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Zeng P, Shu LZ, Zhou YH, Huang HL, Wei SH, Liu WJ, Deng H. Stem Cell Division and Its Critical Role in Mammary Gland Development and Tumorigenesis: Current Progress and Remaining Challenges. Stem Cells Dev 2024; 33:449-467. [PMID: 38943275 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2024.0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The origin of breast cancer (BC) has traditionally been a focus of medical research. It is widely acknowledged that BC originates from immortal mammary stem cells and that these stem cells participate in two division modes: symmetric cell division (SCD) and asymmetrical cell division (ACD). Although both of these modes are key to the process of breast development and their imbalance is closely associated with the onset of BC, the molecular mechanisms underlying these phenomena deserve in-depth exploration. In this review, we first outline the molecular mechanisms governing ACD/SCD and analyze the role of ACD/SCD in various stages of breast development. We describe that the changes in telomerase activity, the role of polar proteins, and the stimulation of ovarian hormones subsequently lead to two distinct consequences: breast development or carcinogenesis. Finally, gene mutations, abnormalities in polar proteins, modulation of signal-transduction pathways, and alterations in the microenvironment disrupt the balance of BC stem cell division modes and cause BC. Important regulatory factors such as mammalian Inscuteable mInsc, Numb, Eya1, PKCα, PKCθ, p53, and IL-6 also play significant roles in regulating pathways of ACD/SCD and may constitute key targets for future research on stem cell division, breast development, and tumor therapy.
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MESH Headings
- Humans
- Female
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- Animals
- Mammary Glands, Human/growth & development
- Mammary Glands, Human/pathology
- Mammary Glands, Human/cytology
- Mammary Glands, Human/metabolism
- Carcinogenesis/pathology
- Carcinogenesis/metabolism
- Carcinogenesis/genetics
- Stem Cells/metabolism
- Stem Cells/cytology
- Cell Division
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/pathology
- Mammary Glands, Animal/growth & development
- Mammary Glands, Animal/cytology
- Mammary Glands, Animal/pathology
- Mammary Glands, Animal/metabolism
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/metabolism
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/pathology
- Signal Transduction
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zeng
- Department of Breast Surgery, Jiangxi Armed Police Corps Hospital, Nanchang, China
| | - Lin-Zhen Shu
- Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yu-Hong Zhou
- Department of Breast Surgery, Jiangxi Armed Police Corps Hospital, Nanchang, China
| | - Hai-Lin Huang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Jiangxi Armed Police Corps Hospital, Nanchang, China
| | - Shu-Hua Wei
- Department of Breast Surgery, Jiangxi Armed Police Corps Hospital, Nanchang, China
| | - Wen-Jian Liu
- Department of Breast Surgery, Jiangxi Armed Police Corps Hospital, Nanchang, China
| | - Huan Deng
- Affiliated Rehabilitation Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Tumor Immunology Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- The MOE Basic Research and Innovation Center for the Targeted Therapeutics of Solid Tumors, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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Xiao Y, Hu J, Chen R, Xu Y, Pan B, Gao Y, Deng Y, Li W, Kan H, Chen S. Impact of fine particulate matter on liver injury: evidence from human, mice and cells. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 469:133958. [PMID: 38479138 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A recently discovered risk factor for chronic liver disease is ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5). Our research aims to elucidate the effects of PM2.5 on liver injury and the potential molecular mechanisms. METHODS AND RESULTS A population-based longitudinal study involving 102,918 participants from 15 Chinese cities, using linear mixed-effect models, found that abnormal alterations in liver function were significantly associated with long-term exposure to PM2.5. The serum levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, direct bilirubin, and triglyceride increased by 2.05%, 2.04%, 0.58%, 2.99%, and 1.46% with each 10 µg/m3 increase in PM2.5. In contrast, the serum levels of total protein, albumin, and prealbumin decreased by 0.27%, 0.48%, and 2.42%, respectively. Mice underwent chronic inhalation exposure to PM2.5 experienced hepatic inflammation, steatosis and fibrosis. In vitro experiments found that hepatocytes experienced an inflammatory response and lipid metabolic dysregulation due to PM2.5, which also activated hepatic stellate cells. The down-regulation and mis-localization of polarity protein Par3 mediated PM2.5-induced liver injury. CONCLUSIONS PM2.5 exposure induced liver injury, mainly characterized by steatosis and fibrosis. The down-regulation and mis-localization of Par3 were important mechanisms of liver injury induced by PM2.5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalan Xiao
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugates Research, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jialu Hu
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Renjie Chen
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yanyi Xu
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Bin Pan
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ya Gao
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yiran Deng
- NHC Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugates Research, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wenshu Li
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Haidong Kan
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; National Center for Children's Health, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 201102, China.
| | - She Chen
- NHC Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugates Research, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
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Whitford MKM, McCaffrey L. Polarity in breast development and cancer. Curr Top Dev Biol 2023; 154:245-283. [PMID: 37100520 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2023.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Mammary gland development and breast cancer progression are associated with extensive remodeling of epithelial tissue architecture. Apical-basal polarity is a key feature of epithelial cells that coordinates key elements of epithelial morphogenesis including cell organization, proliferation, survival, and migration. In this review we discuss advances in our understanding of how apical-basal polarity programs are used in breast development and cancer. We describe cell lines, organoids, and in vivo models commonly used for studying apical-basal polarity in breast development and disease and discuss advantages and limitations of each. We also provide examples of how core polarity proteins regulate branching morphogenesis and lactation during development. We describe alterations to core polarity genes in breast cancer and their associations with patient outcomes. The impact of up- or down-regulation of key polarity proteins in breast cancer initiation, growth, invasion, metastasis, and therapeutic resistance are discussed. We also introduce studies demonstrating that polarity programs are involved in regulating the stroma, either through epithelial-stroma crosstalk, or through signaling of polarity proteins in non-epithelial cell types. Overall, a key concept is that the function of individual polarity proteins is highly contextual, depending on developmental or cancer stage and cancer subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara K M Whitford
- Goodman Cancer Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Luke McCaffrey
- Goodman Cancer Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Gerald Bronfman Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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Khalili D, Kunc M, Herbrich S, Müller AM, Theopold U. Chitinase-like proteins promoting tumorigenesis through disruption of cell polarity via enlarged endosomal vesicles. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1170122. [PMID: 37188187 PMCID: PMC10175591 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1170122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Chitinase-like proteins (CLPs) are associated with tissue-remodeling and inflammation but also with several disorders, including fibrosis, atherosclerosis, allergies, and cancer. However, CLP's role in tumors is far from clear. Methods Here, we utilize Drosophila melanogaster and molecular genetics to investigate the function of CLPs (imaginal disc growth factors; Idgf's) in RasV12 dysplastic salivary glands. Results and discussion We find one of the Idgf's members, Idgf3, is transcriptionally induced in a JNK-dependent manner via a positive feedback loop mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS). Moreover, Idgf3 accumulates in enlarged endosomal vesicles (EnVs) that promote tumor progression by disrupting cytoskeletal organization. The process is mediated via the downstream component, aSpectrin, which localizes to the EnVs. Our data provide new insight into CLP function in tumors and identifies specific targets for tumor control.
