1
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Joutsen J, Pessa JC, Jokelainen O, Sironen R, Hartikainen JM, Sistonen L. Comprehensive analysis of human tissues reveals unique expression and localization patterns of HSF1 and HSF2. Cell Stress Chaperones 2024; 29:235-271. [PMID: 38458311 PMCID: PMC10963207 DOI: 10.1016/j.cstres.2024.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Heat shock factors (HSFs) are the main transcriptional regulators of the evolutionarily conserved heat shock response. Beyond cell stress, several studies have demonstrated that HSFs also contribute to a vast variety of human pathologies, ranging from metabolic diseases to cancer and neurodegeneration. Despite their evident role in mitigating cellular perturbations, the functions of HSF1 and HSF2 in physiological proteostasis have remained inconclusive. Here, we analyzed a comprehensive selection of paraffin-embedded human tissue samples with immunohistochemistry. We demonstrate that both HSF1 and HSF2 display distinct expression and subcellular localization patterns in benign tissues. HSF1 localizes to the nucleus in all epithelial cell types, whereas nuclear expression of HSF2 was limited to only a few cell types, especially the spermatogonia and the urothelial umbrella cells. We observed a consistent and robust cytoplasmic expression of HSF2 across all studied smooth muscle and endothelial cells, including the smooth muscle cells surrounding the vasculature and the high endothelial venules in lymph nodes. Outstandingly, HSF2 localized specifically at cell-cell adhesion sites in a broad selection of tissue types, such as the cardiac muscle, liver, and epididymis. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to systematically describe the expression and localization patterns of HSF1 and HSF2 in benign human tissues. Thus, our work expands the biological landscape of these factors and creates the foundation for the identification of specific roles of HSF1 and HSF2 in normal physiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Joutsen
- Department of Pathology, Lapland Central Hospital, Lapland Wellbeing Services County, Rovaniemi, Finland.
| | - Jenny C Pessa
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Cell Biology, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland; Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Otto Jokelainen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Clinical Pathology and Forensic Medicine, and Cancer RC, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Department of Clinical Pathology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Reijo Sironen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Clinical Pathology and Forensic Medicine, and Cancer RC, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Department of Clinical Pathology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jaana M Hartikainen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Clinical Pathology and Forensic Medicine, and Cancer RC, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Lea Sistonen
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Cell Biology, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland; Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland.
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2
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Güllülü Ö, Mayer BE, Toplek FB. Linking Gene Fusions to Bone Marrow Failure and Malignant Transformation in Dyskeratosis Congenita. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1606. [PMID: 38338888 PMCID: PMC10855549 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Dyskeratosis Congenita (DC) is a multisystem disorder intrinsically associated with telomere dysfunction, leading to bone marrow failure (BMF). Although the pathology of DC is largely driven by mutations in telomere-associated genes, the implications of gene fusions, which emerge due to telomere-induced genomic instability, remain unexplored. We meticulously analyzed gene fusions in RNA-Seq data from DC patients to provide deeper insights into DC's progression. The most significant DC-specific gene fusions were subsequently put through in silico assessments to ascertain biophysical and structural attributes, including charge patterning, inherent disorder, and propensity for self-association. Selected candidates were then analyzed using deep learning-powered structural predictions and molecular dynamics simulations to gauge their potential for forming higher-order oligomers. Our exploration revealed that genes participating in fusion events play crucial roles in upholding genomic stability, facilitating hematopoiesis, and suppressing tumors. Notably, our analysis spotlighted a particularly disordered polyampholyte fusion protein that exhibits robust higher-order oligomerization dynamics. To conclude, this research underscores the potential significance of several high-confidence gene fusions in the progression of BMF in DC, particularly through the dysregulation of genomic stability, hematopoiesis, and tumor suppression. Additionally, we propose that these fusion proteins might hold a detrimental role, specifically in inducing proteotoxicity-driven hematopoietic disruptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ömer Güllülü
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Benjamin E. Mayer
- Computational Biology & Simulation, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Fran Bačić Toplek
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
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3
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Luoto JC, Coelho‐Rato LS, Jungarå C, Bengs SH, Roininen J, Eriksson JE, Sistonen L, Henriksson E. Cancer cell invasion alters the protein profile of extracellular vesicles. JOURNAL OF EXTRACELLULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 2:e124. [PMID: 38938900 PMCID: PMC11080925 DOI: 10.1002/jex2.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are important mediators of intercellular communication involved in local and long-range signalling of cancer metastasis. The onset of invasion is the key step of the metastatic cascade, but the secretion of EVs has remained unexplored at that stage due to technical challenges. In this study, we present a platform to track EVs over the course of invasive development of human prostate cancer cell (PC3) tumoroids utilizing in vivo-mimicking extracellular matrix-based 3D cultures. Using this EV production method, combined with proteomic profiling, we show that PC3 tumoroids secrete EVs with previously undefined protein cargo. Intriguingly, an increase in EV amounts and extensive changes in the EV protein composition were detected upon invasive transition of the tumoroids. The changes in EV protein cargo were counteracted by chemical inhibition of invasion. These results reveal the impact of the tumoroids' invasive status on EV secretion and cargo, and highlight the necessity of in vivo-mimicking conditions for uncovering novel cancer-derived EV components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens C. Luoto
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Cell BiologyÅbo Akademi UniversityTurkuFinland
- Turku Bioscience CentreUniversity of Turku and Åbo Akademi UniversityTurkuFinland
| | - Leila S. Coelho‐Rato
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Cell BiologyÅbo Akademi UniversityTurkuFinland
- Turku Bioscience CentreUniversity of Turku and Åbo Akademi UniversityTurkuFinland
| | - Cecilia Jungarå
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Cell BiologyÅbo Akademi UniversityTurkuFinland
| | - Sara H. Bengs
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Cell BiologyÅbo Akademi UniversityTurkuFinland
| | - Jannica Roininen
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Cell BiologyÅbo Akademi UniversityTurkuFinland
| | - John E. Eriksson
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Cell BiologyÅbo Akademi UniversityTurkuFinland
- Turku Bioscience CentreUniversity of Turku and Åbo Akademi UniversityTurkuFinland
| | - Lea Sistonen
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Cell BiologyÅbo Akademi UniversityTurkuFinland
- Turku Bioscience CentreUniversity of Turku and Åbo Akademi UniversityTurkuFinland
| | - Eva Henriksson
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Cell BiologyÅbo Akademi UniversityTurkuFinland
- Turku Bioscience CentreUniversity of Turku and Åbo Akademi UniversityTurkuFinland
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4
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Roos-Mattjus P, Sistonen L. Interplay between mammalian heat shock factors 1 and 2 in physiology and pathology. FEBS J 2022; 289:7710-7725. [PMID: 34478606 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The heat-shock factors (HSFs) belong to an evolutionary conserved family of transcription factors that were discovered already over 30 years ago. The HSFs have been shown to a have a broad repertoire of target genes, and they also have crucial functions during normal development. Importantly, HSFs have been linked to several disease states, such as neurodegenerative disorders and cancer, highlighting their importance in physiology and pathology. However, it is still unclear how HSFs are regulated and how they choose their specific target genes under different conditions. Posttranslational modifications and interplay among the HSF family members have been shown to be key regulatory mechanisms for these transcription factors. In this review, we focus on the mammalian HSF1 and HSF2, including their interplay, and provide an updated overview of the advances in understanding how HSFs are regulated and how they function in multiple processes of development, aging, and disease. We also discuss HSFs as therapeutic targets, especially the recently reported HSF1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Roos-Mattjus
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Biochemistry, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland.,Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Lea Sistonen
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland.,Faculty of Science and Engineering, Cell Biology, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
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5
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Tokunaga Y, Otsuyama KI, Kakuta S, Hayashida N. Heat Shock Transcription Factor 2 Is Significantly Involved in Neurodegenerative Diseases, Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Cancer, Male Infertility, and Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder: The Novel Mechanisms of Several Severe Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232213763. [PMID: 36430241 PMCID: PMC9691173 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
HSF (heat shock transcription factor or heat shock factor) was discovered as a transcription factor indispensable for heat shock response. Although four classical HSFs were discovered in mammals and two major HSFs, HSF1 and HSF2, were cloned in the same year of 1991, only HSF1 was intensively studied because HSF1 can give rise to heat shock response through the induction of various HSPs' expression. On the other hand, HSF2 was not well studied for some time, which was probably due to an underestimate of HSF2 itself. Since the beginning of the 21st century, HSF2 research has progressed and many biologically significant functions of HSF2 have been revealed. For example, the roles of HSF2 in nervous system protection, inflammation, maintenance of mitosis and meiosis, and cancer cell survival and death have been gradually unveiled. However, we feel that the fact HSF2 has a relationship with various factors is not yet widely recognized; therefore, the biological significance of HSF2 has been underestimated. We strongly hope to widely communicate the significance of HSF2 to researchers and readers in broad research fields through this review. In addition, we also hope that many readers will have great interest in the molecular mechanism in which HSF2 acts as an active transcription factor and gene bookmarking mechanism of HSF2 during cell cycle progression, as is summarized in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuko Tokunaga
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
- Institute of Gene Research, Yamaguchi University Science Research Center, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichiro Otsuyama
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Health Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Shigeru Kakuta
- Laboratory of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Naoki Hayashida
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-836-22-2359
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6
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Zhang W, Zhang X, Cheng P, Yue K, Tang M, Li Y, Guo Q, Zhang Y. HSF4 promotes tumor progression of colorectal cancer by transactivating c-MET. Mol Cell Biochem 2022; 478:1141-1150. [PMID: 36229759 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-022-04582-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Heat shock factors (HSFs) are a family of transcription factors, composed of HSF1, HSF2, and HSF4, to regulate cell stress reaction for maintaining cellular homeostasis in response to adverse stimuli. Recent studies have disclosed the roles of HSF1 and HSF2 in modulating tumor development, including colorectal cancer (CRC). However, HSF4, which is closely associated with pathology of congenital cataracts, remains less studied in tumors. In this study, we aimed to describe the regulatory effects of HSF4 and underlying molecular mechanism in CRC progression. By bioinformatic analysis of TCGA database and TMA-IHC assay, we identified that the expression of HSF4 was significantly upregulated in CRCs compared with normal colonic tissues and was a prognostic factor of poor outcomes of CRC patients. Function assays, including CCK-8, colony formation, transwell assays, and xenografted mouse model, were employed to verify that HSF4 promoted cell growth, colony formation, invasion of CRC cells in vitro, and tumor growth in vivo as a potential oncogenic factor. Mechanistically, results of Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and immunoblotting assays revealed that HSF4 associated directly to MET promoter to enhance expression of c-MET, a well-known oncogene in multiple cancers, thus fueling the activity of downstream ERK1/2 and AKT signaling pathways. In further rescue experiments, restoration of c-MET expression abolished inhibitory cell growth and invasion induced by downregulated HSF4 expression. To sum up, our findings describe a crucial role of HSF4 in CRC progression by enhancing activity of c-MET and downstream ERK1/2 and AKT signaling pathways, and highlight HSF4 as a potential therapeutic target for anti-CRC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650000, China.,Faculty of Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650000, China
| | - Xuelian Zhang
- Faculty of Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650000, China
| | - Peng Cheng
- Faculty of Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650000, China
| | - Kelin Yue
- Yunnan Digestive Endoscopy Clinical Medical Center, Department of Gastroenterology, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, 650000, Kunming, China
| | - Ming Tang
- Department of Pathology, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650000, China
| | - Yan Li
- Yunnan Digestive Endoscopy Clinical Medical Center, Department of Gastroenterology, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, 650000, Kunming, China
| | - Qiang Guo
- Yunnan Digestive Endoscopy Clinical Medical Center, Department of Gastroenterology, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, 650000, Kunming, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Yunnan Digestive Endoscopy Clinical Medical Center, Department of Gastroenterology, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, 650000, Kunming, China.
