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Zhang HE, Hamson EJ, Koczorowska MM, Tholen S, Chowdhury S, Bailey CG, Lay AJ, Twigg SM, Lee Q, Roediger B, Biniossek ML, O'Rourke MB, McCaughan GW, Keane FM, Schilling O, Gorrell MD. Identification of Novel Natural Substrates of Fibroblast Activation Protein-alpha by Differential Degradomics and Proteomics. Mol Cell Proteomics 2019; 18:65-85. [PMID: 30257879 PMCID: PMC6317473 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra118.001046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast activation protein-alpha (FAP) is a cell-surface transmembrane-anchored dimeric protease. This unique, constitutively active serine protease has both dipeptidyl aminopeptidase and endopeptidase activities and can hydrolyze the post-proline bond. FAP expression is very low in adult organs but is upregulated by activated fibroblasts in sites of tissue remodeling, including fibrosis, atherosclerosis, arthritis and tumors. To identify the endogenous substrates of FAP, we immortalized primary mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) from FAP gene knockout embryos and then stably transduced them to express either enzymatically active or inactive FAP. The MEF secretomes were then analyzed using degradomic and proteomic techniques. Terminal amine isotopic labeling of substrates (TAILS)-based degradomics identified cleavage sites in collagens, many other extracellular matrix (ECM) and associated proteins, and lysyl oxidase-like-1, CXCL-5, CSF-1, and C1qT6, that were confirmed in vitro In addition, differential metabolic labeling coupled with quantitative proteomic analysis also implicated FAP in ECM-cell interactions, as well as with coagulation, metabolism and wound healing associated proteins. Plasma from FAP-deficient mice exhibited slower than wild-type clotting times. This study provides a significant expansion of the substrate repertoire of FAP and provides insight into the physiological and potential pathological roles of this enigmatic protease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Emma Zhang
- From the ‡Centenary Institute, the University of Sydney, Locked Bag No.6, Newtown, New South Wales, 2042, Australia;; §Sydney Medical School, the University of Sydney Faculty of Medicine and Health, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Elizabeth J Hamson
- From the ‡Centenary Institute, the University of Sydney, Locked Bag No.6, Newtown, New South Wales, 2042, Australia;; §Sydney Medical School, the University of Sydney Faculty of Medicine and Health, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | | | - Stefan Tholen
- ¶Institute for Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sumaiya Chowdhury
- From the ‡Centenary Institute, the University of Sydney, Locked Bag No.6, Newtown, New South Wales, 2042, Australia;; §Sydney Medical School, the University of Sydney Faculty of Medicine and Health, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Charles G Bailey
- From the ‡Centenary Institute, the University of Sydney, Locked Bag No.6, Newtown, New South Wales, 2042, Australia;; §Sydney Medical School, the University of Sydney Faculty of Medicine and Health, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Angelina J Lay
- From the ‡Centenary Institute, the University of Sydney, Locked Bag No.6, Newtown, New South Wales, 2042, Australia;; §Sydney Medical School, the University of Sydney Faculty of Medicine and Health, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Stephen M Twigg
- §Sydney Medical School, the University of Sydney Faculty of Medicine and Health, New South Wales, 2006, Australia;; ‖Charles Perkins Centre, the University of Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Quintin Lee
- From the ‡Centenary Institute, the University of Sydney, Locked Bag No.6, Newtown, New South Wales, 2042, Australia;; §Sydney Medical School, the University of Sydney Faculty of Medicine and Health, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Ben Roediger
- From the ‡Centenary Institute, the University of Sydney, Locked Bag No.6, Newtown, New South Wales, 2042, Australia;; §Sydney Medical School, the University of Sydney Faculty of Medicine and Health, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Martin L Biniossek
- ¶Institute for Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Matthew B O'Rourke
- ‖Charles Perkins Centre, the University of Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia;; **Proteomics Core Facility, University of Technology Sydney, New South Wales, 2007, Australia
| | - Geoffrey W McCaughan
- From the ‡Centenary Institute, the University of Sydney, Locked Bag No.6, Newtown, New South Wales, 2042, Australia;; §Sydney Medical School, the University of Sydney Faculty of Medicine and Health, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Fiona M Keane
- From the ‡Centenary Institute, the University of Sydney, Locked Bag No.6, Newtown, New South Wales, 2042, Australia;; §Sydney Medical School, the University of Sydney Faculty of Medicine and Health, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Oliver Schilling
- ‡‡Institute of Surgical Pathology, University Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany;; §§BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany;; ¶¶German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Mark D Gorrell
- From the ‡Centenary Institute, the University of Sydney, Locked Bag No.6, Newtown, New South Wales, 2042, Australia;; §Sydney Medical School, the University of Sydney Faculty of Medicine and Health, New South Wales, 2006, Australia;; ‖Charles Perkins Centre, the University of Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia;.