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Farzaneh M, Najafi S, Anbiyaee O, Azizidoost S, Khoshnam SE. LncRNA MALAT1-related signaling pathways in osteosarcoma. CLINICAL & TRANSLATIONAL ONCOLOGY : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE FEDERATION OF SPANISH ONCOLOGY SOCIETIES AND OF THE NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE OF MEXICO 2023; 25:21-32. [PMID: 35790599 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-022-02876-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is a common and malignant form of bone cancer, which affects children and young adults. OS is identified by osteogenic differentiation and metastasis. However, the exact molecular mechanism of OS development and progression is still unclear. Recently, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNA) have been proven to regulate OS proliferation and drug resistance. LncRNAs are longer than 200 nucleotides that represent the extensive applications in the processing of pre-mRNA and the pathogenesis of human diseases. Metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript-1 (MALAT1) is a well-known lncRNA known as a transcriptional and translational regulator. The aberrant expression of MALAT1 has been shown in several human cancers. The high level of MALAT1 is involved in OS cell growth and tumorigenicity by targeting several signaling pathways and miRNAs. Hence, MALAT1 might be a suitable approach for OS diagnosis and treatment. In this review, we will summarize the role of lncRNA MALAT1 in the pathophysiology of OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Farzaneh
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Sajad Najafi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Omid Anbiyaee
- School of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Center, Nemazi Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Shirin Azizidoost
- Atherosclerosis Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
| | - Seyed Esmaeil Khoshnam
- Persian Gulf Physiology Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
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Lv T, Xu J, Yuan H, Wang J, Jiang X. Dual Function of Par3 in Tumorigenesis. Front Oncol 2022; 12:915957. [PMID: 35875120 PMCID: PMC9305838 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.915957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell maintenance and the establishment of cell polarity involve complicated interactions among multiple protein complexes as well as the regulation of different signaling pathways. As an important cell polarity protein, Par3 is evolutionarily conserved and involved in tight junction formation as well as tumorigenesis. In this review, we aimed to explore the function of Par3 in tumorigenesis. Research has shown that Par3 exhibits dual functions in human cancers, both tumor-promoting and tumor-suppressive. Here, we focus on the activities of Par3 in different stages and types of tumors, aiming to offer a new perspective on the molecular mechanisms that regulate the functions of Par3 in tumor development. Tumor origin, tumor microenvironment, tumor type, cell density, cell–cell contact, and the synergistic effect of Par3 and other tumor-associated signaling pathways may be important reasons for the dual function of Par3. The important role of Par3 in mammalian tumorigenesis and potential signaling pathways is context dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Lv
- Centre for Yunnan Plateau Biological Resources Protection and Utilization, College of Biological Resource and Food Engineering, Qujing Normal University, Qujing, China
- Yunnan Engineering Research Center of Fruit Wine, Qujing Normal University, Qujing, China
- Key Laboratory of Yunnan Province Universities of Qujing Natural History and Early Vertebrate Evolution, College of Biological Resource and Food Engineering, Qujing Normal University, Qujing, China
| | - Jiashun Xu
- Centre for Yunnan Plateau Biological Resources Protection and Utilization, College of Biological Resource and Food Engineering, Qujing Normal University, Qujing, China
| | - Hemei Yuan
- Centre for Yunnan Plateau Biological Resources Protection and Utilization, College of Biological Resource and Food Engineering, Qujing Normal University, Qujing, China
| | - Jianling Wang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Qujing Normal University, Qujing, China
- *Correspondence: Jianling Wang, ; Xinni Jiang,
| | - Xinni Jiang
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Jianling Wang, ; Xinni Jiang,
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7
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The polarity protein PARD3 and cancer. Oncogene 2021; 40:4245-4262. [PMID: 34099863 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-01813-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Tissue disorganisation is one of the main hallmarks of cancer. Polarity proteins are responsible for the arrangement of cells within epithelial tissues through the asymmetric organisation of cellular components. Partition defective 3 (PARD3) is a master regulator of the Par polarity complex primarily due to its ability to form large complexes via its self-homologous binding domain. In addition to its role in polarity, PARD3 is a scaffolding protein that binds to intracellular signalling molecules, many of which are frequently deregulated in cancer. The role of PARD3 has been implicated in multiple solid cancers as either a tumour suppressor or promoter. This dual functionality is both physiologically and cell context dependent. In this review, we will discuss PARD3's role in tumourigenesis in both laboratory and clinical settings. We will also review several of the mechanisms underpinning PARD3's function including its association with intracellular signalling pathways and its role in the regulation of asymmetric cell division.
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8
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Zhu Z, Yu Z, Rong Z, Luo Z, Zhang J, Qiu Z, Huang C. The novel GINS4 axis promotes gastric cancer growth and progression by activating Rac1 and CDC42. Theranostics 2019; 9:8294-8311. [PMID: 31754397 PMCID: PMC6857050 DOI: 10.7150/thno.36256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: As a component of GINS complex, GINS4 is essential for initiating DNA replication and elongation of the cell cycle G1/S phase in eukaryotes and plays a vital role in normal physiological processes. However, the precise functions and regulation mechanisms of GINS4 in human tumors remain elusive. Methods: GINS4 expression was analyzed in gastric cancer tissues by qRT-PCR and western blotting, and its clinical relevance was studied using TMA. The biological functions of GINS4 were detected in vitro and in vivo. cDNA array, co-IP, GST pull-down and GTPase activation assays were performed to investigate the downstream regulation mechanism of GINS4. Upstream regulation mechanism of GINS4 was explored and demonstrated by circRNA sequencing, bioinformatics analysis, luciferase reporter assay and rescue experiments. Results: Strikingly high GINS4 expression was detected in gastric cancer tissues and correlated with poor differentiation, advanced tumor stage, invasion depth and lymph node metastasis. GINS4 promoted cell growth and metastasis in vitro and in vivo, and suppressed cell apoptosis in vitro. Mechanistically, GINS4 activated Rac1/CDC42 through directly binding to Rac1/CDC42, thereby activating their downstream pathways. Furthermore, circMLLT10 acts as a miR-509-3-5p sponge to attenuate its repressive effect on target GINS4. In addition, circMLLT10 promoted cell growth and metastasis and suppressed cell apoptosis, whereas miR-509-3-5p inhibited cell growth and metastasis and promoted cell apoptosis. Conclusion: The findings indicate for the first time that the novel GINS4 axis promotes gastric cancer cell growth and progression by activating Rac1 and CDC42. GINS4 may be a promising biomarker and target for diagnosis and treatment of gastric cancer.
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Fomicheva M, Tross EM, Macara IG. Polarity proteins in oncogenesis. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2019; 62:26-30. [PMID: 31509786 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2019.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Most human cancers arise from epithelial tissues, which are apical-basally polarized and possess intercellular adhesive junctions. Epithelial cells grow to characteristic densities, often from proliferative progenitors, which arrest as they mature. Homeostatic mechanisms can maintain this characteristic density if it is exceeded (crowding) or is too low (e.g. in response to wounding). During tumor initiation and progression this homeostatic mechanism is lost. Some aspects of cell polarity are also lost, although many carcinomas retain intercellular junctions and even apical domains. In other cases, and particularly in recurrent tumors, however, the cells become predominantly mesenchymal. A major question, still only incompletely answered, is whether the proteins that determine cell polarity function as tumor suppressors or tumor promoters. Here we discuss recent advances in understanding the role of polarity proteins and homeostasis in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Fomicheva
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37424, USA
| | - Erica M Tross
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37424, USA
| | - Ian G Macara
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37424, USA.