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7
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Wang M, Zou J, Wang J, Liu M, Liu K, Wang N, Wang K. Aberrant HSF1 signaling activation underlies metformin amelioration of myocardial infarction in mice. MOLECULAR THERAPY - NUCLEIC ACIDS 2022; 29:312-328. [PMID: 35950214 PMCID: PMC9352811 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2022.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI) is a cardiovascular disease with high morbidity and mortality. Clinically, rehabilitation after massive MI often has a poor prognosis. Therefore, it is necessary to explore the therapeutic methods of myocardial protection after MI. As a first-line treatment for type 2 diabetes, metformin has been found to have a certain protective effect on myocardial tissue. However, its pharmacological mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we investigated key factors that reduced MI with metformin. Through in vivo, in vitro, and in silico analyses, we identified HSF1 as a key target for metformin. HSF1 could up-regulate the transcriptional level of AMPKα2 through transcriptional activation and stimulate the activity of the downstream AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway. Metformin stimulated cardiomyocytes to form stress granules (SGs), and knockdown of HSF1 reversed this process. Furthermore, HSF1 exhibited better in vitro affinity for metformin than AMPK, suggesting that HSF1 may be a more sensitive target for metformin.
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8
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Cacciamali A, Villa R, Dotti S. 3D Cell Cultures: Evolution of an Ancient Tool for New Applications. Front Physiol 2022; 13:836480. [PMID: 35936888 PMCID: PMC9353320 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.836480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, research is undergoing a drastic change in the application of the animal model as a unique investigation strategy, considering an alternative approach for the development of science for the future. Although conventional monolayer cell cultures represent an established and widely used in vitro method, the lack of tissue architecture and the complexity of such a model fails to inform true biological processes in vivo. Recent advances in cell culture techniques have revolutionized in vitro culture tools for biomedical research by creating powerful three-dimensional (3D) models to recapitulate cell heterogeneity, structure and functions of primary tissues. These models also bridge the gap between traditional two-dimensional (2D) single-layer cultures and animal models. 3D culture systems allow researchers to recreate human organs and diseases in one dish and thus holds great promise for many applications such as regenerative medicine, drug discovery, precision medicine, and cancer research, and gene expression studies. Bioengineering has made an important contribution in the context of 3D systems using scaffolds that help mimic the microenvironments in which cells naturally reside, supporting the mechanical, physical and biochemical requirements for cellular growth and function. We therefore speak of models based on organoids, bioreactors, organ-on-a-chip up to bioprinting and each of these systems provides its own advantages and applications. All of these techniques prove to be excellent candidates for the development of alternative methods for animal testing, as well as revolutionizing cell culture technology. 3D systems will therefore be able to provide new ideas for the study of cellular interactions both in basic and more specialized research, in compliance with the 3R principle. In this review, we provide a comparison of 2D cell culture with 3D cell culture, provide details of some of the different 3D culture techniques currently available by discussing their strengths as well as their potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Silvia Dotti
- *Correspondence: Andrea Cacciamali, ; Silvia Dotti,
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9
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Smith RS, Takagishi SR, Amici DR, Metz K, Gayatri S, Alasady MJ, Wu Y, Brockway S, Taiberg SL, Khalatyan N, Taipale M, Santagata S, Whitesell L, Lindquist S, Savas JN, Mendillo ML. HSF2 cooperates with HSF1 to drive a transcriptional program critical for the malignant state. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabj6526. [PMID: 35294249 PMCID: PMC8926329 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abj6526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Heat shock factor 1 (HSF1) is well known for its role in the heat shock response (HSR), where it drives a transcriptional program comprising heat shock protein (HSP) genes, and in tumorigenesis, where it drives a program comprising HSPs and many noncanonical target genes that support malignancy. Here, we find that HSF2, an HSF1 paralog with no substantial role in the HSR, physically and functionally interacts with HSF1 across diverse types of cancer. HSF1 and HSF2 have notably similar chromatin occupancy and regulate a common set of genes that include both HSPs and noncanonical transcriptional targets with roles critical in supporting malignancy. Loss of either HSF1 or HSF2 results in a dysregulated response to nutrient stresses in vitro and reduced tumor progression in cancer cell line xenografts. Together, these findings establish HSF2 as a critical cofactor of HSF1 in driving a cancer cell transcriptional program to support the anabolic malignant state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger S. Smith
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Simpson Querrey Institute for Epigenetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Seesha R. Takagishi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Simpson Querrey Institute for Epigenetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Tetrad Graduate Program, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - David R. Amici
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Simpson Querrey Institute for Epigenetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Kyle Metz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Simpson Querrey Institute for Epigenetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Sitaram Gayatri
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Simpson Querrey Institute for Epigenetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Milad J. Alasady
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Simpson Querrey Institute for Epigenetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Yaqi Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Simpson Querrey Institute for Epigenetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Master of Biotechnology Program, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Sonia Brockway
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Simpson Querrey Institute for Epigenetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Stephanie L. Taiberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Simpson Querrey Institute for Epigenetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Natalia Khalatyan
- Simpson Querrey Institute for Epigenetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Mikko Taipale
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Molecular Architecture of Life Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR), Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sandro Santagata
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Ludwig Center at Harvard, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Luke Whitesell
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Susan Lindquist
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jeffrey N. Savas
- Simpson Querrey Institute for Epigenetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Marc L. Mendillo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Simpson Querrey Institute for Epigenetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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10
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Cyran AM, Zhitkovich A. Heat Shock Proteins and HSF1 in Cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:860320. [PMID: 35311075 PMCID: PMC8924369 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.860320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Fitness of cells is dependent on protein homeostasis which is maintained by cooperative activities of protein chaperones and proteolytic machinery. Upon encountering protein-damaging conditions, cells activate the heat-shock response (HSR) which involves HSF1-mediated transcriptional upregulation of a group of chaperones - the heat shock proteins (HSPs). Cancer cells experience high levels of proteotoxic stress due to the production of mutated proteins, aneuploidy-induced excess of components of multiprotein complexes, increased translation rates, and dysregulated metabolism. To cope with this chronic state of proteotoxic stress, cancers almost invariably upregulate major components of HSR, including HSF1 and individual HSPs. Some oncogenic programs show dependence or coupling with a particular HSR factor (such as frequent coamplification of HSF1 and MYC genes). Elevated levels of HSPs and HSF1 are typically associated with drug resistance and poor clinical outcomes in various malignancies. The non-oncogene dependence ("addiction") on protein quality controls represents a pancancer target in treating human malignancies, offering a potential to enhance efficacy of standard and targeted chemotherapy and immune checkpoint inhibitors. In cancers with specific dependencies, HSR components can serve as alternative targets to poorly druggable oncogenic drivers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anatoly Zhitkovich
- Legoretta Cancer Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
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11
