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Deng T, Lu X, Jia X, Du J, Wang L, Cao B, Yang M, Yin Y, Liu F. Cathepsins and cancer risk: a Mendelian randomization study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1428433. [PMID: 38883596 PMCID: PMC11176415 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1428433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Previous observational epidemiological studies reported an association between cathepsins and cancer, however, a causal relationship is uncertain. This study evaluated the causal relationship between cathepsins and cancer using Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis. Methods We used publicly available genome-wide association study (GWAS) data for bidirectional MR analysis. Inverse variance weighting (IVW) was used as the primary MR method of MR analysis. Results After correction for the False Discovery Rate (FDR), two cathepsins were found to be significantly associated with cancer risk: cathepsin H (CTSH) levels increased the risk of lung cancer (OR = 1.070, 95% CI = 1.027-1.114, P = 0.001, PFDR = 0.009), and CTSH levels decreased the risk of basal cell carcinoma (OR = 0.947, 95% CI = 0.919-0.975, P = 0.0002, P FDR = 0.002). In addition, there was no statistically significant effect of the 20 cancers on the nine cathepsins. Some unadjusted low P-value phenotypes are worth mentioning, including a positive correlation between cathepsin O (CTSO) and breast cancer (OR = 1.012, 95% CI = 1.001-1.025, P = 0.041), cathepsin S (CTSS) and pharyngeal cancer (OR = 1.017, 95% CI = 1.001-1.034, P = 0.043), and CTSS and endometrial cancer (OR = 1.055, 95% CI = 1.012-1.101, P = 0.012); and there was a negative correlation between cathepsin Z and ovarian cancer (CTSZ) (OR = 0.970, 95% CI = 0.949-0.991, P = 0.006), CTSS and prostate cancer (OR = 0.947, 95% CI = 0.902-0.944, P = 0.028), and cathepsin E (CTSE) and pancreatic cancer (OR = 0.963, 95% CI = 0.938-0.990, P = 0.006). Conclusion Our MR analyses showed a causal relationship between cathepsins and cancers and may help provide new insights for further mechanistic and clinical studies of cathepsin-mediated cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Deng
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Xixue Lu
- Bone Biomechanics Engineering Laboratory of Shandong Province, Shandong Medicinal Biotechnology Center (School of Biomedical Sciences), Neck-Shoulder and Lumbocrural Pain Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Xuemin Jia
- Bone Biomechanics Engineering Laboratory of Shandong Province, Shandong Medicinal Biotechnology Center (School of Biomedical Sciences), Neck-Shoulder and Lumbocrural Pain Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Jinxin Du
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Lijuan Wang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
- Bone Biomechanics Engineering Laboratory of Shandong Province, Shandong Medicinal Biotechnology Center (School of Biomedical Sciences), Neck-Shoulder and Lumbocrural Pain Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Baorui Cao
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Meina Yang
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Drugs (Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), Biomedical Sciences College, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Ying Yin
- Department of Acupuncture, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Fanjie Liu
- Bone Biomechanics Engineering Laboratory of Shandong Province, Shandong Medicinal Biotechnology Center (School of Biomedical Sciences), Neck-Shoulder and Lumbocrural Pain Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
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2
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Sun B, Ji WD, Wang WC, Chen L, Ma JY, Tang EJ, Lin MB, Zhang XF. Circulating tumor cells participate in the formation of microvascular invasion and impact on clinical outcomes in hepatocellular carcinoma. Front Genet 2023; 14:1265866. [PMID: 38028589 PMCID: PMC10652898 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1265866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common malignant tumor worldwide. Although the treatment strategies have been improved in recent years, the long-term prognosis of HCC is far from satisfactory mainly due to high postoperative recurrence and metastasis rate. Vascular tumor thrombus, including microvascular invasion (MVI) and portal vein tumor thrombus (PVTT), affects the outcome of hepatectomy and liver transplantation. If vascular invasion could be found preoperatively, especially the risk of MVI, more reasonable surgical selection will be chosen to reduce the risk of postoperative recurrence and metastasis. However, there is a lack of reliable prediction methods, and the formation mechanism of MVI/PVTT is still unclear. At present, there is no study to explore the possibility of tumor thrombus formation from a single circulating tumor cell (CTC) of HCC, nor any related study to describe the possible leading role and molecular mechanism of HCC CTCs as an important component of MVI/PVTT. In this study, we review the current understanding of MVI and possible mechanisms, discuss the function of CTCs in the formation of MVI and interaction with immune cells in the circulation. In conclusion, we discuss implications for potential therapeutic targets and the prospect of clinical treatment of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Sun
- Center for Clinical Research and Translational Medicine, Yangpu Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Dan Ji
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgical Hospital and National Center for Liver Cancer, Navy Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen-Chao Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Yangpu Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Yangpu Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun-Yong Ma
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Navy Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Er-Jiang Tang
- Center for Clinical Research and Translational Medicine, Yangpu Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mou-Bin Lin
- Department of General Surgery, Yangpu Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Zhang
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Navy Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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Stoka V, Vasiljeva O, Nakanishi H, Turk V. The Role of Cysteine Protease Cathepsins B, H, C, and X/Z in Neurodegenerative Diseases and Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15613. [PMID: 37958596 PMCID: PMC10650516 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Papain-like cysteine proteases are composed of 11 human cysteine cathepsins, originally located in the lysosomes. They exhibit broad specificity and act as endopeptidases and/or exopeptidases. Among them, only cathepsins B, H, C, and X/Z exhibit exopeptidase activity. Recently, cysteine cathepsins have been found to be present outside the lysosomes and often participate in various pathological processes. Hence, they have been considered key signalling molecules. Their potentially hazardous proteolytic activities are tightly regulated. This review aims to discuss recent advances in understanding the structural aspects of these four cathepsins, mechanisms of their zymogen activation, regulation of their activities, and functional aspects of these enzymes in neurodegeneration and cancer. Neurodegenerative effects have been evaluated, particularly in Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, and neuropsychiatric disorders. Cysteine cathepsins also participate in tumour progression and metastasis through the overexpression and secretion of proteases, which trigger extracellular matrix degradation. To our knowledge, this is the first review to provide an in-depth analysis regarding the roles of cysteine cathepsins B, H, C, and X in neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. Further advances in understanding the functions of cysteine cathepsins in these conditions will result in the development of novel, targeted therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Stoka
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jožef Stefan Institute, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Olga Vasiljeva
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jožef Stefan Institute, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
- CytomX Therapeutics, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Hiroshi Nakanishi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yasuda Women’s University, Hiroshima 731-0153, Japan;
| | - Vito Turk
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jožef Stefan Institute, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Qi P, Qi B, Ding Y, Sun J, Gu C, Huo S, Liu Y, Zhao B. Implications of obstructive sleep apnea in lung adenocarcinoma: A valuable omission in cancer prognosis and immunotherapy. Sleep Med 2023; 107:268-280. [PMID: 37263079 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2023.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is a highly invasive malignant tumor with poor prognosis, and there is growing evidence that obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) could significantly promotes the risk of LUAD. In order to improve the treatment outcomes of patients with LUAD and OSA, we aim to screen OSA-related genes that may potentially affect LUAD and to discover a high sensitivity prognostic signature that can stratify LUAD/OSA patients and to further accurately identify LUAD patients who might respond to immunotherapy. Molecular subtypes classified by the prognostic signature did not belong to any previously reported subtypes of LUAD. The tumor microenvironment (TME), mutation, and so on, were significantly distinct between patients within different risk groups or clusters. Combined with gene set variation analysis (GSVA) and drug susceptibility analysis, patients in the low-risk group (The vast majority of patients belonging to cluster2 by molecular subtyping) were not suitable for immunotherapy due to T-cell exhaustion caused by long-term inflammatory response; the question of how to reverse T-cell exhaustion may be a primary consideration. Cluster3 patients had the highest benefit from immunotherapy, and although cluster1 patients had the worst prognosis, they were more sensitive to traditional chemotherapeutic drugs. Animal experiments showed that chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) could not only significantly promote the tumor growth of LUAD, but also increase the expression levels of risk genes. This risk model may contribute greatly to the evaluation of prognosis, molecular characteristics, and treatment modalities of LUAD/OSA, and could be further translated into clinical applications to ameliorate the treatment dilemmas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengju Qi
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Weihui, 453100, Henan, China; Esophageal Cancer Institute of Xinxiang Medical University, Weihui, 453100, Henan, China; Life Science Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Weihui, 453100, Henan, China.
| | - Bo Qi
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Weihui, 453100, Henan, China; Esophageal Cancer Institute of Xinxiang Medical University, Weihui, 453100, Henan, China.
| | - Yuan Ding
- Life Science Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Weihui, 453100, Henan, China.
| | - Jianxia Sun
- Life Science Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Weihui, 453100, Henan, China.
| | - Chengwei Gu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Weihui, 453100, Henan, China; Esophageal Cancer Institute of Xinxiang Medical University, Weihui, 453100, Henan, China.
| | - Shuhua Huo
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Weihui, 453100, Henan, China; Esophageal Cancer Institute of Xinxiang Medical University, Weihui, 453100, Henan, China.
| | - Yuzhen Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Weihui, 453100, Henan, China; Esophageal Cancer Institute of Xinxiang Medical University, Weihui, 453100, Henan, China; Life Science Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Weihui, 453100, Henan, China.
| | - Baosheng Zhao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Weihui, 453100, Henan, China; Esophageal Cancer Institute of Xinxiang Medical University, Weihui, 453100, Henan, China.