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Zhang Y, Xie ZY, Guo XT, Xiao XH, Xiong LX. Notch and breast cancer metastasis: Current knowledge, new sights and targeted therapy. Oncol Lett 2019; 18:2743-2755. [PMID: 31452752 PMCID: PMC6704289 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.10653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common type of invasive cancer in females and metastasis is one of the major causes of breast cancer-associated mortality. Following detachment from the primary site, disseminated tumor cells (DTCs) enter the bloodstream and establish secondary colonies during the metastatic process. An increasing amount of studies have elucidated the importance of Notch signaling in breast cancer metastasis; therefore, the present review focuses on the mechanisms by which Notch contributes to the occurrence of breast cancer DTCs, increases their motility, establishes interactions with the tumor microenvironment, protects DTCs from host surveillance and finally facilitates secondary colonization. Identification of the underlying mechanisms of Notch-associated breast cancer metastasis will provide additional insights that may contribute towards the development of novel Notch-targeted therapeutic strategies, which may aid in reducing metastasis, culminating in an improved patient prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Zi-Yan Xie
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Xuan-Tong Guo
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Xing-Hua Xiao
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Pathogenesis and Molecular Pathology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Li-Xia Xiong
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Pathogenesis and Molecular Pathology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
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Brantley SE, Fuller MT. Somatic support cells regulate germ cell survival through the Baz/aPKC/Par6 complex. Development 2019; 146:dev.169342. [PMID: 30918053 PMCID: PMC6503986 DOI: 10.1242/dev.169342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Local signals and structural support from the surrounding cellular microenvironment play key roles in directing development in both embryonic organs and adult tissues. In Drosophila, male germ cells are intimately associated and co-differentiate with supporting somatic cells. Here, we show that the function of the Baz/aPKC/Par6 apical polarity complex in somatic cyst cells is required stage specifically for survival of the germ cells they enclose. Although spermatogonia enclosed by cyst cells in which the function of the Par complex had been knocked down survived and proliferated, newly formed spermatocytes enclosed by cyst cells lacking Par complex proteins died soon after onset of meiotic prophase. Loss of Par complex function resulted in stage-specific overactivation of the Jun-kinase (JNK) pathway in cyst cells. Knocking down expression of JNK pathway components or the GTPase Rab35 in cyst cells lacking Par complex function rescued the survival of neighboring spermatocytes, suggesting that action of the apical polarity complex ensures germ cell survival by preventing JNK pathway activation, and that the mechanism by which cyst cells lacking Par complex function kill neighboring spermatocytes requires intracellular trafficking in somatic cyst cells. Summary: The Par polarity complex suppresses JNK pathway activity in Drosophila somatic support cells to allow stage-specific germ cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna E Brantley
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Margaret T Fuller
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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12
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Li J, Xu H, Wang Q, Fu P, Huang T, Anas O, Zhao H, Xiong N. Pard3 suppresses glioma invasion by regulating RhoA through atypical protein kinase C/NF-κB signaling. Cancer Med 2019; 8:2288-2302. [PMID: 30848088 PMCID: PMC6536976 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.2063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Revised: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Partitioning defective protein 3 (Pard3) has been reported to inhibit the progression of numerous human cancer cell types. However, the role of Pard3 in glioma progression remains unclear. In this study, the expression of Pard3 was measured in human gliomas of different grades by both quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting. The effect of Pard3 on glioma progression was tested using cell counting kit‐8 assays, EdU assays, colony formation assays, cell migration, and invasion assays and tumor xenografts. The effect of Pard3 on Ras homolog family member A (RhoA) protein levels, subcellular localization, and transcriptional activity was measured by immunoblotting and immunofluorescence. Our results indicate that Pard3 functions as a tumor suppressor in gliomas and that the loss of Pard3 protein is strongly associated with a higher grade and poorer outcome. Pard3 overexpression inhibits glioma progression by upregulating RhoA protein levels. However, the level of GTP‐RhoA protein remained unchanged. Further evidence demonstrates that Pard3 regulates RhoA protein levels, subcellular localization and transcriptional activity by activating atypical protein kinase C/NF‐κB signaling. Mouse modeling experiments show that Pard3 overexpression inhibits glioma cell growth in vivo. Taken together, these findings identify RhoA as a novel target of Pard3 in gliomas and substantiate a novel regulatory role for Pard3 in glioma progression. This study reveals that Pard3 plays an inhibitory role in gliomas by regulating RhoA, which reveals a potential benefit for Pard3 activators in the prevention and therapy of gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjun Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Hao Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Qiangping Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Peng Fu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Tao Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Omarkhalil Anas
- Section of Histology and Embryology, Department of Anatomy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Hongyang Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Nanxiang Xiong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
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Zhou YF, Chen AQ, Wu JH, Mao L, Xia YP, Jin HJ, He QW, Miao QR, Yue ZY, Liu XL, Huang M, Li YN, Hu B. Sema3E/PlexinD1 signaling inhibits postischemic angiogenesis by regulating endothelial DLL4 and filopodia formation in a rat model of ischemic stroke. FASEB J 2019; 33:4947-4961. [PMID: 30653356 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201801706rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is a crucial defense response to hypoxia that regulates the process of raising the promise of long-term neurologic recovery during the management of stroke. A high expression of antiangiogenic factors leads to the loss of neovascularization capacity in pathologic conditions. We have previously documented an impairment of the cerebral vessel perfusion and neovascularization in the cortex neighboring the stroke-induced lesion, which was accompanied by an activation of semaphorin 3E (Sema3E)/PlexinD1 after ischemic stroke. In this study, we employed micro-optical sectioning tomography to fully investigate the details of the vascular pattern, including the capillaries. We found that after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion, inhibiting PlexinD1 signaling led to an organized recovery of the vascular network in the ischemic area. We then further explored the possible mechanisms. In vivo, Sema3E substantially decreased dynamic delta-like 4 (DLL4) expression. In cultured brain microvascular endothelial cells, Sema3E down-regulated DLL4 expression via inhibiting Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1-induced JNK phosphorylation. At the microcosmic level, Sema3E/PlexinD1 signaling promoted F-actin disassembly and focal adhesion reduction by activating the small guanosine triphosphatase Ras homolog family member J by releasing RhoGEF Tuba from direct binding to PlexinD1, thus mediating endothelial cell motility and filopodia retraction. Our study reveals that Sema3E/PlexinD1 signaling, which suppressed endothelial DLL4 expression, cell motility, and filopodia formation, is expected to be a novel druggable target for angiogenesis during poststroke progression.-Zhou, Y.-F., Chen, A.-Q., Wu, J.-H., Mao, L., Xia, Y.-P., Jin, H.-J., He, Q.-W., Miao, Q. R., Yue, Z.-Y., Liu, X.-L., Huang, M., Li, Y.-N., Hu, B. Sema3E/PlexinD1 signaling inhibits postischemic angiogenesis by regulating endothelial DLL4 and filopodia formation in a rat model of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Fan Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital-Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - An-Qi Chen
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital-Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jie-Hong Wu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital-Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ling Mao
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital-Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuan-Peng Xia
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital-Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui-Juan Jin
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital-Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Quan-Wei He
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital-Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qing Robert Miao
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children's Research Institute-Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.,Division of Pediatric Pathology, Department of Pathology, Children's Research Institute-Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Zhen-Yu Yue
- Department of Neurology, The Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, The Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Xiu-Li Liu
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; and
| | - Ming Huang
- Department of Neurology, the People's Hospital of China Three Gorges University, Institute of Translational Neuroscience, Three Gorges University College of Medicine, Yichang, China
| | - Ya-Nan Li
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital-Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Bo Hu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital-Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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14
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Peng XM, Gao S, Deng HT, Cai HX, Zhou Z, Xiang R, Zhang QZ, Li LY. Perturbation of epithelial apicobasal polarity by rhomboid family-1 gene overexpression. FASEB J 2018; 32:5577-5586. [PMID: 29727209 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201800016r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
