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Rodrigues AF, Rebelo C, Simões S, Paulo C, Pinho S, Francisco V, Ferreira L. A Polymeric Nanoparticle Formulation for Targeted mRNA Delivery to Fibroblasts. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2205475. [PMID: 36529964 PMCID: PMC9929262 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202205475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Messenger RNA (mRNA)-based therapies offer enhanced control over the production of therapeutic proteins for many diseases. Their clinical implementation warrants formulations capable of delivering them safely and effectively to target sites. Owing to their chemical versatility, polymeric nanoparticles can be designed by combinatorial synthesis of different ionizable, cationic, and aromatic moieties to modulate cell targeting, using inexpensive formulation steps. Herein, 152 formulations are evaluated by high-throughput screening using a reporter fibroblast model sensitive to functional delivery of mRNA encoding Cre recombinase. Using in vitro and in vivo models, a polymeric nanoformulation based on the combination of 3 specific monomers is identified to transfect fibroblasts much more effectively than other cell types populating the skin, with superior performance than lipid-based transfection agents in the delivery of Cas9 mRNA and guide RNA. This tropism can be explained by receptor-mediated endocytosis, involving CD26 and FAP, which are overexpressed in profibrotic fibroblasts. Structure-activity analysis reveals that efficient mRNA delivery required the combination of high buffering capacity and low mRNA binding affinity for rapid release upon endosomal escape. These results highlight the use of high-throughput screening to rapidly identify chemical features towards the design of highly efficient mRNA delivery systems targeting fibrotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Filipe Rodrigues
- CNC–Center for Neurosciences and Cell BiologyUniversity of CoimbraCoimbra3000‐517Portugal
| | - Catarina Rebelo
- CNC–Center for Neurosciences and Cell BiologyUniversity of CoimbraCoimbra3000‐517Portugal
- Faculty of MedicinePólo das Ciências da SaúdeUnidade CentralUniversity of CoimbraCoimbra3000‐354Portugal
| | - Susana Simões
- CNC–Center for Neurosciences and Cell BiologyUniversity of CoimbraCoimbra3000‐517Portugal
| | - Cristiana Paulo
- CNC–Center for Neurosciences and Cell BiologyUniversity of CoimbraCoimbra3000‐517Portugal
| | - Sónia Pinho
- CNC–Center for Neurosciences and Cell BiologyUniversity of CoimbraCoimbra3000‐517Portugal
| | - Vítor Francisco
- CNC–Center for Neurosciences and Cell BiologyUniversity of CoimbraCoimbra3000‐517Portugal
| | - Lino Ferreira
- CNC–Center for Neurosciences and Cell BiologyUniversity of CoimbraCoimbra3000‐517Portugal
- Faculty of MedicinePólo das Ciências da SaúdeUnidade CentralUniversity of CoimbraCoimbra3000‐354Portugal
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Does DPP-IV Inhibition Offer New Avenues for Therapeutic Intervention in Malignant Disease? Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14092072. [PMID: 35565202 PMCID: PMC9103952 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14092072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary There is growing interest in identifying the effects of antidiabetic agents on cancer risk, progression, and anti-cancer treatment due to the long-term use of these medications and the inherently increased risk of malignancies in diabetic patients. Tumor development and progression are affected by multiple mediators in the tumor microenvironment, several of which may be proteolytically modified by the multifunctional protease dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV, CD26). Currently, low-molecular-weight DPP-IV inhibitors (gliptins) are used in patients with type 2 diabetes based on the observation that DPP-IV inhibition enhances insulin secretion by increasing the bioavailability of incretins. However, the DPP-IV-mediated cleavage of other biopeptides and chemokines is also prevented by gliptins. The potential utility of gliptins in other areas of medicine, including cancer, is therefore being evaluated. Here, we critically review the existing evidence on the role of DPP-IV inhibitors in cancer pathogenesis, their potential to be used in anti-cancer treatment, and the possible perils associated with this approach. Abstract Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV, CD26) is frequently dysregulated in cancer and plays an important role in regulating multiple bioactive peptides with the potential to influence cancer progression and the recruitment of immune cells. Therefore, it represents a potential contributing factor to cancer pathogenesis and an attractive therapeutic target. Specific DPP-IV inhibitors (gliptins) are currently used in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus to promote insulin secretion by prolonging the activity of the incretins glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP). Nevertheless, the modulation of the bioavailability and function of other DPP-IV substrates, including chemokines, raises the possibility that the use of these orally administered drugs with favorable side-effect profiles might be extended beyond the treatment of hyperglycemia. In this review, we critically examine the possible utilization of DPP-IV inhibition in cancer prevention and various aspects of cancer treatment and discuss the potential perils associated with the inhibition of DPP-IV in cancer. The current literature is summarized regarding the possible chemopreventive and cytotoxic effects of gliptins and their potential utility in modulating the anti-tumor immune response, enhancing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, preventing acute graft-versus-host disease, and alleviating the side-effects of conventional anti-tumor treatments.
