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Douglas JT, Johnson DK, Roy A, Park T. Use of phosphotyrosine-containing peptides to target SH2 domains: Antagonist peptides of the Crk/CrkL-p130Cas axis. Methods Enzymol 2024; 698:301-342. [PMID: 38886037 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2024.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions between SH2 domains and segments of proteins that include a post-translationally phosphorylated tyrosine residue (pY) underpin numerous signal transduction cascades that allow cells to respond to their environment. Dysregulation of the writing, erasing, and reading of these posttranslational modifications is a hallmark of human disease, notably cancer. Elucidating the precise role of the SH2 domain-containing adaptor proteins Crk and CrkL in tumor cell migration and invasion is challenging because there are no specific and potent antagonists available. Crk and CrkL SH2s interact with a region of the docking protein p130Cas containing 15 potential pY-containing tetrapeptide motifs. This chapter summarizes recent efforts toward peptide antagonists for this Crk/CrkL-p130Cas interaction. We describe our protocol for recombinant expression and purification of Crk and CrkL SH2s for functional assays and our procedure to determine the consensus binding motif from the p130Cas sequence. To develop a more potent antagonist, we employ methods often associated with structure-based drug design. Computational docking using Rosetta FlexPepDock, which accounts for peptides having a greater number of conformational degrees of freedom than small organic molecules that typically constitute libraries, provides quantitative docking metrics to prioritize candidate peptides for experimental testing. A battery of biophysical assays, including fluorescence polarization, differential scanning fluorimetry and saturation transfer difference nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, were employed to assess the candidates. In parallel, GST pulldown competition assays characterized protein-protein binding in vitro. Taken together, our methodology yields peptide antagonists of the Crk/CrkL-p130Cas axis that will be used to validate targets, assess druggability, foster in vitro assay development, and potentially serve as lead compounds for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin T Douglas
- Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Core Lab, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
| | - David K Johnson
- Computational Chemical Biology Core, Molecular Graphics and Modeling Laboratory, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, United States
| | - Anuradha Roy
- High Throughput Screening Laboratory, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
| | - Taeju Park
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City and University of Missouri Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO, United States
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Shi L, Song H, Zhou B, Morrow BE. Crk/Crkl regulates early angiogenesis in mouse embryos by accelerating endothelial cell maturation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.12.548782. [PMID: 37503032 PMCID: PMC10369973 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.12.548782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Rationale Ubiquitously expressed cytoplasmic adaptors CRK and CRKL mediate multiple signaling pathways in mammalian embryogenesis. They are also associated with cardiovascular defects occurring in Miller-Dieker syndrome and 22q11.2 deletion syndrome, respectively. The embryonic mesoderm contributes to the formation of the cardiovascular system, yet the roles that Crk and Crkl play there are not understood on a single cell level. Objectives To determine functions of Crk and Crkl in the embryonic mesoderm during early mouse vascular development. Secondly, we will examine the molecular mechanisms responsible for early embryonic endothelial cell (EC) defects by performing single cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) and in vivo validation experiments. Methods and Results Inactivation of both Crk and Crkl together using Mesp1 Cre resulted embryonic lethality with severe vascular defects. Although vasculogenesis appeared normal, angiogenesis was disrupted both in the yolk sac and embryo proper, leading to disorganized vascular networks. We performed scRNA-seq of the Mesp1 Cre mesodermal lineage and found that there was upregulation of a great number of angiogenesis and cell migration related genes in ECs in the mutants, including NOTCH signaling genes such as Dll4 and Hey1 . Further bioinformatic analysis of EC subpopulations identified a relative increase in the number of more differentiated angiogenic ECs and decrease in EC progenitors. Consistent with this, we identified an expansion of Dll4 expressing cells within abnormal arteries, in vivo . Also, our bioinformatic data indicates that there is dysregulated expression of lineage genes that promote EC differentiation causing accelerated cell fate progression during EC differentiation. Conclusions Our results show that Crk and Crkl are crucial for regulating early embryonic angiogenesis. Combined inactivation of Crk/Crkl caused precocious EC maturation with an increase of atypical differentiated angiogenic ECs and failed vascular remodeling. This is in part due to increased NOTCH signaling and altered expression of cell migration genes.