The human rhomboid family (RHBDF)1 gene is highly expressed in breast cancer under clinical conditions but not in normal mammary gland tissues. Silencing the RHBDF1 gene in breast cancer xenograft tumors leads to inhibition of tumor growth. We show in this study that artificially raising RHBDF1 protein levels in the mammary epithelial cells MCF-10A results in severe perturbations of the ability of the cells to form lumen-containing acini, either in 3-dimensional cell cultures or implanted in mouse mammary fat pads. Knocking down RHBDF1 with short hairpin (sh)RNA leads to restoration of acinus formation. Consistently, RHBDF1 overexpression gives rise to disordered distribution of polarity markers GM130 and laminin-5, which otherwise are located in apical and basal positions, respectively, in the acini. Further investigations reveal that RHBDF1 directly binds to Par6a, a component of a protein complex consisting of partitioning-defective scaffold protein (Par)6, Par3, renin-angiotensin system-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate (Rac)1, and cell-division cycle (Cdc)42, which is structurally critical to the formation of apicobasal polarity. RHBDF1 binding to Par6a results in collapse of the protein complex and thus disruption of polarity formation. Since early stages of breast cancer are characterized by the loss of mammary gland epithelial cell polarity, our findings indicate that perturbations of apicobasal polarity by high levels of RHBDF1 is a significant attribute in the development of breast neoplasia.-Peng, X.-M., Gao, S., Deng, H.-T., Cai, H.-X., Zhou, Z., Xiang, R., Zhang, Q.-Z., Li, L.-Y. Perturbation of epithelial apicobasal polarity by rhomboid family-1 gene overexpression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Mei Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy and School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China; and
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shanxi Datong University, Datong, China
| | - Shan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy and School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China; and
| | - Hui-Ting Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy and School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China; and
| | - Hong-Xing Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy and School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China; and
| | - Zhuan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy and School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China; and
| | - Rong Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy and School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China; and
| | - Qiang-Zhe Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy and School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China; and
| | - Lu-Yuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy and School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China; and
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15
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Zhang X, Liu L, Deng X, Li D, Cai H, Ma Y, Jia C, Wu B, Fan Y, Lv Z. MicroRNA 483-3p targets Pard3 to potentiate TGF-β1-induced cell migration, invasion, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in anaplastic thyroid cancer cells. Oncogene 2018; 38:699-715. [PMID: 30171257 PMCID: PMC6756112 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0447-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) is associated with poor prognosis and is often untreatable. MicroRNA 483-3p (miR-483) and partitioning-defective 3 (Pard3), a member of the Pard family, have functions and regulatory mechanisms in ATC. The abnormal regulation of miR-483 may play an important role in tumorigenesis, and Par3 is known to regulate cell polarity, cell migration, and cell division. Tumor proliferation promoted by the regulation of miRNA expression can be regulated in thyroid cancer by upregulating transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), which is thought to interact with Pard3. When compared with adjacent non-tumor tissues, we found that miR-483 was upregulated and Pard3 was downregulated in 80 thyroid tumor samples. Disease-free survival was decreased when expression of miR-483 was upregulated and Pard3 expression was downregulated. Cell growth, migration, and invasion were induced by overexpression of miR-483. However, knockdown of miR-483 resulted in a loss of cell invasion and viability, both in vitro and in vivo. The expression of Pard3 was increased by the inhibition of miR-483, but TGF-β1-induced cell migration and invasion were decreased by miR-483 inhibition. A dual-luciferase reporter assay determined that Pard3 expression was downregulated when targeted with miR-483. The epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), as well as Tiam1-Rac signaling, was induced by TGF-β1, which was decreased by the overexpression of Pard3. Pard3 decreased the inhibition of EMT and Tiam-Rac1 signaling, which resulted from transfection of ATC cells with miR-483. Overall, the results showed that downregulation of Pard3 resulted in increased cell invasion and EMT in ATC, which was promoted by treatment with miR-483. These findings suggest novel therapeutic targets and treatment strategies for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200072, China.,Shanghai Center of Thyroid Diseases, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Lin Liu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200072, China.,Shanghai Center of Thyroid Diseases, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Xianzhao Deng
- Center of Thyroid, Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200072, China.,Shanghai Center of Thyroid Diseases, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Haidong Cai
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200072, China.,Shanghai Center of Thyroid Diseases, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Yushui Ma
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200072, China.,Shanghai Center of Thyroid Diseases, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Chengyou Jia
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200072, China.,Shanghai Center of Thyroid Diseases, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Bo Wu
- Center of Thyroid, Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, China.
| | - Youben Fan
- Center of Thyroid, Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, China.
| | - Zhongwei Lv
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200072, China. .,Shanghai Center of Thyroid Diseases, Shanghai, 200072, China.
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16
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Hikita T, Mirzapourshafiyi F, Barbacena P, Riddell M, Pasha A, Li M, Kawamura T, Brandes RP, Hirose T, Ohno S, Gerhardt H, Matsuda M, Franco CA, Nakayama M. PAR-3 controls endothelial planar polarity and vascular inflammation under laminar flow. EMBO Rep 2018; 19:embr.201745253. [PMID: 30018153 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201745253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Impaired cell polarity is a hallmark of diseased tissue. In the cardiovascular system, laminar blood flow induces endothelial planar cell polarity, represented by elongated cell shape and asymmetric distribution of intracellular organelles along the axis of blood flow. Disrupted endothelial planar polarity is considered to be pro-inflammatory, suggesting that the establishment of endothelial polarity elicits an anti-inflammatory response. However, a causative relationship between polarity and inflammatory responses has not been firmly established. Here, we find that a cell polarity protein, PAR-3, is an essential gatekeeper of GSK3β activity in response to laminar blood flow. We show that flow-induced spatial distribution of PAR-3/aPKCλ and aPKCλ/GSK3β complexes controls local GSK3β activity and thereby regulates endothelial planar polarity. The spatial information for GSK3β activation is essential for flow-dependent polarity to the flow axis, but is not necessary for flow-induced anti-inflammatory response. Our results shed light on a novel relationship between endothelial polarity and vascular homeostasis highlighting avenues for novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takao Hikita
- Laboratory for Cell Polarity and Organogenesis, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Fatemeh Mirzapourshafiyi
- Laboratory for Cell Polarity and Organogenesis, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Pedro Barbacena
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Meghan Riddell
- Laboratory for Cell Polarity and Organogenesis, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Ayesha Pasha
- Laboratory for Cell Polarity and Organogenesis, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Mengnan Li
- Laboratory for Cell Polarity and Organogenesis, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Takuji Kawamura
- Laboratory for Cell Polarity and Organogenesis, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Ralf P Brandes
- Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Tomonori Hirose
- Department of Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Shigeo Ohno
- Department of Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Holger Gerhardt
- Integrative Vascular Biology Laboratory, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michiyuki Matsuda
- Department of Pathology and Biology of Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Claudio A Franco
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Masanori Nakayama
- Laboratory for Cell Polarity and Organogenesis, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
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17
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Lu M, Wu J, Hao Z, Shang Y, Xu J, Nan G, Li X, Chen Z, Bian H. Basolateral CD147 induces hepatocyte polarity loss by E-cadherin ubiquitination and degradation in hepatocellular carcinoma progress. Hepatology 2018; 68:317-332. [PMID: 29356040 PMCID: PMC6055794 DOI: 10.1002/hep.29798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Hepatocytes are epithelial cells with highly specialized polarity. The disorder and loss of hepatocyte polarity leads to a weakness of cell adhesion and connection, the induction of epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and eventually the occurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Cluster of differentiation 147 (CD147), a tumor-related glycoprotein, promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition and the invasion of HCC. However, the function of CD147 in hepatocyte depolarization is unknown. Here we identified that CD147 was basolaterally polarized in hepatocyte membrane of liver tissues and HepG2 cells. CD147 not only promoted transforming growth factor-β1-mediated hepatocyte polarity loss but also directly induced endocytosis and down-regulation of E-cadherin which contributed to hepatocyte depolarization. Overexpression of CD147 induced Src activation and subsequently recruited ubiquitin ligase Hakai for E-cadherin ubiquitination and lysosomal degradation, leading to decreases of partitioning defective 3 expression and β-catenin nuclear translocation. This signal transduction was initiated by competitive binding of CD147 with integrin β1 that interrupted the interaction between the Arg-Gly-Asp motif of fibronectin and integrin β1. The specific antibodies targeting integrin α5 and β1 reversed the decrease of E-cadherin and partitioning defective 3 levels induced by CD147 overexpression. In human liver tissues, CD147 polarity rates significantly declined from liver cirrhosis (71.4%) to HCC (10.4%). CD147-polarized localization negatively correlated with Child-Pugh scores in human liver cirrhosis (r = -0.6092, P < 0.0001) and positively correlated with differentiation grades in HCC (r = 0.2060, P = 0.004). HCC patients with CD147-polarized localization had significantly better overall survival than patients with CD147 nonpolarity (P = 0.021). CONCLUSION The ectopic CD147-polarized distribution on basolateral membrane promotes hepatocyte depolarization by activation of the CD147-integrin α5β1-E-cadherin ubiquitination-partitioning defective 3 decrease and β-catenin translocation signaling cascade, replenishing a molecular pathway in hepatic carcinogenesis. (Hepatology 2018;68:317-332).