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Zhu X, Leboeuf M, Liu F, Grachtchouk M, Seykora JT, Morrisey EE, Dlugosz AA, Millar SE. HDAC1/2 Control Proliferation and Survival in Adult Epidermis and Pre‒Basal Cell Carcinoma through p16 and p53. J Invest Dermatol 2022; 142:77-87.e10. [PMID: 34284046 PMCID: PMC8688286 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2021.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
HDAC inhibitors show therapeutic promise for skin malignancies; however, the roles of specific HDACs in adult epidermal homeostasis and in disease are poorly understood. We find that homozygous epidermal codeletion of Hdac1 and Hdac2 in adult mouse epidermis causes reduced basal cell proliferation, apoptosis, inappropriate differentiation, and eventual loss of Hdac1/2-null keratinocytes. Hdac1/2-deficient epidermis displays elevated acetylated p53 and increased expression of the senescence gene p16. Loss of p53 partially restores basal proliferation, whereas p16 deletion promotes long-term survival of Hdac1/2-null keratinocytes. In activated GLI2-driven pre-basal cell carcinoma, Hdac1/2 deletion dramatically reduces proliferation and increases apoptosis, and knockout of either p53 or p16 partially rescues both proliferation and basal cell viability. Topical application of the HDAC inhibitor romidepsin to the normal epidermis or to GLI2ΔN-driven lesions produces similar defects to those caused by genetic Hdac1/2 deletion, and these are partially rescued by loss of p16. These data reveal essential roles for HDAC1/2 in maintaining proliferation and survival of adult epidermal and basal cell carcinoma progenitors and suggest that the efficacy of therapeutic HDAC1/2 inhibition will depend in part on the mutational status of p53 and p16.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuming Zhu
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA,Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA,Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Matthew Leboeuf
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA,Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Marina Grachtchouk
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - John T. Seykora
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Edward E. Morrisey
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Andrzej A. Dlugosz
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Sarah E. Millar
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA,Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA,Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA,Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA,Corresponding author:
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4
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Zhang J, Wu N, Shi D. The Involvement of the Mammalian Target of Rapamycin, Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase 1b and Dipeptidase 4 Signaling Pathways in Cancer and Diabetes: A Narrative Review. Mini Rev Med Chem 2021; 21:803-815. [PMID: 33185160 DOI: 10.2174/1389557520666201113110406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), protein tyrosine phosphatase 1b (PTP1B) and dipeptidase 4 (DPP4) signaling pathways regulate eukaryotic cell proliferation and metabolism. Previous researches described different transduction mechanisms in the progression of cancer and diabetes. METHODOLOGY We reviewed recent advances in the signal transduction pathways of mTOR, PTP1B and DPP4 regulation and determined the crosstalk and common pathway in diabetes and cancer. RESULTS We showed that according to numerous past studies, the proteins participate in the signaling networks for both diseases. CONCLUSION There are common pathways and specific proteins involved in diabetes and cancer. This article demonstrates and explains the potential mechanisms of association and future prospects for targeting these proteins in pharmacological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Ning Wu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Dayong Shi
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, China
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Jiang Y, Yao Y, Li J, Wang Y, Cheng J, Zhu Y. Functional Dissection of CD26 and Its Pharmacological Inhibition by Sitagliptin During Skin Wound Healing. Med Sci Monit 2021; 27:e928933. [PMID: 33735157 PMCID: PMC7986725 DOI: 10.12659/msm.928933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skin fibroblasts are primary mediators underlying wound healing and therapeutic targets in scar prevention and treatment. CD26 is a molecular marker to distinguish fibroblast subpopulations and plays an important role in modulating the biological behaviors of dermal fibroblasts and influencing skin wound repair. Therapeutic targeting of specific fibroblast subsets is expected to reduce skin scar formation more efficiently. MATERIAL AND METHODS Skin burn and excisional wound healing models were surgically established in mice. The expression patterns of CD26 during wound healing were determined by immunohistochemical staining, real-time RT-PCR, and western blot assays. Normal fibroblasts from intact skin (NFs) and fibroblasts in wounds (WFs) were isolated and sorted by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) into 4 subgroups - CD26⁺ NFs, CD26⁻ NFs, CD26⁺ WFs, and CD26⁻ WFs - for comparisons of their capacities of proliferation, migration, and collagen synthesis. Pharmacological inhibition of CD26 by sitagliptin in skin fibroblasts and during wound healing were further assessed both in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS Increased CD26 expression was observed during skin wound healing in both models. The CD26⁺ fibroblasts isolated from wounds had significantly stronger abilities to proliferate, migrate, and synthesize collagen than other fibroblast subsets. Sitagliptin treatment potently diminished CD26 expression, impaired the proliferation, migration, and collagen synthesis of fibroblasts in vitro, and diminished scar formation in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Our data reveal that CD26 is functionally involved in skin wound healing by regulating cell proliferation, migration, and collagen synthesis in fibroblasts. Pharmacological inhibition of CD26 by sitagliptin might be a viable strategy to reduce skin scar formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Yuan Yao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Jin Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Yanling Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Jie Cheng
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Yumin Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
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Jang JH, Janker F, De Meester I, Arni S, Borgeaud N, Yamada Y, Gil Bazo I, Weder W, Jungraithmayr W. The CD26/DPP4-inhibitor vildagliptin suppresses lung cancer growth via macrophage-mediated NK cell activity. Carcinogenesis 2019; 40:324-334. [PMID: 30698677 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgz009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
CD26/dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) is a transmembrane protein which is expressed by various malignant cells. We found that the expression of CD26/DPP4 was significantly higher in lung adenocarcinoma samples in our own patient cohort compared to normal lung tissue. We therefore hypothesize that the inhibition of CD26/DPP4 can potentially suppress lung cancer growth. The CD26/DPP4 inhibitor vildagliptin was employed on Lewis Lung Carcinoma (LLC) cell line and a human lung adenocarcinoma (H460) cell line. Two weeks after subcutaneous injection of tumor cells into C57BL/6 and CD1/nude mice, the size of LLC and H460 tumors was significantly reduced by vildagliptin. Immunohistochemically, the number of macrophages (F4/80+) and NK cells (NKp46+) was significantly increased in vildagliptin-treated tumor samples. Mechanistically, we found in vitro that lung cancer cell lines expressed increased levels of surfactant protein upon vildagliptin treatment thereby promoting the pro-inflammatory activity of macrophages. By the depletion of macrophages with clodronate and by using NK cell deficient (IL-15-/-) mice, tumors reversed to the size of controls, suggesting that indeed macrophages and NK cells were responsible for the observed tumor-suppressing effect upon vildagliptin treatment. FACS analysis showed tumor-infiltrating NK cells to express tumor necrosis-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) which induced the intra-cellular stress marker γH2AX. Accordingly, we found upregulated γH2AX in vildagliptin-treated tumors and TRAIL-treated cell lines. Moreover, the effect of vildagliptin-mediated enhanced NK cell cytotoxicity could be reversed by antagonizing the TRAIL receptor. Our data provide evidence that the CD26/DPP4-inhibitor vildagliptin reduces lung cancer growth. We could demonstrate that this effect is exerted by surfactant-activated macrophages and NK cells that act against the tumor via TRAIL-mediated cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Hwi Jang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Florian Janker
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ingrid De Meester
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Stephan Arni
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nathalie Borgeaud
- Department of Visceral Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Yoshito Yamada
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ignacio Gil Bazo
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Walter Weder
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Wolfgang Jungraithmayr
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, University Hospital Rostock, Rostock, Germany