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Da Silva JD, Gonzaga D, Barreta A, Correia H, Fortuna AM, Soares AR, Tkachenko N. Refining the Clinical Spectrum of the 17p13.3 Microduplication Syndrome: Case-Report of a Familial Small Microduplication. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10123078. [PMID: 36551834 PMCID: PMC9775100 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10123078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The chromosomal region 17p13.3 contains extensive repetitive sequences and is a well-recognized region of genomic instability. The 17p13.3 microduplication syndrome has been associated with a clinical spectrum of moderately non-specific phenotypes, including global developmental delay/intellectual disability, behavioral disorders, autism spectrum disorder and variable dysmorphic features. Depending on the genes involved in the microduplication, it can be categorized in two subtypes with different phenotypes. Here, we report a case of a 7-year-old boy with global developmental delay, speech impairment, hypotonia, behavioral conditions (ADHD and ODD), non-specific dysmorphic features and overgrowth. Genetic testing revealed a small 17p13.3 chromosomal duplication, which included the BHLHA9, CRK and YWHAE genes. Additionally, we observed that this was maternally inherited, and that the mother presented with a milder phenotype including mild learning disabilities, speech impairment and non-specific dysmorphic features, which did not significantly affect her. In conclusion, we present a clinical case of a 17p13.3 duplication that further delineates the clinical spectrum of this syndrome, including its intrafamilial/intergenerational variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Diogo Da Silva
- Centro de Genética Médica Doutor Jacinto Magalhães (CGM), Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto, 4050-106 Porto, Portugal
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4806-909 Braga, Portugal
- Correspondence:
| | - Diana Gonzaga
- Centro de Genética Médica Doutor Jacinto Magalhães (CGM), Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto, 4050-106 Porto, Portugal
- Centro Materno-Infantil do Norte, Centro Hospital Universitário do Porto, 4099-001 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Barreta
- Medical Genetics Service, Joaquim Chaves Saúde, 2685-145 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Hildeberto Correia
- Medical Genetics Service, Joaquim Chaves Saúde, 2685-145 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Ana Maria Fortuna
- Centro de Genética Médica Doutor Jacinto Magalhães (CGM), Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto, 4050-106 Porto, Portugal
- Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine, Abel Salazar Biomedical Sciences Institute, Porto University, 4050-345 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Rita Soares
- Centro de Genética Médica Doutor Jacinto Magalhães (CGM), Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto, 4050-106 Porto, Portugal
- Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine, Abel Salazar Biomedical Sciences Institute, Porto University, 4050-345 Porto, Portugal
| | - Nataliya Tkachenko
- Centro de Genética Médica Doutor Jacinto Magalhães (CGM), Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto, 4050-106 Porto, Portugal
- Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine, Abel Salazar Biomedical Sciences Institute, Porto University, 4050-345 Porto, Portugal
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Lukic N, Lapetina S, Grobe H, Srikanth KD, Twafra S, Solomon J, Sneh T, Gendler M, Zaidel-Bar R, Gil-Henn H. Pyk2 regulates cell-edge protrusion dynamics by interacting with Crk. Mol Biol Cell 2021; 32:ar17. [PMID: 34432482 PMCID: PMC8693953 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e20-10-0640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is well established as a regulator of cell migration, but whether and how the closely related proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2) regulates fibroblast motility is still under debate. Using mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) from Pyk2-/- mice, we show here, for the first time, that lack of Pyk2 significantly impairs both random and directed fibroblast motility. Pyk2-/- MEFs show reduced cell-edge protrusion dynamics, which is dependent on both the kinase and protein-protein binding activities of Pyk2. Using bioinformatics analysis of in vitro high- throughput screens followed by text mining, we identified CrkI/II as novel substrates and interactors of Pyk2. Knockdown of CrkI/II shows altered dynamics of cell-edge protrusions, which is similar to the phenotype observed in Pyk2-/- MEFs. Moreover, epistasis experiments suggest that Pyk2 regulates the dynamics of cell-edge protrusions via direct and indirect interactions with Crk that enable both activation and down-regulation of Crk-mediated cytoskeletal signaling. This complex mechanism may enable fine-tuning of cell-edge protrusion dynamics and consequent cell migration on the one hand together with tight regulation of cell motility, a process that should be strictly limited to specific time and context in normal cells, on the other hand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Lukic
- Laboratory for Cell Migration and Invasion, The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed 1311502, Israel
| | - Stefanie Lapetina
- Laboratory for Cell Migration and Invasion, The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed 1311502, Israel
| | - Hanna Grobe
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Kolluru D Srikanth
- Laboratory for Cell Migration and Invasion, The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed 1311502, Israel
| | - Shams Twafra
- Laboratory for Cell Migration and Invasion, The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed 1311502, Israel
| | - Jonathan Solomon
- Laboratory for Cell Migration and Invasion, The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed 1311502, Israel
| | - Tal Sneh
- Laboratory for Cell Migration and Invasion, The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed 1311502, Israel
| | - Michal Gendler
- Laboratory for Cell Migration and Invasion, The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed 1311502, Israel
| | - Ronen Zaidel-Bar
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Hava Gil-Henn
- Laboratory for Cell Migration and Invasion, The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed 1311502, Israel
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Shi L, Racedo SE, Diacou A, Park T, Zhou B, Morrow BE. Crk and Crkl have shared functions in neural crest cells for cardiac outflow tract septation and vascular smooth muscle differentiation. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 31:1197-1215. [PMID: 34686881 PMCID: PMC9029238 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddab313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
CRK and CRKL encode cytoplasmic adaptors that contribute to the etiology of congenital heart disease. Neural crest cells (NCCs) are required for cardiac outflow tract (OFT) septation and aortic arch formation. The roles of Crk/Crkl in NCCs during mouse cardiovascular development remains unknown. To test this, we inactivated Crk and/or Crkl in NCCs. We found that the loss of Crk, rather than Crkl, in NCCs resulted in double outlet right ventricle, while loss of both Crk/Crkl in NCCs resulted in severe defects with earlier lethality due to failed OFT septation and severe dilation of the pharyngeal arch arteries (PAAs). We found that these defects are due to altered cell morphology resulting in reduced localization of NCCs to the OFT and failed integrity of the PAAs, along with reduced expression of Integrin signaling genes. Further, molecular studies identified reduced differentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells that may in part be due to altered Notch signaling. Additionally, there is increased cellular stress that leads to modest increase in apoptosis. Overall, this explains the mechanism for the Crk/Crkl phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijie Shi
