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Loika Y, Loiko E, Culminskaya I, Kulminski AM. Exome-Wide Association Study Identified Clusters of Pleiotropic Genetic Associations with Alzheimer's Disease and Thirteen Cardiovascular Traits. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1834. [PMID: 37895183 PMCID: PMC10606283 DOI: 10.3390/genes14101834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) and cardiovascular traits might share underlying causes. We sought to identify clusters of cardiovascular traits that share genetic factors with AD. We conducted a univariate exome-wide association study and pair-wise pleiotropic analysis focused on AD and 16 cardiovascular traits-6 diseases and 10 cardio-metabolic risk factors-for 188,260 UK biobank participants. Our analysis pinpointed nine genetic markers in the APOE gene region and four loci mapped to the CDK11, OBP2B, TPM1, and SMARCA4 genes, which demonstrated associations with AD at p ≤ 5 × 10-4 and pleiotropic associations at p ≤ 5 × 10-8. Using hierarchical cluster analysis, we grouped the phenotypes from these pleiotropic associations into seven clusters. Lipids were divided into three clusters: low-density lipoprotein and total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides. This split might differentiate the lipid-related mechanisms of AD. The clustering of body mass index (BMI) with weight but not height indicates that weight defines BMI-AD pleiotropy. The remaining two clusters included (i) coronary heart disease and myocardial infarction; and (ii) hypertension, diabetes mellitus (DM), systolic and diastolic blood pressure. We found that all AD protective alleles were associated with larger weight and higher DM risk. Three of the four (75%) clusters of traits, which were significantly correlated with AD, demonstrated antagonistic genetic heterogeneity, characterized by different directions of the genetic associations and trait correlations. Our findings suggest that shared genetic factors between AD and cardiovascular traits mostly affect them in an antagonistic manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yury Loika
- Biodemography of Aging Research Unit, Social Science Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; (E.L.); (I.C.); (A.M.K.)
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2
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Thiel JT, Daigeler A, Kolbenschlag J, Rachunek K, Hoffmann S. The Role of CDK Pathway Dysregulation and Its Therapeutic Potential in Soft Tissue Sarcoma. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:3380. [PMID: 35884441 PMCID: PMC9323700 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14143380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Soft tissue sarcomas (STSs) are tumors that are challenging to treat due to their pathologic and molecular heterogeneity and their tumor biology that is not yet fully understood. Recent research indicates that dysregulation of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) signaling pathways can be a strong driver of sarcogenesis. CDKs are enzyme forms that play a crucial role in cell-cycle control and transcription. They belong to the protein kinases group and to the serine/threonine kinases subgroup. Recently identified CDK/cyclin complexes and established CDK/cyclin complexes that regulate the cell cycle are involved in the regulation of gene expression through phosphorylation of critical components of transcription and pre-mRNA processing mechanisms. The current and continually growing body of data shows that CDKs play a decisive role in tumor development and are involved in the proliferation and growth of sarcoma cells. Since the abnormal expression or activation of large numbers of CDKs is considered to be characteristic of cancer development and progression, dysregulation of the CDK signaling pathways occurs in many subtypes of STSs. This review discusses how reversal and regulation can be achieved with new therapeutics and summarizes the current evidence from studies regarding CDK modulation for STS treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Tobias Thiel
- Department of Hand, Plastic, Reconstructive and Burn Surgery, BG Unfallklinik Tuebingen, University of Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany; (A.D.); (J.K.); (K.R.); (S.H.)
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3
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Cho DH, Lee HJ, Lee JY, Park JH, Jo I. Far-infrared irradiation inhibits breast cancer cell proliferation independently of DNA damage through increased nuclear Ca 2+/calmodulin binding modulated-activation of checkpoint kinase 2. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2021; 219:112188. [PMID: 33901880 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2021.112188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Far-infrared (FIR) irradiation is reported to inhibit cell proliferation in various types of cancer cells; the underlying mechanism, however, remains unclear. We explored the molecular mechanisms using MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells. FIR irradiation significantly inhibited cell proliferation and colony formation compared to hyperthermal stimulus, with no alteration in cell viability. No increase in DNA fragmentation or phosphorylation of DNA damage kinases including ataxia-telangiectasia mutated kinase, ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related kinase, and DNA-dependent protein kinase indicated no DNA damage. FIR irradiation increased the phosphorylation of checkpoint kinase 2 (Chk2) at Thr68 (p-Chk2-Thr68) but not that of checkpoint kinase 1 at Ser345. Increased nuclear p-Chk2-Thr68 and Ca2+/CaM accumulations were found in FIR-irradiated cells, as observed in confocal microscopic analyses and cell fractionation assays. In silico analysis predicted that Chk2 possesses a Ca2+/calmodulin (CaM) binding motif ahead of its kinase domain. Indeed, Chk2 physically interacted with CaM in the presence of Ca2+, with their binding markedly pronounced in FIR-irradiated cells. Pre-treatment with a Ca2+ chelator significantly reversed FIR irradiation-increased p-Chk2-Thr68 expression. In addition, a CaM antagonist or small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of the CaM gene expression significantly attenuated FIR irradiation-increased p-Chk2-Thr68 expression. Finally, pre-treatment with a potent Chk2 inhibitor significantly reversed both FIR irradiation-stimulated p-Chk2-Thr68 expression and irradiation-repressed cell proliferation. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that FIR irradiation inhibited breast cancer cell proliferation, independently of DNA damage, by activating the Ca2+/CaM/Chk2 signaling pathway in the nucleus. These results demonstrate a novel Chk2 activation mechanism that functions irrespective of DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Du-Hyong Cho
- Department of Pharmacology, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, 170 Hyunchung-ro, Nam-gu, Daegu 42415, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon-Ju Lee
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Graduate Program in System Health Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, 25 Magokdong-ro-2-gil, Gangseo-gu, Seoul 07804, South Korea
| | - Jee Young Lee
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Graduate Program in System Health Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, 25 Magokdong-ro-2-gil, Gangseo-gu, Seoul 07804, South Korea
| | - Jung-Hyun Park
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Graduate Program in System Health Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, 25 Magokdong-ro-2-gil, Gangseo-gu, Seoul 07804, South Korea.