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Wang Y, Zhao J, Gu Y, Wang H, Jiang M, Zhao S, Qing H, Ni J. Cathepsin H: molecular characteristics and clues to function and mechanism. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 212:115585. [PMID: 37148981 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Cathepsin H (CatH) is a lysosomal cysteine protease with a unique aminopeptidase activity that is extensively expressed in the lung, pancreas, thymus, kidney, liver, skin, and brain. Owing to its specific enzymatic activity, CatH has critical effects on the regulation of biological behaviours of cancer cells and pathological processes in brain diseases. Moreover, a neutral pH level is optimal for CatH activity, so it is expected to be active in the extra-lysosomal and extracellular space. In the present review, we describe the expression, maturation, and enzymatic properties of CatH, and summarize the available experimental evidence that mechanistically links CatH to various physiological and pathological processes. Finally, we discuss the challenges and potentials of CatH inhibitors in CatH-induced disease therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Department of Biology, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Juan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Department of Biology, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China; Aerospace Medical Center, Aerospace Center Hospital, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yebo Gu
- Department of Stomatology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Haiping Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Muzhou Jiang
- Department of Periodontics, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110002, China
| | - Shuxuan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Department of Biology, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Hong Qing
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Department of Biology, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Junjun Ni
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Department of Biology, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China.
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Tseng YH, Chang CC, Lin KH. Thyroid hormone upregulates LAMP2 expression and lysosome activity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 662:66-75. [PMID: 37099812 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.04.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (T3)-induced autophagy and its biological significance have been extensively investigated in recent years. However, limited studies to date have focused on the important role of lysosomes in autophagy. In this study, we explored the effects of T3 on lysosomal protein expression and trafficking in detail. Our findings showed that T3 activates rapid lysosomal turnover and expression of numerous lysosomal genes, including TFEB, LAMP2, ARSB, GBA, PSAP, ATP6V0B, ATP6V0D1, ATP6V1E1, CTSB, CTSH, CTSL, and CTSS, in a thyroid hormone receptor-dependent manner. In a murine model, LAMP2 protein was specifically induced in mice with hyperthyroidism. T3-promoted microtubule assembly was significantly disrupted by vinblastine, resulting in accumulation of the lipid droplet marker PLIN2. In the presence of the lysosomal autophagy inhibitors bafilomycin A1, chloroquine and ammonium chloride, we observed substantial accumulation of LAMP2 but not LAMP1 protein. T3 further enhanced the protein levels of ectopically expressed LAMP1 and LAMP2. Upon knockdown of LAMP2, cavities of lysosomes and lipid droplets accumulated in the presence of T3, although the changes in LAMP1 and PLIN2 expression were less pronounced. More specifically, the protective effect of T3 against ER stress-induced death was abolished by knockdown of LAMP2. Our collective results indicate that T3 not only promotes lysosomal gene expression but also LAMP protein stability and microtubule assembly, leading to enhancement of lysosomal activity in digesting any additional autophagosomal burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hsin Tseng
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Science, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Chih Chang
- Department of General Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Chiayi, Chiayi, Taiwan.
| | - Kwang-Huei Lin
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang-Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Liver Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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Doğan B, Ayar B, Pirim D. Investigation of putative roles of smoking-associated salivary microbiome alterations on carcinogenesis by integrative in silico analysis. Comput Biol Chem 2023; 102:107805. [PMID: 36587566 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2022.107805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests that cigarette smoking alters the salivary microbiome composition and affects the risk of various complex diseases including cancer. However, the potential role of the smoking-associated microbiome in cancer development remains unexplained. Here, the putative roles of smoking-related microbiome alterations in carcinogenesis were investigated by in silico analysis and suggested evidence can be further explored by experimental methodologies. The Disbiome database was used to extract smoking-associated microbial taxa in saliva and taxon set enrichment analysis (TSEA) was conducted to identify the gene sets associated with extracted microbial taxa. We further analyzed the expression profiles of identified genes by using RNA-sequencing data from TCGA and GTEx projects. Associations of the genes with smoking-related phenotypes in cancer datasets were analyzed to prioritize genes for their interplay between smoking-related microbiome and carcinogenesis. Thirty-eight microbial taxa associated with smoking were included in the TSEA and this revealed sixteen genes that were significantly associated with smoking-associated microbial taxa. All genes were found to be differentially expressed in at least one cancer dataset, yet the ELF3 and CTSH were the most common differentially expressed genes giving significant results for several cancer types. Moreover, C2CD3, CTSH, DSC3, ELF3, RHOT2, and WSB2 showed statistically significant associations with smoking-related phenotypes in cancer datasets. This study provides in silico evidence for the potential roles of the salivary microbiome on carcinogenesis. The results shed light on the importance of smoking cessation strategies for cancer management and interventions to stratify smokers for their risk of smoking-induced carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berkcan Doğan
- Bursa Uludag University, Institute of Health Science, Department of Translational Medicine, 16059 Bursa, Turkey; Bursa Uludag University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Genetics, 16059 Bursa, Turkey
| | - Berna Ayar
- Bursa Uludag University, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, 16059 Bursa, Turkey; Istinye University, Institute of Health Science, Department of Molecular Oncology, 34010 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Dilek Pirim
- Bursa Uludag University, Institute of Health Science, Department of Translational Medicine, 16059 Bursa, Turkey; Bursa Uludag University, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, 16059 Bursa, Turkey.