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Izumi K, Nishie W, Beniko M, Shimizu H. A Cross-Sectional Study Comparing the Prevalence of Bullous Pemphigoid Autoantibodies in 275 Cases of Type II Diabetes Mellitus Treated With or Without Dipeptidyl Peptidase-IV Inhibitors. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1439. [PMID: 31297116 PMCID: PMC6607930 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Anti-hyperglycemic drug dipeptidyl peptidase-IV inhibitors (DPP-4i) have recently been recognized as bullous pemphigoid (BP) inducing drugs. It remains uncertain whether DPP-4i induce BP-IgG autoantibodies before the onset of BP. Objective: To evaluate the effect of DPP-4i in the development of BP-IgG autoantibodies in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients. Methods: A cross-sectional study on 221 DPP-4i (+) and 54 DPP-4i (-) T2DM cases was conducted. BP180 NC16A, BP230, and full-length BP180 ELISAs were used to detect the BP-IgG autoantibodies. We have also statistically analyzed the proportion of age, gender, intake periods of DPP-4i, and hemoglobin A1c level between anti-full-length BP180 IgG-positive and -negative DPP-4i (+) T2DM cases to identify co-founding factors. Results: BP180 NC16A ELISA, BP230 ELISA, and full-length BP180 ELISA were positive in 1.8, 2.2, and 10.9% of DPP-4i (+) T2DM cases, respectively; in contrast, they were positive in 0, 7.4, and 5.6% of DPP-4i (-) T2DM cases, respectively. The odds ratio for the development of BP-IgG autoantibodies detected by full-length BP180 ELISA was 2.070 for DPP-4i (+). There were no significant differences between the genders, intake periods of DPP-4i, nor of hemoglobin A1c levels, the anti-full-length BP180 IgG-positive cases tended to be significantly older than anti-full-length BP180 IgG-negative cases (median 74 vs. 69, p = 0.025) in the DPP-4i (+) T2DM cases. Limitations: We focused the analysis on DPP-4i intake and not on the effects of metformin and other drugs. Conclusion: Exposure to specific DPP-4i may induce the development of anti-full-length BP180 autoantibodies even in T2DM patients without any clinical symptoms of BP. Aging would be a risk factor to develop anti-full-length BP180-IgG autoantibody in DPP-4i (+) T2DM cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Izumi
- Department of Dermatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Wataru Nishie
- Department of Dermatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Mutsuo Beniko
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Hokkaido P.W.F.A.C. Sapporo Kosei General Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shimizu
- Department of Dermatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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8
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Mezawa Y, Daigo Y, Takano A, Miyagi Y, Yokose T, Yamashita T, Morimoto C, Hino O, Orimo A. CD26 expression is attenuated by TGF-β and SDF-1 autocrine signaling on stromal myofibroblasts in human breast cancers. Cancer Med 2019; 8:3936-3948. [PMID: 31140748 PMCID: PMC6639198 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.2249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human breast carcinoma‐associated fibroblasts (CAFs) increasingly acquire both transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β) and stromal cell‐derived factor‐1 (SDF‐1) signaling in an autocrine fashion during tumor progression. Such signaling mediates activated myofibroblastic and tumor‐promoting properties in these fibroblasts. CD26/dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 is a serine protease that cleaves various chemokines including SDF‐1. Stromal CD26 expression is reportedly undetectable in human skin squamous cell carcinomas. However, whether stromal CD26 expression is also downregulated in human breast cancers and which stromal cells potentially lack CD26 expression remain elusive. To answer these questions, sections prepared from 239 human breast carcinomas were stained with antibodies against CD26 and α‐smooth muscle actin (α‐SMA), a marker for activated myofibroblasts. We found that tumor‐associated stroma involving α‐SMA‐positive myofibroblasts stained negative or negligible for CD26 in 118 out of 193 (61.1%) tumors, whereas noncancerous stromal regions of the breast showed considerable staining for CD26. This decreased stromal CD26 staining in tumors also tends to be associated with poor outcomes for breast cancer patients. Moreover, we demonstrated that CD26 staining is attenuated on stromal myofibroblasts in human breast cancers. Consistently, CD26 expression is significantly downregulated in cultured CAF myofibroblasts extracted from human breast carcinomas as compared to control human mammary fibroblasts. Inhibition of TGF‐β or SDF‐1 signaling in CAFs by shRNA clearly upregulated the CD26 expression. Taken together, these findings indicate that CD26 expression is attenuated by TGF‐β‐ and SDF‐1‐autocrine signaling on stromal myofibroblasts in human mammary carcinomas, and that decreased stromal CD26 expression has potential as a prognostic marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Mezawa
- Department of Molecular Pathogenesis, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yataro Daigo
- Center for Antibody and Vaccine Therapy, Institute of Medical Science, Research Hospital, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Medical Oncology and Cancer Center, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Atsushi Takano
- Center for Antibody and Vaccine Therapy, Institute of Medical Science, Research Hospital, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Medical Oncology and Cancer Center, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Yohei Miyagi
- Molecular Pathology and Genetics Division, Kanagawa Cancer Center Research Institute, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Yokose
- Department of Pathology, Kanagawa Cancer Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Toshinari Yamashita
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Kanagawa Cancer Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Chikao Morimoto
- Department of Therapy Development and Innovation for Immune Disorders and Cancers, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Okio Hino
- Department of Molecular Pathogenesis, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Orimo
- Department of Molecular Pathogenesis, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
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9
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Goldie SJ, Chincarini G, Darido C. Targeted Therapy Against the Cell of Origin in Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20092201. [PMID: 31060263 PMCID: PMC6539622 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Squamous cell carcinomas (SCC), including cutaneous SCCs, are by far the most frequent cancers in humans, accounting for 80% of all newly diagnosed malignancies worldwide. The old dogma that SCC develops exclusively from stem cells (SC) has now changed to include progenitors, transit-amplifying and differentiated short-lived cells. Accumulation of specific oncogenic mutations is required to induce SCC from each cell population. Whilst as fewer as one genetic hit is sufficient to induce SCC from a SC, multiple events are additionally required in more differentiated cells. Interestingly, the level of differentiation correlates with the number of transforming events required to induce a stem-like phenotype, a long-lived potential and a tumourigenic capacity in a progenitor, a transient amplifying or even in a terminally differentiated cell. Furthermore, it is well described that SCCs originating from different cells of origin differ not only in their squamous differentiation status but also in their malignant characteristics. This review summarises recent findings in cutaneous SCC and highlights transforming oncogenic events in specific cell populations. It underlines oncogenes that are restricted either to stem or differentiated cells, which could provide therapeutic target selectivity against heterogeneous SCC. This strategy may be applicable to SCC from different body locations, such as head and neck SCCs, which are currently still associated with poor survival outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Goldie
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia.
| | - Ginevra Chincarini
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan St, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.
| | - Charbel Darido
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan St, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
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10
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Enz N, Vliegen G, De Meester I, Jungraithmayr W. CD26/DPP4 - a potential biomarker and target for cancer therapy. Pharmacol Ther 2019; 198:135-159. [PMID: 30822465 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
CD26/dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP)4 is a membrane-bound protein found in many cell types of the body, and a soluble form is present in body fluids. There is longstanding evidence that various primary tumors and also metastases express CD26/DPP4 to a variable extent. By cleaving dipeptides from peptides with a proline or alanine in the penultimate position at the N-terminus, it regulates the activity of incretin hormones, chemokines and many other peptides. Due to these effects and interactions with other molecules, a tumor promoting or suppressing role can be attributed to CD26/DPP4. In this review, we discuss the existing evidence on the expression of soluble or membrane-bound CD26/DPP4 in malignant diseases, along with the most recent findings on CD26/DPP4 as a therapeutic target in specific malignancies. The expression and possible involvement of the related DPP8 and DPP9 in cancer are also reviewed. A higher expression of CD26/DPP4 is found in a wide variety of tumor entities, however more research on CD26/DPP4 in the tumor microenvironment is needed to fully explore its use as a tumor biomarker. Circulating soluble CD26/DPP4 has also been studied as a cancer biomarker, however, the observed decrease in most cancer patients does not seem to be cancer specific. Encouraging results from experimental work and a recently reported first phase clinical trial targeting CD26/DPP4 in mesothelioma, renal and urological tumors pave the way for follow-up clinical studies, also in other tumor entities, possibly leading to the development of more effective complementary therapies against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Njanja Enz
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, University Hospital Rostock, Schillingallee 35, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Gwendolyn Vliegen
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ingrid De Meester
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Wolfgang Jungraithmayr
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, University Hospital Rostock, Schillingallee 35, 18057 Rostock, Germany.