| | - Inho Jo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Graduate Program in System Health Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, 25 Magokdong-ro-2-gil, Gangseo-gu, Seoul 07804, South Korea.
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4
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Ta HQ, Dworak N, Ivey ML, Roller DG, Gioeli D. AR phosphorylation and CHK2 kinase activity regulates IR-stabilized AR-CHK2 interaction and prostate cancer survival. eLife 2020; 9:51378. [PMID: 32579110 PMCID: PMC7338052 DOI: 10.7554/elife.51378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that checkpoint kinase 2 (CHK2) is a critical negative regulator of androgen receptor (AR) transcriptional activity, prostate cancer (PCa) cell growth, and androgen sensitivity. We have now uncovered that the AR directly interacts with CHK2 and ionizing radiation (IR) increases this interaction. This IR-induced increase in AR-CHK2 interactions requires AR phosphorylation and CHK2 kinase activity. PCa associated CHK2 mutants with impaired kinase activity reduced IR-induced AR-CHK2 interactions. The destabilization of AR - CHK2 interactions induced by CHK2 variants impairs CHK2 negative regulation of cell growth. CHK2 depletion increases transcription of DNAPK and RAD54, increases clonogenic survival, and increases resolution of DNA double strand breaks. The data support a model where CHK2 sequesters the AR through direct binding decreasing AR transcription and suppressing PCa cell growth. CHK2 mutation or loss of expression thereby leads to increased AR transcriptional activity and survival in response to DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huy Q Ta
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, United States
| | - Natalia Dworak
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, United States
| | - Melissa L Ivey
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, United States
| | - Devin G Roller
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, United States
| | - Daniel Gioeli
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, United States.,Cancer Center Member, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, United States
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5
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Ou D, Chen L, He J, Rong Z, Gao J, Li Z, Liu L, Tang F, Li J, Deng Y, Sun L. CDK11 negatively regulates Wnt/β-catenin signaling in the endosomal compartment by affecting microtubule stability. Cancer Biol Med 2020; 17:328-342. [PMID: 32587772 PMCID: PMC7309457 DOI: 10.20892/j.issn.2095-3941.2019.0229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Improper activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling has been implicated in human diseases. Beyond the well-studied glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) and casein kinase 1 (CK1), other kinases affecting Wnt/β-catenin signaling remain to be defined. Methods:To identify the kinases that modulate Wnt/β-catenin signaling, we applied a kinase small interfering RNA (siRNA) library screen approach. Luciferase assays, immunoblotting, and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were performed to confirm the regulation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway by cyclin-dependent kinase 11 (CDK11) and to investigate the underlying mechanism. Confocal immunofluorescence, coimmunoprecipitation (co-IP), and scratch wound assays were used to demonstrate colocalization, detect protein interactions, and explore the function of CDK11. Results: CDK11 was found to be a significant candidate kinase participating in the negative control of Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Down-regulation of CDK11 led to the accumulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling receptor complexes, in a manner dependent on intact adenomatosis polyposis coli (APC) protein. Further analysis showed that CDK11 modulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling engaged the endolysosomal machinery, and CDK11 knockdown enhanced the colocalization of Wnt/β-catenin signaling receptor complexes with early endosomes and decreased colocalization with lysosomes. Mechanistically, CDK11 was found to function in Wnt/β-catenin signaling by regulating microtubule stability. Depletion of CDK11 down-regulated acetyl-α-tubulin. Moreover, co-IP assays demonstrated that CDK11 interacts with the α-tubulin deacetylase SIRT2, whereas SIRT2 down-regulation in CDK11-depleted cells reversed the accumulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling receptor complexes. CDK11 was found to suppress cell migration through altered Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Conclusions: CDK11 is a negative modulator of Wnt/β-catenin signaling that stabilizes microtubules, thus resulting in the dysregulation of receptor complex trafficking from early endosomes to lysosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danmin Ou
- Department of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Jiang He
- Department of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Zhuoxian Rong
- Department of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Jie Gao
- Department of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Zhi Li
- Department of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China.,International Cooperation Base of Cancer Precision Therapy, Department of Science and Technology of Hunan Province, Changsha 410008, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Radiation Oncology of Hunan Province, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Liyu Liu
- Department of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Feiyu Tang
- Department of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Jiang Li
- Department of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Yuezhen Deng
- Department of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China.,International Cooperation Base of Cancer Precision Therapy, Department of Science and Technology of Hunan Province, Changsha 410008, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Radiation Oncology of Hunan Province, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Lunquan Sun