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Uitte de Willige S, Keane FM, Bowen DG, Malfliet JJMC, Zhang HE, Maneck B, McCaughan GW, Leebeek FWG, Rijken DC, Gorrell MD. Circulating fibroblast activation protein activity and antigen levels correlate strongly when measured in liver disease and coronary heart disease. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178987. [PMID: 28582421 PMCID: PMC5459491 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Circulating fibroblast activation protein (cFAP) is a constitutively active enzyme expressed by activated fibroblasts that has both dipeptidyl peptidase and endopeptidase activities. We aimed to assess the correlation between cFAP activity and antigen levels and to compare variations in levels. METHODS In plasma of 465 control individuals, 368 patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) and 102 hepatitis C virus (HCV) infected patients with severe liver disease before and after liver transplant, cFAP activity levels were measured with a newly developed cFAP activity assay. In the same samples, cFAP antigen levels were measured using a commercially available cFAP ELISA. Correlation analyses between activity and antigen levels were performed by calculating Pearson's correlation coefficient (ρ). Additionally, normal ranges, determinants and differences between cohorts and between anticoagulants were investigated. RESULTS cFAP activity and antigen levels significantly correlated in controls (ρ: 0.660, p<0.001) and in CHD patients (ρ: 0.709, p<0.001). cFAP activity and antigen levels in the HCV cohort were significantly lower in the samples taken after liver transplantation (p<0.001) and normalized toward levels of healthy individuals. Furthermore, cFAP activity and antigen levels were higher in men and significantly associated with body mass index. Also, cFAP activity and antigen levels were higher in EDTA plasma as compared to the levels in citrated plasma from the same healthy individuals. CONCLUSIONS For analyzing cFAP levels, either activity levels or antigen levels can be measured to investigate differences between individuals. However, it is of importance that blood samples are collected in the same anticoagulant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirley Uitte de Willige
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Fiona M. Keane
- Department of Molecular Hepatology, Centenary Institute, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David G. Bowen
- Department of Molecular Hepatology, Centenary Institute, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - H. Emma Zhang
- Department of Molecular Hepatology, Centenary Institute, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Bharvi Maneck
- Department of Molecular Hepatology, Centenary Institute, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- AW Morrow Gastroenterology and Liver Centre, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Geoffrey W. McCaughan
- Department of Molecular Hepatology, Centenary Institute, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- AW Morrow Gastroenterology and Liver Centre, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Frank W. G. Leebeek
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dingeman C. Rijken
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mark D. Gorrell
- Department of Molecular Hepatology, Centenary Institute, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Chen Y, Gall MG, Zhang H, Keane FM, McCaughan GW, Yu DMT, Gorrell MD. Dipeptidyl peptidase 9 enzymatic activity influences the expression of neonatal metabolic genes. Exp Cell Res 2016; 342:72-82. [PMID: 26930324 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2016.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The success of dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) inhibition as a type 2 diabetes therapy has encouraged deeper examination of the post-proline DPP enzymes. DPP9 has been implicated in immunoregulation, disease pathogenesis and metabolism. The DPP9 enzyme-inactive (Dpp9 gene knock-in; Dpp9 gki) mouse displays neonatal lethality, suggesting that DPP9 enzyme activity is essential in neonatal development. Here we present gene expression patterns in these Dpp9 gki neonatal mice. Taqman PCR arrays and sequential qPCR assays on neonatal liver and gut revealed differential expression of genes involved in cell growth, innate immunity and metabolic pathways including long-chain-fatty-acid uptake and esterification, long-chain fatty acyl-CoA binding, trafficking and transport into mitochondria, lipoprotein metabolism, adipokine transport and gluconeogenesis in the Dpp9 gki mice compared to wild type. In a liver cell line, Dpp9 knockdown increased AMP-activated protein kinase phosphorylation, which suggests a potential mechanism. DPP9 protein levels in liver cells were altered by treatment with EGF, HGF, insulin or palmitate, suggesting potential natural DPP9 regulators. These gene expression analyses of a mouse strain deficient in DPP9 enzyme activity show, for the first time, that DPP9 enzyme activity regulates metabolic pathways in neonatal liver and gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqian Chen
- Centenary Institute and Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Margaret G Gall
- Centenary Institute and Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Hui Zhang
- Centenary Institute and Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Fiona M Keane
- Centenary Institute and Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Geoffrey W McCaughan
- Centenary Institute and Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Denise M T Yu
- Centenary Institute and Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mark D Gorrell
- Centenary Institute and Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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Wong PF, Gall MG, Bachovchin WW, McCaughan GW, Keane FM, Gorrell MD. Neuropeptide Y is a physiological substrate of fibroblast activation protein: Enzyme kinetics in blood plasma and expression of Y2R and Y5R in human liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Peptides 2016; 75:80-95. [PMID: 26621486 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2015.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2015] [Revised: 10/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast activation protein (FAP) is a dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP) and endopeptidase that is weakly expressed in normal adult human tissues but is greatly up-regulated in activated mesenchymal cells of tumors and chronically injured tissue. The identities and locations of target substrates of FAP are poorly defined, in contrast to the related protease DPP4. This study is the first to characterize the physiological substrate repertoire of the DPP activity of endogenous FAP present in plasma. Four substrates, neuropeptide Y (NPY), peptide YY, B-type natriuretic peptide and substance P, were analyzed by mass spectrometry following proteolysis in human or mouse plasma, and by in vivo localization in human liver tissues with cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). NPY was the most efficiently cleaved substrate of both human and mouse FAP, whereas all four peptides were efficiently cleaved by endogenous DPP4, indicating that the in vivo degradomes of FAP and DPP4 differ. All detectable DPP-specific proteolysis and C-terminal processing of these neuropeptides was attributable to FAP and DPP4, and plasma kallikrein, respectively, highlighting their combined physiological significance in the regulation of these neuropeptides. In cirrhotic liver and HCC, NPY and its receptor Y2R, but not Y5R, were increased in hepatocytes near the parenchymal-stromal interface where there is an opportunity to interact with FAP expressed on nearby activated mesenchymal cells in the stroma. These novel findings provide insights into the substrate specificity of FAP, which differs greatly from DPP4, and reveal a potential function for FAP in neuropeptide regulation within liver and cancer biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pok Fai Wong
- Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Margaret G Gall
- Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - William W Bachovchin
- Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Geoffrey W McCaughan
- Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Fiona M Keane
- Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Mark D Gorrell
- Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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5
