1
|
Sadique FL, Subramaiam H, Krishnappa P, Chellappan DK, Ma JH. Recent advances in breast cancer metastasis with special emphasis on metastasis to the brain. Pathol Res Pract 2024; 260:155378. [PMID: 38850880 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2024.155378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
Understanding the underlying mechanisms of breast cancer metastasis is of vital importance for developing treatment approaches. This review emphasizes contemporary breakthrough studies with special focus on breast cancer brain metastasis. Acquired mutational changes in metastatic lesions are often distinct from the primary tumor, suggesting altered mutagenesis pathways. The concept of micrometastases and heterogeneity within the tumors unravels novel therapeutic targets at genomic and molecular levels through epigenetic and proteomic profiling. Several pre-clinical studies have identified mechanisms involving the immune system, where tumor associated macrophages are key players. Expression of cell proteins like Syndecan1, fatty acid-binding protein 7 and tropomyosin kinase receptor B have been implicated in aiding the transmigration of breast cancer cells to the brain. Changes in the proteomic landscape of the blood-brain-barrier show altered permeability characteristics, supporting entry of cancer cells. Findings from laboratory studies pave the path for the emergence of new biomarkers, especially blood-based miRNA and circulating tumor cell markers for prognostic staging. The constantly evolving therapeutics call for clinical trials backing supportive evidence of efficacies of both novel and existing approaches. The challenge lying ahead is discovering innovative techniques to replace use of human samples and optimize small-scale patient recruitment in trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fairooz Labiba Sadique
- Department of Biomedical Science, School of Health Sciences, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
| | - Hemavathy Subramaiam
- Division of Pathology, School of Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia.
| | - Purushotham Krishnappa
- Division of Pathology, School of Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
| | - Dinesh Kumar Chellappan
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
| | - Jin Hao Ma
- School of Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Thapa N, Chen M, Cryns VL, Anderson R. A p85 isoform switch enhances PI3K activation on endosomes by a MAP4- and PI3P-dependent mechanism. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114119. [PMID: 38630589 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase α (PI3Kα) is a heterodimer of p110α catalytic and p85 adaptor subunits that is activated by agonist-stimulated receptor tyrosine kinases. Although p85α recruits p110α to activated receptors on membranes, p85α loss, which occurs commonly in cancer, paradoxically promotes agonist-stimulated PI3K/Akt signaling. p110α localizes to microtubules via microtubule-associated protein 4 (MAP4), facilitating its interaction with activated receptor kinases on endosomes to initiate PI3K/Akt signaling. Here, we demonstrate that in response to agonist stimulation and p85α knockdown, the residual p110α, coupled predominantly to p85β, exhibits enhanced recruitment with receptor tyrosine kinases to endosomes. Moreover, the p110α C2 domain binds PI3-phosphate, and this interaction is also required to recruit p110α to endosomes and for PI3K/Akt signaling. Stable knockdown of p85α, which mimics the reduced p85α levels observed in cancer, enhances cell growth and tumorsphere formation, and these effects are abrogated by MAP4 or p85β knockdown, underscoring their role in the tumor-promoting activity of p85α loss.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Narendra Thapa
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Mo Chen
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Vincent L Cryns
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Richard Anderson
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wang H, Wang R, Shen K, Huang R, Wang Z. Biological Roles and Clinical Applications of Exosomes in Breast Cancer: A Brief Review. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4620. [PMID: 38731840 PMCID: PMC11083446 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is a global health risk for women and has a high prevalence rate. The drug resistance, recurrence, and metastasis of BC affect patient prognosis, thus posing a challenge to scientists. Exosomes are extracellular vesicles (EVs) that originate from various cells; they have a double-layered lipid membrane structure and contain rich biological information. They mediate intercellular communication and have pivotal roles in tumor development, progression, and metastasis and drug resistance. Exosomes are important cell communication mediators in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Exosomes are utilized as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for estimating the treatment efficacy of BC and have the potential to function as tools to enable the targeted delivery of antitumor drugs. This review introduces recent progress in research on how exosomes influence tumor development and the TME. We also present the research progress on the application of exosomes as prognostic and diagnostic biomarkers and drug delivery tools.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Renhong Huang
- Department of General Surgery, Comprehensive Breast Health Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; (H.W.); (R.W.); (K.S.)
| | - Zheng Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Comprehensive Breast Health Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; (H.W.); (R.W.); (K.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Gorczynski R. Translation of Data from Animal Models of Cancer to Immunotherapy of Breast Cancer and Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:292. [PMID: 38540350 PMCID: PMC10970502 DOI: 10.3390/genes15030292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The field of clinical oncology has been revolutionized over the past decade with the introduction of many new immunotherapies the existence of which have depended to a large extent on experimentation with both in vitro analysis and the use of various animal models, including gene-modified mice. The discussion below will review my own laboratory's studies, along with those of others in the field, on cancer immunotherapy. Our own studies have predominantly dwelt on two models of malignancy, namely a solid tumor model (breast cancer) and lymphoma. The data from our own laboratory, and that of other scientists, highlights the novel information so obtained, and the evidence that application of such information has already had an impact on immunotherapy of human oncologic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reginald Gorczynski
- Institute of Medical Science, Department of Immunology and Surgery, University of Toronto, C/O 429 Drewry Avenue, Toronto, ON M2R 2K6, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kim CW, Lee JM, Park SW. Divergent roles of the regulatory subunits of class IA PI3K. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 14:1152579. [PMID: 38317714 PMCID: PMC10839044 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1152579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The regulatory subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), known as p85, is a critical component in the insulin signaling pathway. Extensive research has shed light on the diverse roles played by the two isoforms of p85, namely p85α and p85β. The gene pik3r1 encodes p85α and its variants, p55α and p50α, while pik3r2 encodes p85β. These isoforms exhibit various activities depending on tissue types, nutrient availability, and cellular stoichiometry. Whole-body or liver-specific deletion of pik3r1 have shown to display increased insulin sensitivity and improved glucose homeostasis; however, skeletal muscle-specific deletion of p85α does not exhibit any significant effects on glucose homeostasis. On the other hand, whole-body deletion of pik3r2 shows improved insulin sensitivity with no significant impact on glucose tolerance. Meanwhile, liver-specific double knockout of pik3r1 and pik3r2 leads to reduced insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance. In the context of obesity, upregulation of hepatic p85α or p85β has been shown to improve glucose homeostasis. However, hepatic overexpression of p85α in the absence of p50α and p55α results in increased insulin resistance in obese mice. p85α and p85β have distinctive roles in cancer development. p85α acts as a tumor suppressor, but p85β promotes tumor progression. In the immune system, p85α facilitates B cell development, while p85β regulates T cell differentiation and maturation. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the distinct functions attributed to p85α and p85β, highlighting their significance in various physiological processes, including insulin signaling, cancer development, and immune system regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cho-Won Kim
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Junsik M. Lee
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Sang Won Park
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sharma S, Rana R, Prakash P, Ganguly NK. Drug target therapy and emerging clinical relevance of exosomes in meningeal tumors. Mol Cell Biochem 2024; 479:127-170. [PMID: 37016182 PMCID: PMC10072821 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-023-04715-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023]
Abstract
Meningioma is the most common central nervous system (CNS) tumor. In recent decades, several efforts have been made to eradicate this disease. Surgery and radiotherapy remain the standard treatment options for these tumors. Drug therapy comes to play its role when both surgery and radiotherapy fail to treat the tumor. This mostly happens when the tumors are close to vital brain structures and are nonbenign. Although a wide variety of chemotherapeutic drugs and molecular targeted drugs such as tyrosine kinase inhibitors, alkylating agents, endocrine drugs, interferon, and targeted molecular pathway inhibitors have been studied, the roles of numerous drugs remain unexplored. Recent interest is growing toward studying and engineering exosomes for the treatment of different types of cancer including meningioma. The latest studies have shown the involvement of exosomes in the theragnostic of various cancers such as the lung and pancreas in the form of biomarkers, drug delivery vehicles, and vaccines. Proper attention to this new emerging technology can be a boon in finding the consistent treatment of meningioma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Swati Sharma
- Department of Research, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, 110060 India
| | - Rashmi Rana
- Department of Research, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, 110060 India
| | - Prem Prakash
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062 India
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhang J, Rima XY, Wang X, Nguyen LTH, Huntoon K, Ma Y, Palacio PL, Nguyen KT, Albert K, Duong‐Thi M, Walters N, Kwak KJ, Yoon MJ, Li H, Doon‐Ralls J, Hisey CL, Lee D, Wang Y, Ha J, Scherler K, Fallen S, Lee I, Palmer AF, Jiang W, Magaña SM, Wang K, Kim BYS, Lee LJ, Reátegui E. Engineering a tunable micropattern-array assay to sort single extracellular vesicles and particles to detect RNA and protein in situ. J Extracell Vesicles 2023; 12:e12369. [PMID: 37908159 PMCID: PMC10618633 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular heterogeneity of extracellular vesicles (EVs) and the co-isolation of physically similar particles, such as lipoproteins (LPs), confounds and limits the sensitivity of EV bulk biomarker characterization. Herein, we present a single-EV and particle (siEVP) protein and RNA assay (siEVP PRA) to simultaneously detect mRNAs, miRNAs, and proteins in subpopulations of EVs and LPs. The siEVP PRA immobilizes and sorts particles via positive immunoselection onto micropatterns and focuses biomolecular signals in situ. By detecting EVPs at a single-particle resolution, the siEVP PRA outperformed the sensitivities of bulk-analysis benchmark assays for RNA and protein. To assess the specificity of RNA detection in complex biofluids, EVs from various glioma cell lines were processed with small RNA sequencing, whereby two mRNAs and two miRNAs associated with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) were chosen for cross-validation. Despite the presence of single-EV-LP co-isolates in serum, the siEVP PRA detected GBM-associated vesicular RNA profiles in GBM patient siEVPs. The siEVP PRA effectively examines intravesicular, intervesicular, and interparticle heterogeneity with diagnostic promise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Zhang
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Xilal Y. Rima
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Xinyu Wang
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Luong T. H. Nguyen
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Kristin Huntoon
- Department of NeurosurgeryThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTexasUSA
- The Brain Tumor CenterThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Yifan Ma
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Paola Loreto Palacio
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of NeurologyNationwide Children's HospitalColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Kim Truc Nguyen
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Karunya Albert
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Minh‐Dao Duong‐Thi
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Nicole Walters
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
| | | | - Min Jin Yoon
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Hong Li
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Jacob Doon‐Ralls
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Colin L. Hisey
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Daeyong Lee
- Department of NeurosurgeryThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Yifan Wang
- Department of Radiation OncologyThe University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTexasUSA
| | - Jonghoon Ha
- Department of Radiation OncologyThe University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTexasUSA
| | | | | | - Inyoul Lee
- Institute for Systems BiologySeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Andre F. Palmer
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Wen Jiang
- Department of Radiation OncologyThe University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTexasUSA
| | - Setty M. Magaña
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of NeurologyNationwide Children's HospitalColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Kai Wang
- Institute for Systems BiologySeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Betty Y. S. Kim
- Department of NeurosurgeryThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTexasUSA
- The Brain Tumor CenterThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTexasUSA
| | - L. James Lee
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
- Spot Biosystems Ltd.Palo AltoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Eduardo Reátegui
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
- Comprehensive Cancer CenterThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wandrey M, Jablonska J, Stauber RH, Gül D. Exosomes in Cancer Progression and Therapy Resistance: Molecular Insights and Therapeutic Opportunities. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:2033. [PMID: 37895415 PMCID: PMC10608050 DOI: 10.3390/life13102033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of therapy resistance still represents a major hurdle in treating cancers, leading to impaired treatment success and increased patient morbidity. The establishment of minimally invasive liquid biopsies is a promising approach to improving the early diagnosis, as well as therapy monitoring, of solid tumors. Because of their manifold functions in the tumor microenvironment, tumor-associated small extracellular vesicles, referred to as exosomes, have become a subject of intense research. Besides their important roles in cancer progression, metastasis, and the immune response, it has been proposed that exosomes also contribute to the acquisition and transfer of therapy resistance, mainly by delivering functional proteins and RNAs, as well as facilitating the export of active drugs or functioning as extracellular decoys. Extensive research has focused on understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the occurrence of resistance and translating these into strategies for early detection. With this review, we want to provide an overview of the current knowledge about the (patho-)biology of exosomes, as well as state-of-the-art methods of isolation and analysis. Furthermore, we highlight the role of exosomes in tumorigenesis and cancer treatment, where they can function as therapeutic agents, biomarkers, and/or targets. By focusing on their roles in therapy resistance, we will reveal new paths of exploiting exosomes for cancer diagnosis and treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madita Wandrey
- Nanobiomedicine/ENT Department, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (M.W.); (R.H.S.)