- Department of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China.,International Cooperation Base of Cancer Precision Therapy, Department of Science and Technology of Hunan Province, Changsha 410008, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Radiation Oncology of Hunan Province, Changsha 410008, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Changsha 410008, China
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6
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Tibes R, Bogenberger JM. Transcriptional Silencing of MCL-1 Through Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibition in Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Front Oncol 2019; 9:1205. [PMID: 31921615 PMCID: PMC6920180 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.01205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is the most common adult acute leukemia. Survival remains poor, despite decades of scientific advances. Cytotoxic induction chemotherapy regimens are standard-of-care for most patients. Many investigations have highlighted the genomic heterogeneity of AML, and several new targeted therapeutic options have recently been approved. Additional novel therapies are showing promising clinical results and may rapidly transform the therapeutic landscape of AML. Despite the emerging clinical success of B-cell lymphoma (BCL)-2 targeting in AML and a large body of preclinical data supporting myeloid leukemia cell (MCL)-1 as an attractive therapeutic target for AML, MCL-1 targeting remains relatively unexplored, although novel MCL-1 inhibitors are under clinical investigation. Inhibitors of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) involved in the regulation of transcription, CDK9 in particular, are being investigated in AML as a strategy to target MCL-1 indirectly. In this article, we review the basis for CDK inhibition in oncology with a focus on relevant preclinical mechanism-of-action studies of CDK9 inhibitors in the context of their therapeutic potential specifically in AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raoul Tibes
- NYU School of Medicine & Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, United States
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7
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Ding J, Fang Z, Liu X, Zhu Z, Wen C, Wang H, Gu J, Li QR, Zeng R, Li H, Jin Y. CDK11 safeguards the identity of human embryonic stem cells via fine-tuning signaling pathways. J Cell Physiol 2019; 235:4279-4290. [PMID: 31612516 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Signaling pathways transmit extracellular cues into cells and regulate transcriptome and epigenome to maintain or change the cell identity. Protein kinases and phosphatases are critical for signaling transduction and regulation. Here, we report that CDK11, a member of the CDK family, is required for the maintenance of human embryonic stem cell (hESC) self-renewal. Our results show that, among the three main isoforms of CDK11, CDK11p46 is the main isoform safeguarding the hESC identity. Mechanistically, CDK11 constrains two important mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways (JNK and p38 signaling) through modulating the activity of protein phosphatase 1. Furthermore, CDK11 knockdown activates transforming growth factor β (TGF-β)/SMAD2/3 signaling and upregulates certain nonneural differentiation-associated genes. Taken together, this study uncovers a kinase required for hESC self-renewal through fine-tuning MAPK and TGF-β signaling at appropriate levels. The kinase-phosphatase axis reported here may shed new light on the molecular mechanism sustaining the identity of hESCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyi Ding
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhuoqing Fang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinyuan Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhexin Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunsheng Wen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Han Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Junjie Gu
- Basic Clinical Research Center, Renji Hospital, Department of Histoembryology, Genetics and Developmental Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing-Run Li
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Rong Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Li
- Basic Clinical Research Center, Renji Hospital, Department of Histoembryology, Genetics and Developmental Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Jin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Basic Clinical Research Center, Renji Hospital, Department of Histoembryology, Genetics and Developmental Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
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8
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CDK11 Loss Induces Cell Cycle Dysfunction and Death of BRAF and NRAS Melanoma Cells. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2019; 12:ph12020050. [PMID: 30987032 PMCID: PMC6631185 DOI: 10.3390/ph12020050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclin dependent kinase 11 (CDK11) is a protein kinase that regulates RNA transcription, pre-mRNA splicing, mitosis, and cell death. Targeting of CDK11 expression levels is effective in the experimental treatment of breast and other cancers, but these data are lacking in melanoma. To understand CDK11 function in melanoma, we evaluated protein and RNA levels of CDK11, Cyclin L1 and Cyclin L2 in benign melanocytes and BRAF- as well as NRAS-mutant melanoma cell lines. We investigated the effectiveness of reducing expression of this survival kinase using RNA interference on viability, clonal survival, and tumorsphere formation in melanoma cell lines. We examined the impact of CDK11 loss in BRAF-mutant melanoma on more than 700 genes important in cancer signaling pathways. Follow-up analysis evaluated how CDK11 loss alters cell cycle function in BRAF- and NRAS-mutant melanoma cells. We present data on CDK11, CCNL1 and CCNL2 mRNA expression in melanoma patients, including prognosis for survival. In sum, we found that CDK11 is necessary for melanoma cell survival, and a major impact of CDK11 loss in melanoma is to cause disruption of the cell cycle distribution with accumulation of G1- and loss of G2/M-phase cancer cells.