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Williams KH, Vieira De Ribeiro AJ, Prakoso E, Veillard AS, Shackel NA, Brooks B, Bu Y, Cavanagh E, Raleigh J, McLennan SV, McCaughan GW, Keane FM, Zekry A, Gorrell MD, Twigg SM. Circulating dipeptidyl peptidase-4 activity correlates with measures of hepatocyte apoptosis and fibrosis in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity: A dual cohort cross-sectional study. J Diabetes 2015; 7:809-19. [PMID: 25350950 DOI: 10.1111/1753-0407.12237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2014] [Revised: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intrahepatic expression of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4), and circulating DPP4 (cDPP4) levels and its enzymatic activity, are increased in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and in type 2 diabetes mellitus and/or obesity. DPP4 has been implicated as a causative factor in NAFLD progression but few studies have examined associations between cDPP4 activity and NAFLD severity in humans. This study aimed to examine the relationship of cDPP4 activity with measures of liver disease severity in NAFLD in subjects with diabetes and/or obesity. METHODS cDPP4 was measured in 106 individuals with type 2 diabetes who had transient elastography (Cohort 1) and 145 individuals with morbid obesity who had liver biopsy (Cohort 2). Both cohorts had caspase-cleaved keratin-18 (ccK18) measured as a marker of apoptosis. RESULTS Natural log increases in cDPP4 activity were associated with increasing quartiles of ccK18 (Cohorts 1 and 2) and with median liver stiffness ≥10.3 kPa (Cohort 1) and significant fibrosis (F ≥ 2) on liver biopsy (Cohort 2). CONCLUSIONS In diabetes and/or obesity, cDPP4 activity is associated with current apoptosis and liver fibrosis. Given the pathogenic mechanisms by which DPP4 may progress NAFLD, measurement of cDPP4 activity may have utility to predict disease progression and DPP4 inhibition may improve liver histology over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn H Williams
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre and Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ana Júlia Vieira De Ribeiro
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Centenary Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Emilia Prakoso
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Centenary Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Anne-Sophie Veillard
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nicholas A Shackel
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Centenary Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Belinda Brooks
- Sydney Nursing School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Yangmin Bu
- Inflammation and Infection Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Erika Cavanagh
- Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jim Raleigh
- Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Susan V McLennan
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre and Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Geoffrey W McCaughan
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Centenary Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Fiona M Keane
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Centenary Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Amany Zekry
- Inflammation and Infection Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- St George Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mark D Gorrell
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Centenary Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stephen M Twigg
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre and Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Zhang H, Maqsudi S, Rainczuk A, Duffield N, Lawrence J, Keane FM, Justa-Schuch D, Geiss-Friedlander R, Gorrell MD, Stephens AN. Identification of novel dipeptidyl peptidase 9 substrates by two-dimensional differential in-gel electrophoresis. FEBS J 2015; 282:3737-57. [PMID: 26175140 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase 9 (DPP9) is a member of the S9B/DPPIV (DPP4) serine protease family, which cleaves N-terminal dipeptides at an Xaa-Pro consensus motif. Cytoplasmic DPP9 has roles in epidermal growth factor signalling and in antigen processing, whilst the role of the recently discovered nuclear form of DPP9 is unknown. Mice lacking DPP9 proteolytic activity die as neonates. We applied a modified 2D differential in-gel electrophoresis approach to identify novel DPP9 substrates, using mouse embryonic fibroblasts lacking endogenous DPP9 activity. A total of 111 potential new DPP9 substrates were identified, with nine proteins/peptides confirmed as DPP9 substrates by MALDI-TOF or immunoblotting. Moreover, we also identified the dipeptide Val-Ala as a consensus site for DPP9 cleavage that was not recognized by DPP8, suggesting different in vivo roles for these closely related enzymes. The relative kinetics for the cleavage of these nine candidate substrates by DPP9, DPP8 and DPP4 were determined. This is the first identification of DPP9 substrates from cells lacking endogenous DPP9 activity. These data greatly expand the potential roles of DPP9 and suggest different in vivo roles for DPP9 and DPP8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- Molecular Hepatology, Liver Injury and Cancer Group, Centenary Institute, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Sadiqa Maqsudi
- Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Australia.,Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Adam Rainczuk
- Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Australia.,Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Nadine Duffield
- Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Australia.,Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Josie Lawrence
- Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Australia.,Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Fiona M Keane
- Molecular Hepatology, Liver Injury and Cancer Group, Centenary Institute, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Daniela Justa-Schuch
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Georg-August-University of Goettingen, Germany
| | - Ruth Geiss-Friedlander
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Georg-August-University of Goettingen, Germany
| | - Mark D Gorrell
- Molecular Hepatology, Liver Injury and Cancer Group, Centenary Institute, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Andrew N Stephens
- Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Australia.,Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Australia.,Epworth Research Institute, Epworth HealthCare, Richmond, Victoria, Australia
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7
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Williams KH, Viera de Ribeiro AJ, Prakoso E, Veillard AS, Shackel NA, Bu Y, Brooks B, Cavanagh E, Raleigh J, McLennan SV, McCaughan GW, Bachovchin WW, Keane FM, Zekry A, Twigg SM, Gorrell MD. Lower serum fibroblast activation protein shows promise in the exclusion of clinically significant liver fibrosis due to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in diabetes and obesity. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2015; 108:466-72. [PMID: 25836944 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2015.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Revised: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is common in diabetes and obesity but few have clinically significant liver fibrosis. Improved risk-assessment is needed as the commonly used clinical-risk algorithm, the NAFLD fibrosis score (NFS), is often inconclusive. AIMS To determine whether circulating fibroblast activation protein (cFAP), which is elevated in cirrhosis, has value in excluding significant fibrosis, particularly combined with NFS. METHODS cFAP was measured in 106 with type 2 diabetes who had transient elastography (Cohort 1) and 146 with morbid obesity who had liver biopsy (Cohort 2). RESULTS In Cohort 1, cFAP (per SD) independently associated with median liver stiffness (LSM) ≥ 10.3 kPa with OR of 2.0 (95% CI 1.2-3.4), p=0.006. There was 0.12 OR (95% CI 0.03-0.61) of LSM ≥ 10.3 kPa for those in the lowest compared with the highest FAP tertile (p=0.010). FAP levels below 730 pmol AMC/min/mL had 95% NPV for LSM ≥ 10.3 kPa and reclassified 41% of 64 subjects from NFS 'indeterminate-risk' to 'low-risk'. In Cohort 2, cFAP (per SD), associated with 1.7 fold (95% CI 1.1-2.8) increased odds of significant fibrosis (F ≥ 2), p=0.021, and low cFAP reclassified 49% of 73 subjects from 'indeterminate-risk' to 'low-risk'. CONCLUSIONS Lower cFAP, when combined with NFS, may have clinical utility in excluding significant fibrosis in diabetes and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- K H Williams
- Sydney Medical School, The Edward Ford Building (A27), The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Missenden Rd, Camperdown, NSW, Australia; The Charles Perkins Centre, Building D17, Johns Hopkins Drive, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, The University of Sydney, Locked Bag 77, Camperdown, NSW 1450, Australia.