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11
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Rognoni E, Watt FM. Skin Cell Heterogeneity in Development, Wound Healing, and Cancer. Trends Cell Biol 2018; 28:709-722. [PMID: 29807713 PMCID: PMC6098245 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Skin architecture and function depend on diverse populations of epidermal cells and dermal fibroblasts. Reciprocal communication between the epidermis and dermis plays a key role in skin development, homeostasis and repair. While several stem cell populations have been identified in the epidermis with distinct locations and functions, it is now recognised that there is additional heterogeneity within the mesenchymal cells of the dermis. Here, we discuss recent insights into how these distinct cell populations are maintained and coordinated during development, homeostasis, and wound healing. We highlight the importance of the local environment, or niche, in cellular plasticity. We also discuss new mechanisms that have been identified as influencing wound repair and cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuel Rognoni
- King's College London, Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, 28th Floor, Tower Wing, Guy's Hospital Campus, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Fiona M Watt
- King's College London, Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, 28th Floor, Tower Wing, Guy's Hospital Campus, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK.
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12
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Long M, Cai L, Li W, Zhang L, Guo S, Zhang R, Zheng Y, Liu X, Wang M, Zhou X, Wang H, Li X, Li L, Zhu Z, Yang G, Zheng H. DPP-4 Inhibitors Improve Diabetic Wound Healing via Direct and Indirect Promotion of Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition and Reduction of Scarring. Diabetes 2018; 67:518-531. [PMID: 29254987 DOI: 10.2337/db17-0934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Patients with diabetes often experience multiple disease complications. Hypoglycemic agents can have both positive and negative effects on diabetic complications, which should be carefully assessed when personalized treatment strategies are developed. In this study we report that dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors (DPP-4is), a group of widely used antihyperglycemic agents, can improve diabetic wound healing, independent of their beneficial effects on glycemic control. In particular, DPP-4is promoted the migration and epithelial-mesenchymal transition of keratinocytes, directly and indirectly, by inducing stromal cell-derived factor 1α production of fibroblasts in vitro and in diabetic mice. In addition, DPP-4is attenuated collagen synthesis and deposition, which may diminish scar formation. Furthermore, the results of a randomized clinical trial (NCT02742233) involving 67 patients with type 2 diabetes supported the role of DPP-4i treatment in diabetic wound healing. Our findings support the application of DPP-4i as a preferred option for treating ulcers in patients with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Long
- Department of Endocrinology, Translational Research Key Laboratory for Diabetes, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Leiqin Cai
- Department of Endocrinology, Translational Research Key Laboratory for Diabetes, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wenjie Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Translational Research Key Laboratory for Diabetes, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Linlin Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Translational Research Key Laboratory for Diabetes, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shaodong Guo
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Translational Research Key Laboratory for Diabetes, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yi Zheng
- Department of Endocrinology, Translational Research Key Laboratory for Diabetes, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiufei Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Translational Research Key Laboratory for Diabetes, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Translational Research Key Laboratory for Diabetes, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xianli Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology, Translational Research Key Laboratory for Diabetes, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Translational Research Key Laboratory for Diabetes, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xing Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Translational Research Key Laboratory for Diabetes, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhiming Zhu
- Department of Hypertension and Endocrinology, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Gangyi Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongting Zheng
- Department of Endocrinology, Translational Research Key Laboratory for Diabetes, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Lai HY, Wang S, Singh V, Nguyen LTH, Ng KW. Evaluating the antioxidant effects of human hair protein extracts. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2018; 29:1081-1093. [DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2017.1421345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Ying Lai
- Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute (Environmental Chemistry and Materials Centre), Interdisciplinary Graduate School, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shuai Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Vaishali Singh
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Luong T. H. Nguyen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kee Woei Ng
- Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute (Environmental Chemistry and Materials Centre), Interdisciplinary Graduate School, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
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14
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Lee JJ, Wang TY, Liu CL, Chien MN, Chen MJ, Hsu YC, Leung CH, Cheng SP. Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV as a Prognostic Marker and Therapeutic Target in Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2017; 102:2930-2940. [PMID: 28575350 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2017-00346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP4) is overexpressed in thyroid cancer and certain malignancies. Furthermore, DPP4 has been identified as a discriminatory marker for thyroid cancer. However, it remains unclear whether DPP4 expression plays a prognostic role. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the expression and function of DPP4 in thyroid cancer and the mechanisms involved. DESIGN We determined the expression of DPP4 by immunohistochemistry in tissue microarrays of thyroid tumors. In vitro functional studies were performed after genetic and pharmacological inhibition of DPP4. Gene expression and pathway analyses were used to identify downstream targets. The therapeutic potential of DPP4 inhibition was evaluated in a mouse xenograft model. RESULTS High DPP4 expression was associated with extrathyroidal extension (P < 0.001), BRAF mutation (P < 0.001), and advanced tumor stage (P = 0.007) in papillary thyroid cancer. Patients in the high-DPP4 expression group were less likely to be classified as having no evidence of disease at final follow-up (P = 0.042). DPP4 silencing or treatment with DPP4 inhibitors significantly suppressed colony formation, cell migration, and invasion. Analysis of differentially expressed genes after DPP4 knockdown suggested that the transforming growth factor-β signaling pathway is involved. In vivo experiments revealed that sitagliptin treatment reduced tumor growth and xenograft transforming growth factor-β receptor I expression. CONCLUSIONS Increased DPP4 expression is associated with cellular invasion and more aggressive disease in papillary thyroid cancer. Targeting DPP4 may be a therapeutic strategy for DPP4-expressing thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie-Jen Lee
- Department of Surgery, MacKay Memorial Hospital and Mackay Medical College, Taipei 10449, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Tao-Yeuan Wang
- Department of Pathology, MacKay Memorial Hospital and Mackay Medical College, Taipei 10449, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Liang Liu
- Department of Surgery, MacKay Memorial Hospital and Mackay Medical College, Taipei 10449, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Nan Chien
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, MacKay Memorial Hospital and Mackay Medical College, Taipei 10449, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Jen Chen
- Department of Surgery, MacKay Memorial Hospital and Mackay Medical College, Taipei 10449, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chiung Hsu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan City 32001, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hsiang Leung
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, MacKay Memorial Hospital and Mackay Medical College, Taipei 10449, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Ping Cheng
- Department of Surgery, MacKay Memorial Hospital and Mackay Medical College, Taipei 10449, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
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15
