Next-Generation Sequencing Analyses. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12091103. [PMID: 35565529 PMCID: PMC9102740 DOI: 10.3390/ani12091103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies are a robust means of identifying candidate genes that regulate economically important traits in farm animals. The aim of this study is to identify single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and candidate genes potentially related to carcass depth and hind leg circumference in Simmental beef cattle. We performed Illumina Bovine HD Beadchip (~670 k SNPs) and next-generation sequencing (~12 million imputed SNPs) analyses of data from 1252 beef cattle, to which we applied a linear mixed model. Using a statistical threshold (p = 0.05/number of SNPs identified) and adopting a false discovery rate (FDR), we identified many putative SNPs on different bovine chromosomes. We identified 12 candidate genes potentially annotated with the markers identified, including CDKAL1 and E2F3, related to myogenesis and skeletal muscle development. The identification of such genes in Simmental beef cattle will help breeders to understand and improve related traits, such as meat yield.
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5
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Ray U, Jung DB, Jin L, Xiao Y, Dasari S, Bhattacharya SS, Thirusangu P, Staub JK, Roy D, Roy B, Weroha SJ, Hou X, Purcell JW, Bakkum-Gamez JN, Kaufmann SH, Kannan N, Mitra AK, Shridhar V. Targeting LRRC15 Inhibits Metastatic Dissemination of Ovarian Cancer. Cancer Res 2022; 82:1038-1054. [PMID: 34654724 PMCID: PMC8930558 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-21-0622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Dissemination of ovarian cancer cells can lead to inoperable metastatic lesions in the bowel and omentum that cause patient death. Here we show that LRRC15, a type-I 15-leucine-rich repeat-containing membrane protein, highly overexpressed in ovarian cancer bowel metastases compared with matched primary tumors and acts as a potent promoter of omental metastasis. Complementary models of ovarian cancer demonstrated that LRRC15 expression leads to inhibition of anoikis-induced cell death and promotes adhesion and invasion through matrices that mimic omentum. Mechanistically, LRRC15 interacted with β1-integrin to stimulate activation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) signaling. As a therapeutic proof of concept, targeting LRRC15 with the specific antibody-drug conjugate ABBV-085 in both early and late metastatic ovarian cancer cell line xenograft models prevented metastatic dissemination, and these results were corroborated in metastatic patient-derived ovarian cancer xenograft models. Furthermore, treatment of 3D-spheroid cultures of LRRC15-positive patient-derived ascites with ABBV-085 reduced cell viability. Overall, these data uncover a role for LRRC15 in promoting ovarian cancer metastasis and suggest a novel and promising therapy to target ovarian cancer metastases. Significance: This study identifies that LRRC15 activates β1-integrin/FAK signaling to promote ovarian cancer metastasis and shows that the LRRC15-targeted antibody-drug conjugate ABBV-085 suppresses ovarian cancer metastasis in preclinical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Upasana Ray
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Deok-Beom Jung
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA,ASAN Biomedical Research Center, Seoul, S. Korea
| | - Ling Jin
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Yinan Xiao
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Subramanyam Dasari
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | - Prabhu Thirusangu
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Julie K. Staub
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Debarshi Roy
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA,Alcorn State University, Lorman, MS, USA
| | - Bhaskar Roy
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Xiaonan Hou
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - James W. Purcell
- Department of Oncology Drug Discovery, AbbVie, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Scott H. Kaufmann
- Division of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Nagarajan Kannan
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Center for Regenerative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Anirban K. Mitra
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA,Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to V.S. , Address: 200 First Street SW, 2-46 Stabile, Rochester, MN55905, Contact: 507-266-2775
| | - Viji Shridhar
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA,Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to V.S. , Address: 200 First Street SW, 2-46 Stabile, Rochester, MN55905, Contact: 507-266-2775
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6
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Hajj GNM, Cavarson CH, Pinto CAL, Venturi G, Navarro JR, Lima VCCD. Malignant pleural mesothelioma: an update. J Bras Pneumol 2021; 47:e20210129. [PMID: 34909922 PMCID: PMC8836658 DOI: 10.36416/1806-3756/e20210129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant mesotheliomas are rare types of cancers that affect the mesothelial surfaces, usually the pleura and peritoneum. They are associated with asbestos exposure, but due to a latency period of more than 30 years and difficult diagnosis, most cases are not detected until they reach advanced stages. Treatment options for this tumor type are very limited and survival ranges from 12 to 36 months. This review discusses the molecular physiopathology, current diagnosis, and latest therapeutic options for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glaucia N M Hajj
- Instituto International de Pesquisa, A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo (SP), Brasil.,Instituto Nacional de Oncogenômica e Inovação Terapêutica, São Paulo (SP), Brasil
| | - Carolina H Cavarson
- Instituto International de Pesquisa, A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo (SP), Brasil.,Instituto Nacional de Oncogenômica e Inovação Terapêutica, São Paulo (SP), Brasil
| | | | - Gabriela Venturi
- Instituto International de Pesquisa, A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo (SP), Brasil.,BP Mirante, São Paulo (SP), Brasil
| | | | - Vladmir C Cordeiro de Lima
- Instituto Nacional de Oncogenômica e Inovação Terapêutica, São Paulo (SP), Brasil.,Rede D'Or, São Paulo (SP), Brasil
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7
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Bakoev S, Traspov A, Getmantseva L, Belous A, Karpushkina T, Kostyunina O, Usatov A, Tatarinova TV. Detection of genomic regions associated malformations in newborn piglets: a machine-learning approach. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11580. [PMID: 34327051 PMCID: PMC8310618 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A significant proportion of perinatal losses in pigs occurs due to congenital malformations. The purpose of this study is the identification of genomic loci associated with fetal malformations in piglets. Methods The malformations were divided into two groups: associated with limb defects (piglet splay leg) and associated with other congenital anomalies found in newborn piglets. 148 Landrace and 170 Large White piglets were selected for the study. A genome-wide association study based on the gradient boosting machine algorithm was performed to identify markers associated with congenital anomalies and piglet splay leg. Results Forty-nine SNPs (23 SNPs in Landrace pigs and 26 SNPs in Large White) were associated with congenital anomalies, 22 of which were localized in genes. A total of 156 SNPs (28 SNPs in Landrace; 128 in Large White) were identified for piglet splay leg, of which 79 SNPs were localized in genes. We have demonstrated that the gradient boosting machine algorithm can identify SNPs and their combinations associated with significant selection indicators of studied malformations and productive characteristics. Data availability Genotyping and phenotyping data are available at http://www.compubioverne.group/data-and-software/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siroj Bakoev
- Federal Research Center for Animal Husbandry named after Academy Member LK. Ernst, Dubrovitsy, Russia.,Centre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks, Moscow, Russia
| | - Aleksei Traspov
- Federal Research Center for Animal Husbandry named after Academy Member LK. Ernst, Dubrovitsy, Russia.,Centre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks, Moscow, Russia
| | - Lyubov Getmantseva
- Federal Research Center for Animal Husbandry named after Academy Member LK. Ernst, Dubrovitsy, Russia
| | - Anna Belous
- Federal Research Center for Animal Husbandry named after Academy Member LK. Ernst, Dubrovitsy, Russia
| | - Tatiana Karpushkina
- Federal Research Center for Animal Husbandry named after Academy Member LK. Ernst, Dubrovitsy, Russia
| | - Olga Kostyunina
- Federal Research Center for Animal Husbandry named after Academy Member LK. Ernst, Dubrovitsy, Russia
| | | | - Tatiana V Tatarinova
- Department of Biology, University of La Verne, La Verne, CA, United States of America.,Institute for Information Transmission Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Vavilov Institute for General Genetics, Moscow, Russia.,School of Fundamental Biology and Biotechnology, Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
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8
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Tan Y, Sementino E, Cheung M, Peri S, Menges CW, Kukuyan AM, Zhang T, Khazak V, Fox LA, Ross EA, Ramanathan S, Jhanwar SC, Flores RM, Balachandran S, Testa JR. Somatic Epigenetic Silencing of RIPK3 Inactivates Necroptosis and Contributes to Chemoresistance in Malignant Mesothelioma. Clin Cancer Res 2020; 27:1200-1213. [PMID: 33203643 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-3683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Receptor-interacting protein kinase 3 (RIPK3) phosphorylates effector molecule MLKL to trigger necroptosis. Although RIPK3 loss is seen in several human cancers, its role in malignant mesothelioma is unknown. This study aimed to determine whether RIPK3 functions as a potential tumor suppressor to limit development of malignant mesothelioma. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN RIPK3 expression was examined in 66 malignant mesothelioma tumors and cell lines. Promoter methylation and DNMT1 siRNA studies were performed to assess the mode of RIPK3 silencing in RIPK3-deficient malignant mesothelioma cells. Restoration of RIPK3 expression in RIPK3-negative malignant mesothelioma cells, either by treatment with 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine or lentiviral expression of cDNA, was performed to assess effects on cell viability, necrosis, and chemosensitization. RESULTS Loss of RIPK3 expression was observed in 42/66 (63%) primary malignant mesotheliomas and malignant mesothelioma cell lines, and RT-PCR analysis demonstrated that downregulation occurs at the transcriptional level, consistent with epigenetic silencing. RIPK3-negative malignant mesothelioma cells treated with 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine resulted in reexpression of RIPK3 and chemosensitization. Ectopic expression of RIPK3 also resulted in chemosensitization and led to necroptosis, the latter demonstrated by phosphorylation of downstream target MLKL and confirmed by rescue experiments. Mining of RIPK3 expression and survival outcomes among patients with malignant mesothelioma available from The Cancer Genome Atlas repository revealed that promoter methylation of RIPK3 is associated with reduced RIPK3 expression and poor prognosis. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that RIPK3 acts as a tumor suppressor in malignant mesothelioma by triggering necroptosis and that epigenetic silencing of RIPK3 by DNA methylation impairs necroptosis and contributes to chemoresistance and poor survival in this incurable disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinfei Tan
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Genomics Facility, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Eleonora Sementino
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Mitchell Cheung
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Suraj Peri
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Facility, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Craig W Menges
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Ting Zhang
- Blood Cell Development and Function Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Lauren A Fox
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Eric A Ross
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Facility, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Suresh Ramanathan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Suresh C Jhanwar
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Raja M Flores
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Siddharth Balachandran
- Blood Cell Development and Function Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Joseph R Testa
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. .,Genomics Facility, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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9
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Sklarz LM, Gladbach YS, Ernst M, Hamed M, Roolf C, Sender S, Beck J, Schütz E, Fischer S, Struckmann S, Junghanss C, Fuellen G, Murua Escobar H. Combination of the PI3K inhibitor Idelalisib with the conventional cytostatics cytarabine and dexamethasone leads to changes in pathway activation that induce anti-proliferative effects in B lymphoblastic leukaemia cell lines. Cancer Cell Int 2020; 20:390. [PMID: 32817744 PMCID: PMC7425054 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-020-01431-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The introduction of combined conventional cytostatics and pathway-specific inhibitors has opened new treatment options for several cancer types including hematologic neoplasia such as leukaemias. As the detailed understanding of the combination-induced molecular effects is often lacking, the identification of combination-induced molecular mechanisms bears significant value for the further development of interventional approaches. METHODS Combined application of conventional cytostatic agents (cytarabine and dexamethasone) with the PI3K-inhibitor Idelalisib was analysed on cell-biologic parameters in two acute pro-B lymphoblastic leukaemia (B-ALL) cell lines. In particular, for comparative characterisation of the molecular signatures induced by the combined and mono application, whole transcriptome sequencing was performed. Emphasis was placed on pathways and genes exclusively regulated by drug combinations. RESULTS Idelalisib + cytostatics combinations changed pathway activation for, e.g., "Retinoblastoma in cancer", "TGF-b signalling", "Cell cycle" and "DNA-damage response" to a greater extent than the two cytostatics alone. Analyses of the top-20 regulated genes revealed that both combinations induce characteristic gene expression changes. CONCLUSION A specific set of genes was exclusively deregulated by the drug combinations, matching the combination-specific anti-proliferative cell-biologic effects. The addition of Idelalisib suggests minor synergistic effects which are rather to be classified as additive.