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein college of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Silvia E Racedo
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein college of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Alexander Diacou
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein college of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Taeju Park
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Bin Zhou
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein college of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Bernice E Morrow
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein college of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
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Wang S, Tang W, Ma L, Yang J, Huang K, Du X, Luo A, Shen W, Ding T, Ye S, Zhou S, Yang S, Wang S. MiR-145 regulates steroidogenesis in mouse primary granulosa cells through targeting Crkl. Life Sci 2021; 282:119820. [PMID: 34273377 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIMS It has been demonstrated that miR-145 is expressed in primordial follicles and modulates the initiation of primordial follicle development. We aimed to explore the function of miR-145 in mouse granulosa cells (mGCs). MATERIALS AND METHODS The proliferation and differentiation of GCs were examined via MTT, EDU assay, QRT-PCR, ELISA and electron microscope analysis. The target of miR-145 was determined by bioinformatics analysis and luciferase reporter assay and the molecular mechanisms were examined via western blot and quantitative Real-Time RT-PCR. KEY FINDINGS We proved that down-regulation of miR-145 could inhibit GCs proliferation and differentiation. In addition, we provided evidence that Crkl was the target gene of miR-145. The miR-145 antagomir caused an increase in Crkl expression and activation of the JNK/p38 MAPK pathway. Overexpression of Crkl with pEGFP-N1-Crkl vector inhibited GCs differentiation and progesterone synthesis as well as activation of the JNK/p38 MAPK pathway. SIGNIFICANCE Our study shows that miR-145 targets Crkl and through the JNK/p38 MAPK signaling pathway promotes the GCs proliferation, differentiation, and steroidogenesis. MiR-145 may play an important role in the ovarian physiology and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Weicheng Tang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Lanfang Ma
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Guiyang Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Kecheng Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaofang Du
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Aiyue Luo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Shen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Ding
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuangmei Ye
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Su Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuhong Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shixuan Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
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7
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Stergas HR, Kalbag Z, St Clair RM, Talbot JC, Ballif BA, Ebert AM. Crk adaptor proteins are necessary for the development of the zebrafish retina. Dev Dyn 2021; 251:362-376. [PMID: 34268820 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The development of the central nervous system (CNS) requires critical cell signaling molecules to coordinate cell proliferation and migration in order to structure the adult tissue. Chicken tumor virus #10 Regulator of Kinase (CRK) and CRK-like (CRKL) are adaptor proteins with pre-metazoan ancestry and are known to be required for patterning laminated structures downstream of Reelin (RELN), such as the cerebral cortex, cerebellum, and hippocampus. CRK and CRKL also play crucial roles in a variety of other growth factor and extracellular matrix signaling cascades. The neuronal retina is another highly laminated structure within the CNS that is dependent on migration for proper development, but the cell signaling mechanisms behind neuronal positioning in the retina are only partly understood. RESULTS We find that crk and crkl have largely overlapping expression within the developing zebrafish nervous system. We find that their disruption results in smaller eye size and loss of retinal lamination. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that Crk adaptors are critical for proper development of the zebrafish neural retina in a crk/crkl dose-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helaina R Stergas
- Department of Biology, The University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Zoë Kalbag
- Department of Biology, The University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Riley M St Clair
- Department of Biology, The University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Jared C Talbot
- School of Biology and Ecology, The University of Maine, Orono, Maine, USA
| | - Bryan A Ballif
- Department of Biology, The University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Alicia M Ebert
- Department of Biology, The University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
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Park T. Crk and CrkL as Therapeutic Targets for Cancer Treatment. Cells 2021; 10:cells10040739. [PMID: 33801580 PMCID: PMC8065463 DOI: 10.3390/cells10040739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Crk and CrkL are cellular counterparts of the viral oncoprotein v-Crk. Crk and CrkL are overexpressed in many types of human cancer, correlating with poor prognosis. Furthermore, gene knockdown and knockout of Crk and CrkL in tumor cell lines suppress tumor cell functions, including cell proliferation, transformation, migration, invasion, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, resistance to chemotherapy drugs, and in vivo tumor growth and metastasis. Conversely, overexpression of tumor cells with Crk or CrkL enhances tumor cell functions. Therefore, Crk and CrkL have been proposed as therapeutic targets for cancer treatment. However, it is unclear whether Crk and CrkL make distinct or overlapping contributions to tumor cell functions in various cancer types because Crk or CrkL have been examined independently in most studies. Two recent studies using colorectal cancer and glioblastoma cells clearly demonstrated that Crk and CrkL need to be ablated individually and combined to understand distinct and overlapping roles of the two proteins in cancer. A comprehensive understanding of individual and overlapping roles of Crk and CrkL in tumor cell functions is necessary to develop effective therapeutic strategies. This review systematically discusses crucial functions of Crk and CrkL in tumor cell functions and provides new perspectives on targeting Crk and CrkL in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taeju Park
- Children's Mercy Research Institute, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Department of Pediatrics, University of Missouri Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
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9