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Peng P, Chen JY, Zheng K, Hu CH, Han YT. Favorable Prognostic Impact of Cathepsin H (CTSH) High Expression in Thyroid Carcinoma. Int J Gen Med 2021; 14:5287-5299. [PMID: 34522128 PMCID: PMC8434881 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s327689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Presently, no study reported the function of cathepsin H (CTSH) in thyroid carcinoma (THCA). The aim of present study was to initially explore the factors affecting CTSH expression, and association between CTSH expression and survival rate in THCA. Methods We explored mRNA expression of CTSH in normal and BRCA tissues, and evaluated prognostic impact of CTSH expression on the overall survival of THCA patients. Then, related factors influencing CTSH mRNA expression in THCA were analyzed. Functional enrichment analysis was performed to reveal the potential function of CTSH involved in THCA. We also constructed PPI network among co-expressed genes of CTSH to determine hub genes, followed by association analysis on hub genes with CTSH. Results (1) CTSH mRNA was highly expressed in THCA compared with normal group (P<0.001). High expression of CTSH was conducive to the overall survival of THCA patients (P=0.0027). CTSH was then determined as an independent prognostic factor in THCA (P=0.024). (2) The mRNA expression of CTSH was statistically related to patient’s histological type, N stage, T stage, tumor stage and sample type (all P<0.001). CTSH copy number variation and methylation also influenced its mRNA expression (all P<0.001). (3) Pathway analysis indicated that CTSH mainly participated in cancer-related pathways, such as hedgehog signaling pathway, cytokine–cytokine receptor interaction and JAK-STAT signaling pathway (all P<0.05). (4) The top 10 co-expressed genes in whole PPI network showed significant correlation with CTSH expression (all P<0.001). Conclusion CTSH higher expression was observed in THCA, which caused a good prognosis of patients. CTSH expression might be regulated by multiple factors including clinical characteristic, methylation, copy number and other genes. This study demonstrated the clinical significance of CTSH in THCA, as well as revealed the potential pathway associated with CTSH involved in thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pai Peng
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Xiaogan Central Hospital&Xiaogan Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Xiaogan, 432000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiang-Yuan Chen
- School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan, 430000, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Zheng
- School of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430000, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao-Hua Hu
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Xiaogan Central Hospital&Xiaogan Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Xiaogan, 432000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun-Tao Han
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Xiaogan Central Hospital&Xiaogan Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Xiaogan, 432000, People's Republic of China
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Feng YY, Yu J, Huang YH, Lin YH, Yeh CT. The lipid peroxidation derived DNA adduct γ-OHPdG levels in paraneoplastic liver tissues predict postoperative outcomes of hepatoma. J Cancer 2021; 12:4064-4074. [PMID: 34093810 PMCID: PMC8176245 DOI: 10.7150/jca.56982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic necroinflammation in liver induces lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress, which contributes to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development. Gamma-hydroxy-1, N2-propanodeoxyguanosine (γ-OHPdG), a promutagenic DNA adduct, is derived from lipid peroxidation. Little is known about the clinical roles of γ-OHPdG in relationship to HCC progression. Here, we showed that γ-OHPdG levels were highly expressed in the cancerous HCC tissues (P = 0.020, compared to those in noncancerous parts). Postoperative outcome analysis revealed that higher γ-OHPdG expression in the paraneoplastic noncancerous tissues was independently associated with shorter distant metastasis-free survival (P = 0.020). In subgroup analysis, higher γ-OHPdG expression in the noncancerous tissues in hepatitis B related HCC subgroup was associated with shorter overall survival (P = 0.016) and distant metastasis-free survival (P = 0.006). However, in patient subgroups including non-cirrhosis, bilirubin < 1.2 mg/dL, alanine transaminase < 41 U/L, or aspartate transaminase < 31 U/L, higher γ-OHPdG expression in the cancerous tissues was associated with longer overall survival (P < 0.03 for all). In vitro experiments showed that cell viability was suppressed upon hydrogen peroxide treatment in liver cancer cell lines. In conclusion, lipid peroxidation derived marker, γ-OHPdG, in the paraneoplastic noncancerous and cancerous liver tissues predicted postoperative outcomes in HCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Yi Feng
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Jen Yu
- Department of internal medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yi Hsuan Huang
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yang-Hsiang Lin
- Liver Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chau-Ting Yeh
- Liver Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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Isik B, Gonultas F, Sahin T, Yilmaz S. Microvascular Venous Invasion in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Why Do Recurrences Occur? J Gastrointest Cancer 2021; 51:1133-1136. [PMID: 32839943 DOI: 10.1007/s12029-020-00487-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Hepatocellular carcinoma is the most common primary cancer of the liver. It is almost always associated with cirrhosis and it is usually diagnosed in later stages of the disease. Furthermore, recurrence rate following liver transplantation ranges between 15 and 30%. The most important factor determining the recurrence is vascular invasion. METHODS In this review, the issue of microvascular invasion causing hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence is reviewed. Macroscopic vascular invasion is almost easy to diagnose on radiologic evaluation. However, microscopic vascular invasion is almost always diagnosed with pathologic evaluation. On the other hand, microscopic vascular invasion is associated with early recurrences and reduced disease-free survival. The type of vessel that is invaded determines the nature of the spread of the tumor cells. Invasion of the hepatic venous tributaries leads to systemic metastasis whereas portal venous invasions lead to intrahepatic spread of the tumor. Microscopic vascular invasion should be diagnosed before liver transplantation or liver resection in order to deliver the appropriate therapy to the patients. RESULTS Yet, there is no ideal marker to suggest microscopic vascular invasion before any intervention. Markers such as alpha-fetoprotein, des carboxy prothrombin, or gamma-glutamyl transferase have been found to be correlated with microscopic vascular invasion. These parameters are not very efficient to be used in routine clinical practice. CONCLUSION Therefore, further research is needed to define ideal marker associated with microscopic vascular invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burak Isik
- Department of Surgery and Liver Transplant Institute, Inonu University Faculty of Medicine, 244280, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Fatih Gonultas
- Department of Surgery and Liver Transplant Institute, Inonu University Faculty of Medicine, 244280, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Tolga Sahin
- Department of Surgery and Liver Transplant Institute, Inonu University Faculty of Medicine, 244280, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Sezai Yilmaz
- Department of Surgery and Liver Transplant Institute, Inonu University Faculty of Medicine, 244280, Malatya, Turkey. .,Department of Surgery and Liver Transplant Institute, Inonu University Faculty of Medicine, Elazig Yolu 10. Km, 44280, Malatya, Turkey.
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Lin YH, Wu MH, Huang YH, Yeh CT, Lin KH. TUG1 Is a Regulator of AFP and Serves as Prognostic Marker in Non-Hepatitis B Non-Hepatitis C Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cells 2020; 9:cells9020262. [PMID: 31973032 PMCID: PMC7072672 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (T3) and its receptor (TR) are involved in cell metabolism and cancer progression. Hypothyroidism is associated with significantly elevated risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Levels of the glycoprotein alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) are increased in the majority of patients with HCC and may be useful in diagnosis and follow-up. However, the relationship between T3/TR and AFP levels in HCC is currently unclear. The expression profiles of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) were compared in microarrays of HepG2-TRα1 cells treated with/without T3 and HCC specimens. The effects of T3 on taurine upregulated gene 1 (TUG1) and AFP expression were validated using qRT-PCR. A correlation between TUG1 and AFP was confirmed via RNAi and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) strategies. Finally, overall and recurrence-free survival rates were analyzed using the Kaplan–Meier method and confirmed in online datasets. T3/TR treatment reduced TUG1 expression in vitro, resulting in the downregulation of AFP mRNA. Knockdown of TUG1 suppressed cell cycle progression and soft agar colony formation and induced cellular senescence. Our data support the involvement of TUG1 in the T3/TR-mediated suppression of cell growth. AFP mRNA levels showed strong positive correlations with TUG1 and unfavorable prognosis in patients with non-hepatitis B/non-hepatitis C HCC (NBNC-HCC). T3/TR, TUG1, and AFP may potentially serve as effective prognostic markers for NBNC-HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Hsiang Lin
- Liver Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 15 Wen-hwa 1 Road, Linkou, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (Y.-H.L.); (Y.-H.H.)
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-hwa 1 Road, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan;
| | - Meng-Han Wu
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-hwa 1 Road, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan;
| | - Ya-Hui Huang
- Liver Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 15 Wen-hwa 1 Road, Linkou, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (Y.-H.L.); (Y.-H.H.)
| | - Chau-Ting Yeh
- Liver Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 15 Wen-hwa 1 Road, Linkou, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (Y.-H.L.); (Y.-H.H.)
- Correspondence: (C.-T.Y.); (K.-H.L.); Tel./Fax: +886-3-2118263 (K.-H.L.)
| | - Kwang-Huei Lin
- Liver Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 15 Wen-hwa 1 Road, Linkou, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (Y.-H.L.); (Y.-H.H.)
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-hwa 1 Road, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan;
- Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (C.-T.Y.); (K.-H.L.); Tel./Fax: +886-3-2118263 (K.-H.L.)