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Affiliation(s)
- L.-M. Sklarz
- Department of Medicine, Clinic III - Hematology/Oncology/Palliative Care, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Y. S. Gladbach
- Institute for Biostatistics and Informatics in Medicine and Ageing Research (IBIMA), Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
- Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Applied Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - M. Ernst
- Institute for Biostatistics and Informatics in Medicine and Ageing Research (IBIMA), Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
- Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - M. Hamed
- Institute for Biostatistics and Informatics in Medicine and Ageing Research (IBIMA), Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - C. Roolf
- Department of Medicine, Clinic III - Hematology/Oncology/Palliative Care, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - S. Sender
- Department of Medicine, Clinic III - Hematology/Oncology/Palliative Care, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - J. Beck
- Chronix Biomedical GmbH, Göttingen, Germany
| | - E. Schütz
- Chronix Biomedical GmbH, Göttingen, Germany
| | - S. Fischer
- Institute for Biostatistics and Informatics in Medicine and Ageing Research (IBIMA), Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - S. Struckmann
- Institute for Biostatistics and Informatics in Medicine and Ageing Research (IBIMA), Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - C. Junghanss
- Department of Medicine, Clinic III - Hematology/Oncology/Palliative Care, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - G. Fuellen
- Department of Medicine, Clinic III - Hematology/Oncology/Palliative Care, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - H. Murua Escobar
- Department of Medicine, Clinic III - Hematology/Oncology/Palliative Care, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
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10
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He J, Wu M, Xiong L, Gong Y, Yu R, Peng W, Li L, Li L, Tian S, Wang Y, Tao Q, Xiang T. BTB/POZ zinc finger protein ZBTB16 inhibits breast cancer proliferation and metastasis through upregulating ZBTB28 and antagonizing BCL6/ZBTB27. Clin Epigenetics 2020; 12:82. [PMID: 32517789 PMCID: PMC7285556 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-020-00867-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Breast cancer remains in urgent need of reliable diagnostic and prognostic markers. Zinc finger and BTB/POZ domain-containing family proteins (ZBTBs) are important transcription factors functioning as oncogenes or tumor suppressors. The role and regulation of ZBTB16 in breast cancer remain to be established. Methods Reverse-transcription PCR and methylation-specific PCR were applied to detect expression and methylation of ZBTB16 in breast cancer cell lines and tissues. The effects of ZBTB16 in breast cancer cells were examined via cell viability, CCK8, Transwell, colony formation, and flow cytometric assays. Xenografts and immunohistochemistry analyses were conducted to determine the effects of ZBTB16 on tumorigenesis in vivo. The specific mechanisms of ZBTB16 were further investigated using Western blot, qRT-PCR, luciferase assay, and co-IP. Results ZBTB16 was frequently downregulated in breast cancer cell lines in correlation with its promoter CpG methylation status. Restoration of ZBTB16 expression led to induction of G2/M phase arrest and apoptosis, inhibition of migration and invasion, reversal of EMT, and suppression of cell proliferation, both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, ectopically expressed ZBTB16 formed heterodimers with ZBTB28 or BCL6/ZBTB27 and exerted tumor suppressor effects through upregulation of ZBTB28 and antagonistic activity on BCL6. Conclusions Low expression of ZBTB16 is associated with its promoter hypermethylation and restoration of ZBTB16 inhibits tumorigenesis. ZBTB16 functions as a tumor suppressor through upregulating ZBTB28 and antagonizing BCL6. Our findings also support the possibility of ZBTB16 being a prognostic biomarker for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin He
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Epigenetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Mingjun Wu
- Institute of Life Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lei Xiong
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, Department of Clinical Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Sir YK Pao Center for Cancer and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Yijia Gong
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Epigenetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Renjie Yu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Epigenetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Weiyan Peng
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Epigenetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lili Li
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, Department of Clinical Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Sir YK Pao Center for Cancer and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Li Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Epigenetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shaorong Tian
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Epigenetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Epigenetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qian Tao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Epigenetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China. .,Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, Department of Clinical Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Sir YK Pao Center for Cancer and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong.
| | - Tingxiu Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Epigenetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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11
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Noh KH, Jeong AJ, Lee H, Lee SH, Yi E, Chang PS, Kwak C, Ye SK. Crosstalk Between Prostate Cancer Cells and Tumor-Associated Fibroblasts Enhances the Malignancy by Inhibiting the Tumor Suppressor PLZF. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12051083. [PMID: 32349303 PMCID: PMC7281005 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12051083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Although prostate cancer is clinically manageable during the early stages of progression, metastatic progression severely compromises the prognosis and leads to mortality. Constitutive activation of STAT3 has been connected to prostate cancer malignancy, and abolishing the STAT3 activity may diminish tumor growth and metastasis. However, its suppressor genes and pathways have not been well established. In this study, we show that promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger (PLZF) has a putative tumor-suppressor function in prostate cancer by inhibiting phosphorylation of STAT3. Compared with a benign prostate, high-grade prostate cancer patient tissue was negatively correlated with PLZF expression. PLZF depletion accelerated proliferation and survival, migration, and invasion in human prostate cancer cells. Mechanistically, we demonstrated a novel role of PLZF as the transcriptional regulator of the tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1 that inhibits the oncogenic JAKs–STAT3 pathway. These results suggest that the collapse of PLZF expression by the CCL3 derived from fibroblasts accelerates the cell migration and invasion properties of prostate cancer cells. Our results suggest that increasing PLZF could be an attractive strategy for suppressing prostate cancer metastasis as well as for tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kum Hee Noh
- Department of Pharmacology and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea; (K.H.N.); (A.J.J.); (H.L.); (S.-H.L.); (E.Y.)
- Biomedical Science Project (BK21PLUS), Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Ae Jin Jeong
- Department of Pharmacology and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea; (K.H.N.); (A.J.J.); (H.L.); (S.-H.L.); (E.Y.)
- Biomedical Science Project (BK21PLUS), Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Haeri Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea; (K.H.N.); (A.J.J.); (H.L.); (S.-H.L.); (E.Y.)
- Biomedical Science Project (BK21PLUS), Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Song-Hee Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea; (K.H.N.); (A.J.J.); (H.L.); (S.-H.L.); (E.Y.)
- Biomedical Science Project (BK21PLUS), Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Eunhee Yi
- Department of Pharmacology and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea; (K.H.N.); (A.J.J.); (H.L.); (S.-H.L.); (E.Y.)
| | - Pahn-Shick Chang
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea;
- Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Cheol Kwak
- Department of Urology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea;
- Department of Urology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Sang-Kyu Ye
- Department of Pharmacology and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea; (K.H.N.); (A.J.J.); (H.L.); (S.-H.L.); (E.Y.)
