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Yeşilaltay A, Muz D, Erdal B, Bilgen T, Batar B, Turgut B, Topçu B, Yılmaz B, Avcı BA. Myxoma Virus Combination Therapy Enhances Lenalidomide and Bortezomib Treatments for Multiple Myeloma. Pathogens 2024; 13:72. [PMID: 38251379 PMCID: PMC10820570 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13010072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the effectiveness and safety of Myxoma virus (MYXV) in MM cell lines and primary myeloma cells obtained from patients with multiple myeloma. Myeloma cells were isolated from MM patients and cultured. MYXV, lenalidomide, and bortezomib were used in MM cells. The cytotoxicity assay was investigated using WST-1. Apoptosis was assessed through flow cytometry with Annexin V/PI staining and caspase-9 concentrations using ELISA. To explore MYXV entry into MM cells, monoclonal antibodies were used. Moreover, to explore the mechanisms of MYXV entry into MM cells, we examined the level of GFP-labeled MYXV within the cells after blocking with monoclonal antibodies targeting BCMA, CD20, CD28, CD33, CD38, CD56, CD86, CD117, CD138, CD200, and CD307 in MM cells. The study demonstrated the effects of treating Myxoma virus with lenalidomide and bortezomib. The treatment resulted in reduced cell viability and increased caspase-9 expression. Only low-dose CD86 blockade showed a significant difference in MYXV entry into MM cells. The virus caused an increase in the rate of apoptosis in the cells, regardless of whether it was administered alone or in combination with drugs. The groups with the presence of the virus showed higher rates of early apoptosis. The Virus, Virus + Bortezomib, and Virus + Lenalidomide groups had significantly higher rates of early apoptosis (p < 0.001). However, the measurements of late apoptosis and necrosis showed variability. The addition of MYXV resulted in a statistically significant increase in early apoptosis in both newly diagnosed and refractory MM patients. Our results highlight that patient-based therapy should also be considered for the effective management of MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alpay Yeşilaltay
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Başkent University Istanbul, Istanbul 34662, Türkiye
| | - Dilek Muz
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary, Tekirdağ Namık Kemal University, Tekirdag 59030, Türkiye;
| | - Berna Erdal
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tekirdağ Namık Kemal University, Tekirdag 59030, Türkiye;
| | - Türker Bilgen
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Tekirdağ Namık Kemal University, Tekirdag 59030, Türkiye;
| | - Bahadır Batar
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Tekirdağ Namık Kemal University, Tekirdag 59030, Türkiye;
| | - Burhan Turgut
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Tekirdağ Namık Kemal University, Tekirdag 59030, Türkiye; (B.T.); (B.A.A.)
| | - Birol Topçu
- Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, Tekirdağ Namık Kemal University, Tekirdag 59030, Türkiye;
| | - Bahar Yılmaz
- Department of Tumor Biology and Immunology, Institute of Health Sciences, Tekirdağ Namık Kemal University, Tekirdag 59030, Türkiye;
| | - Burcu Altındağ Avcı
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Tekirdağ Namık Kemal University, Tekirdag 59030, Türkiye; (B.T.); (B.A.A.)
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Nawrocki ST, Olea J, Villa Celi C, Dadrastoussi H, Wu K, Tsao-Wei D, Colombo A, Coffey M, Fernandez Hernandez E, Chen X, Nuovo GJ, Carew JS, Mohrbacher AF, Fields P, Kuhn P, Siddiqi I, Merchant A, Kelly KR. Comprehensive Single-Cell Immune Profiling Defines the Patient Multiple Myeloma Microenvironment Following Oncolytic Virus Therapy in a Phase Ib Trial. Clin Cancer Res 2023; 29:5087-5103. [PMID: 37812476 PMCID: PMC10722139 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-23-0229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Our preclinical studies showed that the oncolytic reovirus formulation pelareorep (PELA) has significant immunomodulatory anti-myeloma activity. We conducted an investigator-initiated clinical trial to evaluate PELA in combination with dexamethasone (Dex) and bortezomib (BZ) and define the tumor immune microenvironment (TiME) in patients with multiple myeloma treated with this regimen. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients with relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma (n = 14) were enrolled in a phase Ib clinical trial (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02514382) of three escalating PELA doses administered on Days 1, 2, 8, 9, 15, and 16. Patients received 40 mg Dex and 1.5 mg/m2 BZ on Days 1, 8, and 15. Cycles were repeated every 28 days. Pre- and posttreatment bone marrow specimens (IHC, n = 9; imaging mass cytometry, n = 6) and peripheral blood samples were collected for analysis (flow cytometry, n = 5; T-cell receptor clonality, n = 7; cytokine assay, n = 7). RESULTS PELA/BZ/Dex was well-tolerated in all patients. Treatment-emergent toxicities were transient, and no dose-limiting toxicities occurred. Six (55%) of 11 response-evaluable patients showed decreased paraprotein. Treatment increased T and natural killer cell activation, inflammatory cytokine release, and programmed death-ligand 1 expression in bone marrow. Compared with nonresponders, responders had higher reovirus protein levels, increased cytotoxic T-cell infiltration posttreatment, cytotoxic T cells in significantly closer proximity to multiple myeloma cells, and larger populations of a novel immune-primed multiple myeloma phenotype (CD138+ IDO1+HLA-ABCHigh), indicating immunomodulation. CONCLUSIONS PELA/BZ/Dex is well-tolerated and associated with anti-multiple myeloma activity in a subset of responding patients, characterized by immune reprogramming and TiME changes, warranting further investigation of PELA as an immunomodulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffan T. Nawrocki
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Julian Olea
- Division of Hematology, Health Sciences Campus, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Claudia Villa Celi
- Division of Hematology, Health Sciences Campus, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Homa Dadrastoussi
- Division of Hematology, Health Sciences Campus, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Kaijin Wu
- Division of Hematology, Health Sciences Campus, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Denice Tsao-Wei
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Anthony Colombo
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Matt Coffey
- Oncolytics Biotech, Inc, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Xuelian Chen
- Division of Hematology, Health Sciences Campus, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Gerard J. Nuovo
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center Columbus, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Jennifer S. Carew
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Ann F. Mohrbacher
- Division of Hematology, Health Sciences Campus, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Paul Fields
- Formerly, Adaptive Biotechnologies, Seattle, Washington; currently, Tempus Labs, Seattle, Washington
| | - Peter Kuhn
- USC Michelson Center for Convergent Biosciences and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
| | - Imran Siddiqi
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Akil Merchant
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Kevin R. Kelly
- Division of Hematology, Health Sciences Campus, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
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Sousa-Pimenta M, Martins Â, Machado V. Oncolytic viruses in hematological malignancies: hijacking disease biology and fostering new promises for immune and cell-based therapies. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 379:189-219. [PMID: 37541724 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2023.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
The increased tropism for malignant cells of some viruses has been highlighted in recent studies, prompting their use as a strategy to modify the transcriptional profile of those cells, while sparing the healthy ones. Likewise, they have been recognized as players modulating microenvironmental immunity, namely through an increase in antigen-presenting, natural-killer, and T CD8+ cytotoxic cells by a cross-priming mechanism elicited by tumor-associated antigens. The immunomodulatory role of the oncolytic virus seems relevant in hematological malignancies, which may relapse as a result of a proliferative burst elicited by an external stimulus in progenitor or neoplastic stem cells. By reprogramming the host cells and the surrounding environment, the potential of virotherapy ranges from the promise to eradicate the minimal measurable disease (in acute leukemia, for example), to the ex vivo purging of malignant progenitor cells in the setting of autologous bone marrow transplantation. In this review, we analyze the recent advances in virotherapy in hematological malignancies, either when administered alone or together with chemotherapeutic agents or other immunomodulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mário Sousa-Pimenta
- Serviço de Onco-Hematologia, Instituto Português de Oncologia do Porto, Porto, Portugal; i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; Departamento de Biomedicina, Unidade de Farmacologia e Terapêutica, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Ângelo Martins
- Serviço de Onco-Hematologia, Instituto Português de Oncologia do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Vera Machado
- Grupo de Oncologia Molecular e Patologia Viral, Centro de investigação do IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)/RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Instituto português de Oncologia do Porto (IPO Porto)/Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (Porto.CCC), LAB2, Rua Dr António Bernardino de Almeida, Porto, Portugal
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Viral Vectors in Gene Therapy: Where Do We Stand in 2023? Viruses 2023; 15:v15030698. [PMID: 36992407 PMCID: PMC10059137 DOI: 10.3390/v15030698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral vectors have been used for a broad spectrum of gene therapy for both acute and chronic diseases. In the context of cancer gene therapy, viral vectors expressing anti-tumor, toxic, suicide and immunostimulatory genes, such as cytokines and chemokines, have been applied. Oncolytic viruses, which specifically replicate in and kill tumor cells, have provided tumor eradication, and even cure of cancers in animal models. In a broader meaning, vaccine development against infectious diseases and various cancers has been considered as a type of gene therapy. Especially in the case of COVID-19 vaccines, adenovirus-based vaccines such as ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 and Ad26.COV2.S have demonstrated excellent safety and vaccine efficacy in clinical trials, leading to Emergency Use Authorization in many countries. Viral vectors have shown great promise in the treatment of chronic diseases such as severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), muscular dystrophy, hemophilia, β-thalassemia, and sickle cell disease (SCD). Proof-of-concept has been established in preclinical studies in various animal models. Clinical gene therapy trials have confirmed good safety, tolerability, and therapeutic efficacy. Viral-based drugs have been approved for cancer, hematological, metabolic, neurological, and ophthalmological diseases as well as for vaccines. For example, the adenovirus-based drug Gendicine® for non-small-cell lung cancer, the reovirus-based drug Reolysin® for ovarian cancer, the oncolytic HSV T-VEC for melanoma, lentivirus-based treatment of ADA-SCID disease, and the rhabdovirus-based vaccine Ervebo against Ebola virus disease have been approved for human use.
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McNamara A, Roebke K, Danthi P. Cell Killing by Reovirus: Mechanisms and Consequences. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2023; 442:133-153. [PMID: 32986138 DOI: 10.1007/82_2020_225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Infection of host cells by mammalian reovirus in culture or in tissues of infected animals results in cell death. Cell death of infected neurons and myocytes contributes to the pathogenesis of reovirus-induced encephalitis and myocarditis in a newborn mouse model. Thus, reovirus-induced cell death has been used to investigate the basis of viral disease. Depending on the cell type, infection of host cells by reovirus results in one of two forms of cell death-apoptosis and necroptosis. In addition to the obvious differences in how these two forms of cell death are executed, the mechanisms by which reovirus infection initiates and transduces signals that lead to each of these types of cell death are distinct. In this review, we discuss how apoptosis and necroptosis are triggered by events at different stages of infection. We also describe how innate immune recognition of reovirus genomic material and type I interferon signaling pathways connect with the core components of the apoptosis and necroptosis machinery. The impact of different cell death mediators on viral pathogenesis and the potential of reovirus as an oncolytic vector are also outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew McNamara
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Katherine Roebke
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Pranav Danthi
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA.