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Chen F, Fan Y, Liu X, Zhang J, Shang Y, Zhang B, Liu B, Hou J, Cao P, Tan K. Pan-Cancer Integrated Analysis of HSF2 Expression, Prognostic Value and Potential Implications for Cancer Immunity. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 8:789703. [PMID: 35087869 PMCID: PMC8787226 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.789703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat shock factor 2 (HSF2), a transcription factor, plays significant roles in corticogenesis and spermatogenesis by regulating various target genes and signaling pathways. However, its expression, clinical significance and correlation with tumor-infiltrating immune cells across cancers have rarely been explored. In the present study, we comprehensively investigated the expression dysregulation and prognostic significance of HSF2, and the relationship with clinicopathological parameters and immune infiltration across cancers. The mRNA expression status of HSF2 was analyzed by TCGA, GTEx, and CCLE. Kaplan-Meier analysis and Cox regression were applied to explore the prognostic significance of HSF2 in different cancers. The relationship between HSF2 expression and DNA methylation, immune infiltration of different immune cells, immune checkpoints, tumor mutation burden (TMB), and microsatellite instability (MSI) were analyzed using data directly from the TCGA database. HSF2 expression was dysregulated in the human pan-cancer dataset. High expression of HSF2 was associated with poor overall survival (OS) in BRCA, KIRP, LIHC, and MESO but correlated with favorable OS in LAML, KIRC, and PAAD. The results of Cox regression and nomogram analyses revealed that HSF2 was an independent factor for KIRP, ACC, and LIHC prognosis. GO, KEGG, and GSEA results indicated that HSF2 was involved in various oncogenesis- and immunity-related signaling pathways. HSF2 expression was associated with TMB in 9 cancer types and associated with MSI in 5 cancer types, while there was a correlation between HSF2 expression and DNA methylation in 27 types of cancer. Additionally, HSF2 expression was correlated with immune cell infiltration, immune checkpoint genes, and the tumor immune microenvironment in various cancers, indicating that HSF2 could be a potential therapeutic target for immunotherapy. Our findings revealed the important roles of HSF2 across different cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yumei Fan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xiaopeng Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yanan Shang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Bing Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jiajie Hou
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Pengxiu Cao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Ke Tan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
- *Correspondence: Ke Tan,
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12
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Fan Y, Hou J, Liu X, Han B, Meng Y, Liu B, Chen F, Shang Y, Cao P, Tan K. Integrated Bioinformatics Analysis Identifies Heat Shock Factor 2 as a Prognostic Biomarker Associated With Immune Cell Infiltration in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Front Genet 2021; 12:668516. [PMID: 34917120 PMCID: PMC8669829 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.668516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignancies and ranks as the second leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Heat shock factor 2 (HSF2) is a transcription factor that plays a critical role in development, particularly corticogenesis and spermatogenesis. However, studies examining the expression and prognostic value of HSF2 and its association with tumor-infiltrating immune cells in HCC are still rare. In the present study, we found that HSF2 expression was significantly upregulated in HCC tissues compared with normal liver tissues using the TCGA, ICGC, GEO, UALCAN, HCCDB and HPA databases. High HSF2 expression was associated with shorter survival of patients with HCC. Cox regression analyses and nomogram were used to evaluate the association of HSF2 expression with the prognosis of patients with HCC. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) revealed that HSF2 was associated with various signaling pathways, including the immune response. Notably, HSF2 expression was significantly correlated with the infiltration levels of different immune cells using the TIMER database and CIBERSORT algorithm. HSF2 expression also displayed a significant correlation with multiple immune marker sets in HCC tissues. Knockdown of HSF2 significantly inhibited the proliferation, migration, invasion and colony formation ability of HCC cells. In summary, we explored the clinical significance of HSF2 and provided a therapeutic basis for the early diagnosis, prognostic judgment, and immunotherapy of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumei Fan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jiajie Hou
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xiaopeng Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Bihui Han
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yanxiu Meng
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Bing Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Fei Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yanan Shang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Pengxiu Cao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Ke Tan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
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13
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Kurop MK, Huyen CM, Kelly JH, Blagg BSJ. The heat shock response and small molecule regulators. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 226:113846. [PMID: 34563965 PMCID: PMC8608735 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The heat shock response (HSR) is a highly conserved cellular pathway that is responsible for stress relief and the refolding of denatured proteins [1]. When a host cell is exposed to conditions such as heat shock, ischemia, or toxic substances, heat shock factor-1 (HSF-1), a transcription factor, activates the genes that encode for the heat shock proteins (Hsps), which are a family of proteins that work alongside other chaperones to relieve stress and refold proteins that have been denatured (Burdon, 1986) [2]. Along with the refolding of denatured proteins, Hsps facilitate the removal of misfolded proteins by escorting them to degradation pathways, thereby preventing the accumulation of misfolded proteins [3]. Research has indicated that many pathological conditions, such as diabetes, cancer, neuropathy, cardiovascular disease, and aging have a negative impact on HSR function and are commonly associated with misfolded protein aggregation [4,5]. Studies indicate an interplay between mitochondrial homeostasis and HSF-1 levels can impact stress resistance, proteostasis, and malignant cell growth, which further support the role of Hsps in pathological and metabolic functions [6]. On the other hand, Hsp activation by specific small molecules can induce the heat shock response, which can afford neuroprotection and other benefits [7]. This review will focus on the modulation of Hsps and the HSR as therapeutic options to treat these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret K Kurop
- Warren Center for Drug Discovery, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Cormac M Huyen
- Warren Center for Drug Discovery, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - John H Kelly
- Warren Center for Drug Discovery, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Brian S J Blagg
- Warren Center for Drug Discovery, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA.
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14
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Pesonen L, Svartsjö S, Bäck V, de Thonel A, Mezger V, Sabéran-Djoneidi D, Roos-Mattjus P. Gambogic acid and gambogenic acid induce a thiol-dependent heat shock response and disrupt the interaction between HSP90 and HSF1 or HSF2. Cell Stress Chaperones 2021; 26:819-833. [PMID: 34331200 PMCID: PMC8492855 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-021-01222-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells rely on heat shock proteins (HSPs) for growth and survival. Especially HSP90 has multiple client proteins and plays a critical role in malignant transformation, and therefore different types of HSP90 inhibitors are being developed. The bioactive natural compound gambogic acid (GB) is a prenylated xanthone with antitumor activity, and it has been proposed to function as an HSP90 inhibitor. However, there are contradicting reports whether GB induces a heat shock response (HSR), which is cytoprotective for cancer cells and therefore a potentially problematic feature for an anticancer drug. In this study, we show that GB and a structurally related compound, called gambogenic acid (GBA), induce a robust HSR, in a thiol-dependent manner. Using heat shock factor 1 (HSF1) or HSF2 knockout cells, we show that the GB or GBA-induced HSR is HSF1-dependent. Intriguingly, using closed form ATP-bound HSP90 mutants that can be co-precipitated with HSF1, a known facilitator of cancer, we show that also endogenous HSF2 co-precipitates with HSP90. GB and GBA treatment disrupt the interaction between HSP90 and HSF1 and HSP90 and HSF2. Our study implies that these compounds should be used cautiously if developed for cancer therapies, since GB and its derivative GBA are strong inducers of the HSR, in multiple cell types, by involving the dissociation of a HSP90-HSF1/HSF2 complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Pesonen
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Biochemistry, Åbo Akademi University, Artillerigatan 6, 20520, Åbo/Turku, Finland
| | - Sally Svartsjö
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Biochemistry, Åbo Akademi University, Artillerigatan 6, 20520, Åbo/Turku, Finland
| | - Viktor Bäck
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Biochemistry, Åbo Akademi University, Artillerigatan 6, 20520, Åbo/Turku, Finland
| | - Aurélie de Thonel
- Université de Paris, UMR7216 Épigénétique et Destin Cellulaire, CNRS, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Valérie Mezger
- Université de Paris, UMR7216 Épigénétique et Destin Cellulaire, CNRS, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Délara Sabéran-Djoneidi
- Université de Paris, UMR7216 Épigénétique et Destin Cellulaire, CNRS, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Pia Roos-Mattjus
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Biochemistry, Åbo Akademi University, Artillerigatan 6, 20520, Åbo/Turku, Finland.