- Biomedical Science Project (BK21PLUS), Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
- Ischemic/Hypoxic Disease Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
- Neuro-Immune Information Storage Network Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2740-8281
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12
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Xiao GQ, Sherrod AE, Hurth KM. ZBTB16: A new biomarker for primitive neuroectodermal tumor element / Ewing sarcoma. Pathol Res Pract 2019; 215:152536. [PMID: 31326195 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2019.152536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET) traditionally encompasses two different classes of tumors with similar morphology - PNET of the peripheral nervous system (pPNET) and PNET of the central nervous system (cPNET). The latter also includes germ cell tumor-derived PNET (gPNET). There are currently no specific markers for gPNET. This study seeks to investigate the expression of ZBTB16 in PNET and other small round blue cell tumors as well as its potential diagnostic utility. Immunohistochemical expression of the ZBTB16 was studied in a total of 27 PNETs (12 pPNETs, 8 cPNETs, 3 primary testicular gPNETs, and 4 metastatic gPNETs) and 38 small round blue cell tumors. Positive expression for ZBTB16 was seen diffusely in 9/12 (75%), moderately in 2/12 (17%) and focally in 1/12 (8%) of pPNETs, diffusely in 3/7 (43%) and moderately in 4/7 (57%) of gPNETs, and diffusely in 2/8 (25%), moderately in 2/8 (25%) and focally in 4/8 (50%) of cPNETs. Whereas, all of the 38 non-PNET small round blue cell tumors were nonreactive. The results suggest that ZBTB16 is a highly sensitive and specific biomarker for both pPNET and gPNET/cPNET. ZBTB16 effectively differentiates PNETs from other small round blue cell tumor mimics, including the two most common germ cell tumor-derived somatic malignancies - rhabdomyosarcoma and nephroblastoma. Of note, compared to the expression of ZBTB16 in pPNET/Ewing sarcoma and gPNET, the expression of ZBTB16 in cPNET was more variable, which appears consistent with the heterogeneity of cPNET. The close proximity of ZBTB16 and FLI-1 genes on chromosome 11q may explain the overexpression of ZBTB16 in PNET, especially in pPNET with t(1122) translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Qian Xiao
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, United States.
| | - Andy E Sherrod
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, United States
| | - Kyle M Hurth
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, United States
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13
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Suliman BA, Al-Yahya S. Promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger triggers ATP-binding cassette subfamily E member 1-mediated growth inhibition in breast cancer cells. Oncol Lett 2018; 16:4143-4150. [PMID: 30214553 PMCID: PMC6126154 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.9207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger (PLZF) protein is a transcription factor that is involved in a number of biological processes, including those regulating cellular growth; however, little is known regarding how it achieves its inhibitory effect in different cell and tissue types. It has previously been demonstrated that PLZF expression levels become diminished during the oncogenic transformation of certain tissue types and thus, may serve as a hallmark for tumor aggressiveness. To examine this in breast cancer, survival curves from available oncology databases were analyzed and demonstrated that PLZF expression was positively associated with increased survival in patients with breast cancer. The mRNA and protein levels of PLZF were also revealed to be associated with the tumorigenicity of four breast cancer cell lines. Since ATP-binding cassette subfamily E member 1 (ABCE1), also known as RNase L inhibitor, has been determined to be a target gene of PLZF, the present study also investigated whether the tumor suppressive effect of PLZF was associated with ABCE1 expression. PLZF was revealed to downregulate the expression of ABCE1 in vitro, which relieved the inhibitory effect of ABCE1 on the ribonuclease L enzyme. Finally, it was concluded that PLZF expression caused an ABCE1-mediated increase in cellular cytotoxicity, as demonstrated by a reduction in the proliferation rate of breast cancer cell lines. The results of the present study are important for understanding how PLZF exerts its final inhibitory actions in breast cancer cells, and potentially in other solid tumors, through the modulation of immunological pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bandar A Suliman
- BndrGene Medical Center, Research and Consultation Institute, Taibah University, Tayba, Medina 300, Saudi Arabia.,Center for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Suhad Al-Yahya
- Molecular Biomedicine Program, Research Center, King Faisal Specialist Hospital, Riyadh 12713, Saudi Arabia
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14
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PLZF inhibits proliferation and metastasis of gallbladder cancer by regulating IFIT2. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:71. [PMID: 29358655 PMCID: PMC5833736 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-017-0107-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Gallbladder cancer (GBC) is a malignant cancer with very poor prognosis. Although promyelocytic leukemia zinc-finger protein (PLZF) was reported to be deregulated in numerous cancers and also relevant to clinical prognosis, its role in GBC progression has been little known. In this study, we found PLZF expression was decreased in GBC, correlating to advanced TNM stage, distant metastasis, and shorter overall survival. Moreover, ectopic PLZF expression in GBC cells (NOZ and GBC-SD) significantly reduced the cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. Consistently, overexpression of PLZF in xenograft mice model could suppress tumor growth and liver metastasis. Mechanical investigations verified PLZF could regulate the expression of cell cycle arrest-associated gene p21 and epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related genes (E-cadherin and N-cadherin) in GBC cell lines. Importantly, PLZF remarkably increased the mRNA transcription of interferon-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeat 2 (IFIT2) by increasing STAT1 protein level, a known factor involved in tumor progression. Furthermore, ablation of IFIT2 in PLZF overexpression cells abrogated the tumor-suppressive function of PLZF, at least partially, leading to impaired tumor growth and EMT program. These studies indicated PLZF inhibited the proliferation and metastasis via regulation of IFIT2. In conclusion, our study demonstrated PLZF could be a promising tumor biomarker for GBC, and also be a potential therapeutic target.
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15
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Hylebos M, Van Camp G, Vandeweyer G, Fransen E, Beyens M, Cornelissen R, Suls A, Pauwels P, van Meerbeeck JP, Op de Beeck K. Large-scale copy number analysis reveals variations in genes not previously associated with malignant pleural mesothelioma. Oncotarget 2017; 8:113673-113686. [PMID: 29371938 PMCID: PMC5768355 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is an aggressive tumor that is often causally associated with asbestos exposure. Comparative genomic hybridization techniques and arrays demonstrated a complex set of copy number variations (CNVs) in the MPM-genome. These techniques however have a limited resolution, throughput and flexibility compared to next-generation sequencing platforms. In this study, the presence of CNVs in the MPM-genome was investigated using an MPM-cohort (N = 85) for which genomic microarray data are available through ‘The Cancer Genome Atlas’ (TCGA). To validate these results, the genomes of MPMs and matched normal samples (N = 21) were analyzed using low-pass whole genome sequencing on an ‘Illumina HiSeq’ platform. CNVs were detected using in-house developed analysis pipelines and frequencies of copy number loss and gain were calculated. In both datasets, losses on chromosomes 1, 3, 4, 6, 9, 13 and 22 and gains on chromosomes 1, 5, 7 and 17 were found in at least 25% and 15% of MPMs, respectively. Besides the well-known MPM-associated genes, CDKN2A, NF2 and BAP1, other interesting cancer-associated genes were listed as frequently involved in a copy number loss (e.g. EP300, SETD2 and PBRM1). Moreover, four cancer-associated genes showed a high frequency of copy number gain in both datasets (i.e. TERT, FCGR2B, CD79B and PRKAR1A). A statistically significant association between overall survival and the presence of copy number loss in the CDKN2A-containing region was observed in the TCGA-set. In conclusion, recurrent CNVs were detected in both datasets, occurring in regions harboring known MPM-associated genes and genes not previously linked to MPM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieke Hylebos
- Center of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, 2650 Antwerp, Belgium.,Center for Oncological Research, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Guy Van Camp
- Center of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, 2650 Antwerp, Belgium.,Center for Oncological Research, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Geert Vandeweyer
- Center of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, 2650 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Erik Fransen
- Center of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, 2650 Antwerp, Belgium.,StatUa Center for Statistics, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Matthias Beyens
- Center of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, 2650 Antwerp, Belgium.,Center for Oncological Research, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Robin Cornelissen
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center Cancer Institute, 3015 Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Arvid Suls
- Center of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, 2650 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Patrick Pauwels
- Center for Oncological Research, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium.,Laboratory of Pathology, Antwerp University Hospital, 2650 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jan P van Meerbeeck
- Center for Oncological Research, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium.,Thoracic Oncology, Antwerp University Hospital, 2650 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ken Op de Beeck
- Center of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, 2650 Antwerp, Belgium.,Center for Oncological Research, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
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16