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Amado-Azevedo J, van Stalborch AMD, Valent ET, Nawaz K, van Bezu J, Eringa EC, Hoevenaars FPM, De Cuyper IM, Hordijk PL, van Hinsbergh VWM, van Nieuw Amerongen GP, Aman J, Margadant C. Depletion of Arg/Abl2 improves endothelial cell adhesion and prevents vascular leak during inflammation. Angiogenesis 2021; 24:677-693. [PMID: 33770321 PMCID: PMC7996118 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-021-09781-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial barrier disruption and vascular leak importantly contribute to organ dysfunction and mortality during inflammatory conditions like sepsis and acute respiratory distress syndrome. We identified the kinase Arg/Abl2 as a mediator of endothelial barrier disruption, but the role of Arg in endothelial monolayer regulation and its relevance in vivo remain poorly understood. Here we show that depletion of Arg in endothelial cells results in the activation of both RhoA and Rac1, increased cell spreading and elongation, redistribution of integrin-dependent cell-matrix adhesions to the cell periphery, and improved adhesion to the extracellular matrix. We further show that Arg is activated in the endothelium during inflammation, both in murine lungs exposed to barrier-disruptive agents, and in pulmonary microvessels of septic patients. Importantly, Arg-depleted endothelial cells were less sensitive to barrier-disruptive agents. Despite the formation of F-actin stress fibers and myosin light chain phosphorylation, Arg depletion diminished adherens junction disruption and intercellular gap formation, by reducing the disassembly of cell-matrix adhesions and cell retraction. In vivo, genetic deletion of Arg diminished vascular leak in the skin and lungs, in the presence of a normal immune response. Together, our data indicate that Arg is a central and non-redundant regulator of endothelial barrier integrity, which contributes to cell retraction and gap formation by increasing the dynamics of adherens junctions and cell-matrix adhesions in a Rho GTPase-dependent fashion. Therapeutic inhibition of Arg may provide a suitable strategy for the treatment of a variety of clinical conditions characterized by vascular leak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Amado-Azevedo
- Department of Physiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Erik T Valent
- Department of Physiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kalim Nawaz
- Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan van Bezu
- Department of Physiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Etto C Eringa
- Department of Physiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Femke P M Hoevenaars
- Department of Physiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Peter L Hordijk
- Department of Physiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Victor W M van Hinsbergh
- Department of Physiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Geerten P van Nieuw Amerongen
- Department of Physiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jurjan Aman
- Department of Physiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Department of Pulmonology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Coert Margadant
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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10
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Park T, Large N, Curran T. Quantitative assessment of glioblastoma phenotypes in vitro establishes cell migration as a robust readout of Crk and CrkL activity. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100390. [PMID: 33561443 PMCID: PMC7961105 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The expression levels of CT10 regulator of kinase (Crk) and Crk-like (CrkL) are elevated in many human cancers, including glioblastoma (GBM), and are believed to contribute to poor prognosis. Although Crk and CrkL have been proposed as therapeutic targets in these tumors, the lack of a reliable, quantitative assay to measure Crk and CrkL activity has hindered development of inhibitors. Here, we knocked down Crk, CrkL, or both using siRNAs in a human GBM cell line, U-118MG, to determine the respective, quantitative contributions of Crk and CrkL to cellular phenotypes. The combined use of specific and potent Crk and CrkL siRNAs induced effective knockdown of CrkII, CrkI, and CrkL. Whereas Crk knockdown did not affect cell morphology, proliferation, adhesion, or invasion, CrkL knockdown caused shrinkage of cells and inhibition of cell proliferation, adhesion, and invasion. Crk/CrkL double knockdown resulted in more pronounced morphological alterations and more robust inhibition of proliferation, adhesion, and invasion. Furthermore, Crk/CrkL double knockdown completely blocked cell migration, and this effect was rescued by transient overexpression of CrkL but not of Crk. Quantification of protein levels indicated that CrkL is expressed more abundantly than CrkII and CrkI in U-118MG cells. These results demonstrate both the predominant role of CrkL and the essential overlapping functions of Crk and CrkL in U-118MG cells. Furthermore, our study indicates that migration of U-118MG cells depends entirely on Crk and CrkL. Thus, impedance-based, real-time measurement of tumor cell migration represents a robust assay for monitoring Crk and CrkL activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taeju Park
- Children's Mercy Research Institute, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, Missouri, USA.
| | - Neka Large
- Children's Mercy Research Institute, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Tom Curran
- Children's Mercy Research Institute, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
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11
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Fibroblast growth factor signalling in osteoarthritis and cartilage repair. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2020; 16:547-564. [PMID: 32807927 DOI: 10.1038/s41584-020-0469-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Regulated fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signalling is a prerequisite for the correct development and homeostasis of articular cartilage, as evidenced by the fact that aberrant FGF signalling contributes to the maldevelopment of joints and to the onset and progression of osteoarthritis. Of the four FGF receptors (FGFRs 1-4), FGFR1 and FGFR3 are strongly implicated in osteoarthritis, and FGFR1 antagonists, as well as agonists of FGFR3, have shown therapeutic efficacy in mouse models of spontaneous and surgically induced osteoarthritis. FGF18, a high affinity ligand for FGFR3, is the only FGF-based drug currently in clinical trials for osteoarthritis. This Review covers the latest advances in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that regulate FGF signalling during normal joint development and in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis. Strategies for FGF signalling-based treatment of osteoarthritis and for cartilage repair in animal models and clinical trials are also introduced. An improved understanding of FGF signalling from a structural biology perspective, and of its roles in skeletal development and diseases, could unlock new avenues for discovery of modulators of FGF signalling that can slow or stop the progression of osteoarthritis.
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12
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Crk1/2 and CrkL play critical roles in maintaining podocyte morphology and function. Exp Cell Res 2020; 394:112135. [PMID: 32535035 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2020.112135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Podocytes are actin-rich epithelial cells whose effacement and detachment are the main cause of glomerular disease. Crk family proteins: Crk1/2 and CrkL are reported to be important intracellular signaling proteins that are involved in many biological processes. However, the roles of them in maintaining podocyte morphology and function remain poorly understood. In this study, specific knocking down of Crk1/2 and CrkL in podocytes caused abnormal cell morphology, actin cytoskeleton rearrangement and dysfunction in cell adhesion, spreading, migration, and viability. The p130Cas, focal adhesion kinase, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt, p38 and JNK signaling pathways involved in these alterations. Furthermore, knocking down CrkL alone conferred a more modest phenotype than did the Crk1/2 knockdown and the double knockdown. Kidney biopsy specimens from patients with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis and minimal change nephropathy showed downregulation of Crk1/2 and CrkL in glomeruli. In zebrafish embryos, Crk1/2 and CrkL knockdown compromised the morphology and caused abnormal glomerular development. Thus, our results suggest that Crk1/2 and CrkL expression are important in podocytes; loss of either will cause podocyte dysfunction, leading to foot process effacement and podocyte detachment.