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Chen CY, Wu SM, Lin YH, Chi HC, Lin SL, Yeh CT, Chuang WY, Lin KH. Induction of nuclear protein-1 by thyroid hormone enhances platelet-derived growth factor A mediated angiogenesis in liver cancer. Am J Cancer Res 2019; 9:2361-2379. [PMID: 31149049 PMCID: PMC6531305 DOI: 10.7150/thno.29628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background & Aims: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is among the leading causes of cancer deaths worldwide. Many studies indicate that disruption of cellular thyroid hormone signaling promotes HCC progression. However, the mechanisms underlying the regulation of genes downstream of thyroid hormone actions in HCC have remained elusive. In the current study, we identified NUPR1 (nuclear protein-1), a stress-induced protein that overexpresses in various neoplasia, is upregulated by triiodothyronine/thyroid hormone receptor (T3/TR) signaling and aimed to elucidate its role in angiogenesis in cancer progression. Methods: Quantitative reverse transcription-PCR, luciferase promoter and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays were performed to identify the NUPR1 regulatory mechanism by T3/TR. In vitro and In vivo vascular formations were performed to detect the angiogenic function of NUPR1. Human angiogenesis arrays were performed to identify the downstream angiogenic pathway. The sorafenib resistant ability of TR/NUPR1 was further examined in vitro and in vivo. Clinical relevance of TR, NUPR1 and platelet-derived growth factor A (PDGFA) were investigate in HCC samples using qRT-PCR and western blot. Results: Our experiments disclosed positive regulation of NUPR1 expression by T3/TR through direct binding to the -2066 to -1910 region of the NUPR1 promoter. Elevated NUPR1 and TR expression link to poor survival in clinical HCC specimens. An analysis of clinicopathological parameters showed that expression of NUPR1 is associated with vascular invasion and pathology stage. Functional studies revealed that NUPR1 induced endothelial cell angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo. Using a human angiogenesis array, we identified PDGFA as a target of NUPR1 in the downstream angiogenic pathway. NUPR1 induced transcription of PDGFA through direct binding to the corresponding promoter region, and inhibition of the PDGFA signaling pathway impaired angiogenesis in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Notably, the angiogenic effects of NUPR1/PDGFA were mediated by the MEK/ERK signaling pathway. TR/NUPR1 expression increased cell viability and resistance to sorafenib treatment. Moreover NUPR1 expression was positively correlated with TRα, TRβ, and PDGFA expression. Conclusions: We propose that the T3/TR/NUPR1/PDGFA/MEK/ERK axis has a vital role in hepatocarcinogenesis and suggest NUPR1 as a potential therapeutic target in HCC.
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Rungsakulkij N, Mingphruedhi S, Suragul W, Tangtawee P, Muangkaew P, Aeesoa S. Platelet-to-Lymphocyte Ratio and Large Tumor Size Predict Microvascular Invasion after Resection for Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2018; 19:3435-3441. [PMID: 30583666 PMCID: PMC6428560 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2018.19.12.3435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Recurrence after curative resection of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is associated with early death and poor prognosis. Microvascular invasion (mVI) is strongly associated with disease recurrence. Although many studies have examined the relationship between various serum inflammatory indices and post-treatment prognosis, little is known about preoperative predictors of microvascular invasion in HCC. Methods: Patients who underwent curative hepatic resection for HCC at our institute from January 2006 to December 2016 were retrospectively reviewed. The associations between mVI and various potential risk factors, including tumor size, hepatitis B and C virus infection, Child–Pugh scores, platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio, and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, were analyzed. Optimal cut-off values were determined using receiver operating characteristic curves. Results: A total of 330 HCC patients were enrolled in this study, of whom 74 (22.4%) had tumors with mVI. After univariate analysis, two parameters were significantly associated with mVI after hepatic resection: platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio ≥102 (odds ratio [OR] 2.385, p = 0.001) and tumor size ≥5 cm (OR 4.29, p < 0.001). Both variables remained significant risk factors for mVI after multivariate analysis: platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio ≥102 (OR 1.831, p = 0.034) and tumor size ≥5 cm (OR 3.791, p < 0.001). Conclusions: Large tumor size (≥5 cm) and high platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (≥102) are independent predictive factors for mVI in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narongsak Rungsakulkij
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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Lin YH, Wu MH, Huang YH, Yeh CT, Chi HC, Tsai CY, Chuang WY, Yu CJ, Chung IH, Chen CY, Lin KH. Thyroid hormone negatively regulates tumorigenesis through suppression of BC200. Endocr Relat Cancer 2018; 25:967-979. [PMID: 30400024 DOI: 10.1530/erc-18-0176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (T3) and its receptor (TR) are involved in cancer progression. While deregulation of long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) expression has been detected in many tumor types, the mechanisms underlying specific involvement of lncRNAs in tumorigenicity remain unclear. Experiments from the current study revealed negative regulation of BC200 expression by T3/TR. BC200 was highly expressed in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and effective as an independent prognostic marker. BC200 promoted cell growth and tumor sphere formation, which was mediated via regulation of cell cycle-related genes and stemness markers. Moreover, BC200 protected cyclin E2 mRNA from degradation. Cell growth ability was repressed by T3, but partially enhanced upon BC200 overexpression. Mechanistically, BC200 directly interacted with cyclin E2 and promoted CDK2-cyclin E2 complex formation. Upregulation of cell cycle-related genes in hepatoma samples was positively correlated with BC200 expression. Our collective findings support the utility of a potential therapeutic strategy involving targeting of BC200 for the treatment of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Hsiang Lin
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Liver Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Han Wu
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Hui Huang
- Liver Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chau-Ting Yeh
- Liver Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Cheng Chi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Radiation Biology Research Center, Institute for Radiological Research, Chang Gung University/Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Ying Tsai
- Kidney Research Center and Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Yu Chuang
- Department of Pathology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Jung Yu
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - I-Hsiao Chung
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Ying Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Kwang-Huei Lin
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Liver Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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Cysteine cathepsins as a prospective target for anticancer therapies-current progress and prospects. Biochimie 2018; 151:85-106. [PMID: 29870804 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2018.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cysteine cathepsins (CTS), being involved in both physiological and pathological processes, play an important role in the human body. During the last 30 years, it has been shown that CTS are highly upregulated in a wide variety of cancer types although they have received a little attention as a potential therapeutic target as compared to serine or metalloproteinases. Studies on the increasing problem of neoplastic progression have revealed that secretion of cell-surface- and intracellular cysteine proteases is aberrant in tumor cells and has an impact on their growth, invasion, and metastasis by taking part in tumor angiogenesis, in apoptosis, and in events of inflammatory and immune responses. Considering the role of CTS in carcinogenesis, inhibition of these enzymes becomes an attractive strategy for cancer therapy. The downregulation of natural CTS inhibitors (CTSsis), such as cystatins, observed in various types of cancer, supports this claim. The intention of this review is to highlight the relationship of CTS with cancer and to present illustrations that explain how some of their inhibitors affect processes related to neoplastic progression.
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Goemann IM, Romitti M, Meyer ELS, Wajner SM, Maia AL. Role of thyroid hormones in the neoplastic process: an overview. Endocr Relat Cancer 2017; 24:R367-R385. [PMID: 28928142 DOI: 10.1530/erc-17-0192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (TH) are critical regulators of several physiological processes, which include development, differentiation and growth in virtually all tissues. In past decades, several studies have shown that changes in TH levels caused by thyroid dysfunction, disruption of deiodinases and/or thyroid hormone receptor (TR) expression in tumor cells, influence cell proliferation, differentiation, survival and invasion in a variety of neoplasms in a cell type-specific manner. The function of THs and TRs in neoplastic cell proliferation involves complex mechanisms that seem to be cell specific, exerting effects via genomic and nongenomic pathways, repressing or stimulating transcription factors, influencing angiogenesis and promoting invasiveness. Taken together, these observations indicate an important role of TH status in the pathogenesis and/or development of human neoplasia. Here, we aim to present an updated and comprehensive picture of the accumulated knowledge and the current understanding of the potential role of TH status on the different hallmarks of the neoplastic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iuri Martin Goemann
- Thyroid SectionEndocrine Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Mirian Romitti
- Thyroid SectionEndocrine Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Erika L Souza Meyer
- Department of Internal MedicineUniversidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Simone Magagnin Wajner
- Thyroid SectionEndocrine Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Ana Luiza Maia
- Thyroid SectionEndocrine Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Pinter M, Haupt L, Hucke F, Bota S, Bucsics T, Trauner M, Peck-Radosavljevic M, Sieghart W. The impact of thyroid hormones on patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181878. [PMID: 28771610 PMCID: PMC5542594 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Hypothyroidism has recently been proposed as predisposing factor for HCC development. However, the role of thyroid hormones (TH) in established HCC is largely unclear. We investigated the impact of TH on clinical characteristics and prognosis of HCC patients. METHODS Of 838 patients diagnosed with nonsurgical HCC at the Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology/Medical University of Vienna between 1992 and 2012, 667 patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The associations of thyroid function tests with patient, liver, and tumor characteristics as well as their impact on overall survival (OS) were investigated. RESULTS Thyroid hormone substitution was more often observed in patients with low thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) concentration and in patients with elevated free tetraiodthyronine (fT4). Patients with high TSH (>3.77uU/ml) concentrations had larger tumors, while the opposite was true for patients with low TSH (<0.44uU/ml) concentrations. Subjects with elevated fT4 (>1.66ng/dl) were more likely to have elevated CRP. While TSH was only associated with OS in univariate analysis (≤1.7 vs. >1.7uU/ml, median OS (95%CI), 12.3 (8.9-15.7 months) vs. 7.3 months (5.4-9.2 months); p = 0.003), fT4 (≤1.66 vs. >1.66ng/dl, median OS (95%CI), 10.6 (7.5-13.6 months) vs. 3.3 months (2.2-4.3 months); p = 0.007) remained an independent prognostic factor for OS (HR (95%CI) for fT4>1.66ng/dl, 2.1 (1.3-3.3); p = 0.002) in multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS TSH and fT4 were associated with prognostic factors of HCC (i.e., tumor size, CRP level). Elevated fT4 concentrations were independently associated with poor prognosis in HCC. Further studies are needed to characterize the role of TH in HCC in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Pinter