| | - Jadwiga Jablonska
- Translational Oncology/ENT Department, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, 45147 Essen, Germany;
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Partner Site Düsseldorf/Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Roland H. Stauber
- Nanobiomedicine/ENT Department, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (M.W.); (R.H.S.)
| | - Désirée Gül
- Nanobiomedicine/ENT Department, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (M.W.); (R.H.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhou M, Zhao Y, Weber SR, Gates C, Carruthers NJ, Chen H, Liu X, Wang H, Ford M, Swulius MT, Barber AJ, Grillo SL, Sundstrom JM. Extracellular vesicles from retinal pigment epithelial cells expressing R345W-Fibulin-3 induce epithelial-mesenchymal transition in recipient cells. J Extracell Vesicles 2023; 12:e12373. [PMID: 37855063 PMCID: PMC10585439 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
We have shown previously that expression of R345W-Fibulin-3 induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. The purpose of the current study was to determine if extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from RPE cells expressing R345W-Fibulin-3 mutation are sufficient to induce EMT in recipient cells. ARPE-19 cells were infected with luciferase-tagged wild-type (WT)- Fibulin-3 or luciferase-tagged R345W-Fibulin-3 (R345W) using lentiviruses. EVs were isolated from the media by ultracentrifugation or density gradient ultracentrifugation. Transmission electron microscopy and cryogenic electron microscopy were performed to study the morphology of the EVs. The size distribution of EVs were determined by nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA). EV cargo was analysed using LC-MS/MS based proteomics. EV-associated transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFβ1) protein was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The capacity of EVs to stimulate RPE migration was evaluated by treating recipient cells with WT- or R345W-EVs. The role of EV-bound TGFβ was determined by pre-incubation of EVs with a pan-TGFβ blocking antibody or IgG control. EM imaging revealed spherical vesicles with two subpopulations of EVs: a group with diameters around 30 nm and a group with diameters over 100 nm, confirmed by NTA analysis. Pathway analysis revealed that members of the sonic hedgehog pathway were less abundant in R345W- EVs, while EMT drivers were enriched. Additionally, R345W-EVs had higher concentrations of TGFβ1 compared to control. Critically, treatment with R345W-EVs was sufficient to increase EMT marker expression, as well as cell migration in recipient cells. This EV-increased cell migration was significantly inhibited by pre-incubation of EVs with pan-TGFβ-neutralising antibody. In conclusion, the expression of R345W-Fibulin-3 alters the size and cargo of EVs, which are sufficient to enhance the rate of cell migration in a TGFβ dependent manner. These results suggest that EV-bound TGFβ plays a critical role in the induction of EMT in RPE cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mi Zhou
- Department of OphthalmologyPenn State Hershey College of MedicineHersheyPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Yuanjun Zhao
- Department of OphthalmologyPenn State Hershey College of MedicineHersheyPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Sarah R. Weber
- Department of OphthalmologyPenn State Hershey College of MedicineHersheyPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Christopher Gates
- Bioinformatics Core, Biomedical Research Core FacilitiesUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Nicholas J. Carruthers
- Bioinformatics Core, Biomedical Research Core FacilitiesUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Han Chen
- Microscopy Imaging Core FacilityPenn State Hershey College of MedicineHersheyPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Xiaoming Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology and OncologyPenn State Hershey College of MedicineHersheyPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Hong‐Gang Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology and OncologyPenn State Hershey College of MedicineHersheyPennsylvaniaUSA
| | | | - Matthew T. Swulius
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyPenn State Hershey College of MedicineHersheyPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Alistair J. Barber
- Department of OphthalmologyPenn State Hershey College of MedicineHersheyPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Stephanie L. Grillo
- Department of OphthalmologyPenn State Hershey College of MedicineHersheyPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Jeffrey M. Sundstrom
- Department of OphthalmologyPenn State Hershey College of MedicineHersheyPennsylvaniaUSA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Mukherjee S, Dhar R, Jonnalagadda S, Gorai S, Nag S, Kar R, Mukerjee N, Mukherjee D, Vatsa R, Arikketh D, Krishnan A, Gundamaraju R, Jha SK, Alexiou A, Papadakis M. Exosomal miRNAs and breast cancer: a complex theranostics interlink with clinical significance. Biomarkers 2023; 28:502-518. [PMID: 37352015 DOI: 10.1080/1354750x.2023.2229537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) remains the most challenging global health crisis of the current decade, impacting a large population of females annually. In the field of cancer research, the discovery of extracellular vesicles (EVs), specifically exosomes (a subpopulation of EVs), has marked a significant milestone. In general, exosomes are released from all active cells but tumour cell-derived exosomes (TDXs) have a great impact (TDXs miRNAs, proteins, lipid molecules) on cancer development and progression. TDXs regulate multiple events in breast cancer such as tumour microenvironment remodelling, immune cell suppression, angiogenesis, metastasis (EMT-epithelial mesenchymal transition, organ-specific metastasis), and therapeutic resistance. In BC, early detection is the most challenging event, exosome-based BC screening solved the problem. Exosome-based BC treatment is a sign of the transforming era of liquid biopsy, it is also a promising therapeutic tool for breast cancer. Exosome research goes to closer precision oncology via a single exosome profiling approach. Our hope is that this review will serve as motivation for researchers to explore the field of exosomes and develop an efficient, and affordable theranostics approach for breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sayantanee Mukherjee
- Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, India
| | - Rajib Dhar
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, India
| | | | - Sukhamoy Gorai
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sagnik Nag
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biosciences & Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, India
| | - Rishav Kar
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda Educational and Research Institute, Belur Math,India
| | - Nobendu Mukerjee
- Department of Microbiology, West Bengal State University, Kolkata, India
- Department of Health Sciences, Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Australia
| | | | - Rishabh Vatsa
- Department of Microbiology, Vels Institute of Science, Technology and Advanced Studies, Chennai, India
| | - Devi Arikketh
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, India
| | - Anand Krishnan
- Department of Chemical Pathology, School of Pathology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Rohit Gundamaraju
- ER Stress and Mucosal Immunology Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia
| | - Saurabh Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Technology (SET), Sharda University, Greater Noida, India
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering and Food Technology, Chandigarh University, Mohali, India
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied and Life Sciences (SALS), Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, India
| | - Athanasios Alexiou
- Department of Science and Engineering, Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Hebersham, Australia
- AFNP Med, Wien, Austria
| | - Marios Papadakis
- Department of Surgery II, University Hospital Witten-Herdecke, University of Witten-Herdecke, Wuppertal, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Giusti I, Poppa G, Di Fazio G, D'Ascenzo S, Dolo V. Metastatic Dissemination: Role of Tumor-Derived Extracellular Vesicles and Their Use as Clinical Biomarkers. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119590. [PMID: 37298540 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a major cause of mortality in humans; often, rather than the primary tumor, it is the presence of metastases that are the cause of death. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small structures released by both normal and cancer cells; regarding the latter, they have been demonstrated to modulate almost all cancer-related processes, such as invasion, angiogenesis induction, drug resistance, and immune evasion. In the last years, it has become clear how EVs are widely involved in metastatic dissemination as well as in pre-metastatic niche (PMN) formation. Indeed, in order to achieve a successful metastatic process, i.e., penetration by cancer cells into distant tissues, the shaping of a favorable environment into those distant tissue, i.e., PMN formation, is mandatory. This process consists of an alteration that takes place in a distant organ and paves the way for the engraftment and growth of circulating tumor cells derived from the tumor primary site. This review focuses on the role of EVs in pre-metastatic niche formation and metastatic dissemination, also reporting the last studies suggesting the EVs role as biomarkers of metastatic diseases, possibly in a liquid biopsy approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Giusti
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio-Coppito 2, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Poppa
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio-Coppito 2, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Giulia Di Fazio
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio-Coppito 2, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Sandra D'Ascenzo
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio-Coppito 2, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Vincenza Dolo
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio-Coppito 2, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Peng Z, Tong Z, Ren Z, Ye M, Hu K. Cancer-associated fibroblasts and its derived exosomes: a new perspective for reshaping the tumor microenvironment. Mol Med 2023; 29:66. [PMID: 37217855 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-023-00665-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are the most abundant stromal cells within the tumor microenvironment (TME). They extensively communicate with the other cells. Exosome-packed bioactive molecules derived from CAFs can reshape the TME by interacting with other cells and the extracellular matrix, which adds a new perspective for their clinical application in tumor targeted therapy. An in-depth understanding of the biological characteristics of CAF-derived exosomes (CDEs) is critical for depicting the detailed landscape of the TME and developing tailored therapeutic strategies for cancer treatment. In this review, we have summarized the functional roles of CAFs in the TME, particularly focusing on the extensive communication mediated by CDEs that contain biological molecules such as miRNAs, proteins, metabolites, and other components. In addition, we have also highlighted the prospects for diagnostic and therapeutic applications based on CDEs, which could guide the future development of exosome-targeted anti-tumor drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Peng
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui, Hefei, 230022, China
| | - Zhiwei Tong
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui, Hefei, 230022, China
| | - Zihao Ren
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui, Hefei, 230022, China
| | - Manping Ye
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Anhui, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Kongwang Hu
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui, Hefei, 230022, China.