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15
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Gangwar PK, Sankhwar SN, Pant S, Singh BP, Mahdi AA, Singh R. Male infertility is not liked with HSF1, HSF2 and UBE2I gene polymorphisms among Indian subjects. Bioinformation 2021; 17:715-720. [PMID: 35540693 PMCID: PMC9049099 DOI: 10.6026/97320630017715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We analysed the polymorphisms at rs78202224 (C/A) for HSF1 gene, rs139496713 (C/T) and rs45504694 (C/A) for HSF2 gene and rs116868327 (G/A) for UBE2I gene in 547 infertile cases (non-obstructive azoospermia = 464, asthenozoospermia = 83) and 419 proven fertile controls of similar age group and ethnicity. SNP genotyping was done using AgenaMassARRY platform (Agena Bioscience, CA). Common, heterozygous, rare genotypes and allelic frequencies were analysed using dominant, recessive and co-dominant models. Data shows no significant association between HSF1, HSF2 polymorphisms and male infertility. However, under dominant (GG vs GA+AA) and co-dominanat (GG vs GA) model, polymorphism at the rs116868327 (G/A) locus in UBE2I gene was found to be linked with asthenozoospermia in males with a significant odd-ratio of 6.91 (confidence interval at 95% was 1.52-31.46; p=0.017). Moreover, frequency of rare allele was higher (2.4%) compared to controls (0.4%). Thus, this data showed a significant risk of developing asthenozoospermic condition in males (Odds ratio= 6.75; Confidence interval at 95%= 1.50-30.49; P= 0.018]. Hence, more number of genotyping studies along with the functional assay in multiple cohorts is needed to validate potential variants associated with male infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pravin Kumar Gangwar
- Department of Urology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | | | - Shriya Pant
- Department of Urology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Bhupendra Pal Singh
- Department of Urology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Abbas Ali Mahdi
- Department of Biochemistry, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rajender Singh
- Division of Endocrinology, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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16
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Joutsen J, Da Silva AJ, Luoto JC, Budzynski MA, Nylund AS, de Thonel A, Concordet JP, Mezger V, Sabéran-Djoneidi D, Henriksson E, Sistonen L. Heat Shock Factor 2 Protects against Proteotoxicity by Maintaining Cell-Cell Adhesion. Cell Rep 2021; 30:583-597.e6. [PMID: 31940498 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintenance of protein homeostasis, through inducible expression of molecular chaperones, is essential for cell survival under protein-damaging conditions. The expression and DNA-binding activity of heat shock factor 2 (HSF2), a member of the heat shock transcription factor family, increase upon exposure to prolonged proteotoxicity. Nevertheless, the specific roles of HSF2 and the global HSF2-dependent gene expression profile during sustained stress have remained unknown. Here, we found that HSF2 is critical for cell survival during prolonged proteotoxicity. Strikingly, our RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analyses revealed that impaired viability of HSF2-deficient cells is not caused by inadequate induction of molecular chaperones but is due to marked downregulation of cadherin superfamily genes. We demonstrate that HSF2-dependent maintenance of cadherin-mediated cell-cell adhesion is required for protection against stress induced by proteasome inhibition. This study identifies HSF2 as a key regulator of cadherin superfamily genes and defines cell-cell adhesion as a determinant of proteotoxic stress resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Joutsen
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Cell Biology, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6, 20520 Turku, Finland; Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Alejandro Jose Da Silva
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Cell Biology, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6, 20520 Turku, Finland; Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Jens Christian Luoto
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Cell Biology, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6, 20520 Turku, Finland; Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Marek Andrzej Budzynski
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Cell Biology, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6, 20520 Turku, Finland; Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Anna Serafia Nylund
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Cell Biology, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6, 20520 Turku, Finland; Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Aurelie de Thonel
- CNRS, UMR 7216 "Epigenetic and Cell Fate," 75250 Paris Cedex 13, France; University of Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75250 Paris Cedex 13, France; Département Hospitalo-Universitaire DHU PROTECT, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Paul Concordet
- INSERM U1154, CNRS UMR 7196, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Valérie Mezger
- CNRS, UMR 7216 "Epigenetic and Cell Fate," 75250 Paris Cedex 13, France; University of Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75250 Paris Cedex 13, France; Département Hospitalo-Universitaire DHU PROTECT, Paris, France
| | - Délara Sabéran-Djoneidi
- CNRS, UMR 7216 "Epigenetic and Cell Fate," 75250 Paris Cedex 13, France; University of Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75250 Paris Cedex 13, France; Département Hospitalo-Universitaire DHU PROTECT, Paris, France
| | - Eva Henriksson
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Cell Biology, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6, 20520 Turku, Finland; Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Lea Sistonen
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Cell Biology, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6, 20520 Turku, Finland; Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6, 20520 Turku, Finland.
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17
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Meier T, Timm M, Montani M, Wilkens L. Gene networks and transcriptional regulators associated with liver cancer development and progression. BMC Med Genomics 2021; 14:41. [PMID: 33541355 PMCID: PMC7863452 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-021-00883-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Treatment options for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are limited, and overall survival is poor. Despite the high frequency of this malignoma, its basic disease mechanisms are poorly understood. Therefore, the aim of this study was to use different methodological approaches and combine the results to improve our knowledge on the development and progression of HCC. Methods Twenty-three HCC samples were characterized by histological, morphometric and cytogenetic analyses, as well as comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) and genome-wide gene expression followed by a bioinformatic search for potential transcriptional regulators and master regulatory molecules of gene networks. Results Histological evaluation revealed low, intermediate and high-grade HCCs, and gene expression analysis split them into two main sets: GE1-HCC and GE2-HCC, with a low and high proliferation gene expression signature, respectively. Array-based comparative genomic hybridization demonstrated a high level of chromosomal instability, with recurrent chromosomal gains of 1q, 6p, 7q, 8q, 11q, 17q, 19p/q and 20q in both HCC groups and losses of 1p, 4q, 6q, 13q and 18q characteristic for GE2-HCC. Gene expression and bioinformatics analyses revealed that different genes and gene regulatory networks underlie the distinct biological features observed in GE1-HCC and GE2-HCC. Besides previously reported dysregulated genes, the current study identified new candidate genes with a putative role in liver cancer, e.g. C1orf35, PAFAH1B3, ZNF219 and others. Conclusion Analysis of our findings, in accordance with the available published data, argues in favour of the notion that the activated E2F1 signalling pathway, which can be responsible for both inappropriate cell proliferation and initial chromosomal instability, plays a pivotal role in HCC development and progression. A dedifferentiation switch that manifests in exaggerated gene expression changes might be due to turning on transcriptional co-regulators with broad impact on gene expression, e.g. POU2F1 (OCT1) and NFY, as a response to accumulating cell stress during malignant development. Our findings point towards the necessity of different approaches for the treatment of HCC forms with low and high proliferation signatures and provide new candidates for developing appropriate HCC therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Meier
- Institute of Pathology, Nordstadtkrankenhaus, Hanover, Germany.
| | - Max Timm
- Institute of Pathology, Nordstadtkrankenhaus, Hanover, Germany.,Clinic for Laryngology, Rhinology and Otology, Medical School Hanover, Hanover, Germany
| | - Matteo Montani
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ludwig Wilkens
- Institute of Pathology, Nordstadtkrankenhaus, Hanover, Germany.,Institute of Human Genetics, Medical School Hanover, Hanover, Germany
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18
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Santopolo S, Riccio A, Rossi A, Santoro MG. The proteostasis guardian HSF1 directs the transcription of its paralog and interactor HSF2 during proteasome dysfunction. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:1113-1129. [PMID: 32607595 PMCID: PMC11071745 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03568-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Protein homeostasis is essential for life in eukaryotes. Organisms respond to proteotoxic stress by activating heat shock transcription factors (HSFs), which play important roles in cytoprotection, longevity and development. Of six human HSFs, HSF1 acts as a proteostasis guardian regulating stress-induced transcriptional responses, whereas HSF2 has a critical role in development, in particular of brain and reproductive organs. Unlike HSF1, that is a stable protein constitutively expressed, HSF2 is a labile protein and its expression varies in different tissues; however, the mechanisms regulating HSF2 expression remain poorly understood. Herein we demonstrate that the proteasome inhibitor anticancer drug bortezomib (Velcade), at clinically relevant concentrations, triggers de novo HSF2 mRNA transcription in different types of cancers via HSF1 activation. Similar results were obtained with next-generation proteasome inhibitors ixazomib and carfilzomib, indicating that induction of HSF2 expression is a general response to proteasome dysfunction. HSF2-promoter analysis, electrophoretic mobility shift assays, and chromatin immunoprecipitation studies unexpectedly revealed that HSF1 is recruited to a heat shock element located at 1.397 bp upstream from the transcription start site in the HSF2-promoter. More importantly, we found that HSF1 is critical for HSF2 gene transcription during proteasome dysfunction, representing an interesting example of transcription factor involved in controlling the expression of members of the same family. Moreover, bortezomib-induced HSF2 was found to localize in the nucleus, interact with HSF1, and participate in bortezomib-mediated control of cancer cell migration. The results shed light on HSF2-expression regulation, revealing a novel level of HSF1/HSF2 interplay that may lead to advances in pharmacological modulation of these fundamental transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Santopolo
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Riccio
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Rossi
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology, CNR, Rome, Italy
| | - M Gabriella Santoro
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133, Rome, Italy.
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology, CNR, Rome, Italy.
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19
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Aizemaiti R, Wu Z, Tang J, Yan H, Lv X. Heat shock factor 5 correlated with immune infiltration serves as a prognostic biomarker in lung adenocarcinoma. Int J Med Sci 2021; 18:448-458. [PMID: 33390814 PMCID: PMC7757139 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.51297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is the predominant subtype of lung cancer with a relatively poor prognosis. The dramatic improvements of new immunotherapy strategies have shown promising results in lung cancer patients. This study aimed to elucidate the functions of immune-associated genes in LUAD prognosis and pathogenesis by analyzing public databases. We obtained expression profiles of LUAD patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database and applied the ESTIMATE algorithm to calculate immune scores and stromal scores. A series of microenvironment-related genes with prognostic value was then identified. Of note, heat shock factor 5 (HSF5) was found to be decreased in LUAD patients and positively correlated with overall survival, which was further confirmed in the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Moreover, Gene Ontology (GO) analysis based on the correlated genes of HSF5 demonstrated that HSF5 expression was significantly associated with the immune response and inflammatory activities. Based on the Tumor IMmune Estimation Resource (TIMER) and Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA) datasets, HSF5 expression showed strong correlations with various immune cell infiltration and diverse immune marker sets. These findings suggest that HSF5 can be used as a promising biomarker for determining prognosis and immune infiltration in LUAD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rusidanmu Aizemaiti
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Qingchun Road 79, Hangzhou, China, 310009
| | - Zhigang Wu
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou, China, 310009
| | - Jie Tang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Qingchun Road 79, Hangzhou, China, 310009
| | - Haimeng Yan
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Qingchun Road 79, Hangzhou, China, 310009
| | - Xiayi Lv
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Qingchun Road 79, Hangzhou, China, 310009
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20
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Emerging roles of HSF1 in cancer: Cellular and molecular episodes. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2020; 1874:188390. [PMID: 32653364 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2020.188390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Heat shock factor 1 (HSF1) systematically guards proteome stability and proteostasis by regulating the expression of heat shock protein (HSP), thus rendering cancer cells addicted to HSF1. The non-canonical transcriptional programme driven by HSF1, which is distinct from the heat shock response (HSR), plays an indispensable role in the initiation, promotion and progression of cancer. Therefore, HSF1 is widely exploited as a potential therapeutic target in a broad spectrum of cancers. Various molecules and signals in the cell jointly regulate the activation and attenuation of HSF1. The high-level expression of HSF1 in tumours and its relationship with patient prognosis imply that HSF1 can be used as a biomarker for patient prognosis and a target for cancer treatment. In this review, we discuss the newly identified mechanisms of HSF1 activation and regulation, the diverse functions of HSF1 in tumourigenesis, and the feasibility of using HSF1 as a prognostic marker. Disrupting cancer cell proteostasis by targeting HSF1 represents a novel anti-cancer therapeutic strategy.