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Liver Cancer (HCC) Study Group Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lukas Haupt
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Florian Hucke
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Liver Cancer (HCC) Study Group Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Klinikum Klagenfurt am Wörthersee, Klagenfurt, Austria
| | - Simona Bota
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Liver Cancer (HCC) Study Group Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Klinikum Klagenfurt am Wörthersee, Klagenfurt, Austria
| | - Theresa Bucsics
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Liver Cancer (HCC) Study Group Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Trauner
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Peck-Radosavljevic
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Liver Cancer (HCC) Study Group Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Klinikum Klagenfurt am Wörthersee, Klagenfurt, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Sieghart
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Liver Cancer (HCC) Study Group Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- * E-mail:
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18
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A parallel and quantitative cell migration assay using a novel multi-well-based device. Biomed Microdevices 2016; 18:99. [DOI: 10.1007/s10544-016-0122-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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The Anti-Cancer Effect of Polyphenols against Breast Cancer and Cancer Stem Cells: Molecular Mechanisms. Nutrients 2016; 8:nu8090581. [PMID: 27657126 PMCID: PMC5037565 DOI: 10.3390/nu8090581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The high incidence of breast cancer in developed and developing countries, and its correlation to cancer-related deaths, has prompted concerned scientists to discover novel alternatives to deal with this challenge. In this review, we will provide a brief overview of polyphenol structures and classifications, as well as on the carcinogenic process. The biology of breast cancer cells will also be discussed. The molecular mechanisms involved in the anti-cancer activities of numerous polyphenols, against a wide range of breast cancer cells, in vitro and in vivo, will be explained in detail. The interplay between autophagy and apoptosis in the anti-cancer activity of polyphenols will also be highlighted. In addition, the potential of polyphenols to target cancer stem cells (CSCs) via various mechanisms will be explained. Recently, the use of natural products as chemotherapeutics and chemopreventive drugs to overcome the side effects and resistance that arise from using chemical-based agents has garnered the attention of the scientific community. Polyphenol research is considered a promising field in the treatment and prevention of breast cancer.
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Chung IH, Chen CY, Lin YH, Chi HC, Huang YH, Tai PJ, Liao CJ, Tsai CY, Lin SL, Wu MH, Chen CY, Lin KH. Thyroid hormone-mediated regulation of lipocalin 2 through the Met/FAK pathway in liver cancer. Oncotarget 2016; 6:15050-64. [PMID: 25940797 PMCID: PMC4558135 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The thyroid hormone, 3,3′,5-triiodo-L-thyronine (T3), regulates cell growth, development and differentiation via interactions with thyroid hormone receptors (TR), but the mechanisms underlying T3-mediated modulation of cancer progression are currently unclear. Lipocalin 2 (LCN2), a tumor-associated protein, is overexpressed in a variety of cancer types. Oligonucleotide microarray, coupled with proteomic analysis, has revealed that LCN2 is positively regulated by T3/TR. However, the physiological role and pathway of T3-mediated regulation of LCN2 in hepatocellular carcinogenesis remain to be characterized. Upregulation of LCN2 after T3 stimulation was observed in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Additionally, TRE on the LCN2 promoter was identified at positions −1444/−1427. Overexpression of LCN2 enhanced tumor cell migration and invasion, and conversely, its knockdown suppressed migration and invasion, both in vitro and in vivo. LCN2-induced migration occurred through activation of the Met/FAK cascade. LCN2 was overexpressed in clinical hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients, compared with normal subjects, and positively correlated with TRα levels. Both TRα and LCN2 showed similar expression patterns in relation to survival rate, tumor grade, tumor stage and vascular invasion. Our findings collectively support a potential role of T3/TR in cancer progression through regulation of LCN2 via the Met/FAK cascade. LCN2 may thus be effectively utilized as a novel marker and therapeutic target in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Hsiao Chung
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Chang-Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Yi Chen
- Department of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yang-Hsiang Lin
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Chang-Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Cheng Chi
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Chang-Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Hui Huang
- Liver Research Center, Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Ju Tai
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Chang-Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Jung Liao
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Chang-Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Ying Tsai
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Chang-Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Syuan-Ling Lin
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Chang-Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Han Wu
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Chang-Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Ying Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Chang-Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Kwang-Huei Lin
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Chang-Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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Wu SM, Cheng WL, Liao CJ, Chi HC, Lin YH, Tseng YH, Tsai CY, Chen CY, Lin SL, Chen WJ, Yeh YH, Huang CYF, Chen MH, Yeh YC, Lin KH. Negative modulation of the epigenetic regulator, UHRF1, by thyroid hormone receptors suppresses liver cancer cell growth. Int J Cancer 2015; 137:37-49. [PMID: 25430639 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The thyroid hormone, 3,3',5-triiodo-l-thyronine (T3 ), mediates several physiological processes, including embryonic development, cellular differentiation, metabolism and regulation of cell proliferation. Thyroid hormone (T3 ) and its receptor (TR) are involved in metabolism and growth. In addition to their developmental and metabolic functions, TRs play a tumor suppressor role, and therefore, their aberrant expression can lead to tumor transformation. Aberrant epigenetic silencing of tumor suppressor genes promotes cancer progression. The epigenetic regulator, Ubiquitin-like with PHD and ring finger domains 1 (UHRF1), is overexpressed in various cancers. In our study, we demonstrated that T3 negatively regulates UHRF1 expression, both in vitro and in vivo. Our results further indicate that UHRF1 regulation by T3 is indirect and mediated by Sp1. Sp1-binding elements of UHRF1 were identified at positions -664/-505 of the promoter region using the luciferase and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays. Notably, UHRF1 and Sp1 levels were elevated in subgroups of hepatocellular carcinoma patients and inversely correlated with TRα1 expression. Knockdown of UHRF1 expression should therefore provide a means to inhibit hepatoma cell proliferation. Expression of UHRF1 was downregulated by TRs, in turn, relieving silencing of the UHRF1 target gene, p21. Based on the collective findings, we propose that T3 /TR signaling induces hepatoma cell growth inhibition via UHRF1 repression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Ming Wu
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Chang-Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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Lin YH, Wu MH, Liao CJ, Huang YH, Chi HC, Wu SM, Chen CY, Tseng YH, Tsai CY, Chung IH, Tsai MM, Chen CY, Lin TP, Yeh YH, Chen WJ, Lin KH. Repression of microRNA-130b by thyroid hormone enhances cell motility. J Hepatol 2015; 62:1328-40. [PMID: 25617495 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2014.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Thyroid hormone (T3) and its receptor (TR) are involved in cell growth and cancer progression. Although deregulation of microRNA (miRNA) expression has been detected in many tumor types, the mechanisms underlying functional impairment and specific involvement of miRNAs in tumor metastasis remain unclear. In the current study, we aimed to elucidate the involvement of deregulated miRNA-130b (miR-130b) and its target genes mediated by T3/TR in cancer progression. METHODS Quantitative reverse transcription-PCR, luciferase and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays were performed to identify the miR-130b transcript and the mechanisms implicated in its regulation. The effects of miR-130b on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) invasion were further examined in vitro and in vivo. Clinical correlations among miR-130b, TRs and interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF1) were examined in HCC samples using Spearman correlation analysis. RESULTS Our experiments disclosed negative regulation of miR-130b expression by T3/TR. Overexpression of miR-130b led to marked inhibition of cell migration and invasion, which was mediated via suppression of IRF1. Cell migration ability was promoted by T3, but partially suppressed upon miR-130b overexpression. Furthermore, miR-130b suppressed expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related genes, matrix metalloproteinase-9, phosphorylated mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), p-ERK1/2, p-AKT and p-signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)-3. Notably, miR-130b was downregulated in hepatoma samples and its expression patterns were inversely correlated with those of TRα1 and IRF1. CONCLUSIONS Our data collectively highlight a novel pathway interlinking T3/TR, miR-130b, IRF1, the EMT-related genes, p-mTOR, p-STAT3 and the p-AKT cascade, which regulates the motility and invasion of hepatoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Hsiang Lin
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Chang-Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Han Wu
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Chang-Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Jung Liao
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Chang-Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Hui Huang
- Liver Research Center, Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Cheng Chi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Chang-Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Ming Wu
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Chang-Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Yi Chen
- Department of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 251, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsin Tseng
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Chang-Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Ying Tsai
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Chang-Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - I-Hsiao Chung
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Chang-Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Ming Tsai
- Department of Nursing, Chang-Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Ying Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Chang-Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Tina P Lin
- Pre-med Program, Pacific Union College, Angwin 94508, USA
| | - Yung-Hsin Yeh
- Division of Cardiology, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang-Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Jan Chen
- Division of Cardiology, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang-Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Kwang-Huei Lin
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Chang-Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan.