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Tan Y, Sementino E, Chernoff J, Testa JR. Targeting MYC sensitizes malignant mesothelioma cells to PAK blockage-induced cytotoxicity. Am J Cancer Res 2017; 7:1724-1737. [PMID: 28861328 PMCID: PMC5574944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical management of malignant mesothelioma (MM) is very challenging due to marked resistance of this tumor to chemotherapy. Various mechanisms lead to a less than ideal drug concentration inside of MM cells, diminishing cytotoxicity. Consequently, single cytotoxic drugs achieve very modest response rates in MM patients, and combination regimens using standard and novel therapies have achieved only limited improvement in overall survival. Here, we demonstrate that MYC has either proliferative or pro-survival effects in MM cells during normal or stressed conditions, respectively. A MYC inhibitor 10058-F4 reduced MM cell proliferation via down regulation of cyclin D. Under serum starvation conditions, MM cells became quiescent, and the addition of MYC inhibitors triggered apoptosis in the resting MM cells. We also found that high concentrations of the PAK inhibitor PF3758309 killed MM cells, but the drug had only cytostatic effects at lower concentrations. These quiescent cells underwent apoptosis upon pharmacological inhibition of MYC. A novel MYC inhibitor KJ-Pyr-9 and a newer PAK inhibitor, FRAX597, also demonstrated marked cytotoxic cooperativity. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that targeting of MYC can sensitize MM cells and provide rationale for inhibition of MYC and PAK as a novel combinatory regimen for the treatment of this otherwise therapy-resistant, clinically incurable malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinfei Tan
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer CenterPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Eleonora Sementino
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer CenterPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jonathan Chernoff
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer CenterPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Joseph R Testa
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer CenterPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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17
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Xiao GQ, Priemer DS, Wei C, Aron M, Yang Q, Idrees MT. ZBTB16 is a sensitive and specific marker in detection of metastatic and extragonadal yolk sac tumour. Histopathology 2017; 71:562-569. [PMID: 28581124 DOI: 10.1111/his.13276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Accurate histological diagnosis and classification of germ cell tumours (GCTs) is key to informing successful therapeutic and surveillance strategy. The modern therapeutic approach for yolk sac tumour (YST) is highly curative. Because YST takes on a large morphological spectrum, it can be confused for other GCT subtypes as well as somatic carcinomas, particularly when YST presents in an extragonadal or a metastatic setting. Currently available immunohistochemical markers are limited by suboptimal sensitivity and specificity. We reported recently that ZBTB16 is a sensitive and specific marker for testicular YST. ZBTB16 is absent in other GCTs and in most common somatic carcinomas, including those of gastrointestinal, pancreatobillary, respiratory, genitourinary and gynaecological tracts. The purpose of this study is to investigate the diagnostic utility of ZBTB16 in the settings of metastatic and extragonadal YST. METHODS AND RESULTS We studied 32 archived metastatic and four extragonadal primary YSTs as well as 51 somatic malignancies for their immunohistochemical expression of ZBTB16. For comparison, α-fetoprotein (AFP) and glypican-3 were also studied in parallel. Our results demonstrated an overall sensitivity of 91.6% for ZBTB16 in detecting metastatic and extragonadal YSTs. The non-YST elements (teratoma and embryonal carcinoma) in 15 YST-containing metastatic mixed GCTs were non-reactive. With the exception of occasional myoepithelial cells of salivary gland carcinoma, all the 51 somatic malignancies were negative for ZBTB16. CONCLUSIONS ZBTB16 is a sensitive and specific marker for YST and is diagnostically superior to AFP and glypican-3 in metastatic and extragonadal settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Qian Xiao
- Department of Pathology, Keck Medical Center of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - David S Priemer
- Department of Pathology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Christina Wei
- Department of Pathology, Keck Medical Center of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Manju Aron
- Department of Pathology, Keck Medical Center of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Qi Yang
- Department of Pathology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
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18
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Tsiarli MA, Rudine A, Kendall N, Pratt MO, Krall R, Thiels E, DeFranco DB, Monaghan AP. Antenatal dexamethasone exposure differentially affects distinct cortical neural progenitor cells and triggers long-term changes in murine cerebral architecture and behavior. Transl Psychiatry 2017; 7:e1153. [PMID: 28608856 PMCID: PMC5537650 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2017.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antenatal administration of synthetic glucocorticoids (sGC) is the standard of care for women at risk for preterm labor before 34 gestational weeks. Despite their widespread use, the type of sGC used and their dose or the dosing regimens are not standardized in the United States of America or worldwide. Several studies have identified neural deficits and the increased risk for cognitive and psychiatric disease later in life for children administered sGC prenatally. However, the precise molecular and cellular targets of GC action in the developing brain remain largely undefined. In this study, we demonstrate that a single dose of glucocorticoid during mid-gestation in mice leads to enhanced proliferation in select cerebral cortical neural stem/progenitor cell populations. These alterations are mediated by dose-dependent changes in the expression of cell cycle inhibitors and in genes that promote cell cycle re-entry. This leads to changes in neuronal number and density in the cerebral cortex at birth, coupled to long-term alterations in neurite complexity in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus in adolescents, and changes in anxiety and depressive-like behaviors in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Tsiarli
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - A Rudine
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - N Kendall
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - M O Pratt
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - R Krall
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - E Thiels
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - D B DeFranco
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA,Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - A P Monaghan
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO, USA,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri Kansas City School of Medicine, 2411 Holmes Street, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA. E-mail:
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19
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He M, Liu Y, Shen J, Duan C, Lu X. Upregulation of PLZF is Associated with Neuronal Injury in Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Neuroinflammation. Neurochem Res 2016; 41:3063-3073. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-016-2027-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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20
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Hylebos M, Van Camp G, van Meerbeeck JP, Op de Beeck K. The Genetic Landscape of Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma: Results from Massively Parallel Sequencing. J Thorac Oncol 2016; 11:1615-26. [PMID: 27282309 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtho.2016.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is a rare yet aggressive tumor that is causally associated with-mostly professional-asbestos exposure. Given the long latency between exposure and disease, and because asbestos is still being used, MPM will remain a global health issue for decades to come. Notwithstanding the increasing incidence of MPM and the fact that patients with MPM face a poor prognosis, currently available treatment options are limited. To enable the development of novel targeted therapies, identification of the genetic alterations underlying MPM will be crucial. The first studies reporting on the genomic background of MPM identified recurrent somatic mutations in a number of tumor suppressor genes (i.e., cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A gene [CDKN2A], neurofibromin 2 (merlin) gene [NF2], and BRCA1 associated protein 1 gene [BAP1]). More recently, massively parallel sequencing strategies have been used and have provided a more genome-wide view on the genetic landscape of MPM. This review summarizes their results, describing alterations that cluster mainly in four pathways: the tumor protein p53/DNA repair, cell cycle, mitogen-activated protein kinase, and phosphoinisitide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT pathways. As these pathways are important during tumor development, they provide interesting candidates for targeting with novel drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieke Hylebos
- Center of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium; Center for Oncological Research, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Guy Van Camp
- Center of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jan P van Meerbeeck
- Center for Oncological Research, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Thoracic Oncology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ken Op de Beeck
- Center of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium; Center for Oncological Research, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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ZBTB16: a novel sensitive and specific biomarker for yolk sac tumor. Mod Pathol 2016; 29:591-8. [PMID: 26916077 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2016.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Although the function of zinc finger and BTB domain containing 16 (ZBTB16) in spermatogenesis is well documented, expression of ZBTB16 in germ cell tumors has not yet been studied. The aim of this study was to investigate the immunohistochemical expression and diagnostic utility of ZBTB16 in germ cell tumors. A total of 67 adult germ cell tumors were studied (62 testicular germ cell tumors, 2 ovarian yolk sac tumors, 1 mediastinal yolk sac tumor, and 2 retroperitoneal metastatic yolk sac tumors). The 62 testicular primary germ cell tumors are as follows: 34 pure germ cell tumors (20 seminomas, 8 embryonal carcinomas, 2 teratomas, 1 choriocarcinoma, 1 carcinoid, and 2 spermatocytic tumors) and 28 mixed germ cell tumors (composed of 13 embryonal carcinomas, 15 yolk sac tumors, 15 teratomas, 7 seminomas, and 3 choriocarcinomas in various combinations). Thirty-five cases contained germ cell neoplasia in situ. Yolk sac tumor was consistently reactive for ZBTB16. Among the 15 testicular yolk sac tumors in mixed germ cell tumors, all displayed moderate to diffuse ZBTB16 staining. ZBTB16 reactivity was present regardless of the histologic patterns of yolk sac tumor and ZBTB16 was able to pick up small foci of yolk sac tumor intermixed/embedded in other germ cell tumor subtype elements. Diffuse ZBTB16 immunoreactivity was also observed in 2/2 metastatic yolk sac tumors, 1/1 mediastinal yolk sac tumor, 2/2 ovarian yolk sac tumors, 2/2 spermatocytic tumors, 1/1 carcinoid, and the spermatogonial cells. All the other non-yolk sac germ cell tumors were nonreactive, including seminoma (n=27), embryonal carcinoma (n=21), teratoma (n=17), choriocarcinoma (n=4), and germ cell neoplasia in situ (n=35). The sensitivity and specificity of ZBTB16 in detecting yolk sac tumor among the germ cell tumors was 100% (20/20) and 96% (66/69), respectively. In conclusion, ZBTB16 is a highly sensitive and specific marker for yolk sac tumor.