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9
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Nilsson K, Wu C, Schwartz S. Role of the DNA Damage Response in Human Papillomavirus RNA Splicing and Polyadenylation. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1735. [PMID: 29895741 PMCID: PMC6032147 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) have evolved to use the DNA repair machinery to replicate its DNA genome in differentiated cells. HPV activates the DNA damage response (DDR) in infected cells. Cellular DDR factors are recruited to the HPV DNA genome and position the cellular DNA polymerase on the HPV DNA and progeny genomes are synthesized. Following HPV DNA replication, HPV late gene expression is activated. Recent research has shown that the DDR factors also interact with RNA binding proteins and affects RNA processing. DDR factors activated by DNA damage and that associate with HPV DNA can recruit splicing factors and RNA binding proteins to the HPV DNA and induce HPV late gene expression. This induction is the result of altered alternative polyadenylation and splicing of HPV messenger RNA (mRNA). HPV uses the DDR machinery to replicate its DNA genome and to activate HPV late gene expression at the level of RNA processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kersti Nilsson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Chengjun Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Stefan Schwartz
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden.
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10
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Williams CW, Iyer J, Liu Y, O'Connell KF. CDK-11-Cyclin L is required for gametogenesis and fertility in C. elegans. Dev Biol 2018; 441:52-66. [PMID: 29886128 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
CDK11, a member of the cyclin-dependent kinase family, has been implicated in a diverse array of functions including transcription, RNA processing, sister chromatid cohesion, spindle assembly, centriole duplication and apoptosis. Despite its involvement in many essential functions, little is known about the requirements for CDK11 and its partner Cyclin L in a developing multicellular organism. Here we investigate the function of CDK11 and Cyclin L during development of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Worms express two CDK11 proteins encoded by distinct loci: CDK-11.1 is essential for normal male and female fertility and is broadly expressed in the nuclei of somatic and germ line cells, while CDK-11.2 is nonessential and is enriched in hermaphrodite germ line nuclei beginning in mid pachytene. Hermaphrodites lacking CDK-11.1 develop normally but possess fewer mature sperm and oocytes and do not fully activate the RAS-ERK pathway that is required for oocyte production in response to environmental cues. Most of the sperm and eggs that are produced in cdk-11.1 null animals appear to complete development normally but fail to engage in sperm-oocyte signaling suggesting that CDK-11.1 is needed at multiple points in gametogenesis. Finally, we find that CDK-11.1 and CDK-11.2 function redundantly during embryonic and postembryonic development and likely do so in association with Cyclin L. Our results thus define multiple requirements for CDK-11-Cyclin L during animal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher W Williams
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Genetics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-0830, USA
| | - Jyoti Iyer
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Genetics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-0830, USA
| | - Yan Liu
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Genetics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-0830, USA
| | - Kevin F O'Connell
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Genetics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-0830, USA.
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11
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Mikolaskova B, Jurcik M, Cipakova I, Kretova M, Chovanec M, Cipak L. Maintenance of genome stability: the unifying role of interconnections between the DNA damage response and RNA-processing pathways. Curr Genet 2018; 64:971-983. [PMID: 29497809 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-018-0819-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Endogenous and exogenous factors can severely affect the integrity of genetic information by inducing DNA damage and impairing genome stability. The protection of genome integrity is ensured by the so-called "DNA damage response" (DDR), a set of evolutionary-conserved events that, triggered upon DNA damage detection, arrests the cell cycle, and attempts DNA repair. Here, we review the role of the DDR proteins as post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression, in addition to their roles in DNA damage recognition, signaling, and repair. At the same time, we discuss recent insights into how pre-mRNA splicing factors go beyond their splicing activities and play direct functions in detecting, signaling, and repairing DNA damage. The importance of extensive two-way crosstalk and interaction between the RNA processing and the DDR stems from growing evidence that the defects of their communication lead to genomic instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Mikolaskova
- Department of Genetics, Biomedical Research Center, Cancer Research Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 05, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - M Jurcik
- Department of Genetics, Biomedical Research Center, Cancer Research Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 05, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - I Cipakova
- Department of Genetics, Biomedical Research Center, Cancer Research Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 05, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - M Kretova
- Department of Genetics, Biomedical Research Center, Cancer Research Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 05, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - M Chovanec
- Department of Genetics, Biomedical Research Center, Cancer Research Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 05, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - L Cipak
- Department of Genetics, Biomedical Research Center, Cancer Research Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 05, Bratislava, Slovakia.