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Lu
- Department of Cell Biology, National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Cancer BiologyFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Jiao Wu
- Department of Cell Biology, National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Cancer BiologyFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Zhi‐Wei Hao
- Department of Cell Biology, National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Cancer BiologyFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Yu‐Kui Shang
- Department of Cell Biology, National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Cancer BiologyFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
- College of Life Sciences and BioengineeringBeijing Jiaotong UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Cell Biology, National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Cancer BiologyFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Gang Nan
- Department of Cell Biology, National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Cancer BiologyFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Xia Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Zhi‐Nan Chen
- Department of Cell Biology, National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Cancer BiologyFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Huijie Bian
- Department of Cell Biology, National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Cancer BiologyFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
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18
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Stephens R, Lim K, Portela M, Kvansakul M, Humbert PO, Richardson HE. The Scribble Cell Polarity Module in the Regulation of Cell Signaling in Tissue Development and Tumorigenesis. J Mol Biol 2018; 430:3585-3612. [PMID: 29409995 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2018.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The Scribble cell polarity module, comprising Scribbled (Scrib), Discs-large (Dlg) and Lethal-2-giant larvae (Lgl), has a tumor suppressive role in mammalian epithelial cancers. The Scribble module proteins play key functions in the establishment and maintenance of different modes of cell polarity, as well as in the control of tissue growth, differentiation and directed cell migration, and therefore are major regulators of tissue development and homeostasis. Whilst molecular details are known regarding the roles of Scribble module proteins in cell polarity regulation, their precise mode of action in the regulation of other key cellular processes remains enigmatic. An accumulating body of evidence indicates that Scribble module proteins play scaffolding roles in the control of various signaling pathways, which are linked to the control of tissue growth, differentiation and cell migration. Multiple Scrib, Dlg and Lgl interacting proteins have been discovered, which are involved in diverse processes, however many function in the regulation of cellular signaling. Herein, we review the components of the Scrib, Dlg and Lgl protein interactomes, and focus on the mechanism by which they regulate cellular signaling pathways in metazoans, and how their disruption leads to cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Stephens
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute of Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Krystle Lim
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute of Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Marta Portela
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology, Cajal Institute (CSIC), Avenida Doctor Arce, 37, Madrid 28002, Spain
| | - Marc Kvansakul
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute of Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Patrick O Humbert
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute of Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia; Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Helena E Richardson
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute of Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia; Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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19
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Ludwik KA, McDonald OG, Brenin DR, Lannigan DA. ERα-Mediated Nuclear Sequestration of RSK2 Is Required for ER + Breast Cancer Tumorigenesis. Cancer Res 2018; 78:2014-2025. [PMID: 29351904 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-2063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although ribosomal protein S6 kinase A3 (RSK2) activation status positively correlates with patient responses to antiestrogen hormonal therapies, the mechanistic basis for these observations is unknown. Using multiple in vitro and in vivo models of estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancer, we report that ERα sequesters active RSK2 into the nucleus to promote neoplastic transformation and facilitate metastatic tumor growth. RSK2 physically interacted with ERα through its N terminus to activate a proneoplastic transcriptional network critical to the ER+ lineage in the mammary gland, thereby providing a gene signature that effectively stratified patient tumors according to ERα status. ER+ tumor growth was strongly dependent on nuclear RSK2, and transgenic mice engineered to stably express nuclear RSK2 in the mammary gland developed high-grade ductal carcinoma in situ Mammary cells isolated from the transgenic model and introduced systemically successfully disseminated and established metastatic lesions. Antiestrogens disrupted the interaction between RSK2 and ERα, driving RSK2 into the cytoplasm and impairing tumor formation. These findings establish RSK2 as an obligate participant of ERα-mediated transcriptional programs, tumorigenesis, and divergent patient responses to antiestrogen therapies.Significance: Nuclear accumulation of active RSK drives a protumorigenic transcriptional program and renders ER+ breast cancer susceptible to endocrine-based therapies. Cancer Res; 78(8); 2014-25. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna A Ludwik
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Oliver G McDonald
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - David R Brenin
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Deborah A Lannigan
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee. .,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
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20
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Progressive polarity loss and luminal collapse disrupt tissue organization in carcinoma. Genes Dev 2017; 31:1573-1587. [PMID: 28887414 PMCID: PMC5630022 DOI: 10.1101/gad.300566.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial cancers (carcinoma) account for 80%-90% of all cancers. The development of carcinoma is associated with disrupted epithelial organization and solid ductal structures. The mechanisms underlying the morphological development of carcinoma are poorly understood, but it is thought that loss of cell polarity is an early event. Here we report the characterization of the development of human breast lesions leading to carcinoma. We identified a unique mechanism that generates solid ducts in carcinoma through progressive loss of polarity and collapse of the luminal architecture. This program initiates with asymmetric divisions of polarized cells that generate a stratified epithelium containing both polarized and depolarized cells. Stratified regions form cords that penetrate into the lumen, subdividing it into polarized secondary lumina. The secondary lumina then collapse with a concomitant decrease in RhoA and myosin II activity at the apical membrane and ultimately lose apical-basal polarity. By restoring RhoA activity in mice, ducts maintained lumen and cell polarity. Notably, disrupted tissue architecture through luminal collapse was reversible, and ducts with a lumen were re-established after oncogene suppression in vivo. This reveals a novel and common mechanism that contributes to carcinoma development by progressively disrupting cell and tissue organization.