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22
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Kommagani R, Szwarc MM, Vasquez YM, Peavey MC, Mazur EC, Gibbons WE, Lanz RB, DeMayo FJ, Lydon JP. The Promyelocytic Leukemia Zinc Finger Transcription Factor Is Critical for Human Endometrial Stromal Cell Decidualization. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1005937. [PMID: 27035670 PMCID: PMC4817989 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Progesterone, via the progesterone receptor (PGR), is essential for endometrial stromal cell decidualization, a cellular transformation event in which stromal fibroblasts differentiate into decidual cells. Uterine decidualization supports embryo implantation and placentation as well as subsequent events, which together ensure a successful pregnancy. Accordingly, impaired decidualization results not only in implantation failure or early fetal miscarriage, but also may lead to potential adverse outcomes in all three pregnancy trimesters. Transcriptional reprogramming on a genome-wide scale underlies progesterone dependent decidualization of the human endometrial stromal cell (hESC). However, identification of the functionally essential signals encoded by these global transcriptional changes remains incomplete. Importantly, this knowledge-gap undercuts future efforts to improve diagnosis and treatment of implantation failure based on a dysfunctional endometrium. By integrating genome-wide datasets derived from decidualization of hESCs in culture, we reveal that the promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger (PLZF) transcription factor is rapidly induced by progesterone and that this induction is indispensable for progesterone-dependent decidualization. Chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by next generation sequencing (ChIP-Seq) identified at least ten progesterone response elements within the PLZF gene, indicating that PLZF may act as a direct target of PGR signaling. The spatiotemporal expression profile for PLZF in both the human and mouse endometrium offers further support for stromal PLZF as a mediator of the progesterone decidual signal. To identify functional targets of PLZF, integration of PLZF ChIP-Seq and RNA Pol II RNA-Seq datasets revealed that the early growth response 1 (EGR1) transcription factor is a PLZF target for which its level of expression must be reduced to enable progesterone dependent hESC decidualization. Apart from furnishing essential insights into the molecular mechanisms by which progesterone drives hESC decidualization, our findings provide a new conceptual framework that could lead to new avenues for diagnosis and/or treatment of adverse reproductive outcomes associated with a dysfunctional uterus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramakrishna Kommagani
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Maria M. Szwarc
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Yasmin M. Vasquez
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Mary C. Peavey
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Erik C. Mazur
- Houston Fertility Specialists, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - William E. Gibbons
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Rainer B. Lanz
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Francesco J. DeMayo
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - John P. Lydon
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
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Liu TM, Lee EH, Lim B, Shyh-Chang N. Concise Review: Balancing Stem Cell Self-Renewal and Differentiation with PLZF. Stem Cells 2016; 34:277-87. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.2270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 11/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tong Ming Liu
- Cancer Stem Cell Biology, Genome Institute of Singapore; Singapore
| | - Eng Hin Lee
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery; National University of Singapore; Singapore
- NUS Tissue Engineering Program (NUSTEP); National University of Singapore; Singapore
| | - Bing Lim
- Cancer Stem Cell Biology, Genome Institute of Singapore; Singapore
| | - Ng Shyh-Chang
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology; Genome Institute of Singapore; Singapore
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24
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Xiao GQ, Li F, Findeis-Hosey J, Hyrien O, Unger PD, Xiao L, Dunne R, Kim ES, Yang Q, McMahon L, Burstein DE. Down-regulation of cytoplasmic PLZF correlates with high tumor grade and tumor aggression in non-small cell lung carcinoma. Hum Pathol 2015; 46:1607-15. [PMID: 26297253 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2015.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Revised: 06/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
There are currently no effective prognostic biomarkers for lung cancer. Promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger (PLZF), a transcriptional repressor, has a role in cell cycle progression and tumorigenicity in various cancers. The expression and value of PLZF in lung carcinoma, particularly in the subclass of non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC), has not been studied. Our aim was to study the immunohistochemical expression of PLZF in lung adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma and correlate the alteration of PLZF expression with tumor differentiation, lymph node metastasis, tumor stage, and overall survival. A total of 296 NSCLCs being mounted on tissue microarray (181 adenocarcinomas and 91 squamous cell carcinomas) were investigated. Moderate to strong expression of PLZF was found in the cytoplasm of all the nonneoplastic respiratory epithelium and most (89.9%) well-differentiated adenocarcinoma. The proportions of moderately differentiated, poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma, and paired lymph node adenocarcinoma metastases that demonstrated negative or only weak PLZF reactivity were 75.6%, 97.2%, and 89.9%, respectively. The expression of PLZF in squamous cell carcinoma was mostly weak or absent and significantly lower than that in adenocarcinoma of the same grade (P < .0005). The loss of cytoplasmic PLZF strongly correlated with high tumor grade and lymph node metastasis in both squamous carcinoma and adenocarcinoma (P < .0001). Down-regulation of PLZF also correlated with higher tumor stage and shorter overall survival (P < .05). These results support a prognostic value for loss of cytoplasmic PLZF expression in the stratification of NSCLC and a possible role of cytoplasmic shift and down-regulation of PLZF in the pathogenesis of NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Qian Xiao
- Department of Pathology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642.
| | - Faqian Li
- Department of Pathology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642
| | | | - Ollivier Hyrien
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - Pamela D Unger
- Department of Pathology, Lenox Hill Hospital-NS/LIJ Health System, New York, NY 10065
| | - Lu Xiao
- Department of Pathology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - Richard Dunne
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - Eric S Kim
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - Qi Yang
- Department of Pathology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - Loralee McMahon
- Department of Pathology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - David E Burstein
- Department of Pathology, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY 10029
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25
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Xiao GQ, Unger P, Yang Q, Kinoshita Y, Singh K, McMahon L, Nastiuk K, Sha K, Krolewski J, Burstein D. Loss of PLZF expression in prostate cancer by immunohistochemistry correlates with tumor aggressiveness and metastasis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121318. [PMID: 25807461 PMCID: PMC4373907 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PLZF is a transcription repressor, which plays a critical role in development, spermatogenesis and oncogenesis. Down-regulation of PLZF has been found in various tumor cell lines. There has been virtually no tissue study on the expression of PLZF in prostate cancer (PCa). PCa is a heterogeneous disease, most of which are indolent and non-lethal. Currently there are no biomarkers that distinguish indolent from aggressive PCa; therefore there is an urgent need for such markers to provide clinical decision support. This study aimed to investigate the expression of PLZF by immunohistochemistry in different grade as well as metastatic PCa and to correlate the alteration of PLZF expression with PCa aggressiveness. We studied a total of 83 primary PCa from biopsies, 43 metastatic PCa and 8 paired primary and metastatic PCa from radical prostatectomies with lymph node dissection. Our results demonstrated that PLZF was strongly expressed in almost all (~100%) benign luminal cells (n=77) and low grade (Gleason pattern 3) PCa (n=70) and weak or absent (100%) in basal cells (n=70). Decreased or lost expression of PLZF was evidenced in 26% of high-grade (Gleason 4 and 5) primary PCa (n=70) and 84% metastatic PCa (n=43). The primary high grade PCa in the prostatectomies shared similar PLZF loss/decrease and histomorphology to that of paired parallel lymph node metastases. These data demonstrated that down-regulation of PLZF is an important molecular process for tumor progression and loss of PLZF expression detected by routine immunohistochemistry is a promising and valuable biomarker for PCa aggressiveness and metastasis in the personalized care of PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Qian Xiao
- Departments of Pathology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Pamela Unger
- Departments of Pathology, Lenox Hill Hospital, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Qi Yang
- Departments of Pathology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Yayoi Kinoshita
- Departments of Pathology, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Kyra Singh
- Departments of Pathology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Loralee McMahon
- Departments of Pathology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Kent Nastiuk
- Departments of Pathology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Kai Sha
- Departments of Pathology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - John Krolewski
- Departments of Pathology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - David Burstein
- Departments of Pathology, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
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Hui AWH, Lau HW, Cao CY, Zhou JW, Lai PBS, Tsui SKW. Downregulation of PLZF in human hepatocellular carcinoma and its clinical significance. Oncol Rep 2014; 33:397-402. [PMID: 25369784 DOI: 10.3892/or.2014.3578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger (PLZF) acts as a tumor-suppressor gene in a series of cancers including prostate, melanoma, colon cancer and leukemia. However, its role in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has not yet been illustrated. The present study aimed to investigate the expression and epigenetic regulation of PLZF as well as its clinical significance in HCC. We found that the expression of PLZF was significantly downregulated in HCC samples at both the RNA level (P<0.001) and protein level compared with these levels in adjacent normal tissues. The relative expression level of PLZF was also positively correlated with the ALP level (P=0.026) noted in the HCC patients. However, hypermethylation was only detected in one out of 5 paired HCC samples, indicating that methylation of the selected promoter region (from -1702 to -1388) may not be the major regulatory mechanism for the downregulation of PLZF in HCC. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was created to evaluate the diagnostic value for differentiating between HCC and benign diseases. The area under the ROC curve (AUC) for indicating the value of PLZF as an HCC biomarker was 0.794 (95% CI, 0.697-0.892; P<0.001). Taken together, our results suggest that PLZF may play an important role in HCC development and may be a potential biomarker for the diagnosis of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anselm Wang-Hei Hui
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, SAR, P.R. China
| | - Hon-Wai Lau
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, SAR, P.R. China
| | - Cyanne Ye Cao
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, SAR, P.R. China
| | - Jun-Wei Zhou
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, SAR, P.R. China
| | - Paul Bo-San Lai
- Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, SAR, P.R. China
| | - Stephen Kwok-Wing Tsui
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, SAR, P.R. China
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Expression of H1.5 and PLZF in granulosa cell tumors and normal ovarian tissues: a short report. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2014; 37:229-34. [DOI: 10.1007/s13402-014-0174-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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28
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Matsuzawa K, Izawa S, Ohkura T, Ohkura H, Ishiguro K, Yoshida A, Takiyama Y, Haneda M, Shigemasa C, Yamamoto K, Taniguchi SI. Implication of intracellular localization of transcriptional repressor PLZF in thyroid neoplasms. BMC Endocr Disord 2014; 14:52. [PMID: 24990570 PMCID: PMC4087200 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6823-14-52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Promyelocytic leukaemia zinc finger (PLZF) is a transcriptional repressor that was originally isolated from a patient with promyelocytic leukaemia. PLZF also affects key elements for cell cycle progression, such as cyclin A, and can affect the tumourigenicity of various cancers. Thus far, the behaviour of PLZF in thyroid carcinoma remains unclear. METHODS We analysed the expression profile of PLZF in different types of benign and malignant thyroid lesions as well as in normal thyroid tissue. Specifically, we examined PLZF expression in normal thyroid (N; n = 4), adenomatous lesion (AL; n = 5), follicular adenoma (FA; n = 2), papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC; n = 20), and anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC; n = 3) samples. PLZF expression was estimated by western blotting and immunohistochemical (IHC) staining. RESULTS PLZF was expressed in all samples of thyroid lesions examined. In N, AL, and FA, PLZF was mainly localized in the nucleus. In contrast, in PTC and ATC, PLZF was mainly expressed in the cytosol with high intensity. In more detail, the cytoplasmic IHC scores in PTC with capsular invasion (CI) and lymph node (LN) metastasis were higher than those in PTC without CI and LN metastasis. CONCLUSIONS PLZF shows different subcellular localizations among PTC, ATC, and other thyroid lesions. Furthermore, high cytoplasmic expression of PLZF may be correlated with CI and LN metastasis in thyroid carcinoma. The present report is the first to describe the implications of intracellular PLZF expression in thyroid carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiko Matsuzawa
- Department of Regional Medicine, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
| | - Shoichiro Izawa
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, 36-1 Nishi-cho, Yonago 683-8504, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Ohkura
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, 36-1 Nishi-cho, Yonago 683-8504, Japan
| | - Hiroko Ohkura
- Department of Regional Medicine, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
| | - Kiyosuke Ishiguro
- Department of Surgery, Division of Organ Regeneration Surgery, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, 36-1 Nishi-cho, Yonago 683-8504, Japan
| | - Akio Yoshida
- Division of Regenerative Medicine and Therapeutics, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Tottori University Graduate School of Medical Science, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
| | - Yumi Takiyama
- Department of Medicine, Division of Metabolism and Biosystemic Science, Asahikawa Medical University, 1-1-1 Midorigaokahigashinijyo, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan
| | - Masakazu Haneda
- Department of Medicine, Division of Metabolism and Biosystemic Science, Asahikawa Medical University, 1-1-1 Midorigaokahigashinijyo, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan
| | | | - Kazuhiro Yamamoto
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, 36-1 Nishi-cho, Yonago 683-8504, Japan
| | - Shin-ichi Taniguchi
- Department of Regional Medicine, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
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Yangjing Capsule Extract Promotes Proliferation of GC-1 Spg Cells. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2014; 2014:640857. [PMID: 24817900 PMCID: PMC4003789 DOI: 10.1155/2014/640857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Revised: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective. To investigate the effect of Yangjing Capsule (YC) extract on proliferation of GC-1 spermatogonia (spg) cells and the mechanism. Methods. GC-1 spg cells were treated with 0.01, 0.1, and 1 mg/mL YC extract. MTT assay was performed to detect the cell viability. Flow cytometry was used to measure the cell cycle and apoptosis of GC-1 spg cells. Real-time PCR and western blot were applied to determine the mRNA and protein expression of Oct-4 and Plzf. Gfr α 1 knockdown and LY294002 (PI3K inhibitor) were applied to explore the underlying mechanism. Results. After 48 h treatment of YC, the viability of GC-1 spg cells increased significantly and the ratio of apoptotic cells reduced significantly. The increased mRNA and protein expression of Oct-4 and Plzf suggested YC promoted self-renewal of GC-1 spg cells. Both Gfr α 1 siRNAs and LY294002 treatments held back YC extract's stimulation effects on mRNA and protein expression of Oct-4 and Plzf and consequently inhibited the proliferation of GC-1 spg cells induced by YC extract. Conclusion. YC extract could stimulate the proliferation of GC-1 spg cells. Partly via Gfr α 1, YC extract is able to trigger the activation of PI3K pathway and finally lead to self-renewal of GC-1 spg cells.