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21
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Pincus D. Regulation of Hsf1 and the Heat Shock Response. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1243:41-50. [PMID: 32297210 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-40204-4_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The heat shock response (HSR) is characterized by the induction of molecular chaperones following a sudden increase in temperature. In eukaryotes, the HSR comprises the set of genes controlled by the transcription factor Hsf1. The HSR is induced by defects in co-translational protein folding, ribosome biogenesis, organellar targeting of nascent proteins, and protein degradation by the ubiquitin proteasome system. Upon heat shock, these processes may be endogenous sources of polypeptide ligands that activate the HSR. Mechanistically, these ligands are thought to titrate the chaperone Hsp70 away from Hsf1, releasing Hsf1 to induce the full arsenal of cellular chaperones to restore protein homeostasis. In metazoans, this cell-autonomous feedback loop is modulated by the microenvironment and neuronal cues to enable tissue-level and organism-wide coordination.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Pincus
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, Center for Physics of Evolving Systems, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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22
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Puustinen MC, Sistonen L. Molecular Mechanisms of Heat Shock Factors in Cancer. Cells 2020; 9:cells9051202. [PMID: 32408596 PMCID: PMC7290425 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant transformation is accompanied by alterations in the key cellular pathways that regulate development, metabolism, proliferation and motility as well as stress resilience. The members of the transcription factor family, called heat shock factors (HSFs), have been shown to play important roles in all of these biological processes, and in the past decade it has become evident that their activities are rewired during tumorigenesis. This review focuses on the expression patterns and functions of HSF1, HSF2, and HSF4 in specific cancer types, highlighting the mechanisms by which the regulatory functions of these transcription factors are modulated. Recently developed therapeutic approaches that target HSFs are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikael Christer Puustinen
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6, 20520 Turku, Finland;
- Turku Bioscience, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Lea Sistonen
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6, 20520 Turku, Finland;
- Turku Bioscience, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6, 20520 Turku, Finland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +358-2215-3311
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23
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Prince TL, Lang BJ, Guerrero-Gimenez ME, Fernandez-Muñoz JM, Ackerman A, Calderwood SK. HSF1: Primary Factor in Molecular Chaperone Expression and a Major Contributor to Cancer Morbidity. Cells 2020; 9:E1046. [PMID: 32331382 PMCID: PMC7226471 DOI: 10.3390/cells9041046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Heat shock factor 1 (HSF1) is the primary component for initiation of the powerful heat shock response (HSR) in eukaryotes. The HSR is an evolutionarily conserved mechanism for responding to proteotoxic stress and involves the rapid expression of heat shock protein (HSP) molecular chaperones that promote cell viability by facilitating proteostasis. HSF1 activity is amplified in many tumor contexts in a manner that resembles a chronic state of stress, characterized by high levels of HSP gene expression as well as HSF1-mediated non-HSP gene regulation. HSF1 and its gene targets are essential for tumorigenesis across several experimental tumor models, and facilitate metastatic and resistant properties within cancer cells. Recent studies have suggested the significant potential of HSF1 as a therapeutic target and have motivated research efforts to understand the mechanisms of HSF1 regulation and develop methods for pharmacological intervention. We review what is currently known regarding the contribution of HSF1 activity to cancer pathology, its regulation and expression across human cancers, and strategies to target HSF1 for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas L. Prince
- Department of Molecular Functional Genomics, Geisinger Clinic, Danville, PA 17821, USA
| | - Benjamin J. Lang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Martin E. Guerrero-Gimenez
- Laboratory of Oncology, Institute of Medicine and Experimental Biology of Cuyo (IMBECU), National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires B1657, Argentina
| | - Juan Manuel Fernandez-Muñoz
- Laboratory of Oncology, Institute of Medicine and Experimental Biology of Cuyo (IMBECU), National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires B1657, Argentina
| | - Andrew Ackerman
- Department of Molecular Functional Genomics, Geisinger Clinic, Danville, PA 17821, USA
| | - Stuart K. Calderwood
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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24
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Alasady MJ, Mendillo ML. The Multifaceted Role of HSF1 in Tumorigenesis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1243:69-85. [PMID: 32297212 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-40204-4_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Heat Shock Factor 1 (HSF1), the master transcriptional regulator of the heat shock response (HSR), was first cloned more than 30 years ago. Most early research interrogating the role that HSF1 plays in biology focused on its cytoprotective functions, as a factor that promotes the survival of organisms by protecting against the proteotoxicity associated with neurodegeneration and other pathological conditions. However, recent studies have revealed a deleterious role of HSF1, as a factor that is co-opted by cancer cells to promote their own survival to the detriment of the organism. In cancer, HSF1 operates in a multifaceted manner to promote oncogenic transformation, proliferation, metastatic dissemination, and anti-cancer drug resistance. Here we review our current understanding of HSF1 activation and function in malignant progression and discuss the potential for HSF1 inhibition as a novel anticancer strategy. Collectively, this ever-growing body of work points to a prominent role of HSF1 in nearly every aspect of carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad J Alasady
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.,Simpson Querrey Center for Epigenetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.,Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Marc L Mendillo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA. .,Simpson Querrey Center for Epigenetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA. .,Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
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25
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Fan H, Demirci U, Chen P. Emerging organoid models: leaping forward in cancer research. J Hematol Oncol 2019; 12:142. [PMID: 31884964 PMCID: PMC6936115 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-019-0832-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer heterogeneity is regarded as the main reason for the failure of conventional cancer therapy. The ability to reconstruct intra- and interpatient heterogeneity in cancer models is crucial for understanding cancer biology as well as for developing personalized anti-cancer therapy. Cancer organoids represent an emerging approach for creating patient-derived in vitro cancer models that closely recapitulate the pathophysiological features of natural tumorigenesis and metastasis. Meanwhile, cancer organoids have recently been utilized in the discovery of personalized anti-cancer therapy and prognostic biomarkers. Further, the synergistic combination of cancer organoids with organ-on-a-chip and 3D bioprinting presents a new avenue in the development of more sophisticated and optimized model systems to recapitulate complex cancer-stroma or multiorgan metastasis. Here, we summarize the recent advances in cancer organoids from a perspective of the in vitro emulation of natural cancer evolution and the applications in personalized cancer theranostics. We also discuss the challenges and trends in reconstructing more comprehensive cancer models for basic and clinical cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Fan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, 115 Donghu Road, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Utkan Demirci
- Department of Radiology, Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford University School of Medicine, 3155 Porter Drive, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA.
| | - Pu Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, 115 Donghu Road, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China.
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China.
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26
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Halbritter F, Farlik M, Schwentner R, Jug G, Fortelny N, Schnöller T, Pisa H, Schuster LC, Reinprecht A, Czech T, Gojo J, Holter W, Minkov M, Bauer WM, Simonitsch-Klupp I, Bock C, Hutter C. Epigenomics and Single-Cell Sequencing Define a Developmental Hierarchy in Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis. Cancer Discov 2019; 9:1406-1421. [PMID: 31345789 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-19-0138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a rare neoplasm predominantly affecting children. It occupies a hybrid position between cancers and inflammatory diseases, which makes it an attractive model for studying cancer development. To explore the molecular mechanisms underlying the pathophysiology of LCH and its characteristic clinical heterogeneity, we investigated the transcriptomic and epigenomic diversity in primary LCH lesions. Using single-cell RNA sequencing, we identified multiple recurrent types of LCH cells within these biopsies, including putative LCH progenitor cells and several subsets of differentiated LCH cells. We confirmed the presence of proliferative LCH cells in all analyzed biopsies using IHC, and we defined an epigenomic and gene-regulatory basis of the different LCH-cell subsets by chromatin-accessibility profiling. In summary, our single-cell analysis of LCH uncovered an unexpected degree of cellular, transcriptomic, and epigenomic heterogeneity among LCH cells, indicative of complex developmental hierarchies in LCH lesions. SIGNIFICANCE: This study sketches a molecular portrait of LCH lesions by combining single-cell transcriptomics with epigenome profiling. We uncovered extensive cellular heterogeneity, explained in part by an intrinsic developmental hierarchy of LCH cells. Our findings provide new insights and hypotheses for advancing LCH research and a starting point for personalizing therapy.See related commentary by Gruber et al., p. 1343.This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 1325.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Halbritter
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
- St. Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute (CCRI), Vienna, Austria
| | - Matthias Farlik
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Gunhild Jug
- St. Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute (CCRI), Vienna, Austria
| | - Nikolaus Fortelny
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Schnöller
- St. Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute (CCRI), Vienna, Austria
| | - Hanja Pisa
- St. Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute (CCRI), Vienna, Austria
| | - Linda C Schuster
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrea Reinprecht
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Czech
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Gojo
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Holter
- St. Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute (CCRI), Vienna, Austria
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- St. Anna Children's Hospital, St. Anna Kinderspital, Vienna, Austria
| | - Milen Minkov
- St. Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute (CCRI), Vienna, Austria
- Department of Pediatrics, Adolescent Medicine and Neonatology, Rudolfstiftung Hospital, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang M Bauer
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Christoph Bock
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Max Planck Institute for Informatics, Saarland Informatics Campus, Saarbrücken, Germany
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases, Vienna, Austria
| | - Caroline Hutter
- St. Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute (CCRI), Vienna, Austria.