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21
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Jeganathan N, Predescu D, Predescu S. Intersectin-1s deficiency in pulmonary pathogenesis. Respir Res 2017; 18:168. [PMID: 28874189 PMCID: PMC5585975 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-017-0652-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Intersectin-1s (ITSN-1s), a multidomain adaptor protein, plays a vital role in endocytosis, cytoskeleton rearrangement and cell signaling. Recent studies have demonstrated that deficiency of ITSN-1s is a crucial early event in pulmonary pathogenesis. In lung cancer, ITSN-1s deficiency impairs Eps8 ubiquitination and favors Eps8-mSos1 interaction which activates Rac1 leading to enhanced lung cancer cell proliferation, migration and metastasis. Restoring ITSN-1s deficiency in lung cancer cells facilitates cytoskeleton changes favoring mesenchymal to epithelial transformation and impairs lung cancer progression. ITSN-1s deficiency in acute lung injury leads to impaired endocytosis which leads to ubiquitination and degradation of growth factor receptors such as Alk5. This deficiency is counterbalanced by microparticles which, via paracrine effects, transfer Alk5/TGFβRII complex to non-apoptotic cells. In the presence of ITSN-1s deficiency, Alk5-restored cells signal via Erk1/2 MAPK pathway leading to restoration and repair of lung architecture. In inflammatory conditions such as pulmonary artery hypertension, ITSN-1s full length protein is cleaved by granzyme B into EHITSN and SH3A-EITSN fragments. The EHITSN fragment leads to pulmonary cell proliferation via activation of p38 MAPK and Elk-1/c-Fos signaling. In vivo, ITSN-1s deficient mice transduced with EHITSN plasmid develop pulmonary vascular obliteration and plexiform lesions consistent with pathological findings seen in severe pulmonary arterial hypertension. These novel findings have significantly contributed to understanding the mechanisms and pathogenesis involved in pulmonary pathology. As demonstrated in these studies, genetically modified ITSN-1s expression mouse models will be a valuable tool to further advance our understanding of pulmonary pathology and lead to novel targets for treating these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dan Predescu
- Department of Pharmacology and Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Rush University, 1750 W. Harrison Street, 1415 Jelke, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Sanda Predescu
- Department of Pharmacology and Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Rush University Medical Center and Rush Medical College, 1750 W. Harrison Street, 1535 Jelke, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
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Liu B, Xiong J, Liu G, Wu J, Wen L, Zhang Q, Zhang C. High expression of Rac1 is correlated with partial reversed cell polarity and poor prognosis in invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast. Tumour Biol 2017; 39:1010428317710908. [PMID: 28671041 DOI: 10.1177/1010428317710908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The change of cell polarity is usually associated with invasion and metastasis. Partial reverse cell polarity in IDC-NOS may play a role in lymphatic tumor spread. Rac1 is a kind of polarity related protein. It plays an important role in invasion and metastasis in tumors. We here investigated the expression of Rac1 and partial reverse cell polarity status in breast cancer and evaluated their value for prognosis in breast cancer. The association of the expression of Rac1 and MUC-1 with clinicopathological parameters and prognostic significance was evaluated in 162 cases of IDC-NOS paraffin-embedded tissues by immunohistochemical method. The Rac1 messenger RNA expression was measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction in 30 breast cancer patients, which was divided into two groups of partial reverse cell polarity and no partial reverse cell polarity. We found that lymph node metastasis of partial reverse cell polarity patients was higher than no partial reverse cell polarity patients (Z = −4.030, p = 0.000). Rac1 was upregulated in partial reverse cell polarity group than no partial reverse cell polarity group (Z = −3.164, p = 0.002), and there was correlationship between the expression of Rac1 and partial reverse cell polarity status (rs = 0.249, p = 0.001). The level of Rac1 messenger RNA expression in partial reverse cell polarity group was significantly higher compared to no partial reverse cell polarity group (t = −2.527, p = 0.017). Overexpression of Rac1 and partial reverse cell polarity correlates with poor prognosis of IDC-NOS patients (p = 0.011). Partial reverse cell polarity and lymph node metastasis remained as independent predictors for poor disease-free survival of IDC-NOS (p = 0.023, p = 0.046). Our study suggests that partial reverse cell polarity may lead to poor prognosis of breast cancer. Overexpression of Rac1 may lead to polarity change in IDC-NOS of the breast. Therefore, Rac1 could be a therapeutic target for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingbing Liu
- Department of Pathology, Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Institute of Hepatobiliary Disease, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Artificial Cell, Artificial Cell Engineering Technology Research Center of Public Health Ministry, Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin, China
| | - Jianhua Xiong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Guiqiu Liu
- Department of Pathology, Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Institute of Hepatobiliary Disease, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Artificial Cell, Artificial Cell Engineering Technology Research Center of Public Health Ministry, Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Tianjin Institute of Hepatobiliary Disease, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Artificial Cell, Artificial Cell Engineering Technology Research Center of Public Health Ministry, Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin, China
| | - Likun Wen
- Department of Pathology, Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Institute of Hepatobiliary Disease, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Artificial Cell, Artificial Cell Engineering Technology Research Center of Public Health Ministry, Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin, China
| | - Qin Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Institute of Hepatobiliary Disease, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Artificial Cell, Artificial Cell Engineering Technology Research Center of Public Health Ministry, Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin, China
| | - Chuanshan Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Institute of Hepatobiliary Disease, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Artificial Cell, Artificial Cell Engineering Technology Research Center of Public Health Ministry, Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin, China
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Wang L, Zhang H, Hasim A, Tuerhong A, Hou Z, Abdurahmam A, Sheyhidin I. Partition-Defective 3 (PARD3) Regulates Proliferation, Apoptosis, Migration, and Invasion in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cells. Med Sci Monit 2017; 23:2382-2390. [PMID: 28526815 PMCID: PMC5446977 DOI: 10.12659/msm.903380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Altered expression of partition-defective 3 (PARD3), a polarity-related gene associated with oncogenesis, has been identified in some cancers, but the role of PARD3 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) remains unclear. Material/Methods PARD3 expression in Eca109 cells was silenced using siRNA and overexpressed using an expression vector. We investigated the role of PARD3 in ESCC growth and motility to evaluate its potential role in ESCC. Transwell assay was used to evaluated cell migration and invasion. PARD3 protein expression was assessed by Western blot. Results PARD3 overexpression promoted apoptosis, impaired proliferation, and inhibited cell migration and invasion in Eca109 cells, while PARD3 silencing promoted proliferation and increased migration and invasion. Overexpression of PARD3 exerted its antitumor activity in vitro by impairing cell proliferation, inducing apoptosis, and inhibiting migration and invasion of Eca109 cells, suggesting that PARD3 might play a tumor suppressor role in ESCC. Conclusions Overexpression of PARD3 could be a promising new therapeutic intervention against ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China (mainland)
| | - Haiping Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China (mainland)
| | - Ayshamgul Hasim
- Department of Pathology, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China (mainland)
| | - Abuduaini Tuerhong
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China (mainland)
| | - Zhichao Hou
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China (mainland)
| | - Ablajan Abdurahmam
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China (mainland)
| | - Ilyar Sheyhidin
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China (mainland)
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Ahmed SM, Macara IG. The Par3 polarity protein is an exocyst receptor essential for mammary cell survival. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14867. [PMID: 28358000 PMCID: PMC5379108 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The exocyst is an essential component of the secretory pathway required for delivery of basolateral proteins to the plasma membranes of epithelial cells. Delivery occurs adjacent to tight junctions (TJ), suggesting that it recognizes a receptor at this location. However, no such receptor has been identified. The Par3 polarity protein associates with TJs but has no known function in membrane traffic. We now show that, unexpectedly, Par3 is essential for mammary cell survival. Par3 silencing causes apoptosis, triggered by phosphoinositide trisphosphate depletion and decreased Akt phosphorylation, resulting from failure of the exocyst to deliver basolateral proteins to the cortex. A small region of PAR3 binds directly to Exo70 and is sufficient for exocyst docking, membrane-protein delivery and cell survival. PAR3 lacking this domain can associate with the cortex but cannot support exocyst function. We conclude that Par3 is the long-sought exocyst receptor required for targeted membrane-protein delivery. The exocyst delivers basolateral proteins from the secretory pathway to the plasma membrane of epithelial cells close to tight junctions. Here the authors show that Par3 acts as a docking site for the exocyst to regulate polarized delivery of basolateral proteins and this is essential to prevent apoptosis and promote mammary cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Mukhtar Ahmed
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
| | - Ian G Macara
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
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Li G, Ying L, Wang H, Wei SS, Chen J, Chen YH, Xu WP, Jie QQ, Zhou Q, Li YG, Wei YD, Wang YP. Rac1b enhances cell survival through activation of the JNK2/c-JUN/Cyclin-D1 and AKT2/MCL1 pathways. Oncotarget 2017; 7:17970-85. [PMID: 26918455 PMCID: PMC4951264 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Rac1b is a constitutively activated, alternatively spliced form of the small GTPase Rac1. Previous studies showed that Rac1b promotes cell proliferation and inhibits apoptosis. In the present study, we used microarray analysis to detect genes differentially expressed in HEK293T cells and SW480 human colon cancer cells stably overexpressing Rac1b. We found that the pro-proliferation genes JNK2, c-JUN and cyclin-D1 as well as anti-apoptotic AKT2 and MCL1 were all upregulated in both lines. Rac1b promoted cell proliferation and inhibited apoptosis by activating the JNK2/c-JUN/cyclin-D1 and AKT2/MCL1 pathways, respectively. Very low Rac1b levels were detected in the colonic epithelium of wild-type Sprague-Dawley rats. Knockout of the rat Rac1 gene exon-3b or knockdown of endogenous Rac1b in HT29 human colon cancer cells downregulated only the AKT2/MCL1 pathway. Our study revealed that very low levels of endogenous Rac1b inhibit apoptosis, while Rac1b upregulation both promotes cell proliferation and inhibits apoptosis. It is likely the AKT2/MCL1 pathway is more sensitive to Rac1b regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Li
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University (SJTU) School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Ying
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University (SJTU) School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University (SJTU) School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Si-Si Wei