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Choi WI, Kim MY, Jeon BN, Koh DI, Yun CO, Li Y, Lee CE, Oh J, Kim K, Hur MW. Role of promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger (PLZF) in cell proliferation and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A (p21WAF/CDKN1A) gene repression. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:18625-40. [PMID: 24821727 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.538751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger (PLZF) is a transcription repressor that was initially isolated as a fusion protein with retinoic acid receptor α. PLZF is aberrantly overexpressed in various human solid tumors, such as clear cell renal carcinoma, glioblastoma, and seminoma. PLZF causes cellular transformation of NIH3T3 cells and increases cell proliferation in several cell types. PLZF also increases tumor growth in the mouse xenograft tumor model. PLZF may stimulate cell proliferation by controlling expression of the genes of the p53 pathway (ARF, TP53, and CDKN1A). We found that PLZF can directly repress transcription of CDKN1A encoding p21, a negative regulator of cell cycle progression. PLZF binds to the proximal Sp1-binding GC-box 5/6 and the distal p53-responsive elements of the CDKN1A promoter to repress transcription. Interestingly, PLZF interacts with Sp1 or p53 and competes with Sp1 or p53. PLZF interacts with corepressors, such as mSin3A, NCoR, and SMRT, thereby deacetylates Ac-H3 and Ac-H4 histones at the CDKN1A promoter, which indicated the involvement of the corepressor·HDACs complex in transcription repression by PLZF. Also, PLZF represses transcription of TP53 and also decreases p53 protein stability by ubiquitination. PLZF may act as a potential proto-oncoprotein in various cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Il Choi
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Brain Korea 21 Plus Project for Medical Science, Severance Biomedical Research Institute, Yonsei University School of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-Ro, SeoDaeMoon-Gu, Seoul 120-752
| | - Min-Young Kim
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Brain Korea 21 Plus Project for Medical Science, Severance Biomedical Research Institute, Yonsei University School of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-Ro, SeoDaeMoon-Gu, Seoul 120-752
| | - Bu-Nam Jeon
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Brain Korea 21 Plus Project for Medical Science, Severance Biomedical Research Institute, Yonsei University School of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-Ro, SeoDaeMoon-Gu, Seoul 120-752
| | - Dong-In Koh
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Brain Korea 21 Plus Project for Medical Science, Severance Biomedical Research Institute, Yonsei University School of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-Ro, SeoDaeMoon-Gu, Seoul 120-752
| | - Chae-Ok Yun
- the Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-Ro, Seongdong-Gu, Seoul 133-791, and
| | - Yan Li
- the Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-Ro, Seongdong-Gu, Seoul 133-791, and
| | - Choong-Eun Lee
- the Department of Biological Science, Sungkyunkwan University, 300 Cheon-Cheon Dong, Suwon 440-746, Korea
| | - Jiyoung Oh
- the Department of Biological Science, Sungkyunkwan University, 300 Cheon-Cheon Dong, Suwon 440-746, Korea
| | - Kunhong Kim
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Brain Korea 21 Plus Project for Medical Science, Severance Biomedical Research Institute, Yonsei University School of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-Ro, SeoDaeMoon-Gu, Seoul 120-752
| | - Man-Wook Hur
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Brain Korea 21 Plus Project for Medical Science, Severance Biomedical Research Institute, Yonsei University School of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-Ro, SeoDaeMoon-Gu, Seoul 120-752,
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31
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Momeni M, Kalir T, Farag S, Kinoshita Y, Roman TY, Chuang L, Fishman DA, Burstein DE. Immunohistochemical detection of promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger and histone 1.5 in uterine leiomyosarcoma and leiomyoma. Reprod Sci 2014; 21:1171-6. [PMID: 24784718 DOI: 10.1177/1933719114532845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The accurate distinction of leiomyoma from leiomyosarcoma is essential for patient management. However, the distinction can be difficult to make, particularly in tissue biopsy samples. Immunohistochemistry has been established as a useful technique to aid in the diagnosis of malignancies. The advantages of immunohistochemical studies are their ease of use and interpretation. This study is the first to evaluate the utility of the promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger (PLZF) protein and the histone 1.5 (H1.5) protein as potential diagnostic immunohistochemical markers for distinguishing leiomyosarcoma from leiomyoma. METHODS Tissue samples from 21 leiomyosarcomas and 26 leiomyomas were studied. The student t-test and the Fisher exact test were used to calculate the differences in staining between the 2 groups. RESULTS Statistically significant differences were found in the staining indices of anti-PLZF and anti-H1.5 when comparing benign and malignant tumors (P < .0001 and P < .0001, respectively). The mean H1.5 staining score in leiomyosarcomas was 158.3, compared to 28.3 in leiomyomas. The mean PLZF score in leiomyosarcomas was 1.5 in contrast to 71.5 in leiomyomas. For H1.5 at a score ≥60, the sensitivity and specificity were 90.5% and 84.6%, respectively. For PLZF, a score ≤15 had a test sensitivity and specificity of 100% and 80.8%, respectively. This suggests that staining for H1.5 or PLZF can serve as a good screening test. Additionally, combining the 2 immunostains results in a sensitivity and specificity of 90.5% and 97.5%, respectively, in differentiating between leiomyoma and leiomyosarcoma. CONCLUSIONS We describe immunostaining for PLZF and H1.5 in benign and malignant uterine smooth muscle tumors. Statistically significant differences in staining patterns were found, suggesting utility in distinguishing leiomyosarcomas from leiomyomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazdak Momeni
- Department of Obstetrics, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tamara Kalir
- Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sara Farag
- Department of Obstetrics, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yayoi Kinoshita
- Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Taisha Y Roman
- Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Linus Chuang
- Department of Obstetrics, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - David A Fishman
- Department of Obstetrics, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - David E Burstein
- Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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Cao J, Zhu S, Zhou W, Li J, Liu C, Xuan H, Yan J, Zheng L, Zhou L, Yu J, Chen G, Huang Y, Yu Z, Feng L. PLZF mediates the PTEN/AKT/FOXO3a signaling in suppression of prostate tumorigenesis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77922. [PMID: 24339862 PMCID: PMC3858220 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger (PLZF) protein expression is closely related to the progression of human cancers, including prostate cancer (PCa). However, the according context of a signaling pathway for PLZF to suppress prostate tumorigenesis remains greatly unknown. Here we report that PLZF is a downstream mediator of the PTEN signaling pathway in PCa. We found that PLZF expression is closely correlated with PTEN expression in a cohort of prostate cancer specimens. Interestingly, both PTEN rescue and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor LY294002 treatment increase the PLZF expression in prostate cancer cell lines. Further, luciferase reporter assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation assay demonstrate that FOXO3a, a transcriptional factor phosphorylated by PI3K/AKT, could directly bind to the promoter of PLZF gene. These results indicate that PTEN regulates PLZF expression by AKT/FOXO3a. Moreover, our animal experiments also demonstrate that PLZF is capable of inhibiting prostate tumorigenesis in vivo. Taken together, our study defines a PTEN/PLZF pathway and would shed new lights for developing therapeutic strategy of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- JingPing Cao
- Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Laboratory for Germ Cell Research, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTU-SM), Shanghai, China
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, SJTU-SM, Shanghai, China
| | - Shu Zhu
- Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Laboratory for Germ Cell Research, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTU-SM), Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, SJTU-SM, Shanghai, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Laboratory for Germ Cell Research, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTU-SM), Shanghai, China
| | - HanQing Xuan
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, SJTU-SM, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Yan
- Laboratory of Tumor Suppressor Genes and miRNAs, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, SJTU-SM, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Zheng
- Department of Pathology, SJTU-SM, Shanghai, China
| | - LiXin Zhou
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, SJTU-SM, Shanghai, China
| | - JianXiu Yu
- Laboratory of Tumor Suppressor Genes and miRNAs, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, SJTU-SM, Shanghai, China
| | - GuoQiang Chen
- Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, SJTU-SM, Shanghai, China
| | - YiRan Huang
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, SJTU-SM, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhuo Yu
- Laboratory for Germ Cell Research, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTU-SM), Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (ZY); (LXF)
| | - LiXin Feng
- Laboratory for Germ Cell Research, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTU-SM), Shanghai, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington DC, United States of America
- * E-mail: (ZY); (LXF)
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Integrated high-resolution array CGH and SKY analysis of homozygous deletions and other genomic alterations present in malignant mesothelioma cell lines. Cancer Genet 2013; 206:191-205. [PMID: 23830731 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergen.2013.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Revised: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
High-resolution oligonucleotide array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) and spectral karyotyping (SKY) were applied to a panel of malignant mesothelioma (MMt) cell lines. SKY has not been applied to MMt before, and complete karyotypes are reported based on the integration of SKY and aCGH results. A whole genome search for homozygous deletions (HDs) produced the largest set of recurrent and non-recurrent HDs for MMt (52 recurrent HDs in 10 genomic regions; 36 non-recurrent HDs). For the first time, LINGO2, RBFOX1/A2BP1, RPL29, DUSP7, and CCSER1/FAM190A were found to be homozygously deleted in MMt, and some of these genes could be new tumor suppressor genes for MMt. Integration of SKY and aCGH data allowed reconstruction of chromosomal rearrangements that led to the formation of HDs. Our data imply that only with acquisition of structural and/or numerical karyotypic instability can MMt cells attain a complete loss of tumor suppressor genes located in 9p21.3, which is the most frequently homozygously deleted region. Tetraploidization is a late event in the karyotypic progression of MMt cells, after HDs in the 9p21.3 region have already been acquired.