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Kennedy BE, Giacomantonio M, Murphy JP, Cutler S, Sadek M, Konda P, Paulo JA, Pathak GP, Renkens SH, Grieve S, Pol J, Gygi SP, Richardson C, Gaston D, Reiman A, Kroemer G, Elnenaei MO, Gujar SA. NAD+ depletion enhances reovirus-induced oncolysis in multiple myeloma. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2022; 24:695-706. [PMID: 35284625 PMCID: PMC8904403 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2022.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cell energy metabolism plays an important role in dictating the efficacy of oncolysis by oncolytic viruses. To understand the role of multiple myeloma metabolism in reovirus oncolysis, we performed semi-targeted mass spectrometry-based metabolomics on 12 multiple myeloma cell lines and revealed a negative correlation between NAD+ levels and susceptibility to oncolysis. Likewise, a negative correlation was observed between the activity of the rate-limiting NAD+ synthesis enzyme NAMPT and oncolysis. Indeed, depletion of NAD+ levels by pharmacological inhibition of NAMPT using FK866 sensitized several myeloma cell lines to reovirus-induced killing. The myelomas that were most sensitive to this combination therapy expressed a functional p53 and had a metabolic and transcriptomic profile favoring mitochondrial metabolism over glycolysis, with the highest synergistic effect in KMS12 cells. Mechanistically, U-13C-labeled glucose flux, extracellular flux analysis, multiplex proteomics, and cell death assays revealed that the reovirus + FK866 combination caused mitochondrial dysfunction and energy depletion, leading to enhanced autophagic cell death in KMS12 cells. Finally, the combination of reovirus and NAD+ depletion achieved greater antitumor effects in KMS12 tumors in vivo and patient-derived CD138+ multiple myeloma cells. These findings identify NAD+ depletion as a potential combinatorial strategy to enhance the efficacy of oncolytic virus-based therapies in multiple myeloma.
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The Use of Oncolytic Viruses in the Treatment of Multiple Myeloma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13225687. [PMID: 34830842 PMCID: PMC8616105 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13225687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Multiple myeloma is a type of blood cancer caused by the uncontrolled growth of antibody producing B cells (known as plasma cells) that reside in the bone marrow. It is classed as a largely incurable cancer as whilst patients respond well to initial chemotherapy treatments, unfortunately after periods of disease remission, relapse usually occurs with the emergence of chemotherapy resistance. Therefore, there is a need for new approaches that not only reduce tumour load but also prevent tumour relapse. Oncolytic viruses (OVs) (tumour killing viruses) are being explored as a therapy for various cancers, including multiple myeloma. This review discusses the use of OVs in myeloma in preclinical model systems and early phase clinical trials, and discusses some of the hurdles involved in the translation to myeloma patients. Abstract Multiple myeloma accounts for 1% of all new cancers worldwide. It is the second most common haematological malignancy and has a low five-year survival rate (53.2%). Myeloma remains an incurable disease and is caused by the growth of malignant plasma cells in the bone marrow. Current anti-myeloma therapies (conventional chemotherapies, immunomodulatory drugs i.e., thalidomide and its’ analogues, proteasome inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies, and radiotherapy) initially substantially debulk tumour burden, but after a period of remission ‘plateau phase’ disease invariably relapses due to tumour recrudescence from foci of minimal residual disease (MRD) and accumulating drug resistance. Therefore, there is a compelling clinical need for the development of novel treatment regimens to target MRD and effectively eliminate all remaining tumour cells. This review will discuss the potential use of oncolytic virus (OV) therapies in the treatment of myeloma. Specifically, it will focus on preclinical studies using DNA viruses (adenovirus (Ad), vaccinia virus (VV), myxoma virus (MYXV), and herpes simplex virus (HSV)), RNA viruses (reovirus (reo), coxsackie virus, measles virus (MV) and bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV), and vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)), and on four types of viruses (VV, reo, MV-NIS and VSV-IFNβ-NIS) that have been assessed clinically in a small number of myeloma patients.
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Townsend PA, Kozhevnikova MV, Cexus ONF, Zamyatnin AA, Soond SM. BH3-mimetics: recent developments in cancer therapy. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2021; 40:355. [PMID: 34753495 PMCID: PMC8576916 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-021-02157-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The hopeful outcomes from 30 years of research in BH3-mimetics have indeed served a number of solid paradigms for targeting intermediates from the apoptosis pathway in a variety of diseased states. Not only have such rational approaches in drug design yielded several key therapeutics, such outputs have also offered insights into the integrated mechanistic aspects of basic and clinical research at the genetics level for the future. In no other area of medical research have the effects of such work been felt, than in cancer research, through targeting the BAX-Bcl-2 protein-protein interactions. With these promising outputs in mind, several mimetics, and their potential therapeutic applications, have also been developed for several other pathological conditions, such as cardiovascular disease and tissue fibrosis, thus highlighting the universal importance of the intrinsic arm of the apoptosis pathway and its input to general tissue homeostasis. Considering such recent developments, and in a field that has generated so much scientific interest, we take stock of how the broadening area of BH3-mimetics has developed and diversified, with a focus on their uses in single and combined cancer treatment regimens and recently explored therapeutic delivery methods that may aid the development of future therapeutics of this nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Townsend
- University of Surrey, Guildford, UK.
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation.
- University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | - Maria V Kozhevnikova
- University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | | | - Andrey A Zamyatnin
- University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sochi, Russian Federation
| | - Surinder M Soond
- University of Surrey, Guildford, UK.
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation.
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Wang T, Zhang P, Chen L, Qi H, Chen H, Zhu Y, Zhang L, Zhong M, Shi X, Li Q. Ixazomib induces apoptosis and suppresses proliferation in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma through activation of the c-Myc/NOXA pathway. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2021; 380:15-25. [PMID: 34740946 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.121.000837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is one of the major subtypes of esophageal cancer. More than half of the ESCC patients in the world are in China, and the 5-year survival rate is less than 10%. As a new oral proteasome inhibitor, ixazomib has shown strong therapeutic effect in many solid tumors. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of ixazomib on the proliferation inhibition and apoptosis of ESCC cells.We used four human ESCC cell lines, cell viability assay, cell cycle and apoptosis assay, RT-PCR, Western blot, immunohistochemistry and ESCC xenografts model to clarify the roles of the therapeutic effect and mechanism of ixazomib in ESCC. Ixazomib significantly inhibited the proliferation and induced apoptosis in ESCC cells. RT-PCR results showed that the expression of endoplasmic reticulum stress-related gene NOXA and c-Myc significant increase after treatment with ixazomib in ESCC cell. Then we knockdown the NOXA and c-Myc by siRNA, the therapeutic effect of ixazomib markedly decrease, which confirmed that c-Myc/NOXA pathway played a key role in the treatment of ESCC with ixazomib. In vivo, the xenograft ESCC model mice were given 10 mg/kg of ixazomib every other day for 30 days. The results showed that the tumor size in the treatment group was significantly smaller than the control group. These results suggested that ixazomib is known to suppress proliferation and induce apoptosis in an ESCC cell lines, and this effect was likely mediated by increased activation of the c-Myc/NOXA signaling pathways. Significance Statement Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is the common worldwide malignant tumors,but conventional chemotherapeutics suffer from a number of limitations. In this study, our results suggested that ixazomib is known to suppress proliferation and induce apoptosis in an ESCC cell lines. Therefore, ixazomib may be a potential new stratgegy for ESCC therapy.
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Cook J, Acosta-Medina AA, Peng KW, Lacy M, Russell S. Oncolytic virotherapy - Forging its place in the immunomodulatory paradigm for Multiple Myeloma. Cancer Treat Res Commun 2021; 29:100473. [PMID: 34673439 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctarc.2021.100473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The treatment focus for multiple myeloma (MM) has recently pivoted towards immune modulating strategies, with T-cell redirection therapies currently at the forefront of drug development. Yet, despite this revolution in treatment, MM remains without a sustainable cure. At the same time, tremendous advancement has been made in recombinant and gene editing techniques for oncolytic viruses (OV), which have increased their tumor specificity, improved safety, and enhanced the oncolytic and immunostimulatory potential. These breakthrough developments in oncolytic virotherapy have opened new avenues for OVs to be used in combination with other immune-based therapies such as checkpoint inhibitors, chimeric antigen receptor T-cells (CAR-T) and bispecific T-cell engagers. In this review, the authors place the spotlight on systemic oncolytic virotherapy as an adaptable immunotherapeutic for MM, highlight the unique mechanism of OVs in activating the immune-suppressive marrow microenvironment, and lastly showcase the OV platforms and the promising combination strategies in the pipeline for MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joselle Cook
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester MN, United States.