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University (SJTU) School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University (SJTU) School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi-He Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University (SJTU) School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Ping Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University (SJTU) School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi-Qiang Jie
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University (SJTU) School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi-Gang Li
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University (SJTU) School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi-Dong Wei
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue-Peng Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University (SJTU) School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Nakamura H, Nagasaka K, Kawana K, Taguchi A, Uehara Y, Yoshida M, Sato M, Nishida H, Fujimoto A, Inoue T, Adachi K, Nagamatsu T, Arimoto T, Oda K, Osuga Y, Fujii T. Expression of Par3 polarity protein correlates with poor prognosis in ovarian cancer. BMC Cancer 2016; 16:897. [PMID: 27855669 PMCID: PMC5114836 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2929-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have shown that the cell polarity protein partitioning defective 3 (Par3) plays an essential role in the formation of tight junctions and definition of apical-basal polarity. Aberrant function of this protein has been reported to be involved in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cancer invasion. The aim of this study was to examine the functional mechanism of Par3 in ovarian cancer. METHODS First, we investigated the association between Par3 expression level and survival of 50 ovarian cancer patients. Next, we conducted an in vitro analysis of ovarian cancer cell lines, focusing on the cell line JHOC5, to investigate Par3 function. To investigate the function of Par3 in invasion, the IL-6/STAT3 pathway was analyzed upon Par3 knockdown with siRNA. The effect of siRNA treatment was assessed by qPCR, ELISA, and western blotting. Invasiveness and cell proliferation following treatment with siRNA against Par3 were investigated using Matrigel chamber, wound healing, and cell proliferation assays. RESULTS Expression array data for ovarian cancer patient samples revealed low Par3 expression was significantly associated with good prognosis. Univariate analysis of clinicopathological factors revealed significant association between high Par3 levels and peritoneal dissemination at the time of diagnosis. Knockdown of Par3 in JHOC5 cells suppressed cell invasiveness, migration, and cell proliferation with deregulation of IL-6/STAT3 activity. CONCLUSION Taken together, these results suggest that Par3 expression is likely involved in ovarian cancer progression, especially in peritoneal metastasis. The underlying mechanism may be that Par3 modulates IL-6 /STAT3 signaling. Here, we propose that the expression of Par3 in ovarian cancer may control disease outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroe Nakamura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8655 Japan
| | - Kazunori Nagasaka
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8655 Japan
| | - Kei Kawana
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8655 Japan
| | - Ayumi Taguchi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8655 Japan
| | - Yuriko Uehara
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8655 Japan
| | - Mitsuyo Yoshida
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8655 Japan
| | - Masakazu Sato
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8655 Japan
| | - Haruka Nishida
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8655 Japan
| | - Asaha Fujimoto
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8655 Japan
| | - Tomoko Inoue
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8655 Japan
| | - Katsuyuki Adachi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8655 Japan
| | - Takeshi Nagamatsu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8655 Japan
| | - Takahide Arimoto
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8655 Japan
| | - Katsutoshi Oda
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8655 Japan
| | - Yutaka Osuga
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8655 Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Fujii
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8655 Japan
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Tong S, Xia T, Fan K, Jiang K, Zhai W, Li JS, Wang SH, Wang JJ. Loss of Par3 promotes lung adenocarcinoma metastasis through 14-3-3ζ protein. Oncotarget 2016; 7:64260-64273. [PMID: 27588399 PMCID: PMC5325440 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Partitioning defective protein 3 (Par3) can activate the Tiam1/Rac pathway to inhibit invasion and metastasis in many cancers; however, the role of Par3 in lung adenocarcinoma remains unknown. Here we show that Par3 is downregulated in lung adenocarcinoma tissues and is associated with higher rates of lymph node metastasis and recurrence. Our functional study demonstrated that knock-down of Par3 promoted lung adenocarcinoma cell growth, cell migration, tumor formation, and metastasis, all of which were effectively inhibited when 14-3-3ζ was silenced. We found that Par3 binded with 14-3-3ζ protein and also showed that Par3 abrogated the binding of 14-3-3ζ to Tiam1, which was responsible for Rac1 activation. Knock-down of 14-3-3ζ inhibited Tiam1/Rac-GTP activation and blocked the invasive behavior of cells lacking Par3. These data suggest that loss of Par3 promotes metastatic behavior in lung adenocarcinoma cells through 14-3-3ζ protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Tong
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Tian Xia
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kai Fan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ke Jiang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Zhai
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing-Song Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Si-Hua Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jian-Jun Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Jeganathan N, Predescu D, Zhang J, Sha F, Bardita C, Patel M, Wood S, Borgia JA, Balk RA, Predescu S. Rac1-mediated cytoskeleton rearrangements induced by intersectin-1s deficiency promotes lung cancer cell proliferation, migration and metastasis. Mol Cancer 2016; 15:59. [PMID: 27629044 PMCID: PMC5024437 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-016-0543-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The mechanisms involved in lung cancer (LC) progression are poorly understood making discovery of successful therapies difficult. Adaptor proteins play a crucial role in cancer as they link cell surface receptors to specific intracellular pathways. Intersectin-1s (ITSN-1s) is an important multidomain adaptor protein implicated in the pathophysiology of numerous pulmonary diseases. To date, the role of ITSN-1s in LC has not been studied. Methods Human LC cells, human LC tissue and A549 LC cells stable transfected with myc-ITSN-1s construct (A549 + ITSN-1s) were used in correlation with biochemical, molecular biology and morphological studies. In addition scratch assay with time lapse microscopy and in vivo xenograft tumor and mouse metastasis assays were performed. Results ITSN-1s, a prevalent protein of lung tissue, is significantly downregulated in human LC cells and LC tissue. Restoring ITSN-1s protein level decreases LC cell proliferation and clonogenic potential. In vivo studies indicate that immunodeficient mice injected with A549 + ITSN-1s cells develop less and smaller metastatic tumors compared to mice injected with A549 cells. Our studies also show that restoring ITSN-1s protein level increases the interaction between Cbl E3 ubiquitin ligase and Eps8 resulting in enhanced ubiquitination of the Eps8 oncoprotein. Subsequently, downstream unproductive assembly of the Eps8-mSos1 complex leads to impaired activation of the small GTPase Rac1. Impaired Rac1 activation mediated by ITSN-1s reorganizes the cytoskeleton (increased thick actin bundles and focal adhesion (FA) complexes as well as collapse of the vimentin filament network) in favor of decreased LC cell migration and metastasis. Conclusion ITSN-1s induced Eps8 ubiquitination and impaired Eps8-mSos1 complex formation, leading to impaired activation of Rac1, is a novel signaling mechanism crucial for abolishing the progression and metastatic potential of LC cells. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12943-016-0543-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niranjan Jeganathan
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Rush University Medical Center and Rush Medical College, 1750 W. Harrison Street, 299 Jelke South Center, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
| | - Dan Predescu
- Department of Pharmacology and Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Rush University, 1750 W. Harrison Street, 1415 Jelke, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Jin Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Rush University, 1750 W. Harrison Street, 1533 Jelke, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Fei Sha
- Department of Pharmacology, Rush University, 1750 W. Harrison Street, 1533 Jelke, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Cristina Bardita
- Department of Pharmacology, Rush University, 1750 W. Harrison Street, 1537 Jelke, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Monal Patel
- Department of Pharmacology, Rush University, 1750 W. Harrison Street, 1533 Jelke, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Stephen Wood
- Department of Immunology, Rush University, 1735 W. Harrison Street, 663 Cohn, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Borgia
- Department of Biochemistry, Rush University, 1750 W. Harrison Street, 1415 Jelke, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Robert A Balk
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Rush University Medical Center and Rush Medical College, 1750 W. Harrison Street, 293 Jelke, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Sanda Predescu
- Department of Pharmacology and Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Rush University Medical Center and Rush Medical College, 1750 W. Harrison Street, 1535 Jelke, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
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Rejon C, Al-Masri M, McCaffrey L. Cell Polarity Proteins in Breast Cancer Progression. J Cell Biochem 2016; 117:2215-23. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlis Rejon
- Division of Experimental Medicine; Department of Oncology, Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University; Montreal Canada
| | - Maia Al-Masri
- Division of Experimental Medicine; Department of Oncology, Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University; Montreal Canada
| | - Luke McCaffrey
- Division of Experimental Medicine; Department of Oncology, Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University; Montreal Canada
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Apical–Basal Polarity as a Sensor for Epithelial Homeostasis: A Matter of Life and Death. CURRENT PATHOBIOLOGY REPORTS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s40139-016-0107-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Identification of p62/SQSTM1 as a component of non-canonical Wnt VANGL2-JNK signalling in breast cancer. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10318. [PMID: 26754771 PMCID: PMC4729931 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The non-canonical Wnt/planar cell polarity (Wnt/PCP) pathway plays a crucial role in embryonic development. Recent work has linked defects of this pathway to breast cancer aggressiveness and proposed Wnt/PCP signalling as a therapeutic target. Here we show that the archetypal Wnt/PCP protein VANGL2 is overexpressed in basal breast cancers, associated with poor prognosis and implicated in tumour growth. We identify the scaffold p62/SQSTM1 protein as a novel VANGL2-binding partner and show its key role in an evolutionarily conserved VANGL2–p62/SQSTM1–JNK pathway. This proliferative signalling cascade is upregulated in breast cancer patients with shorter survival and can be inactivated in patient-derived xenograft cells by inhibition of the JNK pathway or by disruption of the VANGL2–p62/SQSTM1 interaction. VANGL2–JNK signalling is thus a potential target for breast cancer therapy. Defects in non-canonical Wnt/planar cell polarity signalling have recently been linked to breast cancer aggressiveness. Puvirajesinghe et al. identify VANGL2, p62/SQSTM1 and JNK as important players in this pathway which may be amenable to therapeutic intervention in breast cancer.