- Department of General Surgery, Fuyang Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui, Fuyang, 236000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Loric S, Denis JA, Desbene C, Sabbah M, Conti M. Extracellular Vesicles in Breast Cancer: From Biology and Function to Clinical Diagnosis and Therapeutic Management. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:7208. [PMID: 37108371 PMCID: PMC10139222 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is the first worldwide most frequent cancer in both sexes and the most commonly diagnosed in females. Although BC mortality has been thoroughly declining over the past decades, there are still considerable differences between women diagnosed with early BC and when metastatic BC is diagnosed. BC treatment choice is widely dependent on precise histological and molecular characterization. However, recurrence or distant metastasis still occurs even with the most recent efficient therapies. Thus, a better understanding of the different factors underlying tumor escape is mainly mandatory. Among the leading candidates is the continuous interplay between tumor cells and their microenvironment, where extracellular vesicles play a significant role. Among extracellular vesicles, smaller ones, also called exosomes, can carry biomolecules, such as lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, and generate signal transmission through an intercellular transfer of their content. This mechanism allows tumor cells to recruit and modify the adjacent and systemic microenvironment to support further invasion and dissemination. By reciprocity, stromal cells can also use exosomes to profoundly modify tumor cell behavior. This review intends to cover the most recent literature on the role of extracellular vesicle production in normal and cancerous breast tissues. Specific attention is paid to the use of extracellular vesicles for early BC diagnosis, follow-up, and prognosis because exosomes are actually under the spotlight of researchers as a high-potential source of liquid biopsies. Extracellular vesicles in BC treatment as new targets for therapy or efficient nanovectors to drive drug delivery are also summarized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Loric
- INSERM U538, CRSA, Saint-Antoine University Hospital, 75012 Paris, France; (J.A.D.)
| | | | - Cédric Desbene
- INSERM U538, CRSA, Saint-Antoine University Hospital, 75012 Paris, France; (J.A.D.)
| | - Michèle Sabbah
- INSERM U538, CRSA, Saint-Antoine University Hospital, 75012 Paris, France; (J.A.D.)
| | - Marc Conti
- INSERM U538, CRSA, Saint-Antoine University Hospital, 75012 Paris, France; (J.A.D.)
- INTEGRACELL SAS, 91160 Longjumeau, France
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Liu YJ, Wang C. A review of the regulatory mechanisms of extracellular vesicles-mediated intercellular communication. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:77. [PMID: 37055761 PMCID: PMC10100201 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01103-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small, membrane-bound structures that are released from cells into the surrounding environment. These structures can be categorized as exosomes, microvesicles, or apoptotic vesicles, and they play an essential role in intercellular communication. These vesicles are attracting significant clinical interest as they offer the potential for drug delivery, disease diagnosis, and therapeutic intervention. To fully understand the regulation of intercellular communication through EVs, it is essential to investigate the underlying mechanisms. This review aims to provide a summary of the current knowledge on the intercellular communications involved in EV targeting, binding, and uptake, as well as the factors that influence these interactions. These factors include the properties of the EVs, the cellular environment, and the recipient cell. As the field of EV-related intercellular communication continues to expand and techniques improve, we can expect to uncover more information about this complex area, despite the current limitations in our knowledge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Juan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology, The NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, D02 VF25, Ireland.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Hu C, Zhang Y, Wu C, Huang Q. Heterogeneity of cancer-associated fibroblasts in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: opportunities and challenges. Cell Death Discov 2023; 9:124. [PMID: 37055382 PMCID: PMC10102018 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-023-01428-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is among the most severe and complex malignant diseases with a high level of heterogeneity and, as a result, a wide range of therapeutic responses, regardless of clinical stage. Tumor progression depends on ongoing co-evolution and cross-talk with the tumor microenvironment (TME). In particular, cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), embedded in the extracellular matrix (ECM), induce tumor growth and survival by interacting with tumor cells. Origin of CAFs is quite varied, and the activation patterns of CAFs are also heterogeneous. Crucially, the heterogeneity of CAFs appears to play a key role in ongoing tumor expansion, including facilitating proliferation, enhancing angiogenesis and invasion, and promoting therapy resistance, through the production of cytokines, chemokines, and other tumor-promotive molecules in the TME. This review describes the various origin and heterogeneous activation mechanisms of CAFs, and biological heterogeneity of CAFs in HNSCC is also included. Moreover, we have highlighted versatility of CAFs heterogeneity in HNSCC progression, and have discussed different tumor-promotive functions of CAFs respectively. In the future, it is a promising strategy for the therapy of HNSCC that specifically targeting tumor-promoting CAF subsets or the tumor-promoting functional targets of CAFs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Hu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing TongRen Hospital, Capital Medical University, 100730, Beijing, China
| | - Yifan Zhang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, 200031, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunping Wu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, 200031, Shanghai, China.
| | - Qiang Huang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, 200031, Shanghai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Wieder R. Fibroblasts as Turned Agents in Cancer Progression. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15072014. [PMID: 37046676 PMCID: PMC10093070 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15072014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Differentiated epithelial cells reside in the homeostatic microenvironment of the native organ stroma. The stroma supports their normal function, their G0 differentiated state, and their expansion/contraction through the various stages of the life cycle and physiologic functions of the host. When malignant transformation begins, the microenvironment tries to suppress and eliminate the transformed cells, while cancer cells, in turn, try to resist these suppressive efforts. The tumor microenvironment encompasses a large variety of cell types recruited by the tumor to perform different functions, among which fibroblasts are the most abundant. The dynamics of the mutual relationship change as the sides undertake an epic battle for control of the other. In the process, the cancer “wounds” the microenvironment through a variety of mechanisms and attracts distant mesenchymal stem cells to change their function from one attempting to suppress the cancer, to one that supports its growth, survival, and metastasis. Analogous reciprocal interactions occur as well between disseminated cancer cells and the metastatic microenvironment, where the microenvironment attempts to eliminate cancer cells or suppress their proliferation. However, the altered microenvironmental cells acquire novel characteristics that support malignant progression. Investigations have attempted to use these traits as targets of novel therapeutic approaches.
Collapse
|
17
|
Honey: A Promising Therapeutic Supplement for the Prevention and Management of Osteoporosis and Breast Cancer. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12030567. [PMID: 36978815 PMCID: PMC10045300 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12030567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis and breast cancer are serious diseases that have become a significant socioeconomic burden. There are biochemical associations between the two disorders in terms of the amended function of estrogen, receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa beta ligand, oxidative stress, inflammation, and lipid accumulation. Honey as a functional food with high antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties can contribute to the prevention of various diseases. Its health benefits are mainly related to the content of polyphenols. This review aims to summarize the current knowledge from in vitro, animal, and human studies on the use of honey as a potential therapeutic agent for osteoporosis and breast cancer. Preclinical studies have revealed a beneficial impact of honey on both bone health (microstructure, strength, oxidative stress) and breast tissue health (breast cancer cell proliferation and apoptosis, tumor growth rate, and volume). The limited number of clinical trials, especially in osteoporosis, indicates the need for further research to evaluate the potential benefits of honey in the treatment. Clinical studies related to breast cancer have revealed that honey is effective in increasing blood cell counts, interleukin-3 levels, and quality of life. In summary, honey may serve as a prospective therapeutic supplement for bone and breast tissue health.