| | | | - Kah Whye Peng
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester MN , United States
| | - Martha Lacy
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester MN, United States
| | - Stephen Russell
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester MN, United States; Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester MN , United States
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Sarwar A, Hashim L, Faisal MS, Haider MZ, Ahmed Z, Ahmed TF, Shahzad M, Ansar I, Ali S, Aslam MM, Anwer F. Advances in viral oncolytics for treatment of multiple myeloma - a focused review. Expert Rev Hematol 2021; 14:1071-1083. [PMID: 34428997 DOI: 10.1080/17474086.2021.1972802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Oncolytic viruses are genetically engineered viruses that target myeloma-affected cells by detecting specific cell surface receptors (CD46, CD138), causing cell death by activating the signaling pathway to induce apoptosis or by immune-mediated cellular destruction. AREAS COVERED This article summarizes oncolytic virotherapy advancements such as the therapeutic use of viruses by targeting cell surface proteins of myeloma cells as well as the carriers to deliver viruses to the target tissues safely. The major classes of viruses that have been studied for this include measles, myxoma, adenovirus, reovirus, vaccinia, vesicular-stomatitis virus, coxsackie, and others. The measles virus acts as oncolytic viral therapy by binding to the CD46 receptors on the myeloma cells to utilize its surface H protein. These H-protein and CD46 interactions lead to cellular syncytia formation resulting in cellular apoptosis. Vesicular-stomatitis virus acts by downregulation of anti-apoptotic factors (Mcl-2, BCL-2). Based upon the published literature searches till December 2020, we have summarized the data supporting the advances in viral oncolytic for the treatment of MM. EXPERT OPINION Oncolytic virotherapy is an experimental approach in multiple myeloma (MM); many issues need to be addressed for safe viral delivery to the target tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha Sarwar
- Department of Internal Medicine, King Edward Medical University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | - Muhammad Salman Faisal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, The Ohio State University Columbus Oh, USA
| | | | - Zahoor Ahmed
- Department of Internal Medicine, King Edward Medical University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Tehniat Faraz Ahmed
- Department of Biochemistry, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Moazzam Shahzad
- Department of Internal Medicine, St Mary's Medical Center, Huntington, WV, USA
| | - Iqraa Ansar
- Department of Internal medicine, Riverside Methodist hospital, Columbus OH
| | - Sundas Ali
- Department of Internal medicine, Rawalpindi Medical University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | | | - Faiz Anwer
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Taussig Cancer Center, Cleveland Clinic, Ohio, USA
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Islam S, Espitia CM, Persky DO, Carew JS, Nawrocki ST. Targeting JAK/STAT Signaling Antagonizes Resistance to Oncolytic Reovirus Therapy Driven by Prior Infection with HTLV-1 in Models of T-Cell Lymphoma. Viruses 2021; 13:1406. [PMID: 34372612 PMCID: PMC8310324 DOI: 10.3390/v13071406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is a retrovirus that infects at least 10 million people worldwide and is associated with the development of T-cell lymphoma (TCL). The treatment of TCL remains challenging and new treatment options are urgently needed. With the goal of developing a novel therapeutic approach for TCL, we investigated the activity of the clinical formulation of oncolytic reovirus (Reolysin, Pelareorep) in TCL models. Our studies revealed that HTLV-1-negative TCL cells were highly sensitive to Reolysin-induced cell death, but HTLV-1-positive TCL cells were resistant. Consistent with these data, reovirus displayed significant viral accumulation in HTLV-1-negative cells, but failed to efficiently replicate in HTLV-1-positive cells. Transcriptome analyses of HTLV-1-positive vs. negative cells revealed a significant increase in genes associated with retroviral infection including interleukin-13 and signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5). To investigate the relationship between HTLV-1 status and sensitivity to Reolysin, we infected HTLV-1-negative cells with HTLV-1. The presence of HTLV-1 resulted in significantly decreased sensitivity to Reolysin. Treatment with the JAK inhibitor ruxolitinib suppressed STAT5 phosphorylation and expression of the key anti-viral response protein MX1 and enhanced the anti-TCL activity of Reolysin in both HTLV-1-positive and negative cells. Our data demonstrate that the inhibition of the JAK/STAT pathway can be used as a novel approach to antagonize the resistance of HTLV-1-positive cells to oncolytic virus therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shariful Islam
- Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA; (S.I.); (C.M.E.); (J.S.C.)
| | - Claudia M. Espitia
- Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA; (S.I.); (C.M.E.); (J.S.C.)
| | - Daniel O. Persky
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA;
| | - Jennifer S. Carew
- Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA; (S.I.); (C.M.E.); (J.S.C.)
| | - Steffan T. Nawrocki
- Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA; (S.I.); (C.M.E.); (J.S.C.)
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13
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Oncolytic Virotherapy and Microenvironment in Multiple Myeloma. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052259. [PMID: 33668361 PMCID: PMC7956262 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a hematologic malignancy characterized by the accumulation of bone marrow (BM) clonal plasma cells, which are strictly dependent on the microenvironment. Despite the improvement of MM survival with the use of new drugs, MM patients still relapse and become always refractory to the treatment. The development of new therapeutic strategies targeting both tumor and microenvironment cells are necessary. Oncolytic virotherapy represent a promising approach in cancer treatment due to tumor-specific oncolysis and activation of the immune system. Different types of human viruses were checked in preclinical MM models, and the use of several viruses are currently investigated in clinical trials in MM patients. More recently, the use of alternative non-human viruses has been also highlighted in preclinical studies. This strategy could avoid the antiviral immune response of the patients against human viruses due to vaccination or natural infections, which could invalid the efficiency of virotherapy approach. In this review, we explored the effects of the main oncolytic viruses, which act through both direct and indirect mechanisms targeting myeloma and microenvironment cells inducing an anti-MM response. The efficacy of the oncolytic virus-therapy in combination with other anti-MM drugs targeting the microenvironment has been also discussed.
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14
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Ghose J, Dona A, Murtadha M, Gunes EG, Caserta E, Yoo JY, Russell L, Jaime-Ramirez AC, Barwick BG, Gupta VA, Sanchez JF, Sborov DW, Rosen ST, Krishnan A, Boise LH, Kaur B, Hofmeister CC, Pichiorri F. Oncolytic herpes simplex virus infects myeloma cells in vitro and in vivo. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2021; 20:519-531. [PMID: 33738338 PMCID: PMC7940704 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2021.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Because most patients with multiple myeloma (MM) develop resistance to current regimens, novel approaches are needed. Genetically modified, replication-competent oncolytic viruses exhibit high tropism for tumor cells regardless of cancer stage and prior treatment. Receptors of oncolytic herpes simplex virus 1 (oHSV-1), NECTIN-1, and HVEM are expressed on MM cells, prompting us to investigate the use of oHSV-1 against MM. Using oHSV-1-expressing GFP, we found a dose-dependent increase in the GFP+ signal in MM cell lines and primary MM cells. Whereas NECTIN-1 expression is variable among MM cells, we discovered that HVEM is ubiquitously and highly expressed on all samples tested. Expression of HVEM was consistently higher on CD138+/CD38+ plasma cells than in non-plasma cells. HVEM blocking demonstrated the requirement of this receptor for infection. However, we observed that, although oHSV-1 could efficiently infect and kill all MM cell lines tested, no viral replication occurred. Instead, we identified that oHSV-1 induced MM cell apoptosis via caspase-3 cleavage. We further noted that oHSV-1 yielded a significant decrease in tumor volume in two mouse xenograft models. Therefore, oHSV-1 warrants exploration as a novel potentially effective treatment option in MM, and HVEM should be investigated as a possible therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayeeta Ghose
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Ada Dona
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, Judy and Bernard Briskin Center for Multiple Myeloma Research, City of Hope, Monrovia, CA 91016, USA
| | - Mariam Murtadha
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, Judy and Bernard Briskin Center for Multiple Myeloma Research, City of Hope, Monrovia, CA 91016, USA
| | - Emine Gulsen Gunes
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, Judy and Bernard Briskin Center for Multiple Myeloma Research, City of Hope, Monrovia, CA 91016, USA
| | - Enrico Caserta
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, Judy and Bernard Briskin Center for Multiple Myeloma Research, City of Hope, Monrovia, CA 91016, USA
| | - Ji Young Yoo
- Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Luke Russell
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | - Benjamin G Barwick
- Department of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30307, USA
| | - Vikas A Gupta
- Department of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30307, USA
| | - James F Sanchez
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, Judy and Bernard Briskin Center for Multiple Myeloma Research, City of Hope, Monrovia, CA 91016, USA
| | - Douglas W Sborov
- Division of Hematology & Hematologic Malignancies, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Steven T Rosen
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, Judy and Bernard Briskin Center for Multiple Myeloma Research, City of Hope, Monrovia, CA 91016, USA
| | - Amrita Krishnan
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, Judy and Bernard Briskin Center for Multiple Myeloma Research, City of Hope, Monrovia, CA 91016, USA
| | - Lawrence H Boise
- Department of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30307, USA
| | - Balveen Kaur
- Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Craig C Hofmeister
- Department of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30307, USA
| | - Flavia Pichiorri
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, Judy and Bernard Briskin Center for Multiple Myeloma Research, City of Hope, Monrovia, CA 91016, USA
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15
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Müller L, Berkeley R, Barr T, Ilett E, Errington-Mais F. Past, Present and Future of Oncolytic Reovirus. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E3219. [PMID: 33142841 PMCID: PMC7693452 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12113219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic virotherapy (OVT) has received significant attention in recent years, especially since the approval of talimogene Laherparepvec (T-VEC) in 2015 by the Food and Drug administration (FDA). Mechanistic studies of oncolytic viruses (OVs) have revealed that most, if not all, OVs induce direct oncolysis and stimulate innate and adaptive anti-tumour immunity. With the advancement of tumour modelling, allowing characterisation of the effects of tumour microenvironment (TME) components and identification of the cellular mechanisms required for cell death (both direct oncolysis and anti-tumour immune responses), it is clear that a "one size fits all" approach is not applicable to all OVs, or indeed the same OV across different tumour types and disease locations. This article will provide an unbiased review of oncolytic reovirus (clinically formulated as pelareorep), including the molecular and cellular requirements for reovirus oncolysis and anti-tumour immunity, reports of pre-clinical efficacy and its overall clinical trajectory. Moreover, as it is now abundantly clear that the true potential of all OVs, including reovirus, will only be reached upon the development of synergistic combination strategies, reovirus combination therapeutics will be discussed, including the limitations and challenges that remain to harness the full potential of this promising therapeutic agent.