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Sirakov M, Kress E, Nadjar J, Plateroti M. Thyroid hormones and their nuclear receptors: new players in intestinal epithelium stem cell biology? Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:2897-907. [PMID: 24604390 PMCID: PMC11113153 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1586-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones participate in the development and homeostasis of several organs and tissues. It is well documented that they act via nuclear receptors, the TRs, which are transcription factors whose function is modulated by the hormone T3. Importantly, T3-induced physiological response within a cell depends on the specific TR expression and on the T3 bioavailability. However, in addition to this T3-dependent control of TR functionality, increasing data show that the action of TRs is coordinated and integrated with other signaling pathways, specifically at the level of stem/progenitor cell populations. By focusing on the intestinal epithelium of both amphibians and mammals we summarize here new data in support of a role for thyroid hormones and the TR nuclear receptors in stem cell biology. This new concept may be extended to other organs and have biological relevance in therapeutic approaches aimed to target stem cells such as tissue engineering and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Sirakov
- Institut de Biologie et de Médecine Moléculaires, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Elsa Kress
- Centre de Génétique et de Physiologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 16 Rue Raphael Dubois, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Julien Nadjar
- Centre de Génétique et de Physiologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 16 Rue Raphael Dubois, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Michelina Plateroti
- Centre de Génétique et de Physiologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 16 Rue Raphael Dubois, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
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24
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Liao CJ, Wu TI, Huang YH, Chang TC, Lai CH, Jung SM, Hsueh C, Lin KH. Glucose-regulated protein 58 modulates β-catenin protein stability in a cervical adenocarcinoma cell line. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:555. [PMID: 25081282 PMCID: PMC4129111 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cervical cancer continues to threaten women's health worldwide, and the incidence of cervical adenocarcinoma (AD) is rising in the developed countries. Previously, we showed that glucose-regulated protein 58 (Grp58) served as an independent factor predictive of poor prognosis of patients with cervical AD. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the involvement of Grp58 in cervical carcinogenesis is currently unknown. METHODS DNA microarray and enrichment analysis were used to identify the pathways disrupted by knockdown of Grp58 expression. RESULTS Among the pathway identified, the WNT signaling pathway was one of those that were significantly associated with knockdown of Grp58 expression in HeLa cells. Our experiments showed that β-catenin, a critical effector of WNT signaling, was stabilized thereby accumulated in stable Grp58 knockdown cells. Membrane localization of β-catenin was observed in Grp58 knockdown, but not control cells. Using a transwell assay, we found that accumulated β-catenin induced by Grp58 knockdown or lithium chloride treatment inhibited the migration ability of HeLa cells. Furthermore, an inverse expression pattern of Grp58 and β-catenin was observed in cervical tissues. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that β-catenin stability is negatively regulated by Grp58 in HeLa cells. Overexpression of Grp58 may be responsible for the loss of or decrease in membranous β-catenin expression in cervical AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Kwang-Huei Lin
- Department of Biochemistry, Chang-Gung University, 259 Wen-hwa 1 Road, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan.
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25
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Kalinichenko OV, Myshunina TM, Tron'ko MD. [Changes in active cysteine cathepsins in lysosomes from tissues thyroid papillary carcinomas with various biological characteristics]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 59:11-9. [PMID: 24400560 DOI: 10.15407/fz59.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
To clarify possible role of cysteine cathepsin H, B and L in the proteolytic processes that contribute to the progression of tumor growth in the thyroid, we studied their activity in lysosomes isolated from the tissue of papillary carcinomas. It was shown that for these enzymes there is a dependence of the changes in their activity on a number of biological characteristics of the tumors. Thus, the sharp increase in the activity ofcathepsin H observed in lysosomes of tissue carcinomas category T2 and T3, with intra-and ekstrathyroid and lymphatic invasion of tumor cells. An increase in the activity of cathepsin B is set in the lysosomes of tissue heterogeneous follicular structure, especially in the presence of solid areas, in comparison with typical papillary tumors and in the lysosomes of tissue carcinomas in intrathyroid and cathepsin L-at extrathyroid invasion. A common feature of the enzymes is to increase the activity of cathepsins in lysosomes of tissue nonencapsulated papillary carcinomas. These enzymes probably do not take part in the invasion of tumor cells into blood vessels and in the mechanisms of tumor metastasis to regional lymph nodes. The latter shows no changes in the activity of cathepsins in lysosomes of tissue carcinomas category N1. The results indicate the different role of cathepsin H, B and L in thyroid carcinogenesis, where each enzyme has its specific function.
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26
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Tseng YH, Ke PY, Liao CJ, Wu SM, Chi HC, Tsai CY, Chen CY, Lin YH, Lin KH. Chromosome 19 open reading frame 80 is upregulated by thyroid hormone and modulates autophagy and lipid metabolism. Autophagy 2013; 10:20-31. [PMID: 24262987 DOI: 10.4161/auto.26126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The thyroid hormone, T 3, regulates cell growth, differentiation and development through binding to the nuclear thyroid hormone receptor (THR), a member of the steroid/TR superfamily of ligand-dependent transcriptional factors. T 3 modulates lipid metabolism in liver, although the detailed molecular mechanisms are unclear at present. Here, by a microarray analysis, we identified a novel chromosome 19 open reading frame 80 (C19orf80) which was activated by T 3. T 3 stimulation led to upregulation of both mRNA and protein levels of C19orf80. Immunofluorescence analysis revealed a vesicle-like pattern of C19orf80 around lipid droplets or within the lysosome-associated compartment in cells. Furthermore, T 3 treatment as well as C19orf80 overexpression specifically activated the autophagic response and lipid metabolism, as observed from lipidated LC3 (LC3-II) and levels of oxygen consumption rate, respectively. Reciprocally, knockdown of C19orf80 obstructed T 3-activated autophagy and lipolysis. Moreover, treatment with autolysosome maturation inhibitors, ammonium chloride and chloroquine, not only suppressed the T 3-activated autophagic process but also lipid metabolism. Our results collectively suggested that T 3 regulates lipid metabolism through a C19orf80-activated autophagic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hsin Tseng
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences; College of Medicine; Chang Gung University; Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Po-Yuan Ke
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Jung Liao
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences; College of Medicine; Chang Gung University; Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Ming Wu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences; College of Medicine; Chang Gung University; Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Cheng Chi
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences; College of Medicine; Chang Gung University; Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Ying Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences; College of Medicine; Chang Gung University; Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Yi Chen
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences; College of Medicine; Chang Gung University; Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yang-Hsiang Lin
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences; College of Medicine; Chang Gung University; Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Kwang-Huei Lin
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences; College of Medicine; Chang Gung University; Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research; Chang Gung Memorial Hospital; Taoyuan, Taiwan
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27
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Thyroid hormone receptor represses miR-17 expression to enhance tumor metastasis in human hepatoma cells. Oncogene 2013; 32:4509-18. [PMID: 23912452 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are thought to control tumor metastasis through direct interactions with target genes. Thyroid hormone (T3) and its receptor (TR) are involved in cell growth and cancer progression. However, the issue of whether miRNAs participate in T3/TR-mediated tumor migration is yet to be established. In the current study, we demonstrated that T3/TR negatively regulates mature miR-17 transcript expression, both in vitro and in vivo. Luciferase reporter and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays localized the regions responding to TR-mediated repression to positions -2234/-2000 of the miR-17 promoter sequence. Overexpression of miR-17 markedly inhibited cell migration and invasion in vitro and in vivo, mediated via suppression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-3. Moreover, p-AKT expression was increased in miR-17-knockdown cells that led to enhanced cell invasion, which was blocked by LY294002. Notably, low miR-17 expression was evident in highly metastatic cells. The cell migration ability was increased by T3, but partially reduced upon miR-17 overexpression. Notably, TRα1 was frequently upregulated in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) samples and associated with low overall survival (P=0.023). miR-17 expression was significantly negatively associated with TRα1 (P=0.033) and MMP3 (P=0.043) in HCC specimens. Data from our study suggest that T3/TR, miR-17, p-AKT and MMP3 activities are interlinked in the regulation of cancer cell metastasis.