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13
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Roy NH, Mammadli M, Burkhardt JK, Karimi M. CrkL is required for donor T cell migration to GvHD target organs. Oncotarget 2020; 11:1505-1514. [PMID: 32391120 PMCID: PMC7197453 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The success of cancer therapies based on allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant relies on the ability to separate graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) from graft-versus-tumor (GVT) responses. Controlling donor T cell migration into peripheral tissues is a viable option to limit unwanted tissue damage, but a lack of specific targets limits progress on this front. Here, we show that the adaptor protein CrkL, but not the closely related family members CrkI or CrkII, is a crucial regulator of T cell migration. In vitro, CrkL-deficient T cells fail to polymerize actin in response to the integrin ligand ICAM-1, resulting in defective migration. Using a mouse model of GvHD/GVT, we found that while CrkL-deficient T cells can efficiently eliminate hematopoietic tumors they are unable to migrate into inflamed organs, such as the liver and small intestine, and thus do not cause GvHD. These results suggest a specific role for CrkL in trafficking to peripheral organs but not the lymphatic system. In line with this, we found that although CrkL-deficient T cells could clear hematopoietic tumors, they failed to clear the same tumor growing subcutaneously, highlighting the role of CrkL in controlling T cell migration into peripheral tissues. Our results define a unique role for CrkL in controlling T cell migration, and suggest that CrkL function could be therapeutically targeted to enhance the efficacy of immunotherapies involving allogeneic donor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan H Roy
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute and Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Mahinbanu Mammadli
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Janis K Burkhardt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute and Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Mobin Karimi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
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14
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Feng R, Li J, Sah BK, Yuan F, Jin X, Yan M, Liu B, Li C, Zhu Z. Overexpression of CrkL as a novel biomarker for poor prognosis in gastric cancer. Cancer Biomark 2020; 26:131-138. [PMID: 31356198 DOI: 10.3233/cbm-192435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The signaling adapter protein CrkL plays vital roles in multiple cancers. However, the expression pattern of CrkL protein and its clinical significance have not been well characterized in human gastric cancer (GC) so far. OBJECTIVE To investigate the association of tissue-based CrkL protein expression level with the clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis of GC patients. METHODS The expression level of CrkL protein in 380 GC patients was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. The associations of CrkL protein expression level with clinicopathologicalal characteristics and clinical outcome were evaluated. RESULTS Compared with the matched adjacent non-tumor tissues, CrkL protein expression level was significantly up-regulated in tumor tissues. In addition, there was a positive correlation between CrkL and Ki67 expression levels in GC patients. An elevated CrkL level statistically correlated with aggressive clinicopathologicalal characteristics, such as larger tumor size, deeper local invasion, more lymph node metastasis, advanced TNM stage, and poorer prognosis. Notably, multivariate analysis identified tissue-based CrkL level as an independent predictor for the unfavorable prognosis of GC. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that CrkL protein may serve as a novel prognostic biomarker in GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runhua Feng
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianfang Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Birendra K Sah
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Yuan
- Department of Pathology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaolong Jin
- Department of Pathology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Yan
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bingya Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Li
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenggang Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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15
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Schmoker AM, Driscoll HE, Geiger SR, Vincent JJ, Ebert AM, Ballif BA. An in silico proteomics screen to predict and prioritize protein-protein interactions dependent on post-translationally modified motifs. Bioinformatics 2019; 34:3898-3906. [PMID: 29868839 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/bty434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Motivation The development of proteomic methods for the characterization of domain/motif interactions has greatly expanded our understanding of signal transduction. However, proteomics-based binding screens have limitations including that the queried tissue or cell type may not harbor all potential interacting partners or post-translational modifications (PTMs) required for the interaction. Therefore, we sought a generalizable, complementary in silico approach to identify potentially novel motif and PTM-dependent binding partners of high priority. Results We used as an initial example the interaction between the Src homology 2 (SH2) domains of the adaptor proteins CT10 regulator of kinase (CRK) and CRK-like (CRKL) and phosphorylated-YXXP motifs. Employing well-curated, publicly-available resources, we scored and prioritized potential CRK/CRKL-SH2 interactors possessing signature characteristics of known interacting partners. Our approach gave high priority scores to 102 of the >9000 YXXP motif-containing proteins. Within this 102 were 21 of the 25 curated CRK/CRKL-SH2-binding partners showing a more than 80-fold enrichment. Several predicted interactors were validated biochemically. To demonstrate generalized applicability, we used our workflow to predict protein-protein interactions dependent upon motif-specific arginine methylation. Our data demonstrate the applicability of our approach to, conceivably, any modular binding domain that recognizes a specific post-translationally modified motif. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Schmoker
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Heather E Driscoll
- Vermont Genetics Network Bioinformatics Core, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.,Department of Biology, Norwich University, Northfield, VT, USA
| | | | - James J Vincent
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.,Vermont Genetics Network Bioinformatics Core, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Alicia M Ebert
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Bryan A Ballif
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
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16
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Spracklen AJ, Thornton-Kolbe EM, Bonner AN, Florea A, Compton PJ, Fernandez-Gonzalez R, Peifer M. The Crk adapter protein is essential for Drosophila embryogenesis, where it regulates multiple actin-dependent morphogenic events. Mol Biol Cell 2019; 30:2399-2421. [PMID: 31318326 PMCID: PMC6741062 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e19-05-0302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Small Src homology domain 2 (SH2) and 3 (SH3) adapter proteins regulate cell fate and behavior by mediating interactions between cell surface receptors and downstream signaling effectors in many signal transduction pathways. The CT10 regulator of kinase (Crk) family has tissue-specific roles in phagocytosis, cell migration, and neuronal development and mediates oncogenic signaling in pathways like that of Abelson kinase. However, redundancy among the two mammalian family members and the position of the Drosophila gene on the fourth chromosome precluded assessment of Crk's full role in embryogenesis. We circumvented these limitations with short hairpin RNA and CRISPR technology to assess Crk's function in Drosophila morphogenesis. We found that Crk is essential beginning in the first few hours of development, where it ensures accurate mitosis by regulating orchestrated dynamics of the actin cytoskeleton to keep mitotic spindles in syncytial embryos from colliding. In this role, it positively regulates cortical localization of the actin-related protein 2/3 complex (Arp2/3), its regulator suppressor of cAMP receptor (SCAR), and filamentous actin to actin caps and pseudocleavage furrows. Crk loss leads to the loss of nuclei and formation of multinucleate cells. We also found roles for Crk in embryonic wound healing and in axon patterning in the nervous system, where it localizes to the axons and midline glia. Thus, Crk regulates diverse events in embryogenesis that require orchestrated cytoskeletal dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Spracklen