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- St. Anna Children's Hospital, St. Anna Kinderspital, Vienna, Austria
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27
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Joutsen J, Sistonen L. Tailoring of Proteostasis Networks with Heat Shock Factors. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2019; 11:cshperspect.a034066. [PMID: 30420555 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a034066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Heat shock factors (HSFs) are the main transcriptional regulators of the heat shock response and indispensable for maintaining cellular proteostasis. HSFs mediate their protective functions through diverse genetic programs, which are composed of genes encoding molecular chaperones and other genes crucial for cell survival. The mechanisms that are used to tailor HSF-driven proteostasis networks are not yet completely understood, but they likely comprise from distinct combinations of both genetic and proteomic determinants. In this review, we highlight the versatile HSF-mediated cellular functions that extend from cellular stress responses to various physiological and pathological processes, and we underline the key advancements that have been achieved in the field of HSF research during the last decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Joutsen
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Cell Biology, Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland.,Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Lea Sistonen
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Cell Biology, Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland.,Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland
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28
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Björk JK, Ahonen I, Mirtti T, Erickson A, Rannikko A, Bützow A, Nordling S, Lundin J, Lundin M, Sistonen L, Nees M, Åkerfelt M. Increased HSF1 expression predicts shorter disease-specific survival of prostate cancer patients following radical prostatectomy. Oncotarget 2018; 9:31200-31213. [PMID: 30131848 PMCID: PMC6101287 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is a highly heterogeneous disease and the clinical outcome is varying. While current prognostic tools are regarded insufficient, there is a critical need for markers that would aid prognostication and patient risk-stratification. Heat shock transcription factor 1 (HSF1) is crucial for cellular homeostasis, but also a driver of oncogenesis. The clinical relevance of HSF1 in prostate cancer is, however, unknown. Here, we identified HSF1 as a potential biomarker in mRNA expression datasets on prostate cancer. Clinical validation was performed on tissue microarrays from independent cohorts: one constructed from radical prostatectomies from 478 patients with long term follow-up, and another comprising of regionally advanced to distant metastatic samples. Associations with clinical variables and disease outcomes were investigated. Increased nuclear HSF1 expression correlated with disease advancement and aggressiveness and was, independently from established clinicopathological variables, predictive of both early initiation of secondary therapy and poor disease-specific survival. In a joint model with the clinical Cancer of the Prostate Risk Assessment post-Surgical (CAPRA-S) score, nuclear HSF1 remained a predictive factor of shortened disease-specific survival. The results suggest that nuclear HSF1 expression could serve as a novel prognostic marker for patient risk-stratification on disease progression and survival after radical prostatectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ilmari Ahonen
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Tuomas Mirtti
- Department of Pathology, Medicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Pathology, HUSLAB, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Andrew Erickson
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Pathology, HUSLAB, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Antti Rannikko
- Department of Urology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anna Bützow
- Department of Pathology, Medicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Stig Nordling
- Department of Pathology, Medicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johan Lundin
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikael Lundin
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lea Sistonen
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
- Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Matthias Nees
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Malin Åkerfelt
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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29
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Dai C. The heat-shock, or HSF1-mediated proteotoxic stress, response in cancer: from proteomic stability to oncogenesis. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 373:rstb.2016.0525. [PMID: 29203710 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The heat-shock, or HSF1-mediated proteotoxic stress, response (HSR/HPSR) is characterized by induction of heat-shock proteins (HSPs). As molecular chaperones, HSPs facilitate the folding, assembly, transportation and degradation of other proteins. In mammals, heat shock factor 1 (HSF1) is the master regulator of this ancient transcriptional programme. Upon proteotoxic insults, the HSR/HPSR is essential to proteome homeostasis, or proteostasis, thereby resisting stress and antagonizing protein misfolding diseases and ageing. Contrasting with these benefits, an unexpected pro-oncogenic role of the HSR/HPSR is unfolding. Whereas HSF1 remains latent in primary cells without stress, it becomes constitutively activated within malignant cells, rendering them addicted to HSF1 for their growth and survival. Highlighting the HSR/HPSR as an integral component of the oncogenic network, several key pathways governing HSF1 activation by environmental stressors are causally implicated in malignancy. Importantly, HSF1 impacts the cancer proteome systemically. By suppressing tumour-suppressive amyloidogenesis, HSF1 preserves cancer proteostasis to support the malignant state, both providing insight into how HSF1 enables tumorigenesis and suggesting disruption of cancer proteostasis as a therapeutic strategy. This review provides an overview of the role of HSF1 in oncogenesis, mechanisms underlying its constitutive activation within cancer cells and its pro-oncogenic action, as well as potential HSF1-targeting strategies.This article is part of the theme issue 'Heat shock proteins as modulators and therapeutic targets of chronic disease: an integrated perspective'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengkai Dai
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research NCI-Frederick, Building 560, Room 32-31b, 1050 Boyles Street, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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30
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Yang Y, Zhou Y, Xiong X, Huang M, Ying X, Wang M. ALG3 Is Activated by Heat Shock Factor 2 and Promotes Breast Cancer Growth. Med Sci Monit 2018; 24:3479-3487. [PMID: 29799832 PMCID: PMC5996847 DOI: 10.12659/msm.907461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous research found that ALG3 is associated with cervical cancer, but the role of ALG3 in breast cancer was still unknown. MATERIAL AND METHODS The expression of ALG3 in breast carcinoma tissues was determined by immunochemistry. The ability of cellular proliferation, migration, and invasion was determined by CCK-8 assay, wound healing migration assay, and cell invasion assays, respectively. The binding between HSF2 and promoter of ALG3 was determined by ChIP assay. RESULTS There was an increased expression of ALG3 in breast cancer tissues compared to normal breast tissues (p<0.05). High expression of ALG3 was significantly correlated with poor OS (p<0.05). ALG3 expression was significantly increased in cancer samples with advanced stages (stage III/IV) compared with those in the early stages of disease (stage I/II) (p<0.05). The staining intensity of ALG3 was significantly correlated to the tumor grade (grades 2-3 versus 1, p<0.05). Silencing ALG3 or HSF2 inhibited the proliferation, migration, and invasion abilities of MCF-7 cells. Silencing ALG3 retarded the growth of MCF-7 cells in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Silencing ALG3 inhibited MCF-7 cells growth in vitro and in vivo. HSF2 activated ALG3 and promoted the growth of breast carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongde Yang
- Department of Breast Diseases, Chongqing Three Gorges Central Hospital, Chongqing, China (mainland)
| | - Yanlin Zhou
- Department of Breast Diseases, Chongqing Three Gorges Central Hospital, Chongqing, China (mainland)
| | - Xin Xiong
- Department of Breast Diseases, Chongqing Three Gorges Central Hospital, Chongqing, China (mainland)
| | - Man Huang
- Department of Breast Diseases, Chongqing Three Gorges Central Hospital, Chongqing, China (mainland)
| | - Xueyan Ying
- Department of Breast Diseases, Chongqing Three Gorges Central Hospital, Chongqing, China (mainland)
| | - Mengyuan Wang
- Department of Breast Diseases, Chongqing Three Gorges Central Hospital, Chongqing, China (mainland)
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31
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Åkerfelt M, Toriseva M, Nees M. Quantitative Phenotypic Image Analysis of Three-Dimensional Organotypic Cultures. Methods Mol Biol 2018. [PMID: 28634961 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7021-6_31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Glandular epithelial cells differentiate into three-dimensional (3D) multicellular or acinar structures, particularly when embedded in laminin-rich extracellular matrix (ECM). The spectrum of different multicellular morphologies formed in 3D is a reliable indicator for the differentiation potential of normal, non-transformed cells compared to different stages of malignant progression. Motile cancer cells may actively invade the matrix, utilizing epithelial, mesenchymal, or mixed modes of motility. Dynamic phenotypic changes involved in 3D tumor cell invasion are also very sensitive to small-molecule inhibitors that, e.g., target the actin cytoskeleton. Our strategy is to recapitulate the formation and the histology of complex solid cancer tissues in vitro, based on cell culture technologies that promote the intrinsic differentiation potential of normal and transformed epithelial cells, and also including stromal fibroblasts and other key components of the tumor microenvironment. We have developed a streamlined stand-alone software solution that supports the detailed quantitative phenotypic analysis of organotypic 3D cultures. This approach utilizes the power of automated image analysis as a phenotypic readout in cell-based assays. AMIDA (Automated Morphometric Image Data Analysis) allows quantitative measurements of a large number of multicellular structures, which can form a multitude of different organoid shapes, sizes, and textures according to their capacity to engage in epithelial differentiation programs or not. At the far end of this spectrum of tumor-relevant differentiation properties, there are highly invasive tumor cells or multicellular structures that may rapidly invade the surrounding ECM, but fail to form higher-order epithelial tissue structures. Furthermore, this system allows us to monitor dynamic changes that can result from the extraordinary plasticity of tumor cells, e.g., epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in live cell settings. Furthermore, AMIDA supports an automated workflow, and can be combined with quality control and statistical tools for data interpretation and visualization. Our approach supports the growing needs for user-friendly, straightforward solutions that facilitate cell-based organotypic 3D assays in basic research, drug discovery, and target validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malin Åkerfelt
- High-Content Screening Laboratory (HCSLab), Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Itäinen Pitkäkatu 4B, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Mervi Toriseva
- High-Content Screening Laboratory (HCSLab), Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Itäinen Pitkäkatu 4B, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Matthias Nees
- High-Content Screening Laboratory (HCSLab), Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Itäinen Pitkäkatu 4B, 20520, Turku, Finland.