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12
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DNA methylation of the CDC2L1 gene promoter region decreases the expression of the CDK11p58 protein and reduces apoptosis in keloid fibroblasts. Arch Dermatol Res 2017; 310:107-115. [DOI: 10.1007/s00403-017-1801-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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13
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Liu TH, Wu YF, Dong XL, Pan CX, Du GY, Yang JG, Wang W, Bao XY, Chen P, Pan MH, Lu C. Identification and characterization of the BmCyclin L1-BmCDK11A/B complex in relation to cell cycle regulation. Cell Cycle 2017; 16:861-868. [PMID: 28318374 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2017.1304339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclin proteins are the key regulatory and activity partner of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), which play pivotal regulatory roles in cell cycle progression. In the present study, we identified a Cyclin L1 and 2 CDK11 2 CDK11 splice variants, CDK11A and CDK11B, from silkworm, Bombyx mori. We determined that both Cyclin L1 and CDK11A/B are nuclear proteins, and further investigations were conducted to elucidate their spatiofunctional features. Cyclin L1 forms a complex with CDK11A/B and were co-localized to the nucleus. Moreover, the dimerization of CDK11A and CDK11B and the effects of Cyclin L1 and CDK11A/B on cell cycle regulation were also investigated. Using overexpression or RNA interference experiments, we demonstrated that the abnormal expression of Cyclin L1 and CDK11A/B leads to cell cycle arrest and cell proliferation suppression. Together, these findings indicate that CDK11A/B interacts with Cyclin L1 to regulate the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tai-Hang Liu
- a State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology , Southwest University , Chongqing , China
| | - Yun-Fei Wu
- a State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology , Southwest University , Chongqing , China
| | - Xiao-Long Dong
- a State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology , Southwest University , Chongqing , China.,b College of Animal Science and Technology , Northwest A&F University , Yangling , Shaanxi , China
| | - Cai-Xia Pan
- a State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology , Southwest University , Chongqing , China
| | - Guo-Yu Du
- a State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology , Southwest University , Chongqing , China
| | - Ji-Gui Yang
- a State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology , Southwest University , Chongqing , China
| | - Wei Wang
- a State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology , Southwest University , Chongqing , China
| | - Xi-Yan Bao
- a State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology , Southwest University , Chongqing , China
| | - Peng Chen
- a State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology , Southwest University , Chongqing , China
| | - Min-Hui Pan
- a State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology , Southwest University , Chongqing , China.,c Key Laboratory for Sericulture Functional Genomics and Biotechnology of Agricultural Ministry , Southwest University , Chongqing , China
| | - Cheng Lu
- a State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology , Southwest University , Chongqing , China.,c Key Laboratory for Sericulture Functional Genomics and Biotechnology of Agricultural Ministry , Southwest University , Chongqing , China
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Zhou Y, Shen JK, Hornicek FJ, Kan Q, Duan Z. The emerging roles and therapeutic potential of cyclin-dependent kinase 11 (CDK11) in human cancer. Oncotarget 2016; 7:40846-40859. [PMID: 27049727 PMCID: PMC5130049 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Overexpression and/or hyperactivation of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are common features of most cancer types. CDKs have been shown to play important roles in tumor cell proliferation and growth by controlling cell cycle, transcription, and RNA splicing. CDK4/6 inhibitor palbociclib has been recently approved by the FDA for the treatment of breast cancer. CDK11 is a serine/threonine protein kinase in the CDK family and recent studies have shown that CDK11 also plays critical roles in cancer cell growth and proliferation. A variety of genetic and epigenetic events may cause universal overexpression of CDK11 in human cancers. Inhibition of CDK11 has been shown to lead to cancer cell death and apoptosis. Significant evidence has suggested that CDK11 may be a novel and promising therapeutic target for the treatment of cancers. This review will focus on the emerging roles of CDK11 in human cancers, and provide a proof-of-principle for continued efforts toward targeting CDK11 for effective cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubing Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
- Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, Center for Sarcoma and Connective Tissue Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Jacson K. Shen
- Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, Center for Sarcoma and Connective Tissue Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Francis J. Hornicek
- Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, Center for Sarcoma and Connective Tissue Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Quancheng Kan
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenfeng Duan
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
- Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, Center for Sarcoma and Connective Tissue Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
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Cyclin-Dependent Kinase CRK9, Required for Spliced Leader trans Splicing of Pre-mRNA in Trypanosomes, Functions in a Complex with a New L-Type Cyclin and a Kinetoplastid-Specific Protein. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005498. [PMID: 26954683 PMCID: PMC4783070 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In eukaryotes, cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) control the cell cycle and critical steps in gene expression. The lethal parasite Trypanosoma brucei, member of the phylogenetic order Kinetoplastida, possesses eleven CDKs which, due to high sequence divergence, were generically termed CDC2-related kinases (CRKs). While several CRKs have been implied in the cell cycle, CRK9 was the first trypanosome CDK shown to control the unusual mode of gene expression found in kinetoplastids. In these organisms, protein-coding genes are arranged in tandem arrays which are transcribed polycistronically. Individual mRNAs are processed from precursor RNA by spliced leader (SL) trans splicing and polyadenylation. CRK9 ablation was lethal in cultured trypanosomes, causing a block of trans splicing before the first transesterification step. Additionally, CRK9 silencing led to dephosphorylation of RNA polymerase II and to hypomethylation of the SL cap structure. Here, we tandem affinity-purified CRK9 and, among potential CRK9 substrates and modifying enzymes, discovered an unusual tripartite complex comprising CRK9, a new L-type cyclin (CYC12) and a protein, termed CRK9-associated protein (CRK9AP), that is only conserved among kinetoplastids. Silencing of either CYC12 or CRK9AP reproduced the effects of depleting CRK9, identifying these proteins as functional partners of CRK9 in vivo. While mammalian cyclin L binds to CDK11, the CRK9 complex deviates substantially from that of CDK11, requiring CRK9AP for efficient CRK9 complex formation and autophosphorylation in vitro. Interference with this unusual CDK rescued mice from lethal trypanosome infections, validating CRK9 as a potential chemotherapeutic target.