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Quist SR, Heimburg A, Bank U, Mahnkopf D, Koch G, Gollnick H, Täger M, Ansorge S. Preclinical pilot study monitoring topical drug penetration and dermal bioavailability of a peptidase inhibitor from different galenic formulations into pig dermis, using cutaneous microdialysis. Clin Exp Dermatol 2017; 42:607-613. [PMID: 28556026 DOI: 10.1111/ced.13105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cutaneous microdialysis (CM) is an ex vivo technique that allows study of tissue chemistry, including bioavailability of actual tissue concentration of unbound drug in the interstitial fluid of the body. AIM To test the penetration and dermal bioavailability of galenic formulations of the small-molecule IP10.C8, a dual-protease inhibitor of the dipeptidyl peptidase and aminopeptidase families. METHODS Using CM, we tested the penetration and dermal bioavailability of IP10.C8 into the dermis and subcutis of pigs, and determined the tissue concentration of IP10.C8 enzymatically, using an enzyme activity assay (substrate Gly-Pro-pNA) and high performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS Dermal bioavailability was enhanced by using microemulsion or the addition of the penetration enhancer oleic acid to a hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC) gel formulation. Dermal bioavailability was also enhanced when galenic formulations were prepared with higher pH (7.5 vs. 6.5) or higher drug concentration (5% vs. 1%) in HEC gel. CONCLUSION It seems possible, using CM for topical skin penetration testing in anaesthetized domestic pigs, to test the bioavailability of newly designed drugs. However, the experimental time is limited due to the anaesthesia, and is dependent on drug recovery. Validation of this technique for routine use is challenging, and more experiments are needed to validate this preclinical set-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Quist
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - A Heimburg
- Immunopharm Department, IMTM GmbH, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - U Bank
- Immunopharm Department, IMTM GmbH, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - D Mahnkopf
- Immunopharm Department, IMTM GmbH, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - G Koch
- Immunopharm Department, IMTM GmbH, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - H Gollnick
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - M Täger
- Immunopharm Department, IMTM GmbH, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - S Ansorge
- Immunopharm Department, IMTM GmbH, Magdeburg, Germany
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Zhong J, Kankanala S, Rajagopalan S. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibition: insights from the bench and recent clinical studies. Curr Opin Lipidol 2016; 27:484-92. [PMID: 27472408 PMCID: PMC5147592 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0000000000000340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Atherosclerosis is the leading cause of death globally. The pathophysiology of atherosclerosis is not fully understood. Recent studies suggest dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4), a regulator of inflammation and metabolism, may be involved in the development of atherosclerotic diseases. Recent advances in the understanding of DPP4 function in atherosclerosis will be discussed in this review. RECENT FINDINGS Multiple preclinical and clinical studies suggest DPP4/glucagon-like peptide-1 axis is involved in the development of atherosclerotic disease. However, several recent trials assessing the cardiovascular effects of DPP4 inhibition indicate enzymatic inhibition of DPP4 lacks beneficial effects on cardiovascular disease. SUMMARY Catalytic inhibition of DPP4 with DPP4 inhibitors alters pathways that could favor cardioprotection. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor-independent aspects of DPP4 function may contribute to the overall neutral effects on cardiovascular outcome seen in the outcome trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jixin Zhong
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA *Jixin Zhong and Sanjay Rajagopalan contributed equally to the writing of this article
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17
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Decalf J, da Silva RB, Werneke S, Albert ML. Comment on “NRF2 activation by antioxidant antidiabetic agents accelerates tumor metastasis”. Sci Transl Med 2016; 8:349le1. [DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaf9121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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18
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Weber C, Telerman SB, Reimer AS, Sequeira I, Liakath-Ali K, Arwert EN, Watt FM. Macrophage Infiltration and Alternative Activation during Wound Healing Promote MEK1-Induced Skin Carcinogenesis. Cancer Res 2016; 76:805-817. [PMID: 26754935 PMCID: PMC4757739 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-3676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are essential for the progression and maintenance of many cancers, but their role during the earliest stages of tumor formation is unclear. To test this, we used a previously described transgenic mouse model of wound-induced skin tumorigenesis, in which expression of constitutively active MEK1 in differentiating epidermal cells results in chronic inflammation (InvEE mice). Upon wounding, the number of epidermal and dermal monocytes and macrophages increased in wild-type and InvEE skin, but the increase was greater, more rapid, and more sustained in InvEE skin. Macrophage ablation reduced tumor incidence. Furthermore, bioluminescent imaging in live mice to monitor macrophage flux at wound sites revealed that macrophage accumulation was predictive of tumor formation; wounds with the greatest number of macrophages at day 5 went on to develop tumors. Gene expression profiling of flow-sorted monocytes, macrophages, and T cells from InvEE and wild-type skin showed that as wound healing progressed, InvEE macrophages altered their phenotype. Throughout wound healing and after wound closure, InvEE macrophages demonstrated sustained upregulation of several markers implicated in alternative macrophage activation including arginase-1 (ARG1) and mannose receptor (CD206). Notably, inhibition of ARG1 activity significantly reduced tumor formation and epidermal proliferation in vivo, whereas addition of L-arginase to cultured keratinocytes stimulated proliferation. We conclude that macrophages play a key role in early, inflammation-mediated skin tumorigenesis, with mechanistic evidence suggesting that ARG1 secretion drives tumor development by stimulating epidermal cell proliferation. These findings highlight the importance of cancer immunotherapies aiming to polarize tumor-associated macrophages toward an antitumor phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Weber
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB12 0RE, UK
- King’s College London Centre for Stem Cells & Regenerative Medicine, 28 Floor, Tower Wing, Guy’s Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Stephanie B. Telerman
- King’s College London Centre for Stem Cells & Regenerative Medicine, 28 Floor, Tower Wing, Guy’s Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Andreas S. Reimer
- King’s College London Centre for Stem Cells & Regenerative Medicine, 28 Floor, Tower Wing, Guy’s Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Ines Sequeira
- King’s College London Centre for Stem Cells & Regenerative Medicine, 28 Floor, Tower Wing, Guy’s Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Kifayathullah Liakath-Ali
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB12 0RE, UK
- King’s College London Centre for Stem Cells & Regenerative Medicine, 28 Floor, Tower Wing, Guy’s Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Esther N. Arwert
- Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, 44 Lincoln’s Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Fiona M. Watt
- King’s College London Centre for Stem Cells & Regenerative Medicine, 28 Floor, Tower Wing, Guy’s Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
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19
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Lichtenberger BM, Mastrogiannaki M, Watt FM. Epidermal β-catenin activation remodels the dermis via paracrine signalling to distinct fibroblast lineages. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10537. [PMID: 26837596 PMCID: PMC4742837 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sustained epidermal Wnt/β-catenin signalling expands the stem cell compartment and induces ectopic hair follicles (EFs). This is accompanied by extensive fibroblast proliferation and extracellular matrix (ECM) remodelling in the underlying dermis. Here we show that epidermal Hedgehog (Hh) and Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) signalling mediate the dermal changes. Pharmacological inhibition or genetic deletion of these pathways prevents β-catenin-induced dermal reprogramming and EF formation. Epidermal Shh stimulates proliferation of the papillary fibroblast lineage, whereas TGF-β2 controls proliferation, differentiation and ECM production by reticular fibroblasts. Hh inhibitors do not affect TGF-β target gene expression in reticular fibroblasts, and TGF-β inhibition does not prevent Hh target gene induction in papillary fibroblasts. However, when Hh signalling is inhibited the reticular dermis does not respond to epidermal β-catenin activation. We conclude that the dermal response to epidermal Wnt/β-catenin signalling depends on distinct fibroblast lineages responding to different paracrine signals. The molecular mechanisms regulating skin dermal changes are unclear. Here, the authors show that deletion of Hedgehog (Hh) in the upper dermis alters the response to epidermal Wnt signalling, which, together with changes in extracellular matrix production, influences distinct fibroblast lineages differently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beate M Lichtenberger