| | - A J Viera de Ribeiro
- Sydney Medical School, The Edward Ford Building (A27), The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Centenary Institute, Locked Bag 6, Newtown, NSW 2042, Australia.
| | - E Prakoso
- Sydney Medical School, The Edward Ford Building (A27), The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Missenden Rd, Camperdown, NSW, Australia; Centenary Institute, Locked Bag 6, Newtown, NSW 2042, Australia.
| | - A S Veillard
- NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, The University of Sydney, Locked Bag 77, Camperdown, NSW 1450, Australia.
| | - N A Shackel
- Sydney Medical School, The Edward Ford Building (A27), The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Missenden Rd, Camperdown, NSW, Australia; Centenary Institute, Locked Bag 6, Newtown, NSW 2042, Australia.
| | - Y Bu
- Inflammation and Infection Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Wallace Wurth Building, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - B Brooks
- Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Missenden Rd, Camperdown, NSW, Australia; Sydney Nursing School, Building M02, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - E Cavanagh
- Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Missenden Rd, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.
| | - J Raleigh
- Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Missenden Rd, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.
| | - S V McLennan
- Sydney Medical School, The Edward Ford Building (A27), The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Missenden Rd, Camperdown, NSW, Australia; The Charles Perkins Centre, Building D17, Johns Hopkins Drive, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - G W McCaughan
- Sydney Medical School, The Edward Ford Building (A27), The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Missenden Rd, Camperdown, NSW, Australia; Centenary Institute, Locked Bag 6, Newtown, NSW 2042, Australia.
| | - W W Bachovchin
- Sackler School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
| | - F M Keane
- Sydney Medical School, The Edward Ford Building (A27), The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Centenary Institute, Locked Bag 6, Newtown, NSW 2042, Australia.
| | - A Zekry
- Inflammation and Infection Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Wallace Wurth Building, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; The St George Hospital, Gray Street, Kogarah, NSW 2217, Australia.
| | - S M Twigg
- Sydney Medical School, The Edward Ford Building (A27), The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Missenden Rd, Camperdown, NSW, Australia; The Charles Perkins Centre, Building D17, Johns Hopkins Drive, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - M D Gorrell
- Sydney Medical School, The Edward Ford Building (A27), The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Centenary Institute, Locked Bag 6, Newtown, NSW 2042, Australia.
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Zhang H, Chen Y, Wadham C, McCaughan GW, Keane FM, Gorrell MD. Dipeptidyl peptidase 9 subcellular localization and a role in cell adhesion involving focal adhesion kinase and paxillin. Biochim Biophys Acta 2014; 1853:470-80. [PMID: 25486458 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase 9 (DPP9) is a ubiquitously expressed member of the DPP4 gene and protease family. Deciphering the biological functions of DPP9 and its roles in pathogenesis has implicated DPP9 in tumor biology, the immune response, apoptosis, intracellular epidermal growth factor-dependent signaling and cell adhesion and migration. We investigated the intracellular distribution of DPP9 chimeric fluorescent proteins and consequent functions of DPP9. We showed that while some DPP9 is associated with mitochondria, the strongest co-localization was with microtubules. Under steady state conditions, DPP9 was not seen at the plasma membrane, but upon stimulation with either phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate or epidermal growth factor, some DPP9 re-distributed towards the ruffling membrane. DPP9 was seen at the leading edge of the migrating cell and co-localized with the focal adhesion proteins, integrin-β1 and talin. DPP9 gene silencing and treatment with a DPP8/DPP9 specific inhibitor both reduced cell adhesion and migration. Expression of integrin-β1 and talin was decreased in DPP9-deficient and DPP9-enzyme-inactive cells. There was a concomitant decrease in the phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase and paxillin, indicating that DPP9 knockdown or enzyme inhibition suppressed the associated adhesion signaling pathway, causing impaired cell movement. These novel findings provide mechanistic insights into the regulatory role of DPP9 in cell movement, and may thus implicate DPP9 in tissue and tumor growth and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- Centenary Institute and Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Yiqian Chen
- Centenary Institute and Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Carol Wadham
- Centenary Institute and Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Geoffrey W McCaughan
- Centenary Institute and Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Fiona M Keane
- Centenary Institute and Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mark D Gorrell
- Centenary Institute and Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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9
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Hamson EJ, Keane FM, Tholen S, Schilling O, Gorrell MD. Understanding fibroblast activation protein (FAP): Substrates, activities, expression and targeting for cancer therapy. Proteomics Clin Appl 2014; 8:454-63. [DOI: 10.1002/prca.201300095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J. Hamson
- Molecular Hepatology; Centenary Institute and Sydney Medical School; University of Sydney; Sydney Australia
| | - Fiona M. Keane
- Molecular Hepatology; Centenary Institute and Sydney Medical School; University of Sydney; Sydney Australia
| | - Stefan Tholen
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research; University of Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
- Faculty of Biology; University of Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
| | - Oliver Schilling
- Faculty of Biology; University of Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies; University of Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
| | - Mark D. Gorrell
- Molecular Hepatology; Centenary Institute and Sydney Medical School; University of Sydney; Sydney Australia
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10
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Keane FM, Yao TW, Seelk S, Gall MG, Chowdhury S, Poplawski SE, Lai JH, Li Y, Wu W, Farrell P, Vieira de Ribeiro AJ, Osborne B, Yu DMT, Seth D, Rahman K, Haber P, Topaloglu AK, Wang C, Thomson S, Hennessy A, Prins J, Twigg SM, McLennan SV, McCaughan GW, Bachovchin WW, Gorrell MD. Quantitation of fibroblast activation protein (FAP)-specific protease activity in mouse, baboon and human fluids and organs. FEBS Open Bio 2013; 4:43-54. [PMID: 24371721 PMCID: PMC3871272 DOI: 10.1016/j.fob.2013.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The protease fibroblast activation protein (FAP) is a specific marker of activated mesenchymal cells in tumour stroma and fibrotic liver. A specific, reliable FAP enzyme assay has been lacking. FAP's unique and restricted cleavage of the post proline bond was exploited to generate a new specific substrate to quantify FAP enzyme activity. This sensitive assay detected no FAP activity in any tissue or fluid of FAP gene knockout mice, thus confirming assay specificity. Circulating FAP activity was ∼20- and 1.3-fold less in baboon than in mouse and human plasma, respectively. Serum and plasma contained comparable FAP activity. In mice, the highest levels of FAP activity were in uterus, pancreas, submaxillary gland and skin, whereas the lowest levels were in brain, prostate, leukocytes and testis. Baboon organs high in FAP activity included skin, epididymis, bladder, colon, adipose tissue, nerve and tongue. FAP activity was greatly elevated in tumours and associated lymph nodes and in fungal-infected skin of unhealthy baboons. FAP activity was 14- to 18-fold greater in cirrhotic than in non-diseased human liver, and circulating FAP activity was almost doubled in alcoholic cirrhosis. Parallel DPP4 measurements concorded with the literature, except for the novel finding of high DPP4 activity in bile. The new FAP enzyme assay is the first to be thoroughly characterised and shows that FAP activity is measurable in most organs and at high levels in some. This new assay is a robust tool for specific quantitation of FAP enzyme activity in both preclinical and clinical samples, particularly liver fibrosis. A novel synthetic fluorogenic substrate is proven to be FAP-specific. Mice have higher levels of circulating FAP activity compared to baboons or humans. No FAP activity was detected in urine or bile but bile contained high DPP4 activity. FAP activity is greatest in pancreas, uterus, salivary gland, skin and lymph node. FAP activity and protein is elevated in both serum and liver in human liver disease.