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Wang X, Wang L, Guo S, Bao Y, Ma Y, Yan F, Xu K, Xu Z, Jin L, Lu D, Xu J, Wang J. Hypermethylation reduces expression of tumor‐suppressor PLZF and regulates proliferation and apoptosis in non‐small‐cell lung cancers. FASEB J 2013; 27:4194-203. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-229070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic EngineeringSchool of Life SciencesFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary AnthropologySchool of Life SciencesFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery455th Hospital of the People's Liberation ArmyShanghaiChina
| | - Shicheng Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic EngineeringSchool of Life SciencesFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary AnthropologySchool of Life SciencesFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yang Bao
- Yangzhou No.1 People's HospitalYangzhouChina
| | - Yanyun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic EngineeringSchool of Life SciencesFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary AnthropologySchool of Life SciencesFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Fengyang Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic EngineeringSchool of Life SciencesFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary AnthropologySchool of Life SciencesFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Kuan Xu
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer CenterShanghaiChina
| | - Zhiyun Xu
- Department of Cardiothoracic SurgeryChanghai Hospital of ShanghaiSecond Military Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Li Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic EngineeringSchool of Life SciencesFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary AnthropologySchool of Life SciencesFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Daru Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic EngineeringSchool of Life SciencesFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary AnthropologySchool of Life SciencesFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Jibin Xu
- Department of Cardiothoracic SurgeryChanghai Hospital of ShanghaiSecond Military Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Jiu‐Cun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic EngineeringSchool of Life SciencesFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary AnthropologySchool of Life SciencesFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
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Hechtman JF, Beasley MB, Kinoshita Y, Ko HM, Hao K, Burstein DE. Promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger and histone H1.5 differentially stain low- and high-grade pulmonary neuroendocrine tumors: a pilot immunohistochemical study. Hum Pathol 2013; 44:1400-5. [PMID: 23416030 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2012.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Revised: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger is a zinc finger transcription factor that functions as a transcriptional repressor. Its expression has been shown to be down-regulated in hematopoietic, melanocytic, and mesothelial malignancies. Histone H1.5 is a variant of histone H1, a family of linker proteins that organizes chromosomes into higher order structures. Its function is of key importance in gene expression and has been linked to more aggressive forms of prostatic carcinoma. This study aimed to investigate the immunohistochemical detectability of promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger and histone H1.5 in pulmonary neuroendocrine tumors, comprising 11 carcinoid tumorlets, 24 typical carcinoids, 12 atypical carcinoids, 20 small cell carcinomas, 11 large cell neuroendocrine carcinomas, and 2 combined small cell carcinomas-large cell neuroendocrine carcinomas. Promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger immunohistochemistry revealed moderate or strong nuclear staining in all carcinoid tumorlets, 23 of 24 typical carcinoids, and 7 of 12 atypical carcinoids in contrast to 9 of 11 large cell neuroendocrine carcinomas, all small cell carcinoma, and both combined small cell carcinoma-large cell neuroendocrine carcinomas, which showed no nuclear immunoreactivity. Histone H1.5 immunohistochemistry revealed only focal or no immunoreactivity in all carcinoid tumorlets and 19 of 24 typical carcinoids, whereas 7 of 12 atypical carcinoids, 19 of 20 small cell carcinomas, 10 of 11 large cell neuroendocrine carcinomas, and both combined small cell carcinomas-large cell neuroendocrine carcinomas displayed positive (≥ 10%) nuclear immunoreactivity-ranging from a minority of weak staining to a majority of strong staining cases. Our data suggest that the relative expression ratios of promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger and histone H1.5 may correlate with grade of pulmonary neuroendocrine tumors. Immunohistochemical stains for these markers, especially on small biopsies with crush artifact, may prove to be diagnostically useful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaclyn Frances Hechtman
- Department of Pathology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine and Medical Center, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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Jones C, St-Jean S, Fréchette I, Bergeron D, Rivard N, Boudreau F. Identification of a novel promyelocytic leukemia zinc-finger isoform required for colorectal cancer cell growth and survival. Int J Cancer 2013; 133:58-66. [PMID: 23280881 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Revised: 10/28/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Promyelocytic leukemia zinc-finger (PLZF) is a transcriptional repressor that regulates proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis among various cellular origins. PLZF expression is upregulated in colorectal cancer cell lines but its putative functional role in this context is unknown. Here, we report the identification of a novel p65 PLZF isoform that results from the usage of an evolutionarily conserved alternative translational initiation site. This isoform is devoid of the classical BTB/POZ domain required for nuclear localization and transcriptional repression. Depletion of p65 PLZF expression in colorectal cancer cell lines results in reduction of cell growth, loss of cell anchorage and increase in cell apoptosis. Overall, these results indicate that p65 PLZF is crucial to maintain colorectal cancer cell adhesion as well as survival and must occur independently of the traditionally viewed transcriptional role of PLZF in the course of these biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Jones
- Département d'anatomie et biologie cellulaire, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
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Sugalski A, Davis M, Prasannan L, Saldivar V, Hung JY, Tomlinson GE. Clinical, histologic, and genetic features of mesothelioma in a 7-year-old child. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2013; 60:146-8. [PMID: 22961710 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.24284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Malignant mesothelioma (MM) is a highly aggressive malignancy that is extremely rare in children. This case report documents a 7-year-old male without previous asbestos exposure with peritoneal MM that initially responded to chemotherapy with cisplatin and gemcitabine but ultimately metastasized to his chest. He was diagnosed with MM based on histology, extensive immunohistochemical analyses, and an elevated serum CA-125 level. Cytogenetics and comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) analysis of his tumor identified a single extra copy number of chromosome 11 with few other changes noted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Sugalski
- Department of Pediatrics and Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
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38
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Human iNKT and MAIT cells exhibit a PLZF-dependent proapoptotic propensity that is counterbalanced by XIAP. Blood 2012; 121:614-23. [PMID: 23223428 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-09-456095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Invariant natural killer (iNKT) T cells and mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells represent peculiar T-lymphocyte subpopulations with innate-like properties that differ from conventional T cells. iNKT are reduced in the primary immunodeficiency caused by mutations in the X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP). By studying the mechanism of this depletion, we herein report that iNKT cells exhibit a high susceptibility to apoptosis that is not observed with conventional T cells. Elevated expression of caspases 3 and 7 accounts for the proapoptotic phenotype of iNKT cells, which is inhibited by XIAP although it exerts a moderate effect in conventional T cells. Similarly, MAIT cells exhibit a proapoptotic propensity with elevated expression of activated caspases and are decreased in XIAP-deficient individuals. Knockdown of the transcription factor PLZF/ZBTB-16, which is involved in the effector program of iNKT cells, diminishes their proapoptotic phenotype. Conversely, overexpression of PLZF/ZBTB-16 in conventional T cells leads to a proapoptotic phenotype. Our findings identify a previously unknown pathway of regulation of innate-like T-cell homeostasis depending on XIAP and PLZF. The proapoptotic feature of iNKT cells also gives a reliable explanation of their exhaustion observed in different human conditions including the XIAP immunodeficiency.