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The Human Adenovirus Type 5 E4orf4 Protein Targets Two Phosphatase Regulators of the Hippo Signaling Pathway. J Virol 2015; 89:8855-70. [PMID: 26085163 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03710-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED When expressed alone at high levels, the human adenovirus E4orf4 protein exhibits tumor cell-specific p53-independent toxicity. A major E4orf4 target is the B55 class of PP2A regulatory subunits, and we have shown recently that binding of E4orf4 inhibits PP2A(B55) phosphatase activity in a dose-dependent fashion by preventing access of substrates (M. Z. Mui et al., PLoS Pathog 9:e1003742, 2013, http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1003742). While interaction with B55 subunits is essential for toxicity, E4orf4 mutants exist that, despite binding B55 at high levels, are defective in cell killing, suggesting that other essential targets exist. In an attempt to identify additional targets, we undertook a proteomics approach to characterize E4orf4-interacting proteins. Our findings indicated that, in addition to PP2A(B55) subunits, ASPP-PP1 complex subunits were found among the major E4orf4-binding species. Both the PP2A and ASPP-PP1 phosphatases are known to positively regulate effectors of the Hippo signaling pathway, which controls the expression of cell growth/survival genes by dephosphorylating the YAP transcriptional coactivator. We find here that expression of E4orf4 results in hyperphosphorylation of YAP, suggesting that Hippo signaling is affected by E4orf4 interactions with PP2A(B55) and/or ASPP-PP1 phosphatases. Furthermore, knockdown of YAP1 expression was seen to enhance E4orf4 killing, again consistent with a link between E4orf4 toxicity and inhibition of the Hippo pathway. This effect may in fact contribute to the cancer cell specificity of E4orf4 toxicity, as many human cancer cells rely heavily on the Hippo pathway for their enhanced proliferation. IMPORTANCE The human adenovirus E4orf4 protein has been known for some time to induce tumor cell-specific death when expressed at high levels; thus, knowledge of its mode of action could be of importance for development of new cancer therapies. Although the B55 form of the phosphatase PP2A has long been known as an essential E4orf4 target, genetic analyses indicated that others must exist. To identify additional E4orf4 targets, we performed, for the first time, a large-scale affinity purification/mass spectrometry analysis of E4orf4 binding partners. Several additional candidates were detected, including key regulators of the Hippo signaling pathway, which enhances cell viability in many cancers, and results of preliminary studies suggested a link between inhibition of Hippo signaling and E4orf4 toxicity.
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Cox CM, Mandell EK, Stewart L, Lu R, Johnson DL, McCarter SD, Tavares A, Runyan R, Ghosh S, Wilson JM. Endosomal regulation of contact inhibition through the AMOT:YAP pathway. Mol Biol Cell 2015; 26:2673-84. [PMID: 25995376 PMCID: PMC4501364 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e15-04-0224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
It was shown previously that endotubin, an integral membrane protein of endosomes, regulates the trafficking of tight junction proteins between endosomes and the tight junctions. Here it is shown that endotubin regulates YAP localization on endosomes through its interaction with AMOT and thus may play a role in contact inhibition. Contact-mediated inhibition of cell proliferation is an essential part of organ growth control; the transcription coactivator Yes-associated protein (YAP) plays a pivotal role in this process. In addition to phosphorylation-dependent regulation of YAP, the integral membrane protein angiomotin (AMOT) and AMOT family members control YAP through direct binding. Here we report that regulation of YAP activity occurs at the endosomal membrane through a dynamic interaction of AMOT with an endosomal integral membrane protein, endotubin (EDTB). EDTB interacts with both AMOT and occludin and preferentially associates with occludin in confluent cells but with AMOT family members in subconfluent cells. EDTB competes with YAP for binding to AMOT proteins in subconfluent cells. Overexpression of the cytoplasmic domain or full-length EDTB induces translocation of YAP to the nucleus, an overgrowth phenotype, and growth in soft agar. This increase in proliferation is dependent upon YAP activity and is complemented by overexpression of p130-AMOT. Furthermore, overexpression of EDTB inhibits the AMOT:YAP interaction. EDTB and AMOT have a greater association in subconfluent cells compared with confluent cells, and this association is regulated at the endosomal membrane. These data provide a link between the trafficking of tight junction proteins through endosomes and contact-inhibition-regulated cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Cox
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724
| | - Edward K Mandell
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511
| | - Lorraine Stewart
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724
| | - Ruifeng Lu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724
| | - Debra L Johnson
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724
| | - Sarah D McCarter
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724
| | - Andre Tavares
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Ray Runyan
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724
| | - Sourav Ghosh
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511
| | - Jean M Wilson
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724
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Lin WH, Asmann YW, Anastasiadis PZ. Expression of polarity genes in human cancer. Cancer Inform 2015; 14:15-28. [PMID: 25991909 PMCID: PMC4390136 DOI: 10.4137/cin.s18964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Polarity protein complexes are crucial for epithelial apical–basal polarity and directed cell migration. Since alterations of these processes are common in cancer, polarity proteins have been proposed to function as tumor suppressors or oncogenic promoters. Here, we review the current understanding of polarity protein functions in epithelial homeostasis, as well as tumor formation and progression. As most previous studies focused on the function of single polarity proteins in simplified model systems, we used a genomics approach to systematically examine and identify the expression profiles of polarity genes in human cancer. The expression profiles of polarity genes were distinct in different human tissues and classified cancer types. Additionally, polarity expression profiles correlated with disease progression and aggressiveness, as well as with identified cancer types, where specific polarity genes were commonly altered. In the case of Scribble, gene expression analysis indicated its common amplification and upregulation in human cancer, suggesting a tumor promoting function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Hsin Lin
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Yan W Asmann
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
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