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Key Words
- ALD, alcoholic liver disease
- AMC, amino-4-methylcoumarin
- Biomarker
- DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide
- DPP4, dipeptidyl peptidase 4
- Dipeptidyl peptidase
- EDTA, ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid
- FAP, fibroblast activation protein-α
- Fibroblast
- Fibrosis
- HCV, hepatitis C virus
- LDS, lithium dodecyl sulphate
- LN, lymph node
- Liver disease
- ND, non-diseased
- PBC, primary biliary cirrhosis
- PBMC, peripheral blood mononuclear cells
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- PEP, prolyl endopeptidase
- PVDF, polyvinylidene fluoride
- Protease activity
- Protease substrates
- STLV, simian T-cell lymphotrophic virus
- gko, gene knock out
- het, heterozygous
- mAb, monoclonal antibody
- wt, wild type
- yrs, years
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona M Keane
- Centenary Institute, Camperdown, NSW, Australia ; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Tsun-Wen Yao
- Centenary Institute, Camperdown, NSW, Australia ; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Margaret G Gall
- Centenary Institute, Camperdown, NSW, Australia ; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sumaiya Chowdhury
- Centenary Institute, Camperdown, NSW, Australia ; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sarah E Poplawski
- Sackler School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jack H Lai
- Sackler School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Youhua Li
- Sackler School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wengen Wu
- Sackler School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Penny Farrell
- Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Ana Julia Vieira de Ribeiro
- Centenary Institute, Camperdown, NSW, Australia ; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Brenna Osborne
- Centenary Institute, Camperdown, NSW, Australia ; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Denise M T Yu
- Centenary Institute, Camperdown, NSW, Australia ; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Devanshi Seth
- Centenary Institute, Camperdown, NSW, Australia ; Drug Health Services, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Khairunnessa Rahman
- Drug Health Services, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Paul Haber
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia ; Drug Health Services, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - A Kemal Topaloglu
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Chuanmin Wang
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia ; Collaborative Transplantation Research Group, Bosch Institute, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Sally Thomson
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia ; Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Annemarie Hennessy
- Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia ; School of Medicine, University of Western Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - John Prins
- Mater Medical Research Institute, University of Queensland, and Department of Endocrinology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Stephen M Twigg
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia ; Department of Endocrinology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Susan V McLennan
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia ; Department of Endocrinology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Geoffrey W McCaughan
- Centenary Institute, Camperdown, NSW, Australia ; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - William W Bachovchin
- Sackler School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mark D Gorrell
- Centenary Institute, Camperdown, NSW, Australia ; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Abstract
DPP8 and DPP9 are recently identified members of the dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV) enzyme family, which is characterized by the rare ability to cleave a post-proline bond two residues from the N-terminus of a substrate. DPP8 and DPP9 have unique cellular localization patterns, are ubiquitously expressed in tissues and cell lines, and evidence suggests important contributions to various biological processes including: cell behavior, cancer biology, disease pathogenesis, and immune responses. Importantly, functional differences between these two proteins have emerged, such as DPP8 may be more associated with gut inflammation whereas DPP9 is involved in antigen presentation and intracellular signaling. Similarly, the DPP9 connections with H-Ras and SUMO1, and its role in AKT1 pathway downregulation provide essential insights into the molecular mechanisms of DPP9 action. The recent discovery of novel natural substrates of DPP8 and DPP9 highlights the potential role of these proteases in energy metabolism and homeostasis. This review focuses on the recent progress made with these post-proline dipeptidyl peptidases and underscores their emerging importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- Molecular Hepatology, Centenary Institute, Locked Bag No. 6, Newtown, NSW 2042, Australia.