Collapse
|
18
|
Perkins RS, Singh R, Abell AN, Krum SA, Miranda-Carboni GA. The role of WNT10B in physiology and disease: A 10-year update. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1120365. [PMID: 36814601 PMCID: PMC9939717 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1120365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
WNT10B, a member of the WNT family of secreted glycoproteins, activates the WNT/β-catenin signaling cascade to control proliferation, stemness, pluripotency, and cell fate decisions. WNT10B plays roles in many tissues, including bone, adipocytes, skin, hair, muscle, placenta, and the immune system. Aberrant WNT10B signaling leads to several diseases, such as osteoporosis, obesity, split-hand/foot malformation (SHFM), fibrosis, dental anomalies, and cancer. We reviewed WNT10B a decade ago, and here we provide a comprehensive update to the field. Novel research on WNT10B has expanded to many more tissues and diseases. WNT10B polymorphisms and mutations correlate with many phenotypes, including bone mineral density, obesity, pig litter size, dog elbow dysplasia, and cow body size. In addition, the field has focused on the regulation of WNT10B using upstream mediators, such as microRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). We also discussed the therapeutic implications of WNT10B regulation. In summary, research conducted during 2012-2022 revealed several new, diverse functions in the role of WNT10B in physiology and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel S. Perkins
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Biomedical Engineering, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Rishika Singh
- College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Amy N. Abell
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Susan A. Krum
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Biomedical Engineering, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States,Center for Cancer Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Gustavo A. Miranda-Carboni
- Center for Cancer Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States,Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States,*Correspondence: Gustavo A. Miranda-Carboni,
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Zhang L, Chen W, Liu S, Chen C. Targeting Breast Cancer Stem Cells. Int J Biol Sci 2023; 19:552-570. [PMID: 36632469 PMCID: PMC9830502 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.76187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The potential roles of breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) in tumor initiation and recurrence have been recognized for many decades. Due to their strong capacity for self-renewal and differentiation, BCSCs are the major reasons for poor clinical outcomes and low therapeutic response. Several hypotheses on the origin of cancer stem cells have been proposed, including critical gene mutations in stem cells, dedifferentiation of somatic cells, and cell plasticity remodeling by epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and the tumor microenvironment. Moreover, the tumor microenvironment, including cellular components and cytokines, modulates the self-renewal and therapeutic resistance of BCSCs. Small molecules, antibodies, and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells targeting BCSCs have been developed, and their applications in combination with conventional therapies are undergoing clinical trials. In this review, we focus on the features of BCSCs, emphasize the major factors and tumor environment that regulate the stemness of BCSCs, and discuss potential BCSC-targeting therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhang
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences; State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering; Cancer Institutes; Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai; The Shanghai paracrine Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology; The International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Ministry of Science and Technology; Shanghai Medical College; Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wenmin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming 650201, China.,Kunming College of Life Sciences, the University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Suling Liu
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences; State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering; Cancer Institutes; Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai; The Shanghai paracrine Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology; The International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Ministry of Science and Technology; Shanghai Medical College; Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.,✉ Corresponding authors: Ceshi Chen, E-mail: or Suling Liu, E-mail:
| | - Ceshi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming 650201, China.,Academy of Biomedical Engineering, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China.,The Third Affiliated Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650118, China.,✉ Corresponding authors: Ceshi Chen, E-mail: or Suling Liu, E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Extracellular Vesicles from Carcinoma-associated Fibroblasts Promote EMT of Salivary Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma Via IL-6. Arch Med Res 2023; 54:27-36. [PMID: 36543625 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2022.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) play a pivotal role in cancer progression. Salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma (SACC) has a high tendency to invade and metastasize. Understanding how CAFs interact with SACC cells is essential for developing new targeted therapies for SACC. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) play important roles in intercellular communication. However, the role of CAFs-derived EVs in SACC invasion remains poorly understood. AIM OF THE STUDY To show that CAFs EVs are involved in the EMT of SACC and promote tumor invasion. METHODS CAFs-derived EVs were characterized by western blot and transmission electron microscopy. Wound healing and transwell assay were performed for assessing biological foundation of CAFs-EVs for tumor cells. RNA interference transfection, western blot, wound healing and transwell assay were applied to study the effect of IL6 from CAFs-EVs on SACC cells and the mechanism. A subcutaneous xenograft model was used to evaluate the EMT of SACC induced by CAFs in vivo. RESULTS In this study, we show that CAFs EVs promote the migration and invasion of SACC cells. The expression of biomarkers of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) was higher in SACC cells treated with CAFs EVs than in the negative controls, and high levels of IL6 were detected in CAFs and their EVs. Knockdown of IL6 in CAFs decreased tissue invasiveness and EMT biomarker expression in SACC cells induced by CAFs EVs. CAFs EV-associated IL6 promoted SACC EMT by activating the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway. CONCLUSION CAFs-derived EVs carry IL6 to improve EMT of SACC by activating the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway.
Collapse
|
21
|
The role of exosomes in the molecular mechanisms of metastasis: Focusing on EMT and cancer stem cells. Life Sci 2022; 310:121103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.121103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
22
|
Rackles E, Lopez PH, Falcon-Perez JM. Extracellular vesicles as source for the identification of minimally invasive molecular signatures in glioblastoma. Semin Cancer Biol 2022; 87:148-159. [PMID: 36375777 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2022.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The analysis of extracellular vesicles (EVs) as a source of cancer biomarkers is an emerging field since low-invasive biomarkers are highly demanded. EVs constitute a heterogeneous population of small membrane-contained vesicles that are present in most of body fluids. They are released by all cell types, including cancer cells and their cargo consists of nucleic acids, proteins and metabolites and varies depending on the biological-pathological state of the secretory cell. Therefore, EVs are considered as a potential source of reliable biomarkers for cancer. EV biomarkers in liquid biopsy can be a valuable tool to complement current medical technologies for cancer diagnosis, as their sampling is minimally invasive and can be repeated over time to monitor disease progression. In this review, we highlight the advances in EV biomarker research for cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy monitoring. We especially focus on EV derived biomarkers for glioblastoma. The diagnosis and monitoring of glioblastoma still relies on imaging techniques, which are not sufficient to reflect the highly heterogenous and invasive nature of glioblastoma. Therefore, we discuss how the use of EV biomarkers could overcome the challenges faced in diagnosis and monitoring of glioblastoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Rackles
- Exosomes Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Spain.
| | - Patricia Hernández Lopez
- Exosomes Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Spain.
| | - Juan M Falcon-Perez
- Exosomes Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Spain; Metabolomics Platform, CIC bioGUNE, Bizkaia Technology Park, 48160 Derio, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (Ciberehd), Madrid, Spain; Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Joseph J, Rahmani B, Cole Y, Puttagunta N, Lin E, Khan ZK, Jain P. Can Soluble Immune Checkpoint Molecules on Exosomes Mediate Inflammation? J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2022; 17:381-397. [PMID: 34697721 PMCID: PMC10128092 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-021-10018-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Immune checkpoints (ICPs) are major co-signaling pathways that trigger effector functions in immune cells, with isoforms that are either membrane bound, engaging in direct cell to cell activation locally, or soluble, acting at distant sites by circulating freely or potentially via extracellular vesicles (EVs). Exosomes are small EVs secreted by a variety of cells carrying various proteins and nucleic acids. They are distributed extensively through biological fluids and have major impacts on infectious diseases, cancer, and neuroinflammation. Similarly, ICPs play key roles in a variety of disease conditions and have been extensively utilized as a prognostic tool for various cancers. Herein, we explored if the association between exosomes and ICPs could be a significant contributor of inflammation, particularly in the setting of cancer, neuroinflammation and viral infections, wherein the up regulation in both exosomal proteins and ICPs correlate with immunosuppressive effects. The detailed literature review of existing data highlights the significance and complexity of these two important pathways in mediating cancer and potentiating neuroinflammation via modulating overall immune response. Cells increasingly secret exosomes in response to intracellular signals from invading pathogens or cancerous transformations. These exosomes can carry a variety of cargo including proteins, nucleic acids, cytokines, and receptors/ligands that have functional consequences on recipient cells. Illustration generated using BioRender software.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Joseph
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 2900 West Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA, 19129, USA
| | - Benjamin Rahmani
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 2900 West Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA, 19129, USA
| | - Yonesha Cole
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 2900 West Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA, 19129, USA
| | - Neha Puttagunta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 2900 West Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA, 19129, USA
| | - Edward Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 2900 West Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA, 19129, USA
| | - Zafar K Khan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 2900 West Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA, 19129, USA
| | - Pooja Jain
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 2900 West Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA, 19129, USA. .,Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, 2900 West Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA, 19129, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Naito Y, Yoshioka Y, Ochiya T. Intercellular crosstalk between cancer cells and cancer-associated fibroblasts via extracellular vesicles. Cancer Cell Int 2022; 22:367. [PMID: 36424598 PMCID: PMC9686122 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-022-02784-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Intercellular communication plays an important role in cancer initiation and progression through direct contact and indirect interactions, such as via secretory molecules. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are one of the principal components of such communication with cancer cells, modulating cancer metastasis and tumour mechanics and influencing angiogenesis, the immune system, and therapeutic resistance. Over the past few years, there has been a significant increase in research on extracellular vesicles (EVs) as regulatory agents in intercellular communication. EVs enable the transfer of functional molecules, including proteins, mRNAs and microRNAs (miRNAs), to recipient cells. Cancer cells utilize EVs to dictate the specific characteristics of CAFs within the tumour microenvironment, thereby promoting cancer progression. In response to such "education" by cancer cells, CAFs contribute to cancer progression via EVs. In this review, we summarize experimental data indicating the pivotal roles of EVs in intercellular communication between cancer cells and CAFs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Naito
- grid.410821.e0000 0001 2173 8328Department of Bioregulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5, Sendagi, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8602 Japan
| | - Yusuke Yoshioka
- grid.410793.80000 0001 0663 3325Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1, Nishishinjuku, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, 160-0023 Japan
| | - Takahiro Ochiya