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16
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Islam S, Espitia CM, Persky DO, Carew JS, Nawrocki ST. Resistance to histone deacetylase inhibitors confers hypersensitivity to oncolytic reovirus therapy. Blood Adv 2020; 4:5297-5310. [PMID: 33108458 PMCID: PMC7594386 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2020002297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the promising antilymphoma activity of histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors as a drug class, resistance is a significant clinical issue. Elucidating the molecular mechanisms driving HDAC inhibitor resistance and/or the specific targets that are altered in drug-resistant cells may facilitate the development of strategies that overcome drug resistance and are more effective for refractory patients. We generated novel T-cell lymphoma (TCL) cell line models of acquired resistance to the HDAC inhibitor belinostat to identify potential effective therapies. Belinostat-resistant cells displayed significant cross-resistance to other HDAC inhibitors including romidepsin, panobinostat, and vorinostat. Consistent with a lack of sensitivity to HDAC inhibitors, the resistant cells failed to induce increased acetylated histones. Drug-resistant cells featured significantly decreased expression of the key antiviral mediators IRF1 and STAT1. On the basis of these findings, we investigated the efficacy of the clinical formulation of reovirus (Reolysin) in parental and drug-resistant models. Our investigation revealed that HDAC inhibitor-resistant cells displayed enhanced vulnerability to reovirus replication and cell death in both in vitro and in vivo models compared with their parental counterparts. Importantly, Reolysin also significantly increased the antilymphoma activity of belinostat in HDAC inhibitor-resistant cells. Our data demonstrate that Reolysin alone or in combination with belinostat is a novel therapeutic strategy to treat TCL patients who develop resistance to HDAC inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shariful Islam
- Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Claudia M Espitia
- Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Daniel O Persky
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ
| | - Jennifer S Carew
- Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Steffan T Nawrocki
- Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, and
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17
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Rodríguez Stewart RM, Raghuram V, Berry JTL, Joshi GN, Mainou BA. Noncanonical Cell Death Induction by Reassortant Reovirus. J Virol 2020; 94:e01613-20. [PMID: 32847857 PMCID: PMC7592226 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01613-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) constitutes 10 to 15% of all breast cancer and is associated with worse prognosis than other subtypes of breast cancer. Current therapies are limited to cytotoxic chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery, leaving a need for targeted therapeutics to improve outcomes for TNBC patients. Mammalian orthoreovirus (reovirus) is a nonenveloped, segmented, double-stranded RNA virus in the Reoviridae family. Reovirus preferentially kills transformed cells and is in clinical trials to assess its efficacy against several types of cancer. We previously engineered a reassortant reovirus, r2Reovirus, that infects TNBC cells more efficiently and induces cell death with faster kinetics than parental reoviruses. In this study, we sought to understand the mechanisms by which r2Reovirus induces cell death in TNBC cells. We show that r2Reovirus infection of TNBC cells of a mesenchymal stem-like (MSL) lineage downregulates the mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-related kinase pathway and induces nonconventional cell death that is caspase-dependent but caspase 3-independent. Infection of different MSL lineage TNBC cells with r2Reovirus results in caspase 3-dependent cell death. We map the enhanced oncolytic properties of r2Reovirus in TNBC to epistatic interactions between the type 3 Dearing M2 gene segment and type 1 Lang genes. These findings suggest that the genetic composition of the host cell impacts the mechanism of reovirus-induced cell death in TNBC. Together, our data show that understanding host and virus determinants of cell death can identify novel properties and interactions between host and viral gene products that can be exploited for the development of improved viral oncolytics.IMPORTANCE TNBC is unresponsive to hormone therapies, leaving patients afflicted with this disease with limited treatment options. We previously engineered an oncolytic reovirus (r2Reovirus) with enhanced infective and cytotoxic properties in TNBC cells. However, how r2Reovirus promotes TNBC cell death is not known. In this study, we show that reassortant r2Reovirus can promote nonconventional caspase-dependent but caspase 3-independent cell death and that the mechanism of cell death depends on the genetic composition of the host cell. We also map the enhanced oncolytic properties of r2Reovirus in TNBC to interactions between a type 3 M2 gene segment and type 1 genes. Our data show that understanding the interplay between the host cell environment and the genetic composition of oncolytic viruses is crucial for the development of efficacious viral oncolytics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxana M Rodríguez Stewart
- Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Jameson T L Berry
- Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Bernardo A Mainou
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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18
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Cosialls AM, Sánchez-Vera I, Pomares H, Perramon-Andújar J, Sanchez-Esteban S, Palmeri CM, Iglesias-Serret D, Saura-Esteller J, Núñez-Vázquez S, Lavilla R, González-Barca EM, Pons G, Gil J. The BCL-2 family members NOXA and BIM mediate fluorizoline-induced apoptosis in multiple myeloma cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 180:114198. [PMID: 32798467 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Fluorizoline is a new synthetic molecule that induces apoptosis by selectively targeting prohibitins. In this study, we have assessed the pro-apoptotic effect of fluorizoline in 3 different multiple myeloma cell lines and 12 primary samples obtained from treatment-naïve multiple myeloma patients. Fluorizoline induced apoptosis in both multiple myeloma cell lines and primary samples at concentrations in the low micromolar range. All primary samples were sensitive to fluorizoline. Moreover, fluorizoline increased the mRNA and protein levels of the pro-apoptotic BCL-2 family member NOXA both in cell lines and primary samples analyzed. Finally, NOXA-depletion by CRISPR/Cas9 in cells that do not express BIM conferred resistance to fluorizoline-induced apoptosis in multiple myeloma cells. These results suggest that targeting prohibitins could be a new therapeutic strategy for myeloma multiple.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Cosialls
- Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, Oncobell-IDIBELL (Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ismael Sánchez-Vera
- Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, Oncobell-IDIBELL (Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Helena Pomares
- Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, Oncobell-IDIBELL (Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Servei d'Hematologia Clínica, Institut Català d'Oncologia, Oncobell-IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Judit Perramon-Andújar
- Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, Oncobell-IDIBELL (Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sandra Sanchez-Esteban
- Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, Oncobell-IDIBELL (Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Claudia M Palmeri
- Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, Oncobell-IDIBELL (Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel Iglesias-Serret
- Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, Oncobell-IDIBELL (Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Vic - Universitat Central de Catalunya (UVic- UCC), Vic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Saura-Esteller
- Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, Oncobell-IDIBELL (Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sonia Núñez-Vázquez
- Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, Oncobell-IDIBELL (Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rodolfo Lavilla
- Laboratory of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences and Institute of Medicine (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eva M González-Barca
- Servei d'Hematologia Clínica, Institut Català d'Oncologia, Oncobell-IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gabriel Pons
- Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, Oncobell-IDIBELL (Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Gil
- Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, Oncobell-IDIBELL (Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.
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19
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Marchica V, Franceschi V, Vescovini R, Storti P, Vicario E, Toscani D, Zorzoli A, Airoldi I, Dalla Palma B, Campanini N, Martella E, Mancini C, Costa F, Donofrio G, Giuliani N. Bovine pestivirus is a new alternative virus for multiple myeloma oncolytic virotherapy. J Hematol Oncol 2020; 13:89. [PMID: 32653014 PMCID: PMC7353805 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-020-00919-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The oncolytic viruses have shown promising results for the treatment of multiple myeloma. However, the use of human viruses is limited by the patients' antiviral immune response. In this study, we investigated an alternative oncolytic strategy using non-human pathogen viruses as the bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) that were able to interact with CD46. METHODS We treated several human myeloma cell lines and non-myeloma cell lines with BVDV to evaluate the expression of CD46 and to study the effect on cell viability by flow cytometry. The possible synergistic effect of bortezomib in combination with BVDV was also tested. Moreover, we infected the bone marrow mononuclear cells obtained from myeloma patients and we checked the BVDV effect on different cell populations, defined by CD138, CD14, CD3, CD19, and CD56 expression evaluated by flow cytometry. Finally, the in vivo BVDV effect was tested in NOD-SCID mice injected subcutaneously with myeloma cell lines. RESULTS Human myeloma cells were selectively sensitive to BVDV treatment with an increase of cell death and, consequently, of apoptotic markers. Consistently, bone marrow mononuclear cells isolated from myeloma patients treated with BVDV, showed a significant selective decrease of the percentage of viable CD138+ cells. Interestingly, bortezomib pre-treatment significantly increased the cytotoxic effect of BVDV in myeloma cell lines with a synergistic effect. Finally, the in vitro data were confirmed in an in vivo myeloma mouse model showing that BVDV treatment significantly reduced the tumoral burden compared to the vehicle. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our data indicate, for the first time, a direct oncolytic effect of the BVDV in human myeloma cells suggesting its possible use as novel alternative anti-myeloma virotherapy strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rosanna Vescovini
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Paola Storti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Emanuela Vicario
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Denise Toscani
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Alessia Zorzoli
- Stem Cell Laboratory and Cell Therapy Center, IRCCS "Istituto Giannina Gaslini", Genoa, Italy
| | - Irma Airoldi
- Stem Cell Laboratory and Cell Therapy Center, IRCCS "Istituto Giannina Gaslini", Genoa, Italy
| | - Benedetta Dalla Palma
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
- Hematology, "Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma", Parma, Italy
| | | | - Eugenia Martella
- Pathology, "Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma", Parma, Italy
| | - Cristina Mancini
- Pathology, "Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma", Parma, Italy
| | - Federica Costa
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Gaetano Donofrio
- Department of Medical-Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
| | - Nicola Giuliani
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
- Hematology, "Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma", Parma, Italy.
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20
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Zhang X, Wang H, Sun Y, Qi M, Li W, Zhang Z, Zhang XE, Cui Z. Enterovirus A71 Oncolysis of Malignant Gliomas. Mol Ther 2020; 28:1533-1546. [PMID: 32304669 PMCID: PMC7264442 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2020.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant gliomas, the most lethal type of primary brain tumor, continue to be a major therapeutic challenge. Here, we found that enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) can be developed as a novel oncolytic agent against malignant gliomas. EV-A71 preferentially infected and killed malignant glioma cells relative to normal glial cells. The virus receptor human scavenger receptor class B, member 2 (SCARB2), and phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate-induced protein 1 (PMAIP1)-mediated cell death were involved in EV-A71-induced oncolysis. In mice with implanted subcutaneous gliomas, intraneoplastic inoculation of EV-A71 caused significant tumor growth inhibition. Furthermore, in mice bearing intracranial orthotopic gliomas, intraneoplastic inoculation of EV-A71 substantially prolonged survival. By insertion of brain-specific microRNA-124 (miR124) response elements into the viral genome, we improved the tumor specificity of EV-A71 oncolytic therapy by reducing its neurotoxicity while maintaining its replication potential and oncolytic capacity in gliomas. Our study reveals that EV-A71 is a potent oncolytic agent against malignant gliomas and may have a role in treating this tumor in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Hanzhong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Yuhan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mi Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Zhiping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Xian-En Zhang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Zongqiang Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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21
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McLaughlin M, Pedersen M, Roulstone V, Bergerhoff KF, Smith HG, Whittock H, Kyula JN, Dillon MT, Pandha HS, Vile R, Melcher AA, Harrington KJ. The PERK Inhibitor GSK2606414 Enhances Reovirus Infection in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma via an ATF4-Dependent Mechanism. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2020; 16:238-249. [PMID: 32128359 PMCID: PMC7047134 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2020.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Reovirus type 3 Dearing (reovirus) is a tumor-selective oncolytic virus currently under evaluation in clinical trials. Here, we report that the therapeutic efficacy of reovirus in head and neck squamous cell cancer can be enhanced by targeting the unfolded protein response (UPR) kinase, protein kinase R (PKR)-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK). PERK inhibition by GSK2606414 increased reovirus efficacy in both 2D and 3D models in vitro, while perturbing the normal host cell response to reovirus-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. UPR reporter constructs were used for live-cell 3D spheroid imaging. Profiling of eIF2a-ATF4, IRE1a-XBP1, and ATF6 pathway activity revealed a context-dependent increase in eIF2a-ATF4 signaling due to GSK2606414. GSK2606414 blocked eIF2a-ATF4 signaling because of the canonical ER stress agent thapsigargin. In the context of reovirus infection, GSK2606414 induced eIF2a-ATF4 signaling. Knockdown of eIF2a kinases PERK, GCN2, and PKR revealed eIF2a-ATF4 reporter activity was dependent on either PERK or GCN2. Knockdown of ATF4 abrogated the GSK2606414-induced increase in reovirus protein levels, confirming eIF2a-ATF signaling as key to the observed phenotype. Our work identifies a novel approach to enhance the efficacy and replication of reovirus in a therapeutic setting.