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16
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Kralovicova J, Knut M, Cross NCP, Vorechovsky I. Exon-centric regulation of ATM expression is population-dependent and amenable to antisense modification by pseudoexon targeting. Sci Rep 2016; 6:18741. [PMID: 26732650 PMCID: PMC4702124 DOI: 10.1038/srep18741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
ATM is an important cancer susceptibility gene that encodes a critical apical kinase of the DNA damage response (DDR) pathway. We show that a key nonsense-mediated RNA decay switch exon (NSE) in ATM is repressed by U2AF, PUF60 and hnRNPA1. The NSE activation was haplotype-specific and was most promoted by cytosine at rs609621 in the NSE 3' splice-site (3'ss), which is predominant in high cancer risk populations. NSE levels were deregulated in leukemias and were influenced by the identity of U2AF35 residue 34. We also identify splice-switching oligonucleotides (SSOs) that exploit competition of adjacent pseudoexons to modulate NSE levels. The U2AF-regulated exon usage in the ATM signalling pathway was centred on the MRN/ATM-CHEK2-CDC25-cdc2/cyclin-B axis and preferentially involved transcripts implicated in cancer-associated gene fusions and chromosomal translocations. These results reveal important links between 3'ss control and ATM-dependent responses to double-strand DNA breaks, demonstrate functional plasticity of intronic variants and illustrate versatility of intronic SSOs that target pseudo-3'ss to modify gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Kralovicova
- University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine Southampton SO16 6YD United Kingdom
| | - Marcin Knut
- University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine Southampton SO16 6YD United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas C. P. Cross
- University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine Southampton SO16 6YD United Kingdom
- Wessex Regional Genetics Laboratory Salisbury Hospital Salisbury SP2 8BJ United Kingdom
| | - Igor Vorechovsky
- University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine Southampton SO16 6YD United Kingdom
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Shkreta L, Chabot B. The RNA Splicing Response to DNA Damage. Biomolecules 2015; 5:2935-77. [PMID: 26529031 PMCID: PMC4693264 DOI: 10.3390/biom5042935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Revised: 09/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The number of factors known to participate in the DNA damage response (DDR) has expanded considerably in recent years to include splicing and alternative splicing factors. While the binding of splicing proteins and ribonucleoprotein complexes to nascent transcripts prevents genomic instability by deterring the formation of RNA/DNA duplexes, splicing factors are also recruited to, or removed from, sites of DNA damage. The first steps of the DDR promote the post-translational modification of splicing factors to affect their localization and activity, while more downstream DDR events alter their expression. Although descriptions of molecular mechanisms remain limited, an emerging trend is that DNA damage disrupts the coupling of constitutive and alternative splicing with the transcription of genes involved in DNA repair, cell-cycle control and apoptosis. A better understanding of how changes in splice site selection are integrated into the DDR may provide new avenues to combat cancer and delay aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulzim Shkreta
- Microbiologie et d'Infectiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1E 4K8, Canada.
| | - Benoit Chabot
- Microbiologie et d'Infectiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1E 4K8, Canada.