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12
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Keane FM, Nadvi NA, Yao TW, Gorrell MD. Neuropeptide Y, B-type natriuretic peptide, substance P and peptide YY are novel substrates of fibroblast activation protein-α. FEBS J 2011; 278:1316-32. [PMID: 21314817 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2011.08051.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast activation protein-α (FAP) is a cell surface-expressed and soluble enzyme of the prolyl oligopeptidase family, which includes dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4). FAP is not generally expressed in normal adult tissues, but is found at high levels in activated myofibroblasts and hepatic stellate cells in fibrosis and in stromal fibroblasts of epithelial tumours. FAP possesses a rare catalytic activity, hydrolysis of the post-proline bond two or more residues from the N-terminus of target substrates. α(2)-antiplasmin is an important physiological substrate of FAP endopeptidase activity. This study reports the first natural substrates of FAP dipeptidyl peptidase activity. Neuropeptide Y, B-type natriuretic peptide, substance P and peptide YY were the most efficiently hydrolysed substrates and the first hormone substrates of FAP to be identified. In addition, FAP slowly hydrolysed other hormone peptides, such as the incretins glucagon-like peptide-1 and glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide, which are efficient DPP4 substrates. FAP showed negligible or no hydrolysis of eight chemokines that are readily hydrolysed by DPP4. This novel identification of FAP substrates furthers our understanding of this unique protease by indicating potential roles in cardiac function and neurobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona M Keane
- Centenary Institute, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
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13
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Loughman A, Sweeney T, Keane FM, Pietrocola G, Speziale P, Foster TJ. Sequence diversity in the A domain of Staphylococcus aureus fibronectin-binding protein A. BMC Microbiol 2008; 8:74. [PMID: 18466610 PMCID: PMC2390562 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-8-74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2008] [Accepted: 05/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fibronectin-binding protein A (FnBPA) mediates adhesion of Staphylococcus aureus to fibronectin, fibrinogen and elastin. We previously reported that S. aureus strain P1 encodes an FnBPA protein where the fibrinogen/elastin-binding domain (A domain) is substantially divergent in amino acid sequence from the archetypal FnBPA of S. aureus NCTC8325, and that these variations created differences in antigenicity. In this study strains from multilocus sequence types (MLST) that spanned the genetic diversity of S.aureus were examined to determine the extent of FnBPA A domain variation within the S. aureus population and its effect on ligand binding and immuno-crossreactivity. Results Seven different isotype forms (I – VII) of the FnBPA A domain were identified which were between 66 to 76% identical in amino acid sequence in any pair-wise alignment. The fnbA allelic variants in strains of different multilocus sequence type were identified by DNA hybridization using probes specific for sequences encoding the highly divergent N3 sub-domain of different isotypes. Several isotypes were not restricted to specific clones or clonal complexes but were more widely distributed. It is highly likely that certain fnbA genes have been transferred horizontally. Residues lining the putative ligand-binding trench were conserved, which is consistent with the ability of each A domain isotype to bind immobilized fibrinogen and elastin by the dock-latch-lock mechanism. Variant amino acid residues were mapped on a three-dimensional model of the FnBPA A domain and were predicted to be surface-exposed. Polyclonal antibodies raised against the recombinant isotype I A domain bound that protein with a 4 – 7 fold higher apparent affinity compared to the A domains of isotypes II – VII, while some monoclonal antibodies generated against the isotype I A domain showed reduced or no binding to the other isotypes. Conclusion The FnBPA A domain occurs in at least 7 different isotypes which differ antigenically and exhibit limited immuno-crossreactivity, yet retain their ligand-binding functions. Antigenic variation of the FnBPA A domain may aid S. aureus to evade the host's immune responses. These findings have implications for the development of vaccines or immunotherapeutics that target FnBPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Loughman
- Department of Microbiology, Moyne Institute of Preventive Medicine, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland.
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14
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Keane FM, Loughman A, Valtulina V, Brennan M, Speziale P, Foster TJ. Fibrinogen and elastin bind to the same region within the A domain of fibronectin binding protein A, an MSCRAMM of Staphylococcus aureus. Mol Microbiol 2007; 63:711-23. [PMID: 17302800 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2006.05552.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The fibronectin binding protein, FnBPA, is a multifunctional microbial surface component recognizing adhesive matrix molecule (MSCRAMM) that promotes bacterial adherence to immobilized fibrinogen and elastin via the N-terminal A domain. The binding site for fibrinogen and elastin was localized to subdomains N2N3. A three-dimensional structural model of FnBPA was created based on the known crystal structure of the domains N2N3 of clumping factor A (ClfA). The role of individual residues in the putative ligand binding trench was examined by testing the affinity of mutants for fibrinogen and elastin. Two residues (N304 and F306) were crucial for binding both ligands and are in the equivalent positions to residues known to be important for fibrinogen binding by ClfA. A peptide comprising the C-terminus of the gamma-chain of fibrinogen and a monoclonal anti-rAFnBPA antibody were potent inhibitors of the FnBPA-elastin interaction. This suggests that FnBPA binds to fibrinogen and elastin in a similar manner. Amino acid sequence divergence of 26.5% occurred between the A domains of FnBPA from strains 8325-4 and P1. Most variant residues were predicted to be located on the surface of domains N2N3 while few occurred in the putative ligand binding trench and the latching peptide explaining limited immunocross reactivity while ligand binding activity is conserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona M Keane
- Department of Microbiology, Moyne Institute of Preventive Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
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15