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Jeon YK, Go H, Nam SJ, Keam B, Kim TM, Jung KC, Kang HJ, Lee DS, Huh JR, Park SH. Expression of the promyelocytic leukemia zinc-finger in T-lymphoblastic lymphoma and leukemia has strong implications for their cellular origin and greater association with initial bone marrow involvement. Mod Pathol 2012; 25:1236-45. [PMID: 22555178 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2012.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The promyelocytic leukemia zinc-finger (PLZF) is essential for the development of innate T cells (as represented by natural killer T cells) for acquisition of their unique innate immune properties. We evaluated the PLZF protein expression in a variety of immature and mature lymphoid malignancies. PLZF was preferentially expressed in T-lymphoblastic lymphoma/acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-LBL/ALL) in 50% of the 54 cases. Among 51 cases of peripheral T-cell lymphoma not otherwise specified, only one (2%) expressed PLZF. One mycosis fungoides case expressed PLZF in lymph node involved by tumor. Otherwise, PLZF was not detected in any other type of lymphoma. In T-LBL/ALL, PLZF expression was more common in CD4/CD8 double-negative (67%) or CD8 single-positive subtypes (73%) than in CD4/CD8 double-positive (13%) and CD4 single-positive subtypes (0%) (P=0.001). Importantly, PLZF and CD1a expression were mutually exclusive in T-LBL/ALL (P=0.001). This was also the case for T-cell receptor βF1 expression (P=0.000). Most (96%) of the PLZF-positive T-LBL/ALL cases showed initial bone marrow involvement compared with 39% of PLZF-negative cases (P=0.000). Based on these findings, we suggest that T-LBL/ALLs that express PLZF arise from early immature double-negative thymocytes when the T-cell receptor β chain has not yet expressed or innate T-cell precursors, and strongly imply bone marrow involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon K Jeon
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea.
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40
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Suliman BA, Xu D, Williams BRG. The promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger protein: two decades of molecular oncology. Front Oncol 2012; 2:74. [PMID: 22822476 PMCID: PMC3398472 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2012.00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger (PLZF) protein, also known as Zbtb16 or Zfp145, was first identified in a patient with acute promyelocytic leukemia, where a reciprocal chromosomal translocation t(11;17)(q23;q21) resulted in a fusion with the RARA gene encoding retinoic acid receptor alpha. The wild-type Zbtb16 gene encodes a transcription factor that belongs to the POK (POZ and Krüppel) family of transcriptional repressors. In addition to nine Krüppel-type sequence-specific zinc fingers, which make it a member of the Krüppel-like zinc finger protein family, the PLZF protein contains an N-terminal BTB/POZ domain and RD2 domain. PLZF has been shown to be involved in major developmental and biological processes, such as spermatogenesis, hind limb formation, hematopoiesis, and immune regulation. PLZF is localized mainly in the nucleus where it exerts its transcriptional repression function, and many post-translational modifications affect this ability and also have an impact on its cytoplasmic/nuclear dissociation. PLZF achieves its transcriptional regulation by binding to many secondary molecules to form large multi-protein complexes that bind to the regulatory elements in the promoter region of the target genes. These complexes are also capable of physically interacting with its target proteins. Recently, PLZF has become implicated in carcinogenesis as a tumor suppressor gene, since it regulates the cell cycle and apoptosis in many cell types. This review will examine the major advances in our knowledge of PLZF biological activities that augment its value as a therapeutic target, particularly in cancer and immunological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bandar Ali Suliman
- Centre for Cancer Research, Monash Institute of Medical Research, Monash University Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Jean D, Daubriac J, Le Pimpec-Barthes F, Galateau-Salle F, Jaurand MC. Molecular changes in mesothelioma with an impact on prognosis and treatment. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2012; 136:277-93. [PMID: 22372904 DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2011-0215-ra] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT In recent decades, research on malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) has been developed to improve patients' outcomes by increasing the level of confidence in MPM diagnosis and prognosis. OBJECTIVE To summarize data on genetic and epigenetic abnormalities in MPM that may be of interest for a better management of patients with MPM. DATA SOURCES Data were obtained from scientific publications on genetic and epigenetic abnormalities in MPM by studying gene mutations, DNA methylation, and gene and microRNA expression profiling. CONCLUSIONS Molecular changes in MPM consist in altered expression and in activation or inactivation of critical genes in oncogenesis, especially tumor suppressor genes at the INK4 and NF2 loci. Activation of membrane receptor tyrosine kinases and deregulation of signaling pathways related to differentiation, survival, proliferation, apoptosis, cell cycle control, metabolism, migration, and invasion have been demonstrated. Alterations that could be targeted at a global level (methylation) have been recently reported. Experimental research has succeeded especially in abolishing proliferation and triggering apoptosis in MPM cells. So far, targeted clinical approaches focusing on receptor tyrosine kinases have had limited success. Molecular analyses of series of MPM cases have shown that defined alterations are present in MPM subsets, consistent with interindividual variations of molecular alterations, and suggesting that identification of patient subgroups will be essential to develop more specific therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didier Jean
- INSERM, U, Université Paris Descartes, UMR-S, Paris, France
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Germline BAP1 mutations predispose to malignant mesothelioma. Nat Genet 2011; 43:1022-5. [PMID: 21874000 PMCID: PMC3184199 DOI: 10.1038/ng.912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 735] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2011] [Accepted: 07/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Because only a small fraction of asbestos-exposed individuals develop malignant mesothelioma1, and because mesothelioma clustering is observed in some families1, we searched for genetic predisposing factors. We discovered germline mutations in BAP1 (BRCA1-associated protein 1) in two families with a high incidence of mesothelioma. Somatic alterations affecting BAP1 were observed in familial mesotheliomas, indicating biallelic inactivation. Besides mesothelioma, some BAP1 mutation carriers developed uveal melanoma. Germline BAP1 mutations were also found in two of 26 sporadic mesotheliomas: both patients with mutant BAP1 were previously diagnosed with uveal melanoma. Truncating mutations and aberrant BAP1 expression were common in sporadic mesotheliomas without germline mutations. These results reveal a BAP1-related cancer syndrome characterized by mesothelioma and uveal melanoma. We hypothesize that other cancers may also be involved, and that mesothelioma predominates upon asbestos exposure. These findings will help identify individuals at high risk of mesothelioma who could be targeted for early intervention.
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Syntenic relationships between genomic profiles of fiber-induced murine and human malignant mesothelioma. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2011; 178:881-94. [PMID: 21281820 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2010.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2010] [Revised: 09/27/2010] [Accepted: 10/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Malignant mesothelioma (MM) is an aggressive tumor with a poor prognosis mainly linked to past asbestos exposure. Murine models of MM based on fiber exposure have been developed to elucidate the mechanism of mesothelioma formation. Genomic alterations in murine MM have now been partially characterized. To gain insight into the pathophysiology of mesothelioma, 16 murine and 35 human mesotheliomas were characterized by array-comparative genomic hybridization and were screened for common genomic alterations. Alteration of the 9p21 human region, often by biallelic deletion, was the most frequent alteration in both species, in agreement with the CDKN2A/CDKN2B locus deletion in human disease and murine models. Other shared aberrations were losses of 1p36.3-p35 and 13q14-q33 and gains of 5p15.3-p13 regions. However, some differences were noted, such as absence of recurrent alterations in mouse regions corresponding to human chromosome 22. Comparison between altered recurrent regions in asbestos-exposed and non-asbestos-exposed patients showed a significant difference in the 14q11.2-q21 region, which was also lost in fiber-induced murine mesothelioma. A correlation was also demonstrated between genomic instability and tumorigenicity of human mesothelioma xenografts in nude mice. Overall, these data show similarities between murine and human disease, and contribute to the understanding of the influence of fibers in the pathogenesis of mesothelioma and validation of the murine model for preclinical testing.
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44
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Kolesnichenko M, Vogt PK. Understanding PLZF: two transcriptional targets, REDD1 and smooth muscle α-actin, define new questions in growth control, senescence, self-renewal and tumor suppression. Cell Cycle 2011; 10:771-5. [PMID: 21311223 DOI: 10.4161/cc.10.5.14829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
PLZF can function as a transcriptional activator or as a transcriptional repressor. Recent studies have identified two direct transcriptional targets of PLZF, REDD1 and smooth muscle α-actin. REDD1 is activated by PLZF. It mediates the PLZF-dependent downregulation of TORC1 and is responsible for the maintenance of pluripotency in cultures of spermatogonial progenitor cells. This activity may extend to other stem-like cell types. The effect of REDD1 on TORC1 also raises the possibility that REDD1 controls cell growth, tumorigenicity and senescence. The regulatory loop extending from PLZF via REDD1 to TORC1 identifies REDD1 as a critical determinant of TOR activity. The transcription of smooth muscle α-actin is repressed by PLZF. In fibroblasts, this downregulation is accompanied by a change of cell shape and a dramatic reorganization of the cytoskeleton. It is also correlated with the acquisition of cellular resistance to oncogenic transformation. The resistance is selective, it works against some oncoproteins but not against others. The molecular mechanisms underlying the changes in the cytoskeleton and in the susceptibility to oncogenic transformation are unknown. However these changes are dependent on the activity of RAS and thus probably involve the RAC/RHO family of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Kolesnichenko
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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Rodrigues-Ferreira S, Nahmias C. An ATIPical family of angiotensin II AT2 receptor-interacting proteins. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2010; 21:684-90. [PMID: 20889352 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2010.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2010] [Revised: 08/27/2010] [Accepted: 08/30/2010] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
AT2, the second subtype of angiotensin II receptors, is a major component of the renin-angiotensin system involved in cardiovascular and neuronal functions. AT2 belongs to the superfamily of G protein-coupled receptors, but its intracellular signaling pathways have long remained elusive. Over the past few years, efforts to characterize this atypical receptor have led to the identification of novel molecular scaffolds that directly bind to its intracellular tail. The present review focuses on a family of AT2 receptor-interacting proteins (ATIPs) involved in neuronal differentiation, vascular remodeling and tumor suppression. Recent findings that ATIPs and ATIP-related proteins associate with microtubules suggest that they might constitute a novel family of multifunctional proteins regulating a wide range of physiopathological functions.
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