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22
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Soekojo CY, Ooi M, de Mel S, Chng WJ. Immunotherapy in Multiple Myeloma. Cells 2020; 9:E601. [PMID: 32138182 PMCID: PMC7140529 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma is a complex disease and immune dysfunction has been known to play an important role in the disease pathogenesis, progression, and drug resistance. Recent efforts in drug development have been focused on immunotherapies to modify the MM disease process. Here, we summarize the emerging immunotherapies in the MM treatment landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Wee Joo Chng
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, Singapore, National University Health System, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119228, Singapore; (C.Y.S.); (M.O.); (S.d.M.)
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23
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Stallinger A, Kretschmer N, Kleinegger F, Brvar L, Liegl-Atzwanger B, Prokesch A, Durchschein C, Bauer R, Deutsch A, Rinner B. β,β-Dimethylacrylshikonin Induces Apoptosis in Melanoma Cell Lines by NOXA Upregulation. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2020; 83:305-315. [PMID: 31961147 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.9b00719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma is the most aggressive form of skin cancer, with high metastasis rates and poor prognosis. Survival rates and possible therapies depend on the state of the tumor and its mutational profile. BRAF and NRAS are the most frequent driver mutations. Currently, there is no efficient therapy for NRAS-mutated or late-stage melanoma. In this study, the therapeutic potential of β,β-dimethylacrylshikonin (DMAS) was investigated on melanoma. The influence of DMAS was determined in five different melanoma cell lines with different mutational profiles. The effects of this compound on cell viability, apoptosis, and gene and protein expression were examined. The results obtained were validated in vivo. DMAS significantly reduced the viability of several melanoma cell lines in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. Furthermore, DMAS induced caspase-3-dependent apoptosis via NOXA upregulation, as confirmed by NOXA knockdown experiments. This is the first time that NOXA-dependent apoptosis was shown with respect to a shikonin derivative and melanoma. Additionally, tumor regression and necrosis under DMAS treatment were demonstrated in vivo. Importantly, BRAF as well as NRAS-mutated metastatic human melanoma cell lines were treated successfully in vitro and in vivo. Taken together, DMAS showed promising results and is worthy of further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Stallinger
- Division of Biomedical Research , Medical University of Graz , 8036 Graz , Austria
| | - Nadine Kretschmer
- Division of Biomedical Research , Medical University of Graz , 8036 Graz , Austria
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacognosy , University of Graz , 8010 Graz , Austria
| | - Florian Kleinegger
- Diagnostic and Research Institute of Pathology , Medical University of Graz , 8010 Graz , Austria
| | - Luka Brvar
- Division of Biomedical Research , Medical University of Graz , 8036 Graz , Austria
| | | | - Andreas Prokesch
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signaling, Metabolism & Aging , Medical University of Graz , 8010 Graz , Austria
- Division of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology , Medical University of Graz , 8010 Graz , Austria
| | - Christin Durchschein
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacognosy , University of Graz , 8010 Graz , Austria
| | - Rudolf Bauer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacognosy , University of Graz , 8010 Graz , Austria
| | - Alexander Deutsch
- Division of Hematology, Medical University of Graz , 8036 Graz , Austria
| | - Beate Rinner
- Division of Biomedical Research , Medical University of Graz , 8036 Graz , Austria
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24
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Igase M, Shibutani S, Kurogouchi Y, Fujiki N, Hwang CC, Coffey M, Noguchi S, Nemoto Y, Mizuno T. Combination Therapy with Reovirus and ATM Inhibitor Enhances Cell Death and Virus Replication in Canine Melanoma. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2019; 15:49-59. [PMID: 31650025 PMCID: PMC6804779 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2019.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic virotherapy using reovirus is a promising new anti-cancer treatment with potential for use in humans and dogs. Because reovirus monotherapy shows limited efficacy in human and canine cancer patients, the clinical development of a combination therapy is necessary. To identify candidate components of such a combination, we screened a 285-compound drug library for those that enhanced reovirus cytotoxicity in a canine melanoma cell line. Here, we show that exposure to an inhibitor of the ataxia telangiectasia mutated protein (ATM) enhances the oncolytic potential of reovirus in five of six tested canine melanoma cell lines. Specifically, the ATM inhibitor potentiated reovirus replication in cancer cells along with promoting the lysosomal activity, resulting in an increased proportion of caspase-dependent apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at G2/M compared to those observed with reovirus alone. Overall, our study suggests that the combination of reovirus and the ATM inhibitor may be an attractive option in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaya Igase
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Shusaku Shibutani
- Laboratory of Veterinary Hygiene, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Yosuke Kurogouchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Fujiki
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Chung Chew Hwang
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Matt Coffey
- Oncolytics Biotech Inc., Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Shunsuke Noguchi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Radiology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuki Nemoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Takuya Mizuno
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
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25
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Virotherapy as a Potential Therapeutic Approach for the Treatment of Aggressive Thyroid Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11101532. [PMID: 31636245 PMCID: PMC6826611 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11101532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Virotherapy is a novel cancer treatment based on oncolytic viruses (OVs), which selectively infect and lyse cancer cells, without harming normal cells or tissues. Several viruses, either naturally occurring or developed through genetic engineering, are currently under investigation in clinical studies. Emerging reports suggesting the immune-stimulatory property of OVs against tumor cells further support the clinical use of OVs for the treatment of lesions lacking effective therapies. Poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma (PDTC) and anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC), have a poor prognosis and limited treatment options. Therefore, several groups investigated the therapeutic potential of OVs in PDTC/ATC models producing experimental data sustaining the potential clinical efficacy of OVs in these cancer models. Moreover, the presence of an immunosuppressive microenvironment further supports the potential use of OVs in ATC. In this review, we present the results of the studies evaluating the efficacy of OVs alone or in combination with other treatment options. In particular, their potential therapeutic combination with multiple kinases inhibitors (MKIs) or immune checkpoint inhibitors are discussed.
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26
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Calton CM, Kelly KR, Anwer F, Carew JS, Nawrocki ST. Oncolytic Viruses for Multiple Myeloma Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:E198. [PMID: 29903988 PMCID: PMC6025383 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10060198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although recent treatment advances have improved outcomes for patients with multiple myeloma (MM), the disease frequently becomes refractory to current therapies. MM thus remains incurable for most patients and new therapies are urgently needed. Oncolytic viruses are a promising new class of therapeutics that provide tumor-targeted therapy by specifically infecting and replicating within cancerous cells. Oncolytic therapy yields results from both direct killing of malignant cells and induction of an anti-tumor immune response. In this review, we will describe oncolytic viruses that are being tested for MM therapy with a focus on those agents that have advanced into clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M Calton
- Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine and The University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA.
| | - Kevin R Kelly
- Jane Anne Nohl Division of Hematology and Center for the Study of Blood Diseases, University of Southern California Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
| | - Faiz Anwer
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA.
| | - Jennifer S Carew
- Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine and The University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA.
| | - Steffan T Nawrocki
- Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine and The University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA.
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27
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Lee DG, Kam MK, Kim KM, Kim HS, Kwon OS, Lee HS, Lee DS. Peroxiredoxin 5 prevents iron overload-induced neuronal death by inhibiting mitochondrial fragmentation and endoplasmic reticulum stress in mouse hippocampal HT-22 cells. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2018; 102:10-19. [PMID: 29906559 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2018.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Iron is an essential element for neuronal as well as cellular functions. However, Iron overload has been known to cause neuronal toxicity through mitochondrial fission, dysregulation of Ca2+, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Nevertheless, the precise mechanisms of iron-induced oxidative stress and mitochondria- and ER-related iron toxicity in neuronal cells are not fully understood. In this study, we demonstrated that iron overload induces ROS production earlier in the ER than in the mitochondria, and peroxiredoxin 5 (Prx5), which is a kind of antioxidant induced by iron overload, prevents iron overload-induced mitochondrial fragmentation mediated by contact with ER and translocation of Drp1, by inhibiting ROS production and calcium/calcineurin pathway in HT-22 mouse hippocampal neuronal cells. Moreover, Prx5 also prevented iron overload-induced ER-stress and cleavage of caspase-3, which consequently attenuated neuronal cell death. Therefore, we suggested that iron overload induces oxidative stress in the ER earlier than in the mitochondria, thereby increasing ER stress and calcium levels, and consequently causing mitochondrial fragmentation and neuronal cell death. So we thought that this study is essential for understanding iron toxicity in neurons, and Prx5 may serve as a new therapeutic target to prevent iron overload-induced diseases and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Gil Lee
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Kyoung Kam
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Min Kim
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Seop Kim
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Oh-Shin Kwon
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Shik Lee
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Seok Lee
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
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28
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Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a clonal malignancy of plasma cells that is newly diagnosed in ~30,000 patients in the US each year. While recently developed therapies have improved the prognosis for MM patients, relapse rates remain unacceptably high. To overcome this challenge, researchers have begun to investigate the therapeutic potential of oncolytic viruses as a novel treatment option for MM. Preclinical work with these viruses has demonstrated that their infection can be highly specific for MM cells and results in impressive therapeutic efficacy in a variety of preclinical models. This has led to the recent initiation of several human trials. This review summarizes the current state of oncolytic therapy as a therapeutic option for MM and highlights a variety of areas that need to be addressed as the field moves forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Bartee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
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29
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Oncolytic reovirus inhibits angiogenesis through induction of CXCL10/IP-10 and abrogation of HIF activity in soft tissue sarcomas. Oncotarget 2017; 8:86769-86783. [PMID: 29156834 PMCID: PMC5689724 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor-selective viral replication capacity and pro-apoptotic effects of oncolytic reovirus have been reported to be dependent on the presence of an activated RAS pathway in several solid tumor types. However, the mechanisms of selective anticancer efficacy of the reovirus-based formulation for cancer therapy (Reolysin, pelareorep) have not been rigorously studied in soft tissue sarcomas (STS). Here we report that Reolysin triggered a striking induction of the anti-angiogenic chemokine interferon-γ-inducible protein 10 (IP-10)/CXCL10 (CXC chemokine ligand 10) in both wild type and RAS mutant STS cells. Further analysis determined that Reolysin treatment possessed significant anti-angiogenic activity irrespective of RAS status. In addition to CXCL10 induction, Reolysin dramatically downregulated the expression of hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-1α, HIF-2α and inhibited vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) secretion. CXCL10 antagonism significantly diminished the anti-angiogenic effects of Reolysin indicating that it is a key driver of this phenomenon. Xenograft studies demonstrated that Reolysin significantly improved the anticancer activity of the anti-angiogenic agents sunitinib, temsirolimus, and bevacizumab in a manner that was associated with increased CXCL10 levels. This effect was most pronounced following treatment with Reolysin in combination with temsirolimus. Further analysis in additional sarcoma xenograft models confirmed the significant increase in CXCL10 and increased anticancer activity of this combination. Our collective results demonstrate that Reolysin possesses CXCL10-driven anti-angiogenic activity in sarcoma models, which can be harnessed to enhance the anticancer activity of temsirolimus and other agents that target the tumor vasculature.