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Emma M Thornton-Kolbe
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Alison N Bonner
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Alexandru Florea
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, and Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Peter J Compton
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Rodrigo Fernandez-Gonzalez
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, and Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Mark Peifer
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599.,Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599.,Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
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17
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PEAK3/C19orf35 pseudokinase, a new NFK3 kinase family member, inhibits CrkII through dimerization. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:15495-15504. [PMID: 31311869 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1906360116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Members of the New Kinase Family 3 (NKF3), PEAK1/SgK269 and Pragmin/SgK223 pseudokinases, have emerged as important regulators of cell motility and cancer progression. Here, we demonstrate that C19orf35 (PEAK3), a newly identified member of the NKF3 family, is a kinase-like protein evolutionarily conserved across mammals and birds and a regulator of cell motility. In contrast to its family members, which promote cell elongation when overexpressed in cells, PEAK3 overexpression does not have an elongating effect on cell shape but instead is associated with loss of actin filaments. Through an unbiased search for PEAK3 binding partners, we identified several regulators of cell motility, including the adaptor protein CrkII. We show that by binding to CrkII, PEAK3 prevents the formation of CrkII-dependent membrane ruffling. This function of PEAK3 is reliant upon its dimerization, which is mediated through a split helical dimerization domain conserved among all NKF3 family members. Disruption of the conserved DFG motif in the PEAK3 pseudokinase domain also interferes with its ability to dimerize and subsequently bind CrkII, suggesting that the conformation of the pseudokinase domain might play an important role in PEAK3 signaling. Hence, our data identify PEAK3 as an NKF3 family member with a unique role in cell motility driven by dimerization of its pseudokinase domain.
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18
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Roy NH, MacKay JL, Robertson TF, Hammer DA, Burkhardt JK. Crk adaptor proteins mediate actin-dependent T cell migration and mechanosensing induced by the integrin LFA-1. Sci Signal 2018; 11:eaat3178. [PMID: 30538176 PMCID: PMC6333317 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aat3178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
T cell entry into inflamed tissue involves firm adhesion, spreading, and migration of the T cells across endothelial barriers. These events depend on "outside-in" signals through which engaged integrins direct cytoskeletal reorganization. We investigated the molecular events that mediate this process and found that T cells from mice lacking expression of the adaptor protein Crk exhibited defects in phenotypes induced by the integrin lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1 (LFA-1), namely, actin polymerization, leading edge formation, and two-dimensional cell migration. Crk protein was an essential mediator of LFA-1 signaling-induced phosphorylation of the E3 ubiquitin ligase c-Cbl and its subsequent interaction with the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) subunit p85, thus promoting PI3K activity and cytoskeletal remodeling. In addition, we found that Crk proteins were required for T cells to respond to changes in substrate stiffness, as measured by alterations in cell spreading and differential phosphorylation of the force-sensitive protein CasL. These findings identify Crk proteins as key intermediates coupling LFA-1 signals to actin remodeling and provide mechanistic insights into how T cells sense and respond to substrate stiffness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan H Roy
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Joanna L MacKay
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Tanner F Robertson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Daniel A Hammer
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Janis K Burkhardt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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19
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Aiello FB, Guszczynski T, Li W, Hixon JA, Jiang Q, Hodge DL, Massignan T, Di Lisio C, Merchant A, Procopio AD, Bonetto V, Durum SK. IL-7-induced phosphorylation of the adaptor Crk-like and other targets. Cell Signal 2018; 47:131-141. [PMID: 29581031 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2018.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
IL-7 is required for T cell differentiation and mature T cell homeostasis and promotes pro-B cell proliferation and survival. Tyrosine phosphorylation plays a central role in IL-7 signaling. We identified by two-dimensional electrophoresis followed by anti-phosphotyrosine immunoblotting and mass spectrometry sixteen tyrosine phosphorylated proteins from the IL-7-dependent cell line D1. IL-7 stimulation induced the phosphorylation of the proteins STI1, ATIC and hnRNPH, involved in pathways related to survival, proliferation and gene expression, respectively, and increased the phosphorylation of CrkL, a member of a family of adaptors including the highly homologous Crk isoforms CrkII and CrkI, important in multiple signaling pathways. We observed an increased phosphorylation of CrkL in murine pro-B cells and in murine and human T cells. In addition, IL-7 increased the association of CrkL with the transcription factor Stat5, essential for IL-7 pro-survival activity. The selective tyrosine kinase inhibitor Imatinib. counteracted the IL-7 pro-survival effect in D1 cells and decreased CrkL phosphorylation. These data suggested that CrkL could play a pro-survival role in IL-7-mediated signaling. We observed that pro-B cells also expressed, in addition to CrkL, the Crk isoforms CrkII and CrkI and therefore utilized pro-B cells conditionally deficient in all three to evaluate the role of these proteins. The observation that the IL-7 pro-survival effect was reduced in Crk/CrkL conditionally-deficient pro-B cells further pointed to a pro-survival role of these adaptors. To further evaluate the role of these proteins, gene expression studies were performed in Crk/CrkL conditionally-deficient pro-B cells. IL-7 decreased the transcription of the receptor LAIR1, which inhibits B cell proliferation, in a Crk/CrkL-dependent manner, suggesting that the Crk family of proteins may promote pro-B cell proliferation. Our data contribute to the understanding of IL-7 signaling and suggest the involvement of Crk family proteins in pathways promoting survival and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca B Aiello
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bldg 560, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Tad Guszczynski
- Molecular Targets Laboratory, FCRDC, Bldg 560, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Wenqing Li
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bldg 560, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Julie A Hixon
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bldg 560, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Qiong Jiang
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bldg 560, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Deborah L Hodge
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, FCRDC, Bldg 560, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Tania Massignan
- Dulbecco Telethon Institute, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche M. Negri, via La Masa 19, 20156 Milano, Italy
| | - Chiara Di Lisio
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara, via dei Vestini, 66013 Chieti, Italy.