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Bohjanen PR, Moua ML, Guo L, Taye A, Vlasova-St Louis IA. Altered CELF1 binding to target transcripts in malignant T cells. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2015; 21:1757-1769. [PMID: 26249002 PMCID: PMC4574752 DOI: 10.1261/rna.049940.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The RNA-binding protein, CELF1, binds to a regulatory sequence known as the GU-rich element (GRE) and controls a network of mRNA transcripts that regulate cellular activation, proliferation, and apoptosis. We performed immunoprecipitation using an anti-CELF1 antibody, followed by identification of copurified transcripts using microarrays. We found that CELF1 is bound to a distinct set of target transcripts in the H9 and Jurkat malignant T-cell lines, compared with primary human T cells. CELF1 was not phosphorylated in resting normal T cells, but in malignant T cells, phosphorylation of CELF1 correlated with its inability to bind to GRE-containing mRNAs that served as CELF1 targets in normal T cells. Lack of binding by CELF1 to these mRNAs in malignant T cells correlated with stabilization and increased expression of these transcripts. Several of these GRE-containing transcripts that encode regulators of cell growth were also stabilized and up-regulated in primary tumor cells from patients with T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Interestingly, transcripts encoding numerous suppressors of cell proliferation that served as targets of CELF1 in malignant T cells, but not normal T cells, exhibited accelerated degradation and reduced expression in malignant compared with normal T cells, consistent with the known function of CELF1 to mediate degradation of bound transcripts. Overall, CELF1 dysfunction in malignant T cells led to the up-regulation of a subset of GRE-containing transcripts that promote cell growth and down-regulation of another subset that suppress cell growth, producing a net effect that would drive a malignant phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul R Bohjanen
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA Department of Microbiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA Center for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Translational Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Mai Lee Moua
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA Center for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Translational Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Liang Guo
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA Center for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Translational Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Ammanuel Taye
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA Center for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Translational Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Irina A Vlasova-St Louis
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA Center for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Translational Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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Naro C, Bielli P, Pagliarini V, Sette C. The interplay between DNA damage response and RNA processing: the unexpected role of splicing factors as gatekeepers of genome stability. Front Genet 2015; 6:142. [PMID: 25926848 PMCID: PMC4397863 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2015.00142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome integrity is constantly threatened by endogenous and exogenous factors. However, its preservation is ensured by a network of pathways that prevent and/or repair the lesion, which constitute the DNA damage response (DDR). Expression of the key proteins involved in the DDR is controlled by numerous post-transcriptional mechanisms, among which pre-mRNA splicing stands out. Intriguingly, several splicing factors (SFs) have been recently shown to play direct functions in DNA damage prevention and repair, which go beyond their expected splicing activity. At the same time, evidence is emerging that DNA repair proteins (DRPs) can actively sustain the DDR by acting as post-transcriptional regulator of gene expression, in addition to their well-known role in the mechanisms of signaling and repair of the lesion. Herein, we will review these non-canonical functions of both SFs and DRPs, which suggest the existence of a tight interplay between splicing regulation and canonical DNA safeguard mechanisms ensuring genome stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Naro
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata , Rome, Italy ; Laboratory of Neuroembryology, Fondazione Santa Lucia , Rome, Italy
| | - Pamela Bielli
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata , Rome, Italy ; Laboratory of Neuroembryology, Fondazione Santa Lucia , Rome, Italy
| | - Vittoria Pagliarini
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata , Rome, Italy ; Laboratory of Neuroembryology, Fondazione Santa Lucia , Rome, Italy
| | - Claudio Sette
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata , Rome, Italy ; Laboratory of Neuroembryology, Fondazione Santa Lucia , Rome, Italy
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20
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Kren BT, Unger GM, Abedin MJ, Vogel RI, Henzler CM, Ahmed K, Trembley JH. Preclinical evaluation of cyclin dependent kinase 11 and casein kinase 2 survival kinases as RNA interference targets for triple negative breast cancer therapy. Breast Cancer Res 2015; 17:19. [PMID: 25837326 PMCID: PMC4344788 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-015-0524-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Targeted therapies for aggressive breast cancers like triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) are needed. The use of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) to disable expression of survival genes provides a tool for killing these cancer cells. Cyclin dependent kinase 11 (CDK11) is a survival protein kinase that regulates RNA transcription, splicing and mitosis. Casein kinase 2 (CK2) is a survival protein kinase that suppresses cancer cell death. Eliminating the expression of these genes has potential therapeutic utility for breast cancer. Methods Expression levels of CDK11 and CK2 mRNAs and associated proteins were examined in breast cancer cell lines and tissue arrays. RNA expression levels of CDC2L1, CDC2L2, CCNL1, CCNL2, CSNK2A1, CSNK2A2, and CSNK2B genes in breast cancer subtypes were analyzed. Effects following transfection of siRNAs against CDK11 and CK2 in cultured cells were examined by viability and clonal survival assays and by RNA and protein measures. Uptake of tenfibgen (TBG) nanocapsules by TNBC cells was analyzed by fluorescence-activated cell sorting. TBG nanocapsules delivered siRNAs targeting CDK11 or CK2 in mice carrying TNBC xenograft tumors. Transcript cleavage and response parameters were evaluated. Results We found strong CDK11 and CK2 mRNA and protein expression in most human breast cancer cells. Immunohistochemical analysis of TNBC patient tissues showed 100% of tumors stained positive for CDK11 with high nuclear intensity compared to normal tissue. The Cancer Genome Atlas analysis comparing basal to other breast cancer subtypes and to normal breast revealed statistically significant differences. Down-regulation of CDK11 and/or CK2 in breast cancer cells caused significant loss of cell viability and clonal survival, reduced relevant mRNA and protein expression, and induced cell death changes. TBG nanocapsules were taken up by TNBC cells both in culture and in xenograft tumors. Treatment with TBG- siRNA to CDK11 or TBG- siRNA to CK2αα’ nanocapsules induced appropriate cleavage of CDK11 and CK2α transcripts in TNBC tumors, and caused MDA-MB-231 tumor reduction, loss of proliferation, and decreased expression of targeted genes. Conclusions CDK11 and CK2 expression are individually essential for breast cancer cell survival, including TNBC. These genes serve as promising new targets for therapeutic development in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betsy T Kren