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32
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Abstract
Heat shock transcription factors (Hsfs) regulate transcription of heat shock proteins as well as other genes whose promoters contain heat shock elements (HSEs). There are at least five Hsfs in mammalian cells, Hsf1, Hsf2, Hsf3, Hsf4, and Hsfy (Wu, Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 11:441-469, 1995; Morimoto, Genes Dev 12:3788-3796, 1998; Tessari et al., Mol Hum Repord 4:253-258, 2004; Fujimoto et al., Mol Biol Cell 21:106-116, 2010; Nakai et al., Mol Cell Biol 17:469-481, 1997; Sarge et al., Genes Dev 5:1902-1911, 1991). To understand the physiological roles of Hsf1, Hsf2, and Hsf4 in vivo, we generated knockout mouse lines for these factors (Zhang et al., J Cell Biochem 86:376-393, 2002; Wang et al., Genesis 36:48-61, 2003; Min et al., Genesis 40:205-217, 2004). Numbers of other laboratories have also generated Hsf1 (Xiao et al., EMBO J 18:5943-5952, 1999; Sugahara et al., Hear Res 182:88-96, 2003), Hsf2 (McMillan et al., Mol Cell Biol 22:8005-8014, 2002; Kallio et al., EMBO J 21:2591-2601, 2002), and Hsf4 (Fujimoto et al., EMBO J 23:4297-4306, 2004) knockout mouse models. In this chapter, we describe the design of the targeting vectors, the plasmids used, and the successful generation of mice lacking the individual genes. We also briefly describe what we have learned about the physiological functions of these genes in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiongjie Jin
- Molecular Chaperone Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Georgia Cancer Center, 1410 Laney Walker Blvd., CN3141, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Binnur Eroglu
- Molecular Chaperone Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Georgia Cancer Center, 1410 Laney Walker Blvd., CN3141, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Demetrius Moskophidis
- Molecular Chaperone Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Georgia Cancer Center, 1410 Laney Walker Blvd., CN3141, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Nahid F Mivechi
- Molecular Chaperone Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Georgia Cancer Center, 1410 Laney Walker Blvd., CN3141, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
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Targeting Heat Shock Proteins in Cancer: A Promising Therapeutic Approach. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18091978. [PMID: 28914774 PMCID: PMC5618627 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18091978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 304] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are a large family of chaperones that are involved in protein folding and maturation of a variety of "client" proteins protecting them from degradation, oxidative stress, hypoxia, and thermal stress. Hence, they are significant regulators of cellular proliferation, differentiation and strongly implicated in the molecular orchestration of cancer development and progression as many of their clients are well established oncoproteins in multiple tumor types. Interestingly, tumor cells are more HSP chaperonage-dependent than normal cells for proliferation and survival because the oncoproteins in cancer cells are often misfolded and require augmented chaperonage activity for correction. This led to the development of several inhibitors of HSP90 and other HSPs that have shown promise both preclinically and clinically in the treatment of cancer. In this article, we comprehensively review the roles of some of the important HSPs in cancer, and how targeting them could be efficacious, especially when traditional cancer therapies fail.
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Gomez-Pastor R, Burchfiel ET, Thiele DJ. Regulation of heat shock transcription factors and their roles in physiology and disease. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2017; 19:4-19. [PMID: 28852220 DOI: 10.1038/nrm.2017.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 446] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The heat shock transcription factors (HSFs) were discovered over 30 years ago as direct transcriptional activators of genes regulated by thermal stress, encoding heat shock proteins. The accepted paradigm posited that HSFs exclusively activate the expression of protein chaperones in response to conditions that cause protein misfolding by recognizing a simple promoter binding site referred to as a heat shock element. However, we now realize that the mammalian family of HSFs comprises proteins that independently or in concert drive combinatorial gene regulation events that activate or repress transcription in different contexts. Advances in our understanding of HSF structure, post-translational modifications and the breadth of HSF-regulated target genes have revealed exciting new mechanisms that modulate HSFs and shed new light on their roles in physiology and pathology. For example, the ability of HSF1 to protect cells from proteotoxicity and cell death is impaired in neurodegenerative diseases but can be exploited by cancer cells to support their growth, survival and metastasis. These new insights into HSF structure, function and regulation should facilitate the development tof new disease therapeutics to manipulate this transcription factor family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocio Gomez-Pastor
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine
| | | | - Dennis J Thiele
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine.,Department of Biochemistry, Duke University School of Medicine.,Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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Rajesh Y, Biswas A, Mandal M. Glioma progression through the prism of heat shock protein mediated extracellular matrix remodeling and epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Exp Cell Res 2017; 359:299-311. [PMID: 28844885 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Glial tumor is one of the intrinsic brain tumors with high migratory and infiltrative potential. This essentially contributes to the overall poor prognosis by circumvention of conventional treatment regimen in glioma. The underlying mechanism in gliomagenesis is bestowed by two processes- Extracellular matrix (ECM) Remodeling and Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). Heat Shock Family of proteins (HSPs), commonly known as "molecular chaperons" are documented to be upregulated in glioma. A positive correlation also exists between elevated expression of HSPs and invasive capacity of glial tumor. HSPs overexpression leads to mutational changes in glioma, which ultimately drive cells towards EMT, ECM modification, malignancy and invasion. Differential expression of HSPs - a factor providing cytoprotection to glioma cells, also contributes towards its radioresistance /chemoresistance. Various evidences also display upregulation of EMT and ECM markers by various heat shock inducing proteins e.g. HSF-1. The aim of this review is to study in detail the role of HSPs in EMT and ECM leading to radioresistance/chemoresistance of glioma cells. The existing treatment regimen for glioma could be enhanced by targeting HSPs through immunotherapy, miRNA and exosome mediated strategies. This could be envisaged by better understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying glial tumorigenesis in relation to EMT and ECM remodeling under HSPs influence. Our review might showcase fresh potential for the development of next generation therapeutics for effective glioma management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Rajesh
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Angana Biswas
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Mahitosh Mandal
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India.
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36
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Voutsadakis IA. Proteasome expression and activity in cancer and cancer stem cells. Tumour Biol 2017; 39:101042831769224. [DOI: 10.1177/1010428317692248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteasome is a multi-protein organelle that participates in cellular proteostasis by destroying damaged or short-lived proteins in an organized manner guided by the ubiquitination signal. By being in a central place in the cellular protein complement homeostasis, proteasome is involved in virtually all cell processes including decisions on cell survival or death, cell cycle, and differentiation. These processes are important also in cancer, and thus, the proteasome is an important regulator of carcinogenesis. Cancers include a variety of cells which, according to the cancer stem cell theory, descend from a small percentage of cancer stem cells, alternatively termed tumor-initiating cells. These cells constitute the subsets that have the ability to propagate the whole variety of cancer and repopulate tumors after cytostatic therapies. Proteasome plays a role in cellular processes in cancer stem cells, but it has been found to have a decreased function in them compared to the rest of cancer cells. This article will discuss the transcriptional regulation of proteasome sub-unit proteins in cancer and in particular cancer stem cells and the relationship of the proteasome with the pluripotency that is the defining characteristic of stem cells. Therapeutic opportunities that present from the understanding of the proteasome role will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis A Voutsadakis
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Sault Area Hospital, Sault Ste. Marie, ON, Canada
- Division of Clinical Sciences, Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Sudbury, ON, Canada
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Shen L, Zhao L, Tang J, Wang Z, Bai W, Zhang F, Wang S, Li W. Key Genes in Stomach Adenocarcinoma Identified via Network Analysis of RNA-Seq Data. Pathol Oncol Res 2017; 23:745-752. [PMID: 28058586 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-016-0178-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
RNA-seq data of stomach adenocarcinoma (STAD) were analyzed to identify critical genes in STAD. Meanwhile, relevant small molecule drugs, transcription factors (TFs) and microRNAs (miRNAs) were also investigated. Gene expression data of STAD were downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Differential analysis was performed with package edgeR. Relationships with correlation coefficient > 0.6 were retained in the gene co-expression network. Functional enrichment analysis was performed for the genes in the network with DAVID and KOBASS 2.0. Modules were identified using Cytoscape. Relevant small molecules drugs, transcription factors (TFs) and microRNAs (miRNAs) were revealed by using CMAP and WebGestalt databases. A total of 520 DEGs were identified between 285 STAD samples and 33 normal controls, including 244 up-regulated and 276 down-regulated genes. A gene co-expression network containing 53 DEGs and 338 edges was constructed, the genes of which were significantly enriched in focal adhesion, ECM-receptor interaction and vascular smooth muscle contraction pathways. Three modules were identified from the gene co-expression network and they were associated with skeletal system development, inflammatory response and positive regulation of cellular process, respectively. A total of 20 drugs, 9 TFs and 6 miRNAs were acquired that may regulate the DEGs. NFAT-COL1A1/ANXA1, HSF2-FOS, SREBP-IL1RN and miR-26-COL5A2 regulation axes may be important mechanisms for STAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Shen
- Department of Digestive Surgery, HanZhong Central Hospital, Hanzhong, Shaanxi, 723000, China
| | - Lizhi Zhao
- Department of Digestive Surgery, HanZhong Central Hospital, Hanzhong, Shaanxi, 723000, China
| | - Jiquan Tang
- Department of Digestive Surgery, HanZhong Central Hospital, Hanzhong, Shaanxi, 723000, China
| | - Zhiwei Wang
- Department of Digestive Surgery, HanZhong Central Hospital, Hanzhong, Shaanxi, 723000, China
| | - Weisong Bai
- Department of Digestive Surgery, HanZhong Central Hospital, Hanzhong, Shaanxi, 723000, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Digestive Surgery, HanZhong Central Hospital, Hanzhong, Shaanxi, 723000, China
| | - Shouli Wang
- Department of Digestive Surgery, HanZhong Central Hospital, Hanzhong, Shaanxi, 723000, China
| | - Weihua Li
- The People's Hospital in Gansu Province, Center Lab, No, 204 west Donggang Rood, Lanzhou City, Gansu Province, 730000, China.