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK.,Wellcome Trust Centre for Stem Cell Research, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Maria Mastrogiannaki
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Fiona M Watt
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
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20
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Kretzschmar K, Weber C, Driskell RR, Calonje E, Watt FM. Compartmentalized Epidermal Activation of β-Catenin Differentially Affects Lineage Reprogramming and Underlies Tumor Heterogeneity. Cell Rep 2016; 14:269-81. [PMID: 26771241 PMCID: PMC4713864 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Wnt/β-catenin activation in adult epidermis can induce new hair follicle formation and tumor development. We used lineage tracing to uncover the relative contribution of different stem cell populations. LGR6(+) and LRIG1(+) stem cells contributed to ectopic hair follicles formed in the sebaceous gland upon β-catenin activation, whereas LGR5(+) cells did not. Lgr6, but not Lrig1 or Lgr5, was expressed in a subpopulation of interfollicular epidermal cells that were competent to form new hair follicles. Oncogenic β-catenin expression in LGR5(+) cells led to formation of pilomatricomas, while LRIG1(+) cells formed trichoadenomas and LGR6(+) cells formed dermatofibromas. Tumor formation was always accompanied by a local increase in dermal fibroblast density and transient extracellular matrix remodeling. However, each tumor had a distinct stromal signature in terms of immune cell infiltrate and expression of CD26 and CD44. We conclude that compartmentalization of epidermal stem cells underlies different responses to β-catenin and skin tumor heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Kretzschmar
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, 28(th) Floor, Tower Wing, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK; Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK; Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK
| | - Christine Weber
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, 28(th) Floor, Tower Wing, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK; Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK
| | - Ryan R Driskell
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, 28(th) Floor, Tower Wing, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Eduardo Calonje
- Dermatopathology Laboratory, St. John's Institute of Dermatology, St. Thomas' Hospital, Westminster Bridge Road, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Fiona M Watt
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, 28(th) Floor, Tower Wing, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK.
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21
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Kretzschmar K, Cottle DL, Schweiger PJ, Watt FM. The Androgen Receptor Antagonizes Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling in Epidermal Stem Cells. J Invest Dermatol 2015; 135:2753-2763. [PMID: 26121213 PMCID: PMC4641324 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2015.242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 05/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in adult mouse epidermis leads to expansion of the stem cell compartment and redirects keratinocytes in the interfollicular epidermis and sebaceous glands (SGs) to differentiate along the hair follicle (HF) lineages. Here we demonstrate that during epidermal development and homeostasis there is reciprocal activation of the androgen receptor (AR) and β-catenin in cells of the HF bulb. AR activation reduced β-catenin-dependent transcription, blocked β-catenin-induced induction of HF growth, and prevented β-catenin-mediated conversion of SGs into HFs. Conversely, AR inhibition enhanced the effects of β-catenin activation, promoting HF proliferation and differentiation, culminating in the formation of benign HF tumors and a complete loss of SG identity. We conclude that AR signaling has a key role in epidermal stem cell fate selection by modulating responses to β-catenin in adult mouse skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Kretzschmar
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital Campus, London, UK; Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Denny L Cottle
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Pawel J Schweiger
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Cancer Research UK Cambridge Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Fiona M Watt
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital Campus, London, UK.
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22
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Suppression of lung metastases by the CD26/DPP4 inhibitor Vildagliptin in mice. Clin Exp Metastasis 2015; 32:677-87. [PMID: 26233333 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-015-9736-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Metastases rather than primary cancers determine nowadays the survival of patients. One of the most common primary malignancies is colorectal cancer and this type of tumor is characterized by a high tendency to spread metastases to the lung and liver. CD26/DPP4 is a transmembrane molecule with enzymatic functions which cleaves biologically active peptides. Recently, CD26/DPP4 has become the focus of cancer research and it was shown that CD26/DPP4-positive cancer cells display increased metastatic activity. Here, we tested if the CD26/DPP4-inhibitor Vildagliptin suppresses the development and growth of mouse colorectal lung metastases. This inhibitor of CD26/DPP4 was employed on mouse (C57BL/6) colorectal lung metastases, established by intravenous injection of the syngeneic cell line MC38. For mechanistic analysis, a subcutaneous tumor model was used. The treatment with Vildagliptin significantly suppressed both, the incidence and growth of lung metastases. Autophagy markers (LC3, p62, and ATF4) decreased, apoptosis increased (TUNEL, pH3/Ki-76), and the cell cycle regulator pCDC2 was inhibited. In conclusion, we here showed an anti-tumor effect of Vildagliptin via downregulation of autophagy resulting in increased apoptosis and modulation of the cell cycle. We therefore propose Vildagliptin for the evaluation as a new therapeutic approach for the treatment of colorectal cancer lung metastases.
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Gong Q, Rajagopalan S, Zhong J. Dpp4 inhibition as a therapeutic strategy in cardiometabolic disease: Incretin-dependent and -independent function. Int J Cardiol 2015; 197:170-9. [PMID: 26142202 PMCID: PMC7114201 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.06.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2015] [Revised: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cardiometabolic disorders including obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular disease are among the most severe health problems worldwide. DPP4 enzymatic inhibitors were first developed as anti-diabetic reagents which preserve incretin hormones and promote post-prandial insulin secretion. It's been shown in animal studies that incretin-based therapy has a beneficial effect on cardiovascular disease. Recent studies demonstrated novel non-catalytic functions of DPP4 that may play a role in cardiometabolic disease. Although the role of DPP4 inhibition-mediated incretin effects has been well-reviewed, little information of its incretin-independent actions was introduced in cardiometabolic disease. In the current review, we will summarize the catalytic dependent and independent effects of DPP4 inhibition on cardiometabolic disease. Discuss the findings from recent large scale clinical trials (EXAMINE and SAVOR-TIMI 53) Summarize the catalytic dependent and independent effects of DPP4 inhibition on cardiometabolic disease Focus on recent evidence linking DPP4 inhibition therapy with cardiovascular disease Provide mechanistic insights into the cardiovascular effect of DPP4
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Gong
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, PR China
| | - Sanjay Rajagopalan
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Jixin Zhong
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, PR China; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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Dipeptidylpeptidase 4 inhibition enhances lymphocyte trafficking, improving both naturally occurring tumor immunity and immunotherapy. Nat Immunol 2015; 16:850-8. [PMID: 26075911 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The success of antitumor immune responses depends on the infiltration of solid tumors by effector T cells, a process guided by chemokines. Here we show that in vivo post-translational processing of chemokines by dipeptidylpeptidase 4 (DPP4, also known as CD26) limits lymphocyte migration to sites of inflammation and tumors. Inhibition of DPP4 enzymatic activity enhanced tumor rejection by preserving biologically active CXCL10 and increasing trafficking into the tumor by lymphocytes expressing the counter-receptor CXCR3. Furthermore, DPP4 inhibition improved adjuvant-based immunotherapy, adoptive T cell transfer and checkpoint blockade. These findings provide direct in vivo evidence for control of lymphocyte trafficking via CXCL10 cleavage and support the use of DPP4 inhibitors for stabilizing biologically active forms of chemokines as a strategy to enhance tumor immunotherapy.