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28
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Molecular functions of thyroid hormones and their clinical significance in liver-related diseases. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:601361. [PMID: 23878812 PMCID: PMC3708403 DOI: 10.1155/2013/601361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (THs) are potent mediators of several physiological processes, including embryonic development, cellular differentiation, metabolism, and cell growth. Triiodothyronine (T3) is the most biologically active TH form. Thyroid hormone receptors (TRs) belong to the nuclear receptor superfamily and mediate the biological functions of T3 via transcriptional regulation. TRs generally form heterodimers with the retinoid X receptor (RXR) and regulate target genes upon T3 stimulation. Research over the past few decades has revealed that disruption of cellular TH signaling triggers chronic liver diseases, including alcoholic or nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Animal model experiments and epidemiologic studies to date imply close associations between high TH levels and prevention of liver disease. Moreover, several investigations spanning four decades have reported the therapeutic potential of T3 analogs in lowering lipids, preventing chronic liver disease, and as anticancer agents. Thus, elucidating downstream genes/signaling pathways and molecular mechanisms of TH actions is critical for the treatment of significant public health issues. Here, we have reviewed recent studies focusing on the roles of THs and TRs in several disorders, in particular, liver diseases. We also discuss the potential therapeutic applications of THs and underlying molecular mechanisms.
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29
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Wu SM, Cheng WL, Lin CD, Lin KH. Thyroid hormone actions in liver cancer. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 70:1915-36. [PMID: 22955376 PMCID: PMC11113324 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-1146-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Revised: 08/06/2012] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The thyroid hormone 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine (T3) mediates several physiological processes, including embryonic development, cellular differentiation, metabolism, and the regulation of cell proliferation. Thyroid hormone receptors (TRs) generally act as heterodimers with the retinoid X receptor (RXR) to regulate target genes. In addition to their developmental and metabolic functions, TRs have been shown to play a tumor suppressor role, suggesting that their aberrant expression can lead to tumor transformation. Conversely, recent reports have shown an association between overexpression of wild-type TRs and tumor metastasis. Signaling crosstalk between T3/TR and other pathways or specific TR coregulators appear to affect tumor development. Since TR actions are complex as well as cell context-, tissue- and time-specific, aberrant expression of the various TR isoforms has different effects during diverse tumorigenesis. Therefore, elucidation of the T3/TR signaling mechanisms in cancers should facilitate the identification of novel therapeutic targets. This review provides a summary of recent studies focusing on the role of TRs in hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Ming Wu
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Chang-Gung University, 259 Wen-hwa 1 Road, Taoyuan, 333 Taiwan
| | - Wan-Li Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Chang-Gung University, 259 Wen-hwa 1 Road, Taoyuan, 333 Taiwan
| | - Crystal D. Lin
- Pre-med Program, Pacific Union College, Angwin, CA 94508 USA
| | - Kwang-Huei Lin
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Chang-Gung University, 259 Wen-hwa 1 Road, Taoyuan, 333 Taiwan
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Chen CY, Tsai MM, Chi HC, Lin KH. Biological significance of a thyroid hormone-regulated secretome. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2013; 1834:2271-84. [PMID: 23429180 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2013.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2012] [Revised: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The thyroid hormone, 3,3,5-triiodo-L-thyronine (T3), modulates several physiological processes, including cellular growth, differentiation, metabolism and proliferation, via interactions with thyroid hormone response elements (TREs) in the regulatory regions of target genes. Several intracellular and extracellular protein candidates are regulated by T3. Moreover, T3-regulated secreted proteins participate in physiological processes or cellular transformation. T3 has been employed as a marker in several disorders, such as cardiovascular disorder in chronic kidney disease, as well as diseases of the liver, immune system, endocrine hormone metabolism and coronary artery. Our group subsequently showed that T3 regulates several tumor-related secretory proteins, leading to cancer progression via alterations in extracellular matrix proteases and tumor-associated signaling pathways in hepatocellular carcinomas. Therefore, elucidation of T3/thyroid hormone receptor-regulated secretory proteins and their underlying mechanisms in cancers should facilitate the identification of novel therapeutic targets. This review provides a detailed summary on the known secretory proteins regulated by T3 and their physiological significance. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: An Updated Secretome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Yi Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Chang-Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
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31
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Lin YH, Huang YH, Wu MH, Wu SM, Chi HC, Liao CJ, Chen CY, Tseng YH, Tsai CY, Tsai MM, Lin KH. Thyroid hormone suppresses cell proliferation through endoglin-mediated promotion of p21 stability. Oncogene 2013; 32:3904-14. [PMID: 23376845 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Revised: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 12/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Hypothyroidism has been associated with significantly elevated risk for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), although the precise underlying mechanisms remain unknown at present. Thyroid hormone (T3) and its receptor (TR) are involved in metabolism and growth. Endoglin is a T3/TR candidate target gene identified from our previous studies. Here, we demonstrated that T3 positively regulates endoglin mRNA and protein levels, both in vitro and in vivo. The thyroid hormone response elements of endoglin were identified at positions -2114/-2004 and -2032/-1973 of the promoter region using the electrophoretic mobility shift assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation assay. Endoglin was downregulated in the subgroups of HCC patients and significantly associated with histology grade (negative association, P=0.001), and this expression level was significantly associated with TRα1 in these HCC patients. Our results clearly indicate that p21 is involved in T3-mediated suppression of cell proliferation. Knock down of endoglin expression in HCC cells facilitated p21 polyubiquitination and promoted cell proliferation in the presence of T3. The data collectively suggest that T3/TR signaling suppresses cell proliferation by upregulating endoglin, in turn, affecting p21 stability. The results indicate that endoglin has a suppressor role to inhibit cell proliferation in HCC cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y-H Lin
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Chang-Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
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32
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4-tert-Octylphenol stimulates the expression of cathepsins in human breast cancer cells and xenografted breast tumors of a mouse model via an estrogen receptor-mediated signaling pathway. Toxicology 2013; 304:13-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2012.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2012] [Revised: 10/06/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Rodríguez-Perálvarez M, Luong TV, Andreana L, Meyer T, Dhillon AP, Burroughs AK. A Systematic Review of Microvascular Invasion in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Diagnostic and Prognostic Variability. Ann Surg Oncol 2012; 20:325-39. [DOI: 10.1245/s10434-012-2513-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 386] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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34
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Metivier KS, Deitz K, Xu WW, Conzemius M, Wilke VL. Gene expression profiling demonstrates differential expression of osteopontin in follicular thyroid carcinomas compared to normal thyroid tissue in dogs. Vet Comp Oncol 2012; 12:181-97. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5829.2012.00348.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Revised: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 07/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K. S. Metivier
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota; St. Paul MN USA
| | - K. Deitz
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; Iowa State University; Ames IA USA
| | - W. W. Xu
- Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota; St. Paul MN USA
| | - M. Conzemius
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota; St. Paul MN USA
| | - V. L. Wilke
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota; St. Paul MN USA
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35
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Administration, distribution, metabolism and elimination of polymer therapeutics. J Control Release 2012; 161:446-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2011.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2011] [Revised: 12/13/2011] [Accepted: 12/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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36