- grid.410793.80000 0001 0663 3325Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1, Nishishinjuku, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, 160-0023 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Huang Q, Wu L, Wang Y, Kong X, Xiao X, Huang Q, Li M, Zhai Y, Shi F, Zhao R, Zhong J, Xiong L. Caveolin-1-deficient fibroblasts promote migration, invasion, and stemness via activating the TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway in breast cancer cells. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2022; 54:1587-1598. [PMID: 36604141 PMCID: PMC9827800 DOI: 10.3724/abbs.2022150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) represent one of the main components in the tumor stroma and play a key role in breast cancer progression. Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) has been established to mediate breast cancer metastasis by regulating the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and stemness of cancer cells. Caveolin-1 (CAV-1) is a scaffold protein of caveolae that is related to the proliferation and metabolism of cancer cells. It is now well demonstrated that CAV-1 deficiency in the tumor stroma is positively correlated with distant metastasis, but the mechanism remains unclear. Here, we explore whether CAV-1-deficient fibroblasts play an essential role in the EMT and stemness of breast cancer cells (BCCs) through TGF-β signaling. We establish a specific small interfering RNA (siRNA) to inhibit CAV-1 expression in fibroblasts and coculture them with BCCs to investigate the effect of CAV‑1-deficient fibroblasts and the tumor microenvironment on breast cancer progression. This study refreshingly points out that CAV-1 deficiency in fibroblasts enhances TGF-β1 secretion and then activates the TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway of BCCs, thus promoting the metastasis and stemness of BCCs. Collectively, our findings indicate an unexpected role of CAV-1 deficiency in fibroblasts and the tumor microenvironment as a permissive factor, which is regulated by the TGF-β1 signaling pathway in BCCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingyun Huang
- Department of PathophysiologyMedical CollegeNanchang UniversityNanchang330006China
| | - Longyuan Wu
- Department of PathophysiologyMedical CollegeNanchang UniversityNanchang330006China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of PathophysiologyMedical CollegeNanchang UniversityNanchang330006China
| | - Xinyu Kong
- Department of PathophysiologyMedical CollegeNanchang UniversityNanchang330006China
| | - Xinhua Xiao
- The First Affiliated HospitalNanchang UniversityNanchang330006China
| | - Qiyuan Huang
- Department of PathophysiologyMedical CollegeNanchang UniversityNanchang330006China
| | - Miao Li
- Department of PathophysiologyMedical CollegeNanchang UniversityNanchang330006China
| | - Yujia Zhai
- Department of PathophysiologyMedical CollegeNanchang UniversityNanchang330006China
| | - Fuxiu Shi
- Department of PathophysiologyMedical CollegeNanchang UniversityNanchang330006China
| | - Ruichen Zhao
- Department of PathophysiologyMedical CollegeNanchang UniversityNanchang330006China
| | - Junpei Zhong
- Department of PathophysiologyMedical CollegeNanchang UniversityNanchang330006China
| | - Lixia Xiong
- Department of PathophysiologyMedical CollegeNanchang UniversityNanchang330006China,Key Laboratory of Functional and Clinical Translational MedicineFujian Province UniversityXiamen361023China,Correspondence address. Tel: +86-791-86360565;
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Castillo-Sanchez R, Churruca-Schuind A, Martinez-Ival M, Salazar EP. Cancer-associated Fibroblasts Communicate with Breast Tumor Cells Through Extracellular Vesicles in Tumor Development. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2022; 21:15330338221131647. [PMID: 36222020 PMCID: PMC9558853 DOI: 10.1177/15330338221131647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer death among women worldwide. In solid tumors, the microenvironment plays a critical role in tumor development, and it has been described a communication between the different cell types that conform the stroma, including fibroblasts, pericytes, adipocytes, immune cells and cancer-associated fibroblasts. Intercellular communication is bidirectional, complex, multifactorial and is mediated by the secretion of molecules and extracellular vesicles. The extracellular vesicles are vesicles limited by two membranes that are secreted by normal and cancer cells into the extracellular space. Extracellular vesicle cargo is complex and includes proteins, miRNAs, DNA and lipids, and their composition is specific to their parent cells. Extracellular vesicles are taken up for neighboring or distant cells. Particularly, extracellular vesicles from breast cancer cells are taken up for fibroblasts and it induces the activation of fibroblasts into cancer-associated fibroblasts. Interestingly, cancer associated fibroblasts release extracellular vesicles that are taken up for breast cancer cells and promote migration, invasion, proliferation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, changes in metabolism, chemoresistance, evasion of immune system and remodeling of extracellular matrix. In addition, the enrichment of specific cargos in extracellular vesicles of breast cancer patients has been suggested to be used as biomarkers of the disease. Here we review the current literature about the intercommunication between tumor cells and cancer associated fibroblasts through extracellular vesicles in breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Eduardo Perez Salazar
- Eduardo Perez Salazar, PhD, Departamento de
Biologia Celular, Cinvestav-IPN, Av. IPN # 2508, Mexico City 07360, Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Jin Y, Xing J, Xu K, Liu D, Zhuo Y. Exosomes in the tumor microenvironment: Promoting cancer progression. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1025218. [PMID: 36275738 PMCID: PMC9584056 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1025218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes, which are extracellular vesicles produced by endosomes, are important performers of intercellular communication functions. For more than three decades, there has been a growing awareness of exosomes as the contents of the tumor microenvironment and their intimate connection to the development of cancer. The composition, generation, and uptake of exosomes as well as their roles in tumor metastasis, angiogenesis, and immunosuppression are discussed in this paper. In order to stop the progression of cancer, it is crucial to find new diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for the disease. Knowing the biological characteristics of exosomes and their functions in tumor development helps in this endeavor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ye Jin
- School of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Jianming Xing
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Kejin Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Da Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
- School of Acupuncture-Moxi Bustion and Tuina, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Da Liu, ; Yue Zhuo,
| | - Yue Zhuo
- School of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
- School of Acupuncture-Moxi Bustion and Tuina, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Da Liu, ; Yue Zhuo,
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Cancer-Associated Exosomal CBFB Facilitates the Aggressive Phenotype, Evasion of Oxidative Stress, and Preferential Predisposition to Bone Prometastatic Factor of Breast Cancer Progression. DISEASE MARKERS 2022; 2022:8446629. [PMID: 35903297 PMCID: PMC9325341 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8446629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background. Despite therapeutic advancements, metastasis remains a major cause in breast cancer-specific mortality. Breast cancer cells are susceptible to oxidative damage and exhibit high levels of oxidative stress, including protein damage, DNA damage, and lipid peroxidation. Some breast cancer risk factors may change the level of endogenous oxidative stress. Circulating exosomes play critical roles in tumorigenesis, distant metastasis, and poor prognosis in patients with breast cancer. Methods. We used an online database to analyze the expression and prognostic value of core binding factor subunit β (CBFB) and oxidative stress–related targets in patients with breast cancer. Serum from healthy controls and patients with primary breast cancer or bone metastatic breast cancer in the bone was collected. Exosomes were isolated from the sera or cell culture media. We used an MDA-MB-436-innoculated tumor xenograft mouse model for silencing CBFB. Results. Circulating exosomes from patients with breast cancer metastasis to the bone were rich in CBFB. The human mammary fibroblast cells HMF3A and fibroblasts derived from patient samples cocultured with exosomes had increased α-SMA and vimentin expression and IL-6 and OPN secretion. Similarly, nonmetastatic breast cancer cells cocultured with exosomes exhibited increased levels of certain markers, including vimentin, snail1, CXCR4, and Runx2, and the exosomes had high CBFB expression. Silencing CBFB in metastatic MDA-MB-436 and MDA-MB-157 cells resulted in suppressed migration and invasion and downregulation of vimentin, CXCR4, snail1, Runx2, CD44, and OPN. Conversely, CBFB overexpression resulted in upregulation of Runx2, vimentin, snail1, CD44, and OPN in nonmetastatic T47D and MCF12A cells. The CBFB-rich exosomes derived from MDA-MB-436 cells induced enhanced metastatic phenotypes in the low-metastatic T47D and MCF12A cell lines. Conclusion. Our results revealed that CBFB may promote bone metastasis in patients with breast cancer. Of therapeutic relevance, targeting CBFB resulted in decreased tumor burden and bone metastasis, downregulation of bone metastasis markers, and impaired regulation of oxidative stress–related proteins NAE1 and NOS1.
Collapse
|
29
|
Sun L, Ke M, Wang X, Yin M, Wei J, Xu L, Tian X, Wang F, Zhang H, Fu S, Zhang C. FAP high α-SMA low cancer-associated fibroblast-derived SLPI protein encapsulated in extracellular vesicles promotes ovarian cancer development via activation of PI3K/AKT and downstream signaling pathways. Mol Carcinog 2022; 61:910-923. [PMID: 35801406 PMCID: PMC9541539 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecological malignancy worldwide with high metastasis and poor prognosis rates. Cancer‐associated fibroblasts (CAFs), a heterogeneous population of cells that constitutes a major component of the tumor microenvironment, secrete extracellular vesicles (EVs) loading with proteins, lipids, and RNAs to promote tumorigenesis. However, the specific roles of CAF‐derived proteins contained in EVs in ovarian cancer remain poorly understood at present. Using the gene expression microarray analysis, we identified a list of dysregulated genes between the α‐SMA+CAF and FAP+CAF subpopulations, from which secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI) was chosen for further validation. Quantitative PCR, western blot, immunohistochemistry, and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays were used to assess SLPI expression in ovarian cancer cells, tissues, CAFs, and EVs. Additionally, we evaluated the effects of exogenous SLPI on proliferation, migration, invasion, and adhesion of ovarian cancer cells in vitro. Our results showed SLPI protein was upregulated in CAFs, particularly in the FAPhighα‐SMAlowCAF subpopulation, and associated with increased tumor grade and decreased overall survival (OS). Importantly, CAF‐derived SLPI protein could be encapsulated in EVs for delivery to ovarian cancer cells, thus facilitating cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and adhesion via activating the PI3K/AKT and downstream signaling pathways. Moreover, high plasma expression of SLPI encapsulated in EVs was closely correlated with tumor stage in ovarian cancer patients. Our collective results highlight an oncogenic role of plasma EV‐encapsulated SLPI secreted by CAFs in tumor progression for the first time, supporting its potential utility as a prognostic biomarker of ovarian cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luyao Sun
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Miaola Ke
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Surgery, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Mengyuan Yin
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junni Wei
- Key Laboratory of Preservation of Human Genetic Resources and Disease Control in China (Harbin Medical University), Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Lu Xu
- Key Laboratory of Preservation of Human Genetic Resources and Disease Control in China (Harbin Medical University), Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Xing Tian
- Key Laboratory of Preservation of Human Genetic Resources and Disease Control in China (Harbin Medical University), Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Preservation of Human Genetic Resources and Disease Control in China (Harbin Medical University), Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - He Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Preservation of Human Genetic Resources and Disease Control in China (Harbin Medical University), Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Songbin Fu
- Key Laboratory of Preservation of Human Genetic Resources and Disease Control in China (Harbin Medical University), Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Chunyu Zhang
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Preservation of Human Genetic Resources and Disease Control in China (Harbin Medical University), Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Rima XY, Zhang J, Nguyen LTH, Rajasuriyar A, Yoon MJ, Chiang CL, Walters N, Kwak KJ, Lee LJ, Reátegui E. Microfluidic harvesting of breast cancer tumor spheroid-derived extracellular vesicles from immobilized microgels for single-vesicle analysis. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 22:2502-2518. [PMID: 35579189 PMCID: PMC9383696 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc01053k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Investigating cellular and vesicular heterogeneity in breast cancer remains a challenge, which encourages the development of controllable in vitro systems that mimic the tumor microenvironment. Although three-dimensional cell culture better recapitulates the heterogeneity observed in tumor growth and extracellular vesicle (EV) biogenesis, the physiological relevance is often contrasted with the control offered by two-dimensional cell culture. Therefore, to challenge this misconception we developed a novel microfluidic system harboring highly tunable three-dimensional EV microbioreactors (EVμBRs) to model micrometastatic EV release in breast cancer while capitalizing on the convenient, low-volume, and sterile interface provided by microfluidics. The diameter and cellular occupancy of the EVμBRs could be precisely tailored to various configurations, supporting the formation of breast cancer tumor spheroids. To immobilize the EVμBRs within a microchannel and facilitate EV extraction, oxygen inhibition in free-radical polymerization was repurposed to rapidly generate two-layer hydrodynamic traps in situ using a digital-micromirror device (DMD)-based ultraviolet (UV) projection system. Breast cancer tumor spheroid-derived EVs were harvested with as little as 20 μL from the microfluidic system and quantified by single-EV immunofluorescence for CD63 and CD81. Despite the low-volume extraction, differences in biomarker expression and coexpression of the tetraspanins on single EVs were observed. Furthermore, the EVμBRs were capable of recapitulating heterogeneity at a cellular and vesicular degree, indicating the utility and robustness of the microfluidic system to investigate physiologically relevant EVs in breast cancer and other disease models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xilal Y Rima