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Keane FM, Clarke AW, Foster TJ, Weiss AS. The N-terminal A domain of Staphylococcus aureus fibronectin-binding protein A binds to tropoelastin. Biochemistry 2007; 46:7226-32. [PMID: 17516661 DOI: 10.1021/bi700454x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is an important human pathogen. Its virulence factors include a variety of MSCRAMMs (microbial surface component recognizing adhesive matrix molecules), each capable of binding specifically to the host extracellular matrix. The fibronectin-binding protein, FnBPA, has been shown previously to bind immobilized fibronectin, fibrinogen, and alpha-elastin peptides. Here we show that region A of FnBPA (rAFnBPA) binds to recombinant human tropoelastin. Binding occurs to three separate truncates of tropoelastin, encompassing domains 2-18, 17-27, and 27-36, signifying that the interaction occurs at multiple sites. The greatest affinity was for the N-terminal truncate. We observed a pH dependency for the rAFnBPA-tropoelastin interaction with strong, nonsaturable binding at low pH. The interaction ceased at higher pH. These data support a model of surface-surface interactions between the negative charges present on rAFnBPA and the positive lysines of tropoelastin. A protein lacking the negatively charged C-terminal fibronectin-binding motif of the A domain of FnBPA and another construct lacking subdomain N1 were both capable of binding immobilized tropoelastin with a lower affinity. The binding properties of five site-directed mutants of rAFnBPA were compared with wild-type rAFnBPA. There was no decreased affinity for immobilized tropoelastin, in contrast to the defective binding of these mutants to alpha-elastin and fibrinogen. The data indicate novel interactions between tropoelastin and FnBPA that include the use of surface charges. These results demonstrate that FnBPA is capable of directly binding tropoelastin prior to its incorporation into elastin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona M Keane
- Department of Microbiology, Moyne Institute of Preventive Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
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16
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Hackett BC, O'Connell K, Cafferkey M, O'Donnell BF, Keane FM. Tinea capitis in a paediatric population. Ir Med J 2006; 99:294-5. [PMID: 17274169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Tinea capitis is an increasing problem in Europe. The pattern of infection is changing with an increase in pathogenic anthropophilic dermatophytes particularly Trichophyton tonsurans. We aimed to determine the frequency of tinea capitis in a paediatric population attending dermatology outpatients and examine the clinical spectrum of disease. A retrospective analysis was performed of all laboratory proven tinea capitis cases presenting to the dermatology outpatient department at The Children's University Hospital, Temple Street over an 18-month period (1st January 2004 to 30th of June 2005 inclusive). Sixty-two children had tinea capitis of whom 53 (85.5%) were of African descent. Thirty-five (56%) were male and 27 female (44%). The average age at presentation was 4.02 years (age range 1-163 months) with five cases occurring in children less than one year of age. The most common pathogen was the anthropophilic dermatophyte Trichophyton tonsurans, accounting for 47 (75.8%) of all cases of tinea capitis. Eight (12.9%) were secondary to Microsporum ferrigineum, 2 (3.2%) secondary to Trichophyton violaceum, both Trichophyton soudanese and Trichophyton verruosum accounted for 1.6% each. The zoophilic organism Microsporum canis was diagnosed in 3 cases (4.8%). Presenting signs included scaling of the scalp (35.47%), scaling of the scalp and alopecia (53.24%), and alopecia and kerion (11.29%/o). The duration of symptoms was recorded in 52 patients with the average duration 8.38 months (range 0.5-72 months). In 20 cases an associated skin involvement on other areas of the body was recorded. All patients at diagnosis were either on no, suboptimal or inappropriate treatment. The prevalence of tinea capitis is increasing in this hospital based cohort. The main pathogen is now Trichophyton tonsurans. Children of African descent are at increased risk of infection. The diagnosis is poorly recognized and needs to be highlighted as a public health issue. There is a need for community based prevalence studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- B C Hackett
- Department of Dermatology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin.
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17
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Laing ME, Laing TA, Mulligan NJ, Keane FM. Eosinophilic pustular folliculitis induced by chemotherapy. J Am Acad Dermatol 2006; 54:729-30. [PMID: 16546603 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2005.10.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2005] [Revised: 09/12/2005] [Accepted: 10/08/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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19
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Abstract
Non-Herlitz junctional epidermolysis bullosa (JEB) is an autosomal recessive genodermatosis characterized by skin fragility and blistering. It is usually caused by mutations in the genes encoding the basement membrane proteins laminin 5 or type XVII collagen. Clinically, impaired wound healing and chronic erosions cause major morbidity in affected patients. Previously it was thought that these individuals, unlike patients with dystrophic EB, did not have an increased risk of developing skin cancer. However, we describe three patients with non-Herlitz JEB (aged 42, 56 and 75 years) who developed cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs). The tumours were well-differentiated in two cases, but one patient had multiple primary SCCs that were either well- or moderately differentiated. Most cases of SCC in non-Herlitz JEB described have occurred in those with laminin 5 defects and on the lower limbs. These clinicopathological observations have important implications for the management of patients with this mechanobullous disorder as well as providing further insight into the biology of skin cancer associated with chronic inflammation and scarring.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Mallipeddi
- Genetic skin disease group, Guy's, King's and St Thomas' School of Medicine, St John's Institute of Dermatology, St Thomas' Hospital, London SE1 7EH
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20
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Roest
- Department of Dermatology, Amersham Hospital, Bucks, UK.
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22
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23
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Abstract
We describe two patients, who presented with erythematous facial plaques, in keeping with neutrophilic eccrine hidradenitis, during chemotherapy for acute myeloid leukaemia. Both patients were neutropaenic and febrile. Histology showed a dermal neutrophilic infiltrate around the eccrine glands with gland destruction. The importance of recognizing this disorder is to prevent the inappropriate use of antibiotics as it is self limiting.