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Rojnik M, Jevnikar ZR, Doljak B, Turk S, Zidar N, Kos J. The influence of differential processing of procathepsin H on its aminopeptidase activity, secretion and subcellular localization in human cell lines. Eur J Cell Biol 2012; 91:757-64. [PMID: 22704610 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2012.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Revised: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 05/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cathepsin H is a unique member of the cysteine cathepsins that acts primarily as an aminopeptidase. Like other cysteine cathepsins, it is synthesized as an inactive precursor and activated by proteolytic removal of its propeptide. Here we demonstrate that, in human cells, the processing of the propeptide is an autocatalytic, multistep process proceeding from an inactive 41kDa pro-form, through a 30kDa intermediate form, to the 28kDa mature form. Tyr87P and Gly90P were identified as the two major endopeptidase cleavage sites, converting the 30kDa form into the mature 28kDa form. The level of processing differs significantly in different human cell lines. In monocyte-derived macrophages U937 and prostate cancer cells PC-3, the 28kDa form is predominant, whereas in osteoblasts HOS the processing from the 30kDa form to the 28kDa form is significantly lower. The aminopeptidase activity of the enzyme and its subcellular localization are independent of the product, however the 30kDa form was not secreted in HOS cells. The activity of the resulting cathepsin H in U937 cells was significantly lower than that in HOS cells, presumably due to the high levels of endogenous cysteine protease inhibitor cystatin F present specifically in this cell line. These results provide an insight into the dependence of human cathepsin H processing and regulation on cell type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matija Rojnik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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37
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Chi HC, Chen SL, Liao CJ, Liao CH, Tsai MM, Lin YH, Huang YH, Yeh CT, Wu SM, Tseng YH, Chen CY, Tsai CY, Chung IH, Chen WJ, Lin KH. Thyroid hormone receptors promote metastasis of human hepatoma cells via regulation of TRAIL. Cell Death Differ 2012; 19:1802-14. [PMID: 22576662 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2012.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although accumulating evidence has confirmed the important roles of thyroid hormone (T(3)) and its receptors (TRs) in tumor progression, the specific functions of TRs in carcinogenesis remain unclear. In the present study, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) was directly upregulated by T(3) in TR-overexpressing hepatoma cell lines. TRAIL is an apoptotic inducer, but it can nonetheless trigger non-apoptotic signals favoring tumorigenesis in apoptosis-resistant cancer cells. We found that TR-overexpressing hepatoma cells treated with T(3) were apoptosis resistant, even when TRAIL was upregulated. This apoptotic resistance may be attributable to simultaneous upregulation of Bcl-xL by T(3), because (1) knockdown of T(3)-induced Bcl-xL expression suppressed T(3)-mediated protection against apoptosis, and (2) overexpression of Bcl-xL further protected hepatoma cells from TRAIL-induced apoptotic death, consequently leading to TRAIL-promoted metastasis of hepatoma cells. Moreover, T(3)-enhanced metastasis in vivo was repressed by the treatment of TRAIL-blocking antibody. Notably, TRAIL was highly expressed in a subset of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients, and this high-level expression was significantly correlated with that of TRs in these HCC tissues. Together, our findings provide evidence for the existence of a novel mechanistic link between increased TR and TRAIL levels in HCC. Thus, TRs induce TRAIL expression, and TRAIL thus synthesized acts in concert with simultaneously synthesized Bcl-xL to promote metastasis, but not apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- H-C Chi
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Chang-Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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Chen CY, Chi LM, Chi HC, Tsai MM, Tsai CY, Tseng YH, Lin YH, Chen WJ, Huang YH, Lin KH. Stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture (SILAC)-based quantitative proteomics study of a thyroid hormone-regulated secretome in human hepatoma cells. Mol Cell Proteomics 2011; 11:M111.011270. [PMID: 22171322 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m111.011270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The thyroid hormone, 3, 3',5-triiodo-l-thyronine (T(3)), regulates cell growth, development, differentiation, and metabolism via interactions with thyroid hormone receptors (TRs). However, the secreted proteins that are regulated by T(3) are yet to be characterized. In this study, we used the quantitative proteomic approach of stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture coupled with nano-liquid chromatography-tandem MS performed on a LTQ-Orbitrap instrument to identify and characterize the T(3)-regulated proteins secreted in human hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines overexpressing TRα1 (HepG2-TRα1). In total, 1742 and 1714 proteins were identified and quantified, respectively, in three independent experiments. Among these, 61 up-regulated twofold and 11 down-regulated twofold proteins were identified. Eight proteins displaying increased expression and one with decreased expression in conditioned media were validated using Western blotting. Real-time quantitative RT-PCR further disclosed induction of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), a T(3) target, in a time-course and dose-dependent manner. Serial deletions of the PAI-1 promoter region and subsequent chromatin immunoprecipitation assays revealed that the thyroid hormone response element on the promoter is localized at positions -327/-312. PAI-1 overexpression enhanced tumor growth and migration in a manner similar to what was seen when T(3) induced PAI-1 expression in J7-TRα1 cells, both in vitro and in vivo. An in vitro neutralizing assay further supported a crucial role of secreted PAI-1 in T(3)/TR-regulated cell migration. To our knowledge, these results demonstrate for the first time that proteins involved in the urokinase plasminogen activator system, including PAI-1, uPAR, and BSSP4, are augmented in the extra- and intracellular space of T(3)-treated HepG2-TRα1 cells. The T(3)-regulated secretome generated in the current study may provide an opportunity to establish the mechanisms underlying T(3)-associated tumor progression and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Yi Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Chang-Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan 333
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Expression of c-jun is not mandatory for mouse hepatocyte proliferation induced by two nuclear receptor ligands: TCPOBOP and T3. J Hepatol 2011; 55:1069-78. [PMID: 21354444 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2011.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2010] [Revised: 02/12/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Mice lacking c-jun in the liver display impaired regeneration after partial hepatectomy (PH), and were reported to be more resistant to chemically-induced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We investigated the role of c-jun in normal and preneoplastic hepatocyte proliferation induced by ligands of nuclear receptors, which cause liver hyperplasia in the absence of cell loss/death. METHODS The effect of 1,4-bis[2-(3,5-dichloropyridyloxy)]benzene (TCPOBOP) on hepatocyte proliferation was determined in c-jun conditional knockout (c-jun(Δli)) or in mouse liver where c-jun has been silenced. To study the role of c-jun in HCC development, c-jun(Δli) and WT mice were given diethylnitrosamine (DENA) followed by repeated injections of TCPOBOP. RESULTS Hepatocyte proliferation induced by TCPOBOP was associated with a stronger proliferative response and earlier S phase entry in c-jun(Δli) mice, compared to WT animals. Moreover, silencing of c-jun in the liver of CD-1 mice caused increased hepatocyte proliferation. A stronger hepatocyte proliferative response of c-jun(Δli) mice was observed also following treatment with a ligand of thyroid hormone receptor. Finally, loss of c-jun did not inhibit the development of HCC induced by DENA and promoted by TCPOBOP. CONCLUSIONS (i) c-jun may, under certain conditions, negatively regulate proliferation of normal hepatocytes, (ii) c-jun is not an absolute requirement for DENA/TCPOBOP-induced HCC formation, suggesting that the therapeutic potential of c-jun/JNK inhibition in liver tumors might be impaired by an increased stimulation of cell growth due to blockade of the c-jun pathway.
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Cathepsin H indirectly regulates morphogenetic protein-4 (BMP-4) in various human cell lines. Radiol Oncol 2011; 45:259-66. [PMID: 22933963 PMCID: PMC3423750 DOI: 10.2478/v10019-011-0034-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2011] [Accepted: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cathepsin H is a cysteine protease considered to play a major role in tumor progression, however, its precise function in tumorigenesis is unclear. Cathepsin H was recently proposed to be involved in processing of bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP-4) in mice. In order to clarify whether cathepsin H also regulates BMP-4 in humans, its impact on BMP-4 expression, processing and degradation was investigated in prostate cancer (PC-3), osteosarcoma (HOS) and pro-monocytic (U937) human cell lines. Materials and methods BMP-4 expression was founded to be regulated by cathepsin H using PCR array technology and confirmed by real time PCR. Immunoassays including Western blot and confocal microscopy were used to evaluate the influence of cathepsin H on BMP-4 processing. Results In contrast to HOS, the expression of BMP-4 mRNA in U937 and PC3 cells was significantly decreased by cathepsin H. The different regulation of BMP-4 synthesis could be associated with the absence of the mature 28 kDa cathepsin H form in HOS cells, where only the intermediate 30 kDa form was observed. No co-localization of BMP-4 and cathepsin H was observed in human cell lines and the multistep processing of BMP-4 was not altered in the presence of specific cathepsin H inhibitor. Isolated cathepsin H does not cleave mature recombinant BMP-4, neither with its amino- nor its endopeptidase activity. Conclusions Our results exclude direct proteolytic processing of BMP-4 by cathepsin H, however, they provide support for its involvement in the regulation of BMP-4 expression.
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