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Luong T H Nguyen
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Aaron Rajasuriyar
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Min Jin Yoon
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Chi-Ling Chiang
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Nicole Walters
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | | | - L James Lee
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
- Spot Biosystems Ltd., Palo Alto, CA 94301, USA
| | - Eduardo Reátegui
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Hu D, Li Z, Zheng B, Lin X, Pan Y, Gong P, Zhuo W, Hu Y, Chen C, Chen L, Zhou J, Wang L. Cancer-associated fibroblasts in breast cancer: Challenges and opportunities. Cancer Commun (Lond) 2022; 42:401-434. [PMID: 35481621 PMCID: PMC9118050 DOI: 10.1002/cac2.12291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment is proposed to contribute substantially to the progression of cancers, including breast cancer. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are the most abundant components of the tumor microenvironment. Studies have revealed that CAFs in breast cancer originate from several types of cells and promote breast cancer malignancy by secreting factors, generating exosomes, releasing nutrients, reshaping the extracellular matrix, and suppressing the function of immune cells. CAFs are also becoming therapeutic targets for breast cancer due to their specific distribution in tumors and their unique biomarkers. Agents interrupting the effect of CAFs on surrounding cells have been developed and applied in clinical trials. Here, we reviewed studies examining the heterogeneity of CAFs in breast cancer and expression patterns of CAF markers in different subtypes of breast cancer. We hope that summarizing CAF-related studies from a historical perspective will help to accelerate the development of CAF-targeted therapeutic strategies for breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dengdi Hu
- Affiliated Cixi Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315300, P. R. China
| | - Zhaoqing Li
- Affiliated Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Ministry of Education), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, P. R. China.,Biomedical Research Center and Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, P. R. China
| | - Bin Zheng
- Affiliated Cixi Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315300, P. R. China
| | - Xixi Lin
- Affiliated Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Ministry of Education), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, P. R. China.,Biomedical Research Center and Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, P. R. China
| | - Yuehong Pan
- Affiliated Cixi Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315300, P. R. China
| | - Peirong Gong
- Affiliated Cixi Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315300, P. R. China
| | - Wenying Zhuo
- Affiliated Cixi Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315300, P. R. China.,Affiliated Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Ministry of Education), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, P. R. China.,Biomedical Research Center and Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, P. R. China
| | - Yujie Hu
- Affiliated Cixi Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315300, P. R. China
| | - Cong Chen
- Affiliated Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Ministry of Education), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, P. R. China.,Biomedical Research Center and Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, P. R. China
| | - Lini Chen
- Affiliated Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Ministry of Education), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, P. R. China.,Biomedical Research Center and Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, P. R. China
| | - Jichun Zhou
- Affiliated Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Ministry of Education), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, P. R. China.,Biomedical Research Center and Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, P. R. China
| | - Linbo Wang
- Affiliated Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Ministry of Education), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, P. R. China.,Biomedical Research Center and Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Cheng L, Hill AF. Therapeutically harnessing extracellular vesicles. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2022; 21:379-399. [PMID: 35236964 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-022-00410-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 129.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The field of extracellular vesicle (EV) research has developed rapidly over the last decade from the study of fundamental biology to a subject of significant clinical relevance. The potential of harnessing EVs in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases - including cancer and neurological and cardiovascular disorders - is now being recognized. Accordingly, the applications of EVs as therapeutic targets, biomarkers, novel drug delivery agents and standalone therapeutics are being actively explored. This Review provides a brief overview of the characteristics and physiological functions of the various classes of EV, focusing on their association with disease and emerging strategies for their therapeutic exploitation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lesley Cheng
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew F Hill
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia. .,Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Suzuki J, Tsuboi M, Ishii G. Cancer-associated fibroblasts and the tumor microenvironment in non-small cell lung cancer. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2022; 22:169-182. [PMID: 34904919 DOI: 10.1080/14737140.2022.2019018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has a markedly poor prognosis as it progresses, and the prognosis is still unsatisfactory even with modern treatments. Cancer is composed of not only cancer cells, but also stroma consisting of various cell types. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are a major component of the stroma and the associated tumor microenvironment (TME). Particularly, CAFs are a critical component in elucidating the biological mechanisms of cancer progression and new therapeutic targets. This article outlines the TME formed by CAFs in NSCLC. AREAS COVERED Focusing on the TME in NSCLC, we discuss the mechanisms by which CAFs are involved in cancer progression, drug resistance, and the development of therapies targeting CAFs. EXPERT OPINION In the TME, CAFs profoundly contribute to tumor progression by interacting with cancer cells through direct contact or paracrine cytokine signaling. CAFs also interact with various other stromal components to establish a tumor-promoting immunosuppressive microenvironment and remodel the extracellular matrix. Furthermore, these effects are closely associated with drug resistance. Further elucidation of the stromal microenvironment, including CAFs, could prove to be crucial in the treatment of NSCLC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Suzuki
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan.,Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Masahiro Tsuboi
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Genichiro Ishii
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Wang X, Sun C, Huang X, Li J, Fu Z, Li W, Yin Y. The Advancing Roles of Exosomes in Breast Cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:731062. [PMID: 34790660 PMCID: PMC8591197 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.731062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) develops from breast tissue and is the most common aggressive malignant tumor in women worldwide. Although advanced treatment strategies have been applied and reduced current mortality rates, BC control remains unsatisfactory. It is essential to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms to assist clinical options. Exosomes are a type of extracellular vesicles and mediate cellular communications by delivering various biomolecules (oncogenes, oncomiRs, proteins, and even pharmacological compounds). These bioactive molecules can be transferred to change the transcriptome of target cells and influence tumor-related signaling pathways. Extensive studies have implicated exosomes in BC biology, including therapeutic resistance and the surrounding microenvironment. This review focuses on discussing the functions of exosomes in tumor treatment resistance, invasion and metastasis of BC. Moreover, we will also summarize multiple interactions between exosomes and the BC tumor microenvironment. Finally, we propose promising clinical applications of exosomes in BC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xi Wang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,The First School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chunxiao Sun
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiang Huang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ziyi Fu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Nanjing Maternity and Child Medical Institute, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yongmei Yin
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
GOLPH3/CKAP4 promotes metastasis and tumorigenicity by enhancing the secretion of exosomal WNT3A in non-small-cell lung cancer. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:976. [PMID: 34671013 PMCID: PMC8528870 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-04265-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cancer metastasis is the main cause of mortality associated with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), accounting for up to 70% of deaths among patients. The mechanisms underlying distal metastasis remain largely unknown. Golgi phosphoprotein 3 (GOLPH3) correlates negatively with overall survival in multiple tumors. In this study, we evaluated the function of GOLPH3 in NSCLC distal metastasis. GOLPH3 was expressed at high levels in samples from patients with NSCLC and was positively associated with clinicopathologic characteristics including clinical stage (P < 0.001), T (P = 0.001), N (P = 0.007), and M (P = 0.001) classification. Functionally, Transwell and wound-healing assays suggested that GOLPH3 overexpression enhances NSCLC cell migration and invasion abilities. Tumor-sphere formation and flow cytometry assays demonstrated that GOLPH3 overexpression enhances a stem cell-like phenotype of NSCLC cells. Metastasis models established by tail vein and intracardiac injection confirmed the pro-metastatic function of GOLPH3 in vivo. A subcutaneous tumor formation model confirmed that GOLPH3 overexpression increased the tumorigenicity of NSCLC cells. Mechanistically, gene set enrichment analysis revealed a positive association of GOLPH3 mRNA expression with WNT-activated gene signatures. Luciferase-reporter and nuclear extract assays showed that GOLPH3 overexpression enhances metastasis and tumorigenicity through activation of the WNT/β-catenin pathway. Immunoprecipitation-mass spectrometry and gene ontology analysis demonstrated that GOLPH3 interacts with cytoskeleton-associated protein 4 (CKAP4) in exosome-mediated distal metastasis. We found that GOLPH3 decreased the amount of plasma membrane-localized CKAP4 and increased the amount of exosome-localized CKAP4 to promote the formation of CKAP4-containing exosomes. Furthermore, we demonstrated that CKAP4 binds exosomal WNT3A to enhance its secretion. Therefore, the GOLPH3/CKAP4 axis plays a crucial role in promoting exosomal-WNT3A secretion to enhance and maintain the stem-like phenotype and metastasis in NSCLC, thus indicating the therapeutic potential of GOLPH3 in patients with NSCLC metastasis.
Collapse
|
36
|
Asif PJ, Longobardi C, Hahne M, Medema JP. The Role of Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts in Cancer Invasion and Metastasis. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4720. [PMID: 34572947 PMCID: PMC8472587 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13184720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) play a key role in cancer progression by contributing to extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition and remodeling, extensive crosstalk with cancer cells, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), invasion, metastasis, and therapy resistance. As metastasis is a main reason for cancer-related deaths, it is crucial to understand the role of CAFs in this process. Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a heterogeneous disease and lethality is especially common in a subtype of CRC with high stromal infiltration. A key component of stroma is cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). To provide new perspectives for research on CAFs and CAF-targeted therapeutics, especially in CRC, we discuss the mechanisms, crosstalk, and functions involved in CAF-mediated cancer invasion, metastasis, and protection. This summary can serve as a framework for future studies elucidating these roles of CAFs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paris Jabeen Asif
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (P.J.A.); (C.L.)
- Oncode Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ciro Longobardi
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (P.J.A.); (C.L.)
- Oncode Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michael Hahne
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France;
| | - Jan Paul Medema
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (P.J.A.); (C.L.)