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Rinkevich Y, Walmsley GG, Hu MS, Maan ZN, Newman AM, Drukker M, Januszyk M, Krampitz GW, Gurtner GC, Lorenz HP, Weissman IL, Longaker MT. Skin fibrosis. Identification and isolation of a dermal lineage with intrinsic fibrogenic potential. Science 2015; 348:aaa2151. [PMID: 25883361 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaa2151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 459] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Dermal fibroblasts represent a heterogeneous population of cells with diverse features that remain largely undefined. We reveal the presence of at least two fibroblast lineages in murine dorsal skin. Lineage tracing and transplantation assays demonstrate that a single fibroblast lineage is responsible for the bulk of connective tissue deposition during embryonic development, cutaneous wound healing, radiation fibrosis, and cancer stroma formation. Lineage-specific cell ablation leads to diminished connective tissue deposition in wounds and reduces melanoma growth. Using flow cytometry, we identify CD26/DPP4 as a surface marker that allows isolation of this lineage. Small molecule-based inhibition of CD26/DPP4 enzymatic activity during wound healing results in diminished cutaneous scarring. Identification and isolation of these lineages hold promise for translational medicine aimed at in vivo modulation of fibrogenic behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuval Rinkevich
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Departments of Pathology and Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Graham G Walmsley
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Departments of Pathology and Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Michael S Hu
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Departments of Pathology and Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Zeshaan N Maan
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Aaron M Newman
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Departments of Pathology and Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Micha Drukker
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Departments of Pathology and Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Michael Januszyk
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Geoffrey W Krampitz
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Departments of Pathology and Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Geoffrey C Gurtner
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - H Peter Lorenz
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Irving L Weissman
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Departments of Pathology and Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Michael T Longaker
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Departments of Pathology and Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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26
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Zhong J, Gong Q, Goud A, Srinivasamaharaj S, Rajagopalan S. Recent Advances in Dipeptidyl-Peptidase-4 Inhibition Therapy: Lessons from the Bench and Clinical Trials. J Diabetes Res 2015; 2015:606031. [PMID: 26075284 PMCID: PMC4446505 DOI: 10.1155/2015/606031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
DPP4 inhibitors (DPP4i) are a class of newly developed antidiabetic drugs which preserve incretin hormones and promote postprandial insulin secretion. Although the cardiovascular effect of DPP4 inhibition has been substantially studied, the exact role of DPP4 in cardiovascular disease especially in humans remains elusive. Previous small studies and meta-analyses have suggested a benefit in both surrogate outcomes and cardiovascular events for these agents. However, there was growing evidence in recent years questioning the cardioprotective effect of DPP4i. Further, a signal of heart failure hospitalization in a recent large scale clinical trial SAVOR-TIMI 53 has called into question the safety of these agents and their utility in the treatment of cardiovascular disease. In this review, we will revisit the physiologic function of DPP4 and discuss its role in cardiometabolic disease based on recent experimental and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jixin Zhong
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, China
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Quan Gong
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, China
| | - Aditya Goud
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Srividya Srinivasamaharaj
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Sanjay Rajagopalan
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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27
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Sen S, He Y, Koya D, Kanasaki K. Cancer biology in diabetes. J Diabetes Investig 2014; 5:251-64. [PMID: 24843770 PMCID: PMC4020326 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.12208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Revised: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is a serious metabolic disease that causes multiple organ dysfunctions. Recent evidence suggests that diabetes could contribute to the initiation and progression of certain cancers in addition to the classic diabetic complications. Furthermore, some of the drugs used clinically to treat patients with diabetes might affect cancer initiation, progression and mortality. The recent discovery of the possible anticancer effects of metformin, a classic antidiabetic drug, has led physicians and scientists to reconsider the interaction between diabetes and cancer. In the present review, we analyze recent reports in this field, and explore possible mechanistic links between diabetes and cancer biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Sen
- Division of Diabetes & EndocrinologyKanazawa Medical UniversityIshikawaJapan
- The Department of Vascular and Thyroid SurgeryThe Affiliated Hospital of Luzhou Medical CollegeLuzhouChina
| | - Yanzheng He
- The Department of Vascular and Thyroid SurgeryThe Affiliated Hospital of Luzhou Medical CollegeLuzhouChina
| | - Daisuke Koya
- Division of Diabetes & EndocrinologyKanazawa Medical UniversityIshikawaJapan
| | - Keizo Kanasaki
- Division of Diabetes & EndocrinologyKanazawa Medical UniversityIshikawaJapan
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28
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Hupa KL, Schmiedl A, Pabst R, Von Hörsten S, Stephan M. Maternal Deprivation Decelerates Postnatal Morphological Lung Development of F344 Rats. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2013; 297:317-26. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.22848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Luise Hupa
- Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy; Hannover Medical School; Hannover Germany
| | - Andreas Schmiedl
- Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy; Hannover Medical School; Hannover Germany
| | - Reinhard Pabst
- Institute of Immunomorphology; Hannover Medical School; Hannover Germany
| | - Stephan Von Hörsten
- Department for Experimental Therapy; Franz-Penzoldt-Center, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg; Erlangen Germany
| | - Michael Stephan
- Clinic for Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy; Hannover Medical School; Hannover Germany
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29
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Keane FM, Yao TW, Seelk S, Gall MG, Chowdhury S, Poplawski SE, Lai JH, Li Y, Wu W, Farrell P, Vieira de Ribeiro AJ, Osborne B, Yu DMT, Seth D, Rahman K, Haber P, Topaloglu AK, Wang C, Thomson S, Hennessy A, Prins J, Twigg SM, McLennan SV, McCaughan GW, Bachovchin WW, Gorrell MD. Quantitation of fibroblast activation protein (FAP)-specific protease activity in mouse, baboon and human fluids and organs. FEBS Open Bio 2013; 4:43-54. [PMID: 24371721 PMCID: PMC3871272 DOI: 10.1016/j.fob.2013.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The protease fibroblast activation protein (FAP) is a specific marker of activated mesenchymal cells in tumour stroma and fibrotic liver. A specific, reliable FAP enzyme assay has been lacking. FAP's unique and restricted cleavage of the post proline bond was exploited to generate a new specific substrate to quantify FAP enzyme activity. This sensitive assay detected no FAP activity in any tissue or fluid of FAP gene knockout mice, thus confirming assay specificity. Circulating FAP activity was ∼20- and 1.3-fold less in baboon than in mouse and human plasma, respectively. Serum and plasma contained comparable FAP activity. In mice, the highest levels of FAP activity were in uterus, pancreas, submaxillary gland and skin, whereas the lowest levels were in brain, prostate, leukocytes and testis. Baboon organs high in FAP activity included skin, epididymis, bladder, colon, adipose tissue, nerve and tongue. FAP activity was greatly elevated in tumours and associated lymph nodes and in fungal-infected skin of unhealthy baboons. FAP activity was 14- to 18-fold greater in cirrhotic than in non-diseased human liver, and circulating FAP activity was almost doubled in alcoholic cirrhosis. Parallel DPP4 measurements concorded with the literature, except for the novel finding of high DPP4 activity in bile. The new FAP enzyme assay is the first to be thoroughly characterised and shows that FAP activity is measurable in most organs and at high levels in some. This new assay is a robust tool for specific quantitation of FAP enzyme activity in both preclinical and clinical samples, particularly liver fibrosis. A novel synthetic fluorogenic substrate is proven to be FAP-specific. Mice have higher levels of circulating FAP activity compared to baboons or humans. No FAP activity was detected in urine or bile but bile contained high DPP4 activity. FAP activity is greatest in pancreas, uterus, salivary gland, skin and lymph node. FAP activity and protein is elevated in both serum and liver in human liver disease.