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30
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31
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Guikema JE, Amiot M, Eldering E. Exploiting the pro-apoptotic function of NOXA as a therapeutic modality in cancer. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2017; 21:767-779. [DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2017.1349754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen E Guikema
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Lymphoma and Myeloma Center Amsterdam (LYMMCARE), The Netherlands
| | - Martine Amiot
- CRCINA, INSERM, CNRS, Université d’Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Eric Eldering
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Lymphoma and Myeloma Center Amsterdam (LYMMCARE), The Netherlands
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32
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Simon EJ, Howells MA, Stuart JD, Boehme KW. Serotype-Specific Killing of Large Cell Carcinoma Cells by Reovirus. Viruses 2017; 9:v9060140. [PMID: 28587298 PMCID: PMC5490817 DOI: 10.3390/v9060140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Reovirus is under development as a therapeutic for numerous types of cancer. In contrast to other oncolytic viruses, the safety and efficacy of reovirus have not been improved through genetic manipulation. Here, we tested the oncolytic capacity of recombinant strains (rs) of prototype reovirus laboratory strains T1L and T3D (rsT1L and rsT3D, respectively) in a panel of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines. We found that rsT1L was markedly more cytolytic than rsT3D in the large cell carcinoma cell lines tested, whereas killing of adenocarcinoma cell lines was comparable between rsT1L and rsT3D. Importantly, non-recombinant T1L and T3D phenocopied the kinetics and magnitude of cell death induced by recombinant strains. We identified gene segments L2, L3, and M1 as viral determinants of strain-specific differences cell killing of the large cell carcinoma cell lines. Together, these results indicate that recombinant reoviruses recapitulate the cell killing properties of non-recombinant, tissue culture-passaged strains. These studies provide a baseline for the use of reverse genetics with the specific objective of engineering more effective reovirus oncolytics. This work raises the possibility that type 1 reoviruses may have the capacity to serve as more effective oncolytics than type 3 reoviruses in some tumor types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Simon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Center for Microbial Pathogenesis and Host Inflammatory Response, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
| | - Morgan A Howells
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Center for Microbial Pathogenesis and Host Inflammatory Response, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
| | - Johnasha D Stuart
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Center for Microbial Pathogenesis and Host Inflammatory Response, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
| | - Karl W Boehme
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Center for Microbial Pathogenesis and Host Inflammatory Response, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
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33
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15d-PGJ 2 as an endoplasmic reticulum stress manipulator in multiple myeloma in vitro and in vivo. Exp Mol Pathol 2017; 102:434-445. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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34
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Sakurai F, Inoue S, Kaminade T, Hotani T, Katayama Y, Hosoyamada E, Terasawa Y, Tachibana M, Mizuguchi H. Cationic liposome-mediated delivery of reovirus enhances the tumor cell-killing efficiencies of reovirus in reovirus-resistant tumor cells. Int J Pharm 2017; 524:238-247. [PMID: 28389364 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Reovirus induces tumor cell death efficiently and specifically, and thus is currently undergoing clinical testing as an anticancer agent. In the intracellular trafficking of reovirus, proteolytic disassembly of reovirus capsid-proteins and subsequent penetration of viral particles into the cytosol are crucial steps. Cathepsins B and L are largely responsible for the proteolytic disassembly of reovirus. Reovirus efficiently lyses tumor cells exhibiting relatively high activities of cathepsins B and L, while tumor cells with low activities of cathepsins B and L are often refractory to reovirus, probably due to inefficient endo/lysosomal escape. In this study, in order to enhance the tumor cell-killing efficiencies of reovirus by promoting endo/lysosomal escape, especially in reovirus-resistant tumor cells, reovirus was complexed with a cationic liposome transfection reagent. Reovirus alone and reovirus-cationic liposome complex (reoplex) exhibited similar levels of tumor cell-killing efficiencies in reovirus-susceptible tumor cells, while reoplex mediated more than 30% higher levels of tumor cell-killing activities in reovirus-resistant tumor cells than reovirus alone. Reoplex-mediated tumor cell death was efficiently induced in the tumor cells pretreated with cathepsin inhibitors. The mRNA levels of interferon (IFN)-β and apoptotic genes were significantly elevated following reoplex treatment. These results suggest that cationic liposomes efficiently promoted delivery of reovirus to the cytosol, leading to induction of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuminori Sakurai
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Japan; Laboratory of Regulatory Sciences for Oligonucleotide Therapeutics, Clinical Drug Development Unit, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Shunsuke Inoue
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Japan
| | - Tadataka Kaminade
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Japan
| | - Takuma Hotani
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Japan
| | - Yuki Katayama
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Japan
| | - Eri Hosoyamada
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Japan
| | - Yuichi Terasawa
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Japan
| | - Masashi Tachibana
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Mizuguchi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Japan; Laboratory of Hepatic Differentiation Research, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan; Global Center for Medical Engineering and Informatics, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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35
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Junctional adhesion molecule-A is overexpressed in advanced multiple myeloma and determines response to oncolytic reovirus. Oncotarget 2016; 6:41275-89. [PMID: 26513296 PMCID: PMC4747405 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the development of several new agents for multiple myeloma (MM) therapy over the last decade, drug resistance continues to be a significant problem. Patients with relapsed/refractory disease have high mortality rates and desperately need new precision approaches that directly target specific molecular features that are prevalent in the refractory setting. Reolysin is a proprietary formulation of reovirus for cancer therapy that has demonstrated efficacy in multiple clinical trials. Its selective effects against solid tumors have been largely attributed to RAS-mediated control of reovirus replication. However, the mechanisms regulating its preferential anti-neoplastic effects in MM and other hematological malignancies have not been rigorously studied. Here we report that the reovirus receptor, junctional adhesion molecule-A (JAM-A) is highly expressed in primary cells from patients with MM and the majority of MM cell lines compared to normal controls. A series of experiments demonstrated that JAM-A expression, rather than RAS, was required for Reolysin-induced cell death in MM models. Notably, analysis of paired primary MM specimens revealed that JAM-A expression was significantly increased at relapse compared to diagnosis. Two different models of acquired resistance to bortezomib also displayed both higher JAM-A expression and elevated sensitivity to Reolysin compared to parental cells, suggesting that Reolysin may be an effective agent for patients with relapsed/refractory disease due to their high JAM-A levels. Taken together, these findings support further investigation of Reolysin for the treatment of patients with relapsed/refractory MM and of JAM-A as a predictive biomarker for sensitivity to Reolysin-induced cell death.
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36
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Going viral: a review of replication-selective oncolytic adenoviruses. Oncotarget 2016; 6:19976-89. [PMID: 26280277 PMCID: PMC4652981 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses have had a tumultuous course, from the initial anecdotal reports of patients having antineoplastic effects after natural viral infections a century ago to the development of current cutting-edge therapies in clinical trials. Adenoviruses have long been the workhorse of virotherapy, and we review both the scientific and the not-so-scientific forces that have shaped the development of these therapeutics from wild-type viral pathogens, turning an old foe into a new friend. After a brief review of the mechanics of viral replication and how it has been modified to engineer tumor selectivity, we give particular attention to ONYX-015, the forerunner of virotherapy with extensive clinical testing that pioneered the field. The findings from those as well as other oncolytic trials have shaped how we now view these viruses, which our immune system has evolved to vigorously attack, as promising immunotherapy agents.
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Stiff A, Caserta E, Sborov DW, Nuovo GJ, Mo X, Schlotter SY, Canella A, Smith E, Badway J, Old M, Jaime-Ramirez AC, Yan P, Benson DM, Byrd JC, Baiocchi R, Kaur B, Hofmeister CC, Pichiorri F. Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors Enhance the Therapeutic Potential of Reovirus in Multiple Myeloma. Mol Cancer Ther 2016; 15:830-41. [PMID: 26809490 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-15-0240-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma remains incurable and the majority of patients die within 5 years of diagnosis. Reolysin, the infusible form of human reovirus (RV), is a novel viral oncolytic therapy associated with antitumor activity likely resulting from direct oncolysis and a virus-mediated antitumor immune response. Results from our phase I clinical trial investigating single agent Reolysin in patients with relapsed multiple myeloma confirmed tolerability, but no objective responses were evident, likely because the virus selectively entered the multiple myeloma cells but did not actively replicate. To date, the precise mechanisms underlying the RV infectious life cycle and its ability to induce oncolysis in patients with multiple myeloma remain unknown. Here, we report that junctional adhesion molecule 1 (JAM-1), the cellular receptor for RV, is epigenetically regulated in multiple myeloma cells. Treatment of multiple myeloma cells with clinically relevant histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) results in increased JAM-1 expression as well as increased histone acetylation and RNA polymerase II recruitment to its promoter. Furthermore, our data indicate that the combination of Reolysin with HDACi, potentiates RV killing activity of multiple myeloma cells in vitro and in vivo This study provides the molecular basis to use these agents as therapeutic tools to increase the efficacy of RV therapy in multiple myeloma. Mol Cancer Ther; 15(5); 830-41. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Stiff
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Enrico Caserta
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Douglas W Sborov
- Department of Internal Medicine, Oncology/Hematology Fellowship, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Gerard J Nuovo
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Xiaokui Mo
- Center for Biostatistics, Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Sarah Y Schlotter
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | | | - Emily Smith
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Joseph Badway
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Matthew Old
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Alena Cristina Jaime-Ramirez
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Dardinger Laboratory for Neuro-oncology and Neurosciences, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Pearlly Yan
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Don M Benson
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - John C Byrd
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Robert Baiocchi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Dardinger Laboratory for Neuro-oncology and Neurosciences, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Balveen Kaur
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Dardinger Laboratory for Neuro-oncology and Neurosciences, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Craig C Hofmeister
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Flavia Pichiorri
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.