- Research Service (151), Minneapolis VA Health Care System, One Veterans Drive, Minneapolis, MN 55417 USA ; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware Street, SE, Minneapolis, MN USA ; Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, 717 Delaware Street SE Room 130, Minneapolis, MN 55414 USA
| | | | - Md J Abedin
- Research Service (151), Minneapolis VA Health Care System, One Veterans Drive, Minneapolis, MN 55417 USA ; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware Street, SE, Minneapolis, MN USA
| | - Rachel I Vogel
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, 717 Delaware Street SE Room 130, Minneapolis, MN 55414 USA
| | - Christine M Henzler
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware Street, SE, Minneapolis, MN USA ; Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, 117 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Khalil Ahmed
- Research Service (151), Minneapolis VA Health Care System, One Veterans Drive, Minneapolis, MN 55417 USA ; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware Street, SE, Minneapolis, MN USA ; Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, 717 Delaware Street SE Room 130, Minneapolis, MN 55414 USA ; Department of Urology, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware St. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Janeen H Trembley
- Research Service (151), Minneapolis VA Health Care System, One Veterans Drive, Minneapolis, MN 55417 USA ; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware Street, SE, Minneapolis, MN USA ; Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, 717 Delaware Street SE Room 130, Minneapolis, MN 55414 USA
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Feng Y, Sassi S, Shen JK, Yang X, Gao Y, Osaka E, Zhang J, Yang S, Yang C, Mankin HJ, Hornicek FJ, Duan Z. Targeting CDK11 in osteosarcoma cells using the CRISPR-Cas9 system. J Orthop Res 2015; 33:199-207. [PMID: 25348612 PMCID: PMC4304907 DOI: 10.1002/jor.22745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is the most common type primary malignant tumor of bone. Patients with regional osteosarcoma are routinely treated with surgery and chemotherapy. In addition, many patients with metastatic or recurrent osteosarcoma show poor prognosis with current chemotherapy agents. Therefore, it is important to improve the general condition and the overall survival rate of patients with osteosarcoma by identifying novel therapeutic strategies. Recent studies have revealed that CDK11 is essential in osteosarcoma cell growth and survival by inhibiting CDK11 mRNA expression with RNAi. Here, we apply the Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)-Cas9 system, a robust and highly efficient novel genome editing tool, to determine the effect of targeting endogenous CDK11 gene at the DNA level in osteosarcoma cell lines. We show that CDK11 can be efficiently silenced by CRISPR-Cas9. Inhibition of CDK11 is associated with decreased cell proliferation and viability, and induces cell death in osteosarcoma cell lines KHOS and U-2OS. Furthermore, the migration and invasion activities are also markedly reduced by CDK11 knockout. These results demonstrate that CRISPR-Cas9 system is a useful tool for the modification of endogenous CDK11 gene expression, and CRISPR-Cas9 targeted CDK11 knockout may be a promising therapeutic regimen for the treatment of osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Feng
- Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Jackson 1115, Boston, Massachusetts 02114,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jie Fang Avenue, Wuhan, China, 430022
| | - Slim Sassi
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Jacson K Shen
- Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Jackson 1115, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Xiaoqian Yang
- Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Jackson 1115, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Yan Gao
- Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Jackson 1115, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Eiji Osaka
- Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Jackson 1115, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Jianming Zhang
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, 02114
| | - Shuhua Yang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jie Fang Avenue, Wuhan, China, 430022
| | - Cao Yang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jie Fang Avenue, Wuhan, China, 430022
| | - Henry J. Mankin
- Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Jackson 1115, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Francis J Hornicek
- Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Jackson 1115, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Zhenfeng Duan
- Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Jackson 1115, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
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Jia B, Choy E, Cote G, Harmon D, Ye S, Kan Q, Mankin H, Hornicek F, Duan Z. Cyclin-dependent kinase 11 (CDK11) is crucial in the growth of liposarcoma cells. Cancer Lett 2013; 342:104-12. [PMID: 24007862 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Revised: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Liposarcoma is the second most common soft tissue sarcoma in adults, but treatment options have been quite limited thus far. In this study, we investigated the functional and therapeutic relevance of cyclin-dependent kinase 11 (CDK11) as a putative target in liposarcoma. CDK11 knockdown by synthetic siRNA or lentiviral shRNA decreased cell proliferation, and induced apoptosis in liposarcoma cells. Moreover, CDK11 knockdown enhances the cytotoxic effect of doxorubicin to inhibit cell growth in liposarcoma cells. These findings suggest that CDK11 is critical for the growth and proliferation of liposarcoma cells. CDK11 may be a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of liposarcoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Jia
- Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, Center for Sarcoma and Connective Tissue Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Pharmacology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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