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Key Words
- ALD, alcoholic liver disease
- AMC, amino-4-methylcoumarin
- Biomarker
- DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide
- DPP4, dipeptidyl peptidase 4
- Dipeptidyl peptidase
- EDTA, ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid
- FAP, fibroblast activation protein-α
- Fibroblast
- Fibrosis
- HCV, hepatitis C virus
- LDS, lithium dodecyl sulphate
- LN, lymph node
- Liver disease
- ND, non-diseased
- PBC, primary biliary cirrhosis
- PBMC, peripheral blood mononuclear cells
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- PEP, prolyl endopeptidase
- PVDF, polyvinylidene fluoride
- Protease activity
- Protease substrates
- STLV, simian T-cell lymphotrophic virus
- gko, gene knock out
- het, heterozygous
- mAb, monoclonal antibody
- wt, wild type
- yrs, years
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona M Keane
- Centenary Institute, Camperdown, NSW, Australia ; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Tsun-Wen Yao
- Centenary Institute, Camperdown, NSW, Australia ; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Margaret G Gall
- Centenary Institute, Camperdown, NSW, Australia ; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sumaiya Chowdhury
- Centenary Institute, Camperdown, NSW, Australia ; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sarah E Poplawski
- Sackler School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jack H Lai
- Sackler School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Youhua Li
- Sackler School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wengen Wu
- Sackler School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Penny Farrell
- Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Ana Julia Vieira de Ribeiro
- Centenary Institute, Camperdown, NSW, Australia ; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Brenna Osborne
- Centenary Institute, Camperdown, NSW, Australia ; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Denise M T Yu
- Centenary Institute, Camperdown, NSW, Australia ; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Devanshi Seth
- Centenary Institute, Camperdown, NSW, Australia ; Drug Health Services, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Khairunnessa Rahman
- Drug Health Services, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Paul Haber
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia ; Drug Health Services, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - A Kemal Topaloglu
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Chuanmin Wang
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia ; Collaborative Transplantation Research Group, Bosch Institute, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Sally Thomson
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia ; Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Annemarie Hennessy
- Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia ; School of Medicine, University of Western Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - John Prins
- Mater Medical Research Institute, University of Queensland, and Department of Endocrinology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Stephen M Twigg
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia ; Department of Endocrinology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Susan V McLennan
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia ; Department of Endocrinology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Geoffrey W McCaughan
- Centenary Institute, Camperdown, NSW, Australia ; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - William W Bachovchin
- Sackler School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mark D Gorrell
- Centenary Institute, Camperdown, NSW, Australia ; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
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30
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Juillerat-Jeanneret L. Dipeptidyl peptidase IV and its inhibitors: therapeutics for type 2 diabetes and what else? J Med Chem 2013; 57:2197-212. [PMID: 24099035 DOI: 10.1021/jm400658e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The proline-specific dipeptidyl aminopeptidase IV (DPP IV, DPP-4, CD26), widely expressed in mammalians, releases X-Pro/Ala dipeptides from the N-terminus of peptides. DPP IV is responsible of the degradation of the incretin peptide hormones regulating blood glucose levels. Several families of DPP IV inhibitors have been synthesized and evaluated. Their positive effects on the degradation of the incretins and the control of blood glucose levels have been demonstrated in biological models and in clinical trials. Presently, several DPP IV inhibitors, the "gliptins", are approved for type 2 diabetes or are under clinical evaluation. However, the gliptins may also be of therapeutic interest for other diseases beyond the inhibition of incretin degradation. In this Perspective, the biological functions and potential substrates of DPP IV enzymes are reviewed and the characteristics of the DPP IV inhibitors are discussed in view of type 2 diabetes and further therapeutic interest.
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31
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Kapoor S. CD26: A prognostic marker of other systemic malignancies besides colo-rectal carcinomas. World J Clin Oncol 2012; 3:126-7. [PMID: 22905339 PMCID: PMC3421025 DOI: 10.5306/wjco.v3.i8.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Revised: 07/21/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
I read with great interest the recent article by Cordero et al in a recent issue of your esteemed journal. Interestingly, the past few years have seen the emergence of CD26 as an important diagnostic and prognostic marker for a number of systemic malignancies besides colo-rectal carcinomas. For instance, serum CD26 levels are an important emerging marker of B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL). In fact, Molica et al have recently reported shorter time to first treatment in B-CLL which exhibit higher serum CD26 levels and simultaneously demonstrate absence of mutation in IgV (H). Similarly, CD26 serves as a marker of poor prognosis in T cell lymphomas. Simultaneously, a poor response to 2’-deoxycoformycin is seen T cell lymphomas expressing CD26. Similarly, breast carcinomas exhibit decreased CD26 mean fluorescence intensity and a decreased percentage of CD26 positive lymphocytes in comparison to benign breast tumors and healthy individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shailendra Kapoor
- Shailendra Kapoor, Private practice, 7487 Sherwood Crossing place # 302, Mechanicsville, VA 23111, United States
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Abstract
It is well established that tissue repair depends on stem cells and that chronic wounds predispose to tumour formation. However, the association between stem cells, wound healing and cancer is poorly understood. Lineage tracing has now shown how stem cells are mobilized to repair skin wounds and how they contribute to skin tumour development. The signalling pathways, including WNT and Hedgehog, that control stem cell behaviour during wound healing are also implicated in tumour formation. Furthermore, tumorigenesis and wound repair both depend on communication between epithelial cells, mesenchymal cells and bone marrow-derived cells. These studies suggest ways to harness stem cells for wound repair while minimizing cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther N Arwert
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 ORE, UK
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