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Affiliation(s)
- F M Keane
- Department of Dermatology, King's College Hospital, London, UK
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24
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Ashton GH, Sorelli P, Mellerio JE, Keane FM, Eady RA, McGrath JA. Alpha 6 beta 4 integrin abnormalities in junctional epidermolysis bullosa with pyloric atresia. Br J Dermatol 2001; 144:408-14. [PMID: 11251584 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2133.2001.04038.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Junctional epidermolysis bullosa with pyloric atresia (JEB-PA) (MIM 226730) is an autosomal recessive disorder resulting from mutations in the genes encoding alpha 6 beta 4 integrin (ITGA6 and ITGB4). Clinically, it is characterized by mucocutaneous fragility and gastrointestinal atresia, which most commonly affects the pylorus. Additional features of JEB-PA include involvement of the urogenital tract, aplasia cutis and failure to thrive. While most affected individuals have a poor prognosis resulting in death in infancy, others have milder clinical features and a better prognosis. We report two previously undescribed homozygous ITGB4 mutations in two unrelated families, which resulted in severe skin blistering, pyloric atresia and lethality in infancy. Delineation of the mutations was used to undertake DNA-based prenatal diagnosis in subsequent pregnancies at risk for recurrence in both families. We review all previously published ITGA6 and ITGB4 mutation reports to help define genotype--phenotype correlation in this rare genodermatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- G H Ashton
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pathology, St John's Institute of Dermatology, The Guy's, King's College and St Thomas' Hospitals' Medical School, St Thomas' Hospital, Lambeth Palace Road, London SE1 7EH, UK
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25
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Keane FM, Smith HR, White IR, Rycroft RJ. Occupational allergic contact dermatitis in two aromatherapists. Contact Dermatitis 2000; 43:49-51. [PMID: 10902596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- F M Keane
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, St Thomas's Hospital, London, UK
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26
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Abstract
We report the first case of a pseudolymphomatous skin reaction precipitated by flucloxacillin. Skin histology was suggestive of a cutaneous lymphoma, and DNA analysis by single stranded conformational polymorphism (SSCP) demonstrated T-cell receptor gamma gene monoclonality. Withdrawal of flucloxacillin led to immediate clinical improvement and gradual resolution of skin rash and lymph nodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Melzer
- Department of Microbiology, St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
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27
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Whittock NV, Ashton GH, Dopping-Hepenstal PJ, Gratian MJ, Keane FM, Eady RA, McGrath JA. Striate palmoplantar keratoderma resulting from desmoplakin haploinsufficiency. J Invest Dermatol 1999; 113:940-6. [PMID: 10594734 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.1999.00783.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Recently, the first example of a human mutation in the gene encoding the desmosomal plaque protein, desmoplakin, has been described in a patient with autosomal dominant striate palmoplantar kerato-derma. We now report a further case of a desmoplakin mutation in a proband with striate palmoplantar keratoderma that also results in a null allele and haploinsufficiency. The mutation was a heterozygous G > A transition at the donor + 1 site of intron 7 of the desmoplakin gene (939 + 1 G > A; Genbank M77830). The aberrant splicing leads to retention of the entire intron 7, which contains a premature termination codon within the N-terminal domain of the peptide. Because the mutant null allele could not be identified on cDNA sequencing, we determined by polymerase chain reaction the exon-intron organization of the desmoplakin gene to facilitate analysis of genomic DNA. The gene spans approximately 45 kb of chromosome 6 and comprises 24 exons ranging in size from 51 bp to 3922 bp. We have also characterized fully the 3'UTR of the desmoplakin cDNA. This study demonstrates the relevance of haploinsufficiency for desmoplakin in the pathogenesis of this genodermatosis. Assessment of family members bearing the mutant allele also emphasizes the significance of an individual's age and exposure to skin trauma in manifesting full phenotypic expression of the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- N V Whittock
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pathology, St John's Institute of Dermatology, The Guy's, King's College, and St Thomas' Hospitals' Medical School, St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK. neil.2.whittock
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Abstract
Recalcitrant viral warts are a troublesome therapeutic problem. Immunotherapy with the universal allergic contact sensitizer diphencyprone (DCP) has been used successfully in such cases. We have reviewed our experience of the use of DCP in the treatment of resistant hand and foot warts during an 8-year period. Sixty patients were sensitized to DCP during this time; the median duration of warts was 3 years. Twelve patients defaulted from treatment. Of the remaining 48 individuals, 42 (88%) cleared of all warts. The median number of treatments to clear was five (range one to 22) and the median time to clear was 5 months (range 0.5-14). Adverse effects occurred in 27 of 48 patients (56%), most commonly painful local blistering (n = 11), blistering at the sensitization site (n = 9), pompholyx-like reactions (n = 7) and eczematous eruptions (n = 4). Three of those who defaulted did so due to side-effects, one became pregnant and eight dropped out for unknown reasons. Three of the 48 patients who cleared or had at least six treatments also discontinued DCP therapy due to side-effects, but most tolerated treatment well. Twenty-five patients were followed up for periods of 1 month to 8 years (median 2 years) and none had a recurrence. DCP immunotherapy is an effective option for the treatment of recalcitrant viral warts but patients must be motivated to attend for sequential applications and must be warned about potential uncomfortable side-effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Buckley
- Department of Dermatology, King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London SE5 9RS, UK
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Keane FM, Munn SE, Vivier AW, Higgins EM, Taylor NF. Analysis of Chinese herbal creams prescribed for dermatological conditions. West J Med 1999; 170:257-259. [PMID: 18751138 PMCID: PMC1305573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether Chinese herbal creams used for the treatment of dermatological conditions contain steroids. DESIGN 11 herbal creams obtained from patients attending general and pediatric dermatology outpatient clinics were analyzed with high resolution gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. SETTING Departments of dermatology and clinical biochemistry. ; MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Presence of steroid. RESULTS Eight creams contained dexamethasone at a mean concentration of 456 mug/g (range 64 to 1500 mug/g). All were applied to areas of sensitive skin such as face and flexures. CONCLUSION Greater regulation needs to be imposed on Chinese herbalists to prevent illegal and inappropriate prescribing of potent steroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- F M Keane
- Department of Dermatology, King's College Hospital, London SE5 9RS
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Keane FM, Munn SE, du Vivier AW, Taylor NF, Higgins EM. Analysis of Chinese herbal creams prescribed for dermatological conditions. BMJ 1999; 318:563-4. [PMID: 10037629 PMCID: PMC27755 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.318.7183.563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/10/1998] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether Chinese herbal creams used for the treatment of dermatological conditions contain steroids. DESIGN 11 herbal creams obtained from patients attending general and paediatric dermatology outpatient clinics were analysed with high resolution gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. SETTING Departments of dermatology and clinical biochemistry. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Presence of steroid. RESULTS Eight creams contained dexamethasone at a mean concentration of 456 micrograms/g (range 64 to 1500 micrograms/g). All were applied to areas of sensitive skin such as face and flexures. CONCLUSION Greater regulation needs to be imposed on Chinese herbalists to prevent illegal and inappropriate prescribing of potent steroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- F M Keane
- Departments of Dermatology and Clinical Biochemistry, King's College Hospital, London SE5 9RS.
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Keane FM, O'Cuinn G. A non-specific soluble dipeptide hydrolase from guinea-pig brain. Biochem Soc Trans 1998; 26:S28. [PMID: 10909786 DOI: 10.1042/bst026s028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F M Keane
- Department of Biochemistry, University College Galway, Ireland
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Keane FM, Muller B, Murphy GM. Petrified ears. Clin Exp Dermatol 1997; 22:242-3. [PMID: 9536548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- F M Keane
- Regional Centre of Dermatology, Mater Misericordiae Hospital, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
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