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Alinezhad S, Väänänen RM, Mattsson J, Li Y, Tallgrén T, Tong Ochoa N, Bjartell A, Åkerfelt M, Taimen P, Boström PJ, Pettersson K, Nees M. Validation of Novel Biomarkers for Prostate Cancer Progression by the Combination of Bioinformatics, Clinical and Functional Studies. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155901. [PMID: 27196083 PMCID: PMC4873225 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The identification and validation of biomarkers for clinical applications remains an important issue for improving diagnostics and therapy in many diseases, including prostate cancer. Gene expression profiles are routinely applied to identify diagnostic and predictive biomarkers or novel targets for cancer. However, only few predictive markers identified in silico have also been validated for clinical, functional or mechanistic relevance in disease progression. In this study, we have used a broad, bioinformatics-based approach to identify such biomarkers across a spectrum of progression stages, including normal and tumor-adjacent, premalignant, primary and late stage lesions. Bioinformatics data mining combined with clinical validation of biomarkers by sensitive, quantitative reverse-transcription PCR (qRT-PCR), followed by functional evaluation of candidate genes in disease-relevant processes, such as cancer cell proliferation, motility and invasion. From 300 initial candidates, eight genes were selected for validation by several layers of data mining and filtering. For clinical validation, differential mRNA expression of selected genes was measured by qRT-PCR in 197 clinical prostate tissue samples including normal prostate, compared against histologically benign and cancerous tissues. Based on the qRT-PCR results, significantly different mRNA expression was confirmed in normal prostate versus malignant PCa samples (for all eight genes), but also in cancer-adjacent tissues, even in the absence of detectable cancer cells, thus pointing to the possibility of pronounced field effects in prostate lesions. For the validation of the functional properties of these genes, and to demonstrate their putative relevance for disease-relevant processes, siRNA knock-down studies were performed in both 2D and 3D organotypic cell culture models. Silencing of three genes (DLX1, PLA2G7 and RHOU) in the prostate cancer cell lines PC3 and VCaP by siRNA resulted in marked growth arrest and cytotoxicity, particularly in 3D organotypic cell culture conditions. In addition, silencing of PLA2G7, RHOU, ACSM1, LAMB1 and CACNA1D also resulted in reduced tumor cell invasion in PC3 organoid cultures. For PLA2G7 and RHOU, the effects of siRNA silencing on proliferation and cell-motility could also be confirmed in 2D monolayer cultures. In conclusion, DLX1 and RHOU showed the strongest potential as useful clinical biomarkers for PCa diagnosis, further validated by their functional roles in PCa progression. These candidates may be useful for more reliable identification of relapses or therapy failures prior to the recurrence local or distant metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeid Alinezhad
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Jesse Mattsson
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Yifeng Li
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Terhi Tallgrén
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Anders Bjartell
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Div. of Urological Cancers, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Malin Åkerfelt
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology and Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Pekka Taimen
- Department of Pathology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Peter J. Boström
- Department of Urology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Kim Pettersson
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Matthias Nees
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology and Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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Kalhori V, Magnusson M, Asghar MY, Pulli I, Törnquist K. FTY720 (Fingolimod) attenuates basal and sphingosine-1-phosphate-evoked thyroid cancer cell invasion. Endocr Relat Cancer 2016; 23:457-68. [PMID: 26935838 DOI: 10.1530/erc-16-0050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The bioactive lipid sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a potent inducer of ML-1 thyroid cancer cell migration and invasion. It evokes migration and invasion by activating S1P receptor 1 and 3 (S1P1,3) and downstream signaling intermediates as well as through cross-communication with vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2). However, very little is known about the role of S1P receptors in thyroid cancer. Furthermore, the currently used treatments for thyroid cancer have proven to be rather unsuccessful. Thus, due to the insufficiency of the available treatments for thyroid cancer, novel and targeted therapies are needed. The S1P receptor functional antagonist FTY720, an immunosuppressive drug currently used for treatment of multiple sclerosis, has shown promising effects as an inhibitor of cancer cell proliferation and invasion. In this study, we investigated the effect of FTY720 on invasion and proliferation of several thyroid cancer cell lines. We present evidence that FTY720 attenuated basal as well as S1P-evoked invasion of these cell lines. Furthermore, FTY720 potently downregulated S1P1, protein kinase Cα(PKCα), PKCβI, and VEGFR2. It also attenuated S1P-evoked phosphorylation of ERK1/2. Our results also showed that FTY720 attenuated S1P-induced MMP2 intracellular expression, S1P-induced secretion of MMP2 and MMP9, and decreased basal MMP2 and MMP9 activity. Moreover, in FTY720-treated cells, proliferation was attenuated, p21 and p27 were upregulated, and the cells were arrested in the G1 phase of the cell cycle. FTY720 attenuated cancer cell proliferation in the chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane assay. Thus, we suggest that FTY720 could be beneficial in the treatment of thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Kalhori
- Department of BiosciencesÅbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland The Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical ResearchBiomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Melissa Magnusson
- Department of BiosciencesÅbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland The Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical ResearchBiomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Ilari Pulli
- Department of BiosciencesÅbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Kid Törnquist
- Department of BiosciencesÅbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland The Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical ResearchBiomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Bromberg Z, Weiss Y. The Role of the Membrane-Initiated Heat Shock Response in Cancer. Front Mol Biosci 2016; 3:12. [PMID: 27200359 PMCID: PMC4847117 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2016.00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The heat shock response (HSR) is a cellular response to diverse environmental and physiological stressors resulting in the induction of genes encoding molecular chaperones, proteases, and other proteins that are essential for protection and recovery from cellular damage. Since different perturbations cause accumulation of misfolded proteins, cells frequently encounter fluctuations in the environment which alter proteostasis. Since tumor cells use their natural adaptive mechanism of coping with stress and misfolded proteins, in recent years, the proteostasis network became a promising target for anti-tumor therapy. The membrane is the first to be affected by heat shock and therefore may be the first one to sense heat shock. The membrane also connects between the extracellular and the intracellular signals. Hence, there is a “cross talk” between the HSR and the membranes since heat shock can induce changes in the fluidity of membranes, leading to membrane lipid remodeling that occurs in several diseases such as cancer. During the last decade, a new possible therapy has emerged in which an external molecule is used that could induce membrane lipid re-organization. Since at the moment there are very few substances that regulate the HSR effectively, an alternative way has been searched to modulate chaperone activities through the plasma membrane. Recently, we suggested that the use of the membrane Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid-1 (TRPV1) modulators regulated the HSR in cancer cells. However, the primary targets of the signal transduction pathway are yet un-known. This review provides an overview of the current literature regarding the role of HSR in membrane remodeling in cancer since a deep understanding of the membrane biology in cancer and the membrane heat sensing pathway is essential to design novel efficient therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohar Bromberg
- The Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy, Hadassah-Hebrew University School of Medicine Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yoram Weiss
- Hadassah Medical Organization Jerusalem, Israel
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Structures of HSF2 reveal mechanisms for differential regulation of human heat-shock factors. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2016; 23:147-54. [PMID: 26727490 PMCID: PMC4973471 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.3150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Heat Shock Transcription Factor (HSF) family members function in stress protection and in human disease including proteopathies, neurodegeneration and cancer. The mechanisms that drive distinct post-translational modifications, co-factor recruitment and target gene activation for specific HSF paralogs are unknown. We present high-resolution crystal structures of the human HSF2 DNA-binding domain (DBD) bound to DNA, revealing an unprecedented view of HSFs that provides insights into their unique biology. The HSF2 DBD structures resolve a novel carboxyl-terminal helix that directs the coiled-coil domain to wrap around DNA, exposing paralog-specific sequences of the DBD surface, for differential post-translational modifications and co-factor interactions. We further demonstrate a direct interaction between HSF1 and HSF2 through their coiled-coil domains. Together, these features provide a new model for HSF structure as the basis for differential and combinatorial regulation to influence the transcriptional response to cellular stress.
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