| | - Anand Merchant
- Center for Cancer Research, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Antonio D Procopio
- Department of Clinical and Medical Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, via Tronto 10, 60100 Ancona, Italy.
| | - Valentina Bonetto
- Dulbecco Telethon Institute, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche M. Negri, via La Masa 19, 20156 Milano, Italy.
| | - Scott K Durum
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bldg 560, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
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20
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Dynamic multi-site phosphorylation by Fyn and Abl drives the interaction between CRKL and the novel scaffolding receptors DCBLD1 and DCBLD2. Biochem J 2017; 474:3963-3984. [PMID: 29025973 PMCID: PMC6029619 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20170615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Discoidin, CUB, and LCCL Domain-containing (DCBLD) 2 is a neuropilin-like transmembrane scaffolding receptor with known and anticipated roles in vascular remodeling and neuronal positioning. DCBLD2 is also upregulated in several cancers and can drive glioblastomas downstream of activated Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor. While a few studies have shown either a positive or negative role for DCBLD2 in regulating growth factor receptor signaling, little is known about the conserved signaling features of DCBLD family members that drive their molecular activities. We previously identified DCBLD2 tyrosine phosphorylation sites in intracellular YxxP motifs that are required for the phosphorylation-dependent binding of the signaling adaptors CRK and CRKL (CT10 regulator of kinase and CRK-Like). These intracellular YxxP motifs are highly conserved across vertebrates and between DCBLD family members. Here, we demonstrate that, as for DCBLD2, DCBLD1 YxxP motifs are required for CRKL-SH2 binding. We report Src family kinases (SFKs) and Abl differentially promote the interaction between the CRKL-SH2 domain and DCBLD1 and DCBLD2, and while SFKs and Abl each promotes DCBLD1 and DCBLD2 binding to the CRKL-SH2 domain, the effect of Abl is more pronounced for DCBLD1. Using high performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry, we quantified phosphorylation at several YxxP sites in DCBLD1 and DCBLD2, mapping site-specific preferences for SFKs and Abl. Together these data provide a platform to decipher the signaling mechanisms by which these novel receptors drive their biological activities.
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21
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Sales A, Holle AW, Kemkemer R. Initial contact guidance during cell spreading is contractility-independent. SOFT MATTER 2017; 13:5158-5167. [PMID: 28664962 DOI: 10.1039/c6sm02685k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A wide variety of cell types exhibit substrate topography-based behavior, also known as contact guidance. However, the precise cellular mechanisms underlying this process are still unknown. In this study, we investigated contact guidance by studying the reaction of human endothelial cells (ECs) to well-defined microgroove topographies, both during and after initial cell spreading. As the cytoskeleton plays a major role in cellular adaptation to topographical features, two methods were used to perturb cytoskeletal structures. Inhibition of actomyosin contractility with the chemical inhibitor blebbistatatin demonstrated that initial contact guidance events are independent of traction force generation. However, cell alignment to the grooved substrate was altered at later time points, suggesting an initial 'passive' phase of contact guidance, followed by a contractility-dependent 'active' phase that relies on mechanosensitive feedback. The actin cytoskeleton was also perturbed in an indirect manner by culturing cells upside down, resulting in decreased levels of contact guidance and suggesting that a possible loss of contact between the actin cytoskeleton and the substrate could lead to cytoskeleton impairment. The process of contact guidance at the microscale was found to be primarily lamellipodia driven, as no bias in filopodia extension was observed on micron-scale grooves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrià Sales
- Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Department of New Materials and Biosystems, Heisenbergstrasse 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
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22
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Park T, Koptyra M, Curran T. Fibroblast Growth Requires CT10 Regulator of Kinase (Crk) and Crk-like (CrkL). J Biol Chem 2016; 291:26273-26290. [PMID: 27807028 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.764613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
CT10 regulator of kinase (Crk) and Crk-like (CrkL) are the cellular counterparts of the viral oncogene v-Crk Elevated levels of Crk and CrkL have been observed in many human cancers; inhibition of Crk and CrkL expression reduced the tumor-forming potential of cancer cell lines. Despite a close relationship between the Crk family proteins and tumorigenesis, how Crk and CrkL contribute to cell growth is unclear. We ablated endogenous Crk and CrkL from cultured fibroblasts carrying floxed alleles of Crk and CrkL by transfection with synthetic Cre mRNA (synCre). Loss of Crk and CrkL induced by synCre transfection blocked cell proliferation and caused shrinkage of the cytoplasm and the nucleus, formation of adherens junctions, and reduced cell motility. Ablation of Crk or CrkL alone conferred a much more modest reduction in cell proliferation. Reintroduction of CrkI, CrkII, or CrkL individually rescued cell proliferation in the absence of the endogenous Crk and CrkL, suggesting that Crk and CrkL play overlapping functions in regulating fibroblast growth. Serum and basic FGF induced phosphorylation of Akt, MAP kinases, and S6 kinase and Fos expression in the absence of Crk and CrkL, suggesting that cells lacking Crk and CrkL are capable of initiating major signal transduction pathways in response to extracellular stimuli. Furthermore, cell cycle and cell death analyses demonstrated that fibroblasts lacking Crk and CrkL become arrested at the G1-S transition and undergo a modest apoptosis. Taken together, our results suggest that Crk and CrkL play essential overlapping roles in fibroblast growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taeju Park
- From the Children's Research Institute, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri 64108
| | - Mateusz Koptyra
- From the Children's Research Institute, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri 64108
| | - Tom Curran
- From the Children's Research Institute, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri 64108
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23