- Oncode Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Li S, Qi Y, Huang Y, Guo Y, Huang T, Jia L. Exosome-derived SNHG16 sponging miR-4500 activates HUVEC angiogenesis by targeting GALNT1 via PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma. J Physiol Biochem 2021; 77:667-682. [PMID: 34423392 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-021-00833-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests cancer-derived exosomes play an important role in promoting angiogenesis. Long noncoding RNA small nucleolar RNA host gene 16 (SNHG16) is known to aggravate hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) progression. However, the function of exosomal SNHG16 in HCC angiogenesis remains unclear. In this study, the expression of SNHG16 was significantly upregulated in HCC tissues and cell lines. The proliferative, migratory, and angiogenic abilities of HUVECs were enhanced after exposure to exosomes derived from HCC cells by transmitting SNHG16. In addition, SNHG16 was validated to promote the biological function of HUVECs directly. Exosomal SNHG16 increased GALNT1 expression to promote angiogenesis via sponging miR-4500. SNHG16/miR-4500/GALNT1 axis played an important role in exosome-mediated angiogenesis and tumor growth in vitro and vivo. Furthermore, SNHG16 activated PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway via competing endogenous miR-4500 and GALNT1. Meanwhile, the expression of plasma exosomal SNHG16 upregulated in the plasma of HCC patients. These data elucidated the essential role of exosomal SNHG16 in communication between HCC cells and endothelial cells. Exosomal SNHG16 could be utilized as a therapeutic target for anti-angiogenesis in HCC progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuangda Li
- College of Laboratory Medicine, Dalian Medical University, 9 Lvshunnan Road Xiduan, Dalian, 116044, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Yu Qi
- College of Laboratory Medicine, Dalian Medical University, 9 Lvshunnan Road Xiduan, Dalian, 116044, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Yiran Huang
- College of Laboratory Medicine, Dalian Medical University, 9 Lvshunnan Road Xiduan, Dalian, 116044, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Yanru Guo
- College of Laboratory Medicine, Dalian Medical University, 9 Lvshunnan Road Xiduan, Dalian, 116044, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Tong Huang
- College of Laboratory Medicine, Dalian Medical University, 9 Lvshunnan Road Xiduan, Dalian, 116044, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Li Jia
- College of Laboratory Medicine, Dalian Medical University, 9 Lvshunnan Road Xiduan, Dalian, 116044, Liaoning Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Daneshvar G, Boostani S, Moghanibashi M, Mohamadynejad P. PHLPP2 gene L1016S (rs61733127) and PIK3R1 gene Met326Ile (rs3730089) polymorphisms are associated with the risk of colon and breast cancers. NUCLEOSIDES, NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2021; 40:767-778. [PMID: 34193013 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2021.1944636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The PIK3R1 and PHLPP2 genes encode the p85 alpha subunit of PI3K and a phosphatase for AKT, respectively, which play a direct role in regulating the PI3K-AKT pathway that promotes cell survival, growth, and differentiation. While most attention is focused on the factors that positively affect this pathway, negative regulation is equally important. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of SNPs rs61733127 (L1016S) in PHLPP2 gene and rs3730089 (Met326Ile) in PIK3R1 gene with colon and breast cancer, respectively because both SNPs have been reported to play a functional role in corresponding encoded enzymes and both genes are negatively involved in regulating the PI3K-AKT pathway. 139 colon and 149 breast cancers patients and 279 healthy controls were included in the present study. The target SNPs were genotyped using tetra- ARMS-PCR. In addition, the genotypes of 10 samples for each SNP were confirmed by sequencing. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 21.0 and by Fisher exact, T, χ2 and logistic regression tests. As revealed, the genotype AG (OR = 2.18, p = 0.001, CI = 1.36-3.50) and allele G (OR = 1.92, p = 0.001, CI = 1.30-2.84) of rs61733127 in the PHLPP2 gene significantly increased the risk of colon cancer. In addition, genotype AA (OR = 0.2, p = 0.001, CI = 3.00-8.00) and allele A (OR = 0.5, p = 0.001, CI = 1.00-4.00) of rs3730089 in the PIK3R1 gene significantly decreased the risk of breast cancer. The results suggest that SNPs in genes involved in regulating of PI3K-AKT pathway can be used as a marker for susceptibility to colon and breast cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gelareh Daneshvar
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Kazerun Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kazerun, Iran
| | - Saghar Boostani
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Kazerun Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kazerun, Iran
| | - Mehdi Moghanibashi
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, Kazerun Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kazerun, Iran
| | - Parisa Mohamadynejad
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Zhao LJ, Li YY, Zhang YT, Fan QQ, Ren HM, Zhang C, Mardinoglu A, Chen WC, Pang JR, Shen DD, Wang JW, Zhao LF, Zhang JY, Wang ZY, Zheng YC, Liu HM. Lysine demethylase LSD1 delivered via small extracellular vesicles promotes gastric cancer cell stemness. EMBO Rep 2021; 22:e50922. [PMID: 34060205 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202050922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Several studies have examined the functions of nucleic acids in small extracellular vesicles (sEVs). However, much less is known about the protein cargos of sEVs and their functions in recipient cells. This study demonstrates the presence of lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1), which is the first identified histone demethylase, in the culture medium of gastric cancer cells. We show that sEVs derived from gastric cancer cells and the plasma of patients with gastric cancer harbor LSD1. The shuttling of LSD1-containing sEVs from donor cells to recipient gastric cancer cells promotes cancer cell stemness by positively regulating the expression of Nanog, OCT4, SOX2, and CD44. Additionally, sEV-delivered LSD1 suppresses oxaliplatin response of recipient cells in vitro and in vivo, whereas LSD1-depleted sEVs do not. Taken together, we demonstrate that LSD1-loaded sEVs can promote stemness and chemoresistance to oxaliplatin. These findings suggest that the LSD1 content of sEV could serve as a biomarker to predict oxaliplatin response in gastric cancer patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Juan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Henan Province, Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ying-Ying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Henan Province, Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yu-Tong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Henan Province, Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qi-Qi Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Henan Province, Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hong-Mei Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Henan Province, Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Science for Life Laboratory, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Adil Mardinoglu
- Science for Life Laboratory, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.,Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Wen-Chao Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jing-Ru Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Henan Province, Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Dan-Dan Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Henan Province, Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jun-Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Henan Province, Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Long-Fei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Henan Province, Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jian-Ying Zhang
- Henan Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhen-Ya Wang
- Key Laboratory of "Runliang" Antiviral Medicines Research and Development, Institute of Drug Discovery & Development, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yi-Chao Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Henan Province, Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hong-Min Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Henan Province, Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Wang X, Zhou Y, Ding K. Roles of exosomes in cancer chemotherapy resistance, progression, metastasis and immunity, and their clinical applications (Review). Int J Oncol 2021; 59:44. [PMID: 34013358 PMCID: PMC8143748 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2021.5224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are a type of vesicle that are secreted by cells, with a diameter of 40-100 nm, and that appear as a cystic shape under an electron microscope. Exosome cargo includes a variety of biologically active substances such as non-coding RNA, lipids and small molecule proteins. Exosomes can be taken up by neighboring cells upon secretion or by distant cells within the circulatory system, affecting gene expression of the recipient cells. The present review discusses the formation and secretion of exosomes, and how they can remodel the tumor microenvironment, enhancing cancer cell chemotherapy resistance and tumor progression. Exosome-mediated induction of tumor metastasis is also highlighted. More importantly, the review discusses the manner in which exosomes can change the metabolism of cancer cells and the immune system, which may help to devise novel therapeutic approaches for cancer treatment. With the development of nanotechnology, exosomes can also be used as biomarkers and for the delivery of chemical drugs, serving as a tool to diagnose and treat cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Wang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230001, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Zhou
- Gruduate School, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, P.R. China
| | - Kaiyang Ding
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230001, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Huang D, Chen J, Hu D, Xie F, Yang T, Li Z, Wang X, Xiao Y, Zhong J, Jiang Y, Zhang X, Zhong T. Advances in Biological Function and Clinical Application of Small Extracellular Vesicle Membrane Proteins. Front Oncol 2021; 11:675940. [PMID: 34094979 PMCID: PMC8172959 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.675940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Small extracellular vesicles are membrane-bound vesicles secreted into extracellular spaces by virtually all types of cells. These carry a large number of membrane proteins on their surface that are incorporated during their biogenesis in cells. The composition of the membrane proteins hence bears the signature of the cells from which they originate. Recent studies have suggested that the proteins on these small extracellular vesicles can serve as biomarkers and target proteins for the diagnosis and treatment of diseases. This article classifies small extracellular vesicle membrane proteins and summarizes their pathophysiological functions in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Defa Huang
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China.,Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Jie Chen
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China.,Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Die Hu
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China.,Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Fangfang Xie
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China.,Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Tong Yang
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China.,Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Zhengzhe Li
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China.,Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxing Wang
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China.,Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Yongwei Xiao
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China.,Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Jianing Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Yu Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Xiaokang Zhang
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China.,Department of Preventive Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Tianyu Zhong
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China.,Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China.,Precision Medicine Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Mogollón I, Moustakas-Verho JE, Niittykoski M, Ahtiainen L. The initiation knot is a signaling center required for molar tooth development. Development 2021; 148:261701. [PMID: 33914869 PMCID: PMC8126415 DOI: 10.1242/dev.194597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Signaling centers, or organizers, regulate many aspects of embryonic morphogenesis. In the mammalian molar tooth, reiterative signaling in specialized centers called enamel knots (EKs) determines tooth patterning. Preceding the primary EK, transient epithelial thickening appears, the significance of which remains debated. Using tissue confocal fluorescence imaging with laser ablation experiments, we show that this transient thickening is an earlier signaling center, the molar initiation knot (IK), that is required for the progression of tooth development. IK cell dynamics demonstrate the hallmarks of a signaling center: cell cycle exit, condensation and eventual silencing through apoptosis. IK initiation and maturation are defined by the juxtaposition of cells with high Wnt activity to Shh-expressing non-proliferating cells, the combination of which drives the growth of the tooth bud, leading to the formation of the primary EK as an independent cell cluster. Overall, the whole development of the tooth, from initiation to patterning, is driven by the iterative use of signaling centers. Summary: During tooth morphogenesis, transient thickening of the epithelium in the diastema anterior to the first developing molar is an early signaling center, the molar initiation knot (IK), which is required for the progression of mammalian molar tooth development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Mogollón
- Cell and Tissue Dynamics Research Program, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | - Jacqueline E Moustakas-Verho
- Cell and Tissue Dynamics Research Program, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, 00014, Finland.,Organismal & Evolutionary Biology Research Program, University of Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | - Minna Niittykoski
- Cell and Tissue Dynamics Research Program, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | - Laura Ahtiainen
- Cell and Tissue Dynamics Research Program, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
C1orf61 promotes hepatocellular carcinoma metastasis and increases the therapeutic response to sorafenib. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2021; 1868:119048. [PMID: 33915231 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2021.119048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
C1orf61 is a specific transcriptional activator that is highly up-regulated during weeks 4-9 of human embryogenesis, the period in which most organs develop. We have previously demonstrated that C1orf61 acts as a tumor activator in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tumorigenesis and metastasis. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of tumor initiation and progression in HCC remain obscure. In this study, we demonstrated that the pattern of C1orf61 expression was closely correlated with metastasis in liver cancer cells. Gene expression profiling analysis indicated that C1orf61 regulated diverse genes related to cell growth, migration, invasion and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Results showed that C1orf61 promotes hepatocellular carcinoma metastasis by inducing cellular EMT in vivo and in vitro. Moreover, C1orf61-induced cellular EMT and migration are involved in the activation of the STAT3 and Akt cascade pathways. In addition, C1orf61 expression improved the efficacy of the anticancer therapy sorafenib in HCC patients. For the first time, we report a regulatory pathway by which C1orf61 promoted cancer cell metastasis and regulated the therapeutic response to sorafenib. These findings increased our understanding of the molecular events that regulate metastasis and treatment in HCC.