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Kemp V, Hoeben RC, van den Wollenberg DJM. Exploring Reovirus Plasticity for Improving Its Use as Oncolytic Virus. Viruses 2015; 8:E4. [PMID: 26712782 PMCID: PMC4728564 DOI: 10.3390/v8010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Reoviruses are non-enveloped viruses with a segmented double stranded RNA genome. In humans, they are not associated with serious disease. Human reoviruses exhibit an inherent preference to replicate in tumor cells, which makes them ideally suited for use in oncolytic virotherapies. Their use as anti-cancer agent has been evaluated in several clinical trials, which revealed that intra-tumoral and systemic delivery of reoviruses are well tolerated. Despite evidence of anti-tumor effects, the efficacy of reovirus in anti-cancer monotherapy needs to be further enhanced. The opportunity to treat both the primary tumor as well as metastases makes systemic delivery a preferred administration route. Several pre-clinical studies have been conducted to address the various hurdles connected to systemic delivery of reoviruses. The majority of those studies have been done in tumor-bearing immune-deficient murine models. This thwarts studies on the impact of the contribution of the immune system to the tumor cell eradication. This review focuses on key aspects of the reovirus/host-cell interactions and the methods that are available to modify the virus to alter these interactions. These aspects are discussed with a focus on improving the reovirus' antitumor efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Kemp
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Rob C Hoeben
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Diana J M van den Wollenberg
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Pei Y, Lu X, He L, Wang H, Zhang A, Li Y, Huang R, Liao L, Zhu Z, Wang Y. Expression pattern and transcriptional regulatory mechanism of noxa gene in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 47:861-867. [PMID: 26453794 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Noxa, a pro-apoptotic protein, plays an important role in cell apoptosis. The researches about noxa gene were concentrated in mammalians, whereas the role and transcriptional regulatory mechanism of noxa in fish were still unclear. In this study, the expression pattern and transcriptional regulatory mechanism of noxa gene in grass carp were analyzed. Noxa was constitutively expressed in all the examined tissues but the relative expression level differed. After exposure to grass carp reovirus (GCRV), mRNA expression level of noxa was down-regulated at the early phase whereas up-regulated at the late phase of infection. Luciferase assays showed that the promoter region -867 ∼ +107 of noxa had high activity and the region -678 ∼ -603 was important in the response to GCRV infection. By deleting the predicted transcription factor binding sites, transcription factors FOXO1 and CEBPβ were found important for noxa in response to GCRV infection. Moreover, the noxa promoter was biotin-labeled and incubated with nuclear extracts from GCRV infected cells. Mass spectrometry analysis showed that transcription factors FOXO1 and CEBPβ were also enriched in the combined proteins. Therefore, the results suggested that transcription factors FOXO1 and CEBPβ may play an important role in the regulation of noxa. Our study would provide new insight into the transcriptional regulatory mechanism of noxa in teleost fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongyan Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaonan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Libo He
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Hao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Aidi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yongming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Rong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Lanjie Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Zuoyan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yaping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.
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Mahalingam D, Patel S, Nuovo G, Gill G, Selvaggi G, Coffey M, Nawrocki ST. The combination of intravenous Reolysin and gemcitabine induces reovirus replication and endoplasmic reticular stress in a patient with KRAS-activated pancreatic cancer. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:513. [PMID: 26156229 PMCID: PMC4496814 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1518-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Activating mutations in RAS are present in the majority of pancreatic cancer cases and represent an ideal therapeutic target. Reolysin is a proprietary formulation of oncolytic reovirus that is currently being evaluated in multiple clinical trials due to its ability to selectively replicate in cells harboring an activated RAS pathway. Here we report for the first time the presence of reovirus replication and induction of endoplasmic reticular (ER) stress in a primary tumor specimen collected from a pancreatic cancer patient receiving intravenous Reolysin and gemcitabine. CASE PRESENTATION We describe the case of a 54-year old patient diagnosed with pancreatic adenocarcinoma in February 2012. Analysis of a tumor biopsy revealed an activating KRAS mutation (G12D) and the patient was started on first-line treatment with Reolysin in combination with gemcitabine in March 2012. Stable disease was achieved with significant improvement in cancer-related pain. Following 25 cycles of treatment over 23 months, a second biopsy was collected and immunohistochemical analyses revealed the presence of reovirus replication and induction of the ER stress-related gene GRP78/BIP and the pro-apoptotic protein NOXA. Importantly, co-localization of reoviral protein and active caspase-3 was also observed in the biopsy specimen. CONCLUSION This is the first report of reoviral protein detection in primary tumor biopsies taken from a pancreatic cancer patient receiving intravenous Reolysin therapy. The accumulation of reoviral protein was associated with ER stress induction and caspase-3 processing suggesting that Reolysin and gemcitabine treatment exhibited direct pro-apoptotic activity against the tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devalingam Mahalingam
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Cancer Therapy and Research Center at The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7979 Wurzbach Rd, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA.
| | - Sukeshi Patel
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Cancer Therapy and Research Center at The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7979 Wurzbach Rd, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA.
| | - Gerard Nuovo
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - George Gill
- Oncolytics Biotech, Inc., Calgary, AB, Canada.
| | | | - Matt Coffey
- Oncolytics Biotech, Inc., Calgary, AB, Canada.
| | - Steffan T Nawrocki
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Cancer Therapy and Research Center at The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7979 Wurzbach Rd, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA.
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Roulstone V, Pedersen M, Kyula J, Mansfield D, Khan AA, McEntee G, Wilkinson M, Karapanagiotou E, Coffey M, Marais R, Jebar A, Errington-Mais F, Melcher A, Vile R, Pandha H, McLaughlin M, Harrington KJ. BRAF- and MEK-Targeted Small Molecule Inhibitors Exert Enhanced Antimelanoma Effects in Combination With Oncolytic Reovirus Through ER Stress. Mol Ther 2015; 23:931-942. [PMID: 25619724 PMCID: PMC4427871 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2015.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Reovirus type 3 (Dearing) (RT3D) infection is selective for cells harboring a mutated/activated RAS pathway. Therefore, in a panel of melanoma cell lines (including RAS mutant, BRAF mutant and RAS/BRAF wild-type), we assessed therapeutic combinations that enhance/suppress ERK1/2 signaling through use of BRAF/MEK inhibitors. In RAS mutant cells, the combination of RT3D with the BRAF inhibitor PLX4720 (paradoxically increasing ERK1/2 signaling in this context) did not enhance reoviral cytotoxicity. Instead, and somewhat surprisingly, RT3D and BRAF inhibition led to enhanced cell kill in BRAF mutated cell lines. Likewise, ERK1/2 inhibition, using the MEK inhibitor PD184352, in combination with RT3D resulted in enhanced cell kill in the entire panel. Interestingly, TCID50 assays showed that BRAF and MEK inhibitors did not affect viral replication. Instead, enhanced efficacy was mediated through ER stress-induced apoptosis, induced by the combination of ERK1/2 inhibition and reovirus infection. In vivo, combined treatments of RT3D and PLX4720 showed significantly increased activity in BRAF mutant tumors in both immune-deficient and immune-competent models. These data provide a strong rationale for clinical translation of strategies in which RT3D is combined with BRAF inhibitors (in BRAF mutant melanoma) and/or MEK inhibitors (in BRAF and RAS mutant melanoma).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Malin Pedersen
- Targeted Therapy Team, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Joan Kyula
- Targeted Therapy Team, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - David Mansfield
- Targeted Therapy Team, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Aadil A Khan
- Targeted Therapy Team, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Grainne McEntee
- Targeted Therapy Team, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | | | | | - Matt Coffey
- Oncolytics Biotech. Inc., Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Adel Jebar
- Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, Leeds, UK
| | | | - Alan Melcher
- Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, Leeds, UK
| | - Richard Vile
- Molecular Medicine Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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Kolb EA, Sampson V, Stabley D, Walter A, Sol-Church K, Cripe T, Hingorani P, Ahern CH, Weigel BJ, Zwiebel J, Blaney SM. A phase I trial and viral clearance study of reovirus (Reolysin) in children with relapsed or refractory extra-cranial solid tumors: a Children's Oncology Group Phase I Consortium report. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2015; 62:751-8. [PMID: 25728527 PMCID: PMC4376570 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.25464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reovirus is a naturally occurring human virus that is cytopathic to malignant cells possessing an activated Ras signaling pathway. We conducted a phase I trial of Reolysin, a manufactured, proprietary isolate of purified reovirus, in children with relapsed/refractory extracranial solid tumors to define the recommended phase 2 dose (RP2D), toxicities, and pharmacokinetic properties when administered as a single agent or in combination with cyclophosphamide. PROCEDURES Reolysin was administered intravenously for 5 consecutive days, every 28 days. Using a 3 + 3 design, the following dose levels were evaluated: 3 × 10(8) Tissue Culture Inhibitory Dose 50% (TCID50 )/kg; 5 × 10(8) TCID50 /kg (maximum dose was 3 × 10(10) TCID50 ); and 5 × 10(8) TCID50 /kg plus oral cyclophosphamide (50 mg/m(2) /day × 21 days). RESULTS Twenty-nine patients were enrolled; 28 were eligible and 24 were evaluable for toxicity and response. There were no hematologic dose-limiting toxicities. Grade 5 respiratory failure and a Grade 5 thromboembolic event were reported, both in the setting of progressive disease. The median time to clear the reovirus viremia was 6.5 days. Eight of 24 patients were viremic beyond the 5 days of therapy, all were negative by day 17. No patient had detectable viral RNA in saliva or stool. There were no objective responses. CONCLUSIONS Reolysin at a dose of 5 × 10(8) TCID50 /kg daily for 5 days was well tolerated in children alone and in combination with oral cyclophosphamide. Virus was cleared rapidly from the serum and shedding in stool and saliva was not detectable.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Anders Kolb
- Nemours Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Nemours/A.I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE
| | - Valerie Sampson
- Nemours Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Nemours/A.I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE
| | - Deborah Stabley
- Nemours Biomolecular Core Laboratory, Nemours/A.I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE
| | - Alexa Walter
- Nemours Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Nemours/A.I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE
| | - Katia Sol-Church
- Nemours Biomolecular Core Laboratory, Nemours/A.I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE
| | - Timothy Cripe
- Division of Hematology/Oncology/BMT, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Pooja Hingorani
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Charlotte Hsieh Ahern
- Department of Medicine, Division of Biostatistics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Brenda J. Weigel
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Minnesota, Amplatz Children's Hospital, Minneapolis, MN
| | - James Zwiebel
- Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Susan M. Blaney
- Department of Medicine, Hematology-Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Houston, TX
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Activity levels of cathepsins B and L in tumor cells are a biomarker for efficacy of reovirus-mediated tumor cell killing. Cancer Gene Ther 2015; 22:188-97. [DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2015.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Abstract
Current mainstays in cancer treatment such as chemotherapy, radiation therapy, hormonal manipulation, and even targeted therapies such as Trastuzumab (herceptin) for breast cancer or Iressa (gefitinib) for non-small cell lung cancer among others are limited by lack of efficacy, cellular resistance, and toxicity. Dose escalation and combination therapies designed to overcome resistance and increase efficacy are limited by a narrow therapeutic index. Oncolytic viruses are one such group of new biological therapeutics that appears to have a wide spectrum of anticancer activity with minimal human toxicity. Since the malignant phenotype of tumors is the culmination of multiple mutations that occur in genes eventually leading to aberrant signaling pathways, oncolytic viruses either natural or engineered specifically target tumor cells taking advantage of this abnormal cellular signaling for their replication. Reovirus is one such naturally occurring double-stranded RNA virus that exploits altered signaling pathways (including Ras) in a myriad of cancers. The ability of reovirus to infect and lyse tumors under in vitro, in vivo, and ex vivo conditions has been well documented previously by us and others. The major mechanism of reovirus oncolysis of cancer cells has been shown to occur through apoptosis with autophagy taking place during this process in certain cancers. In addition, the synergistic antitumor effects of reovirus in combination with radiation or chemotherapy have also been demonstrated for reovirus resistant and moderately sensitive tumors. Recent progress in our understanding of viral immunology in the tumor microenvironment has diverted interest in exploring immunologic mechanisms to overcome resistance exhibited by chemotherapeutic drugs in cancer. Thus, currently several investigations are focusing on immune potentiating of reovirus for maximal tumor targeting. This chapter therefore has concentrated on immunologic cell death induction with reovirus as a novel approach to cancer therapy used under in vitro and in vivo conditions, as well as in a clinical setting. Reovirus phase I clinical trials have shown indications of efficacy, and several phase II/III trials are ongoing at present. Reovirus's extensive preclinical efficacy, replication competency, and low toxicity profile in humans have placed it as an attractive anticancer therapeutic for ongoing clinical testing that are highlighted in this chapter.