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Ylösmäki L, Fagerlund R, Kuisma I, Julkunen I, Saksela K. Nuclear Translocation of Crk Adaptor Proteins by the Influenza A Virus NS1 Protein. Viruses 2016; 8:101. [PMID: 27092521 PMCID: PMC4848595 DOI: 10.3390/v8040101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The non-structural protein-1 (NS1) of many influenza A strains, especially those of avian origin, contains an SH3 ligand motif, which binds tightly to the cellular adaptor proteins Crk (Chicken tumor virus number 10 (CT10) regulator of kinase) and Crk-like adapter protein (CrkL). This interaction has been shown to potentiate NS1-induced activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), but additional effects on the host cell physiology may exist. Here we show that NS1 can induce an efficient translocation of Crk proteins from the cytoplasm into the nucleus, which results in an altered pattern of nuclear protein tyrosine phosphorylation. This was not observed using NS1 proteins deficient in SH3 binding or engineered to be exclusively cytoplasmic, indicating a physical role for NS1 as a carrier in the nuclear translocation of Crk. These data further emphasize the role of Crk proteins as host cell interaction partners of NS1, and highlight the potential for host cell manipulation gained by a viral protein simply via acquiring a short SH3 binding motif.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leena Ylösmäki
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Riku Fagerlund
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Inka Kuisma
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Ilkka Julkunen
- Department of Virology, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland and Virology Unit, Department of Infectious Disease Surveillance and Control, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), 00300 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Kalle Saksela
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
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Liu W, Yue F, Zheng M, Merlot A, Bae DH, Huang M, Lane D, Jansson P, Lui GYL, Richardson V, Sahni S, Kalinowski D, Kovacevic Z, Richardson DR. The proto-oncogene c-Src and its downstream signaling pathways are inhibited by the metastasis suppressor, NDRG1. Oncotarget 2016; 6:8851-74. [PMID: 25860930 PMCID: PMC4496188 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
N-myc downstream regulated gene-1 (NDRG1) is a potent metastasis suppressor that plays a key role in regulating signaling pathways involved in mediating cancer cell invasion and migration, including those derived from prostate, colon, etc. However, the mechanisms and molecular targets through which NDRG1 reduces cancer cell invasion and migration, leading to inhibition of cancer metastasis, are not fully elucidated. In this investigation, using NDRG1 over-expression models in three tumor cell-types (namely, DU145, PC3MM and HT29) and also NDRG1 silencing in DU145 and HT29 cells, we reveal that NDRG1 decreases phosphorylation of a key proto-oncogene, cellular Src (c-Src), at a well-characterized activating site (Tyr416). NDRG1-mediated down-regulation of EGFR expression and activation were responsible for the decreased phosphorylation of c-Src (Tyr416). Indeed, NDRG1 prevented recruitment of c-Src to EGFR and c-Src activation. Moreover, NDRG1 suppressed Rac1 activity by modulating phosphorylation of a c-Src downstream effector, p130Cas, and its association with CrkII, which acts as a "molecular switch" to activate Rac1. NDRG1 also affected another signaling molecule involved in modulating Rac1 signaling, c-Abl, which then inhibited CrkII phosphorylation. Silencing NDRG1 increased cell migration relative to the control and inhibition of c-Src signaling using siRNA, or a pharmacological inhibitor (SU6656), prevented this increase. Hence, the role of NDRG1 in decreasing cell migration is, in part, due to its inhibition of c-Src activation. In addition, novel pharmacological agents, which induce NDRG1 expression and are currently under development as anti-metastatic agents, markedly increase NDRG1 and decrease c-Src activation. This study leads to important insights into the mechanism involved in inhibiting metastasis by NDRG1 and how to target these pathways with novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wensheng Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, P.R.China.,Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Fei Yue
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, P.R.China
| | - Minhua Zheng
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, P.R.China
| | - Angelica Merlot
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Dong-Hun Bae
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Michael Huang
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Darius Lane
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Patric Jansson
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Goldie Yuan Lam Lui
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Vera Richardson
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Sumit Sahni
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Danuta Kalinowski
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Zaklina Kovacevic
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Des R Richardson
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
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25
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Huang Y, Clarke F, Karimi M, Roy NH, Williamson EK, Okumura M, Mochizuki K, Chen EJH, Park TJ, Debes GF, Zhang Y, Curran T, Kambayashi T, Burkhardt JK. CRK proteins selectively regulate T cell migration into inflamed tissues. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:1019-32. [PMID: 25621495 DOI: 10.1172/jci77278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Effector T cell migration into inflamed sites greatly exacerbates tissue destruction and disease severity in inflammatory diseases, including graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). T cell migration into such sites depends heavily on regulated adhesion and migration, but the signaling pathways that coordinate these functions downstream of chemokine receptors are largely unknown. Using conditional knockout mice, we found that T cells lacking the adaptor proteins CRK and CRK-like (CRKL) exhibit reduced integrin-dependent adhesion, chemotaxis, and diapedesis. Moreover, these two closely related proteins exhibited substantial functional redundancy, as ectopic expression of either protein rescued defects in T cells lacking both CRK and CRKL. We determined that CRK proteins coordinate with the RAP guanine nucleotide exchange factor C3G and the adhesion docking molecule CASL to activate the integrin regulatory GTPase RAP1. CRK proteins were required for effector T cell trafficking into sites of inflammation, but not for migration to lymphoid organs. In a murine bone marrow transplantation model, the differential migration of CRK/CRKL-deficient T cells resulted in efficient graft-versus-leukemia responses with minimal GVHD. Together, the results from our studies show that CRK family proteins selectively regulate T cell adhesion and migration at effector sites and suggest that these proteins have potential as therapeutic targets for preventing GVHD.
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