Collapse
|
44
|
Pandkar MR, Dhamdhere SG, Shukla S. Oxygen gradient and tumor heterogeneity: The chronicle of a toxic relationship. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2021; 1876:188553. [PMID: 33915221 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2021.188553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The commencement of cancer is attributed to one or a few cells that become rogue and attain the property of immortality. The inception of distinct cancer cell clones during the hyperplastic and dysplastic stages of cancer progression is the utimate consequence of the dysregulated cellular pathways and the proliferative potential itself. Furthermore, a critical factor that adds a layer of complexity to this pre-existent intra-tumoral heterogeneity (ITH) is the foundation of an oxygen gradient, that is established due to the improper architecture of the tumor vasculature. Therefore, as a resultant effect, the poorly oxygenated regions thus formed and characterized as hypoxic, promote the emergence of aggressive and treatment-resistant cancer cell clones. The extraordinary property of the hypoxic cancer cells to exist harmoniously with cancerous and non-cancerous cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME) further increases the intricacies of ITH. Here in this review, the pivotal influence of differential oxygen concentrations in shaping the ITH is thoroughly discussed. We also emphasize on the vitality of the interacting networks that govern the overall fate of oxygen gradient-dependent origin of tumor heterogeneity. Additionally, the implications of less-appreciated reverse Warburg effect, a symbiotic metabolic coupling, and the associated epigenetic regulation of rewiring of cancer metabolism in response to oxygen gradients, have been highlighted as critical influencers of ITH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madhura R Pandkar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462066, India
| | - Shruti G Dhamdhere
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462066, India
| | - Sanjeev Shukla
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462066, India.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Wang M, Zhao X, Huang F, Wang L, Huang J, Gong Z, Yu W. Exosomal proteins: Key players mediating pre‑metastatic niche formation and clinical implications (Review). Int J Oncol 2021; 58:4. [PMID: 33649844 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2021.5184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor metastasis is a destructive characteristic of malignant tumors and the fundamental reason why malignant tumors are difficult to cure. The concept of a pre‑metastatic niche (PMN) provides a novel way to elucidate the molecular mechanism of tumor metastasis. At present, the PMN has been considered as a critical determinant priming distal sites for metastasis. Accumulating evidence has suggested that exosomes are cellular communicators serving a pivotal role in mediating tumor cell metastasis by establishing the PMN. Among exosomal cargos, non‑coding RNAs and proteins are two commonly studied components; however, the latter has received less attention. The present review aimed to summarize the findings regarding cargo proteins selectively loaded in malignant tumor‑derived exosomes. Metastasis‑associated proteins have been demonstrated to be selectively enriched in malignant tumor‑derived exosomes. Exosomal proteins promote PMN formation to mediate the site‑specific metastasis of tumor cells by inducing lymphangiogenesis, angiogenesis and permeability, educating stromal cells, remodeling the extracellular matrix, and suppressing the antitumor immune response. These exosomal proteins have great potential in predicting organ‑directed metastasis and prognosis, as well as in cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
| | - Xinxin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
| | - Feng Huang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First People's Hospital of Kunshan Affiliated to Jiangsu University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215300, P.R. China
| | - Lin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
| | - Jiaying Huang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
| | - Zheng Gong
- Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
| | - Wanjun Yu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Human BM-MSC secretome enhances human granulosa cell proliferation and steroidogenesis and restores ovarian function in primary ovarian insufficiency mouse model. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4525. [PMID: 33633319 PMCID: PMC7907146 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84216-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary ovarian insufficiency (POI) is defined as the loss of ovarian function before 40 years of age. It clinically manifests as amenorrhea, infertility, and signs of estrogen insufficiency. POI is frequently induced by chemotherapy. Gonadotoxic chemotherapy reagents damage granulosa cells, which are essential for follicular function and development. Our recently published studies demonstrated that intraovarian transplantation of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) can restore fertility in a chemotherapy-induced POI mouse model. However, the regenerative mechanism underlying the hMSC effect in POI mice is not fully understood. Here, we report that the hMSC secretome increased the proliferation of human granulosa cells (HGrC1). We showed by FACS analysis that treatment of HGrC1 cells with hMSC-conditioned media (hMSC CM) stimulates cellular proliferation. We also demonstrated that the expression of steroidogenic enzymes involved in the production of estrogen, CYP19A1 and StAR, are significantly elevated in hMSC CM-treated HGrC1 cells. Our data suggest that hMSC CM stimulates granulosa cell proliferation and function, which may explain the therapeutic effect of hMSCs in our chemotherapy-induced POI animal model. Our findings indicate that the hMSC secretome may be a novel treatment approach for restoring granulosa cell and ovarian function in patients with POI.
Collapse
|
47
|
Cao L, Wu Y, Wang X, Li X, Tan Z, Guan F. Role of Site-Specific Glycosylation in the I-Like Domain of Integrin β1 in Small Extracellular Vesicle-Mediated Malignant Behavior and FAK Activation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041770. [PMID: 33578954 PMCID: PMC7916680 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrin β1 plays an essential role in the crosstalk between tumor cells and their microenvironment. Aberrant N-glycosylation of integrin β1 was documented to alter integrin β1 expression, dimerization, and biological function. However, the biological function of site-specific N-glycosylation of integrin β1 on extracellular vesicles is not fully understood. In this study, we mutated putative N-glycosylation sites in different domains of integrin β1. Removal of the N-glycosylation sites on the I-like domain of integrin β1 (termed the Δ4–6 β1 mutant) suppressed focal adhesion kinase (FAK) signaling, cell migration, and adhesion compared with other β1 mutants. Cell adhesion, migration, and activation of FAK were suppressed in recipient MCF7 cells co-cultured with Δ4–6 mutant cells and treated with small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) from Δ4–6 mutant cells. Notably, the wild-type and β1 mutant were both present in sEVs, and could be transferred to recipient cells via sEVs, resulting in changes of cell behavior. Our findings demonstrate the important roles of N-glycosylation of the I-like domain of integrin β1. Moreover, the vesicular Δ4–6 β1 mutant can regulate integrin-mediated functions in recipient cells via sEVs.
Collapse
|
48
|
Schubert A, Boutros M. Extracellular vesicles and oncogenic signaling. Mol Oncol 2021; 15:3-26. [PMID: 33207034 PMCID: PMC7782092 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, extracellular vesicles (EVs) emerged as potential diagnostic and prognostic markers for cancer therapy. While the field of EV research is rapidly developing and their application as vehicles for therapeutic cargo is being tested, little is still known about the exact mechanisms of signaling specificity and cargo transfer by EVs, especially in vivo. Several signaling cascades have been found to use EVs for signaling in the tumor-stroma interaction. These include potentially oncogenic, verbatim transforming, signaling cascades such as Wnt and TGF-β signaling, and other signaling cascades that have been tightly associated with tumor progression and metastasis, such as PD-L1 and VEGF signaling. Multiple mechanisms of how these signaling cascades and EVs interplay to mediate these complex processes have been described, such as direct signal activation through pathway components on or in EVs or indirectly by influencing vesicle biogenesis, cargo sorting, or uptake dynamics. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of EVs, their biogenesis, and our understanding of EV interactions with recipient cells with a focus on selected oncogenic and cancer-associated signaling pathways. After an in-depth look at how EVs mediate and influence signaling, we discuss potentially translatable EV functions and existing knowledge gaps.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Schubert
- Division Signaling and Functional GenomicsGerman Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Heidelberg UniversityGermany
- Clinic for Hematology and Medical OncologyUniversity Medical Center GöttingenGermany
| | - Michael Boutros
- Division Signaling and Functional GenomicsGerman Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Heidelberg UniversityGermany
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Abstract
In recent years, extracellular vesicles (EVs) emerged as potential diagnostic and prognostic markers for cancer therapy. While the field of EV research is rapidly developing and their application as vehicles for therapeutic cargo is being tested, little is still known about the exact mechanisms of signaling specificity and cargo transfer by EVs, especially in vivo. Several signaling cascades have been found to use EVs for signaling in the tumor-stroma interaction. These include potentially oncogenic, verbatim transforming, signaling cascades such as Wnt and TGF-β signaling, and other signaling cascades that have been tightly associated with tumor progression and metastasis, such as PD-L1 and VEGF signaling. Multiple mechanisms of how these signaling cascades and EVs interplay to mediate these complex processes have been described, such as direct signal activation through pathway components on or in EVs or indirectly by influencing vesicle biogenesis, cargo sorting, or uptake dynamics. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of EVs, their biogenesis, and our understanding of EV interactions with recipient cells with a focus on selected oncogenic and cancer-associated signaling pathways. After an in-depth look at how EVs mediate and influence signaling, we discuss potentially translatable EV functions and existing knowledge gaps.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Schubert
- Division Signaling and Functional Genomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Heidelberg University, Germany.,Clinic for Hematology and Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany
| | - Michael Boutros
- Division Signaling and Functional Genomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Heidelberg University, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Ruan Y, Ogana H, Gang E, Kim HN, Kim YM. Wnt Signaling in the Tumor Microenvironment. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1270:107-121. [PMID: 33123996 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-47189-7_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulated Wnt signaling plays a central role in initiation, progression, and metastasis in many types of human cancers. Cancer development and resistance to conventional cancer therapies are highly associated with the tumor microenvironment (TME), which is composed of numerous stable non-cancer cells, including immune cells, extracellular matrix (ECM), fibroblasts, endothelial cells (ECs), and stromal cells. Recently, increasing evidence suggests that the relationship between Wnt signaling and the TME promotes the proliferation and maintenance of tumor cells, including leukemia. Here, we review the Wnt pathway, the role of Wnt signaling in different components of the TME, and therapeutic strategies for targeting Wnt signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongsheng Ruan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology, Oncology, Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Heather Ogana
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology, Oncology, Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Eunji Gang
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology, Oncology, Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hye Na Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology, Oncology, Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yong-Mi Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology, Oncology, Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|