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Clinical use of proteasome inhibitors in the treatment of multiple myeloma. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2014; 8:1-20. [PMID: 25545164 PMCID: PMC4381198 DOI: 10.3390/ph8010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is an incurable hematological malignancy characterized by the clonal proliferation of neoplastic plasma cells. The use of proteasome inhibitors in the treatment of MM has led to significant improvements in outcomes. This article reviews data on the use of the two approved proteasome inhibitors (bortezomib and carlfilzomib), as well as newer agents under development. Emphasis is placed on the clinical use of proteasome inhibitors, including management of side effects and combination with other agents.
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46
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Sborov DW, Nuovo GJ, Stiff A, Mace T, Lesinski GB, Benson DM, Efebera YA, Rosko AE, Pichiorri F, Grever MR, Hofmeister CC. A phase I trial of single-agent reolysin in patients with relapsed multiple myeloma. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 20:5946-55. [PMID: 25294913 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-1404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Reolysin, a proprietary isolate of reovirus type III dearing, enters and preferentially induces apoptosis of malignant cells. RAS pathway activation has been associated with more efficient reoviral infectivity and enhanced oncolysis. Reovirus is currently in advanced solid tumor phase I-II trials; no clinical trials have been conducted in patients with hematologic malignancies. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN A phase I trial treated 12 relapsed myeloma patients at two dose levels. Reolysin was infused daily for 5 days every 28 days. Bone marrow specimens were examined by in situ-based hybridization (ISH) for CD138, p38, caspase-3, reoviral RNA, and capsid protein at screening and cycle 1 day 8. Junctional adhesion molecule 1 (JAM-1) and cancer upregulated gene 2 (CUG2) were evaluated in patient samples and multiple myeloma cell lines. Neutralizing anti-reovirus antibody assay was performed weekly during cycle 1. RESULTS There were no dose-limiting toxicities, patients reached the 3 × 10(10) TCID50 daily on days 1 to 5 dose level, and grade 3 laboratory toxicities included neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, and hypophosphatemia. ISH demonstrated reoviral genome confined in multiple myeloma cells. Reoviral capsid protein and caspase-3 were rarely identified within reoviral RNA-positive cells. The longest durations of stable disease were 4, 5, and 8 months. CONCLUSIONS Treatment with single-agent Reolysin was well tolerated and associated with avid reoviral RNA myeloma cell entry but only minimal intracellular reoviral protein production within multiple myeloma cells. Our data support that in multiple myeloma cells, Reolysin-induced oncolysis requires combination therapy, similar to other cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas W Sborov
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | | | - Andrew Stiff
- College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Thomas Mace
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Gregory B Lesinski
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Don M Benson
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Yvonne A Efebera
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Ashley E Rosko
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Flavia Pichiorri
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Michael R Grever
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Craig C Hofmeister
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.
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Woller N, Gürlevik E, Ureche CI, Schumacher A, Kühnel F. Oncolytic viruses as anticancer vaccines. Front Oncol 2014; 4:188. [PMID: 25101244 PMCID: PMC4104469 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic virotherapy has shown impressive results in preclinical studies and first promising therapeutic outcomes in clinical trials as well. Since viruses are known for a long time as excellent vaccination agents, oncolytic viruses are now designed as novel anticancer agents combining the aspect of lysis-dependent cytoreductive activity with concomitant induction of antitumoral immune responses. Antitumoral immune activation by oncolytic virus infection of tumor tissue comprises both, immediate effects of innate immunity and also adaptive responses for long lasting antitumoral activity, which is regarded as the most prominent challenge in clinical oncology. To date, the complex effects of a viral tumor infection on the tumor microenvironment and the consequences for the tumor-infiltrating immune cell compartment are poorly understood. However, there is more and more evidence that a tumor infection by an oncolytic virus opens up a number of options for further immunomodulating interventions such as systemic chemotherapy, generic immunostimulating strategies, dendritic cell-based vaccines, and antigenic libraries to further support clinical efficacy of oncolytic virotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman Woller
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Medical School Hannover , Hannover , Germany
| | - Engin Gürlevik
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Medical School Hannover , Hannover , Germany
| | - Cristina-Ileana Ureche
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Medical School Hannover , Hannover , Germany
| | - Anja Schumacher
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Medical School Hannover , Hannover , Germany
| | - Florian Kühnel
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Medical School Hannover , Hannover , Germany
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Gong J, Mita MM. Activated ras signaling pathways and reovirus oncolysis: an update on the mechanism of preferential reovirus replication in cancer cells. Front Oncol 2014; 4:167. [PMID: 25019061 PMCID: PMC4071564 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of wild-type, unmodified Type 3 Dearing strain reovirus as an anticancer agent has currently expanded to 32 clinical trials (both completed and ongoing) involving reovirus in the treatment of cancer. It has been more than 30 years since the potential of reovirus as an anticancer agent was first identified in studies that demonstrated the preferential replication of reovirus in transformed cell lines but not in normal cells. Later investigations have revealed the involvement of activated Ras signaling pathways (both upstream and downstream) and key steps of the reovirus infectious cycle in promoting preferential replication in cancer cells with reovirus-induced cancer cell death occurring through necrotic, apoptotic, and autophagic pathways. There is increasing evidence that reovirus-induced antitumor immunity involving both innate and adaptive responses also contributes to therapeutic efficacy though this discussion is beyond the scope of this article. Here, we review our current understanding of the mechanism of oncolysis contributing to the broad anticancer activity of reovirus. Further understanding of reovirus oncolysis is critical in enhancing the clinical development and efficacy of reovirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Gong
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center , Los Angeles, CA , USA
| | - Monica M Mita
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center , Los Angeles, CA , USA
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Yoo JY, Hurwitz BS, Bolyard C, Yu JG, Zhang J, Selvendiran K, Rath KS, He S, Bailey Z, Eaves D, Cripe TP, Parris DS, Caligiuri MA, Yu J, Old M, Kaur B. Bortezomib-induced unfolded protein response increases oncolytic HSV-1 replication resulting in synergistic antitumor effects. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 20:3787-98. [PMID: 24815720 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-0553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bortezomib is an FDA-approved proteasome inhibitor, and oncolytic herpes simplex virus-1 (oHSV) is a promising therapeutic approach for cancer. We tested the impact of combining bortezomib with oHSV for antitumor efficacy. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The synergistic interaction between oHSV and bortezomib was calculated using Chou-Talalay analysis. Viral replication was evaluated using plaque assay and immune fluorescence. Western blot assays were used to evaluate induction of estrogen receptor (ER) stress and unfolded protein response (UPR). Inhibitors targeting Hsp90 were utilized to investigate the mechanism of cell killing. Antitumor efficacy in vivo was evaluated using subcutaneous and intracranial tumor xenografts of glioma and head and neck cancer. Survival was analyzed by Kaplan-Meier curves and two-sided log-rank test. RESULTS Combination treatment with bortezomib and oHSV (34.5ENVE), displayed strong synergistic interaction in ovarian cancer, head and neck cancer, glioma, and malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST) cells. Bortezomib treatment induced ER stress, evident by strong induction of Grp78, CHOP, PERK, and IRE1α (Western blot analysis) and the UPR (induction of hsp40, 70, and 90). Bortezomib treatment of cells at both sublethal and lethal doses increased viral replication (P < 0.001), but inhibition of Hsp90 ablated this response, reducing viral replication and synergistic cell killing. The combination of bortezomib and 34.5ENVE significantly enhanced antitumor efficacy in multiple different tumor models in vivo. CONCLUSIONS The dramatic synergy of bortezomib and 34.5ENVE is mediated by bortezomib-induced UPR and warrants future clinical testing in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Young Yoo
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Neurological Surgery, Dardinger Laboratory for Neuro-oncology and Neurosciences
| | - Brian S Hurwitz
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Neurological Surgery, Dardinger Laboratory for Neuro-oncology and Neurosciences; Biomedical Science Major
| | | | - Jun-Ge Yu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery
| | | | | | - Kellie S Rath
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
| | - Shun He
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center
| | - Zachary Bailey
- Division of Oncology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - David Eaves
- Division of Oncology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Timothy P Cripe
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital and the Division of Hematology/Oncology/BMT, Nationwide Children's Hospital
| | - Deborah S Parris
- Department of Molecular Virology Immunology Medical Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus; and
| | - Michael A Caligiuri
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center
| | - Jianhua Yu
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center
| | - Matthew Old
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery;
| | - Balveen Kaur
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Neurological Surgery, Dardinger Laboratory for Neuro-oncology and Neurosciences;
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Shen J, Song G, An M, Li X, Wu N, Ruan K, Hu J, Hu R. The use of hollow mesoporous silica nanospheres to encapsulate bortezomib and improve efficacy for non-small cell lung cancer therapy. Biomaterials 2014; 35:316-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.09.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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