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Lee J, Han Y, Kim S, Jo H, Wang W, Cho U, Kim SI, Kim B, Song YS. Mitochondrial fission enhances IL-6-induced metastatic potential in ovarian cancer via ERK1/2 activation. Cancer Sci 2024; 115:1536-1550. [PMID: 38433313 PMCID: PMC11093201 DOI: 10.1111/cas.16064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is a lethal gynecologic cancer mostly diagnosed in an advanced stage with an accumulation of ascites. Interleukin-6 (IL-6), a pro-inflammatory cytokine is highly elevated in malignant ascites and plays a pleiotropic role in cancer progression. Mitochondria are dynamic organelles that undergo fission and fusion in response to external stimuli and dysregulation in their dynamics has been implicated in cancer progression and metastasis. Here, we investigate the effect of IL-6 on mitochondrial dynamics in ovarian cancer cells (OVCs) and its impact on metastatic potential. Treatment with IL-6 on ovarian cancer cell lines (SKOV3 and PA-1) led to an elevation in the metastatic potential of OVCs. Interestingly, a positive association was observed between dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1), a regulator of mitochondrial fission, and IL-6R in metastatic ovarian cancer tissues. Additionally, IL-6 treatment on OVCs was linked to the activation of Drp1, with a notable increase in the ratio of the inhibitory form p-Drp1(S637) to the active form p-Drp1(S616), indicating enhanced mitochondrial fission. Moreover, IL-6 treatment triggered the activation of ERK1/2, and inhibiting ERK1/2 mitigated IL-6-induced mitochondrial fission. Suppressing mitochondrial fission through siRNA transfection and a pharmacological inhibitor reduced the IL-6-induced migration and invasion of OVCs. This was further supported by 3D invasion assays using patient-derived spheroids. Altogether, our study suggests the role of mitochondrial fission in the metastatic potential of OVCs induced by IL-6. The inhibition of mitochondrial fission could be a potential therapeutic approach to suppress the metastasis of ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juwon Lee
- WCU Biomodulation, Department of Agricultural BiotechnologySeoul National UniversitySeoulKorea
- Cancer Research Institute, College of MedicineSeoul National UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Youngjin Han
- Cancer Research Institute, College of MedicineSeoul National UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Soochi Kim
- Department of Neurology and Neurological SciencesStanford University School of MedicineStanfordCaliforniaUSA
- Paul F. Glenn Laboratories for the Biology of AgingStanford University School of MedicineStanfordCaliforniaUSA
| | - HyunA Jo
- WCU Biomodulation, Department of Agricultural BiotechnologySeoul National UniversitySeoulKorea
- Cancer Research Institute, College of MedicineSeoul National UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Wenyu Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of MedicineZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Untack Cho
- Cancer Research Institute, College of MedicineSeoul National UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Se Ik Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of MedicineSeoul National UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Boyun Kim
- Department of SmartBio, College of Life and Health ScienceKyungsung UniversityBusanKorea
| | - Yong Sang Song
- WCU Biomodulation, Department of Agricultural BiotechnologySeoul National UniversitySeoulKorea
- Cancer Research Institute, College of MedicineSeoul National UniversitySeoulKorea
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of MedicineSeoul National UniversitySeoulKorea
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2
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Arribas AJ, Napoli S, Cascione L, Barnabei L, Sartori G, Cannas E, Gaudio E, Tarantelli C, Mensah AA, Spriano F, Zucchetto A, Rossi FM, Rinaldi A, Castro de Moura M, Jovic S, Bordone Pittau R, Stathis A, Stussi G, Gattei V, Brown JR, Esteller M, Zucca E, Rossi D, Bertoni F. ERBB4-Mediated Signaling Is a Mediator of Resistance to PI3K and BTK Inhibitors in B-cell Lymphoid Neoplasms. Mol Cancer Ther 2024; 23:368-380. [PMID: 38052765 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-23-0068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
BTK and PI3K inhibitors are among the drugs approved for the treatment of patients with lymphoid neoplasms. Although active, their ability to lead to long-lasting complete remission is rather limited, especially in the lymphoma setting. This indicates that tumor cells often develop resistance to the drugs. We started from a marginal zone lymphoma cell line, Karpas-1718, kept under prolonged exposure to the PI3Kδ inhibitor idelalisib until acquisition of resistance, or with no drug. Cells underwent transcriptome, miRNA and methylation profiling, whole-exome sequencing, and pharmacologic screening, which led to the identification of the overexpression of ERBB4 and its ligands HBEGF and NRG2 in the resistant cells. Cellular and genetic experiments demonstrated the involvement of this axis in blocking the antitumor activity of various BTK/PI3K inhibitors, currently used in the clinical setting. Addition of recombinant HBEGF induced resistance to BTK/PI3K inhibitors in parental cells and in additional lymphoma models. Combination with the ERBB inhibitor lapatinib was beneficial in resistant cells and in other lymphoma models already expressing the identified resistance factors. An epigenetic reprogramming sustained the expression of the resistance-related factors, and pretreatment with demethylating agents or EZH2 inhibitors overcame the resistance. Resistance factors were also shown to be expressed in clinical specimens. In conclusion, we showed that the overexpression of ERBB4 and its ligands represents a novel mechanism of resistance for lymphoma cells to bypass the antitumor activity of BTK and PI3K inhibitors and that targeted pharmacologic interventions can restore sensitivity to the small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto J Arribas
- Institute of Oncology Research, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, USI, Bellinzona, Switzerland
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sara Napoli
- Institute of Oncology Research, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, USI, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Luciano Cascione
- Institute of Oncology Research, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, USI, Bellinzona, Switzerland
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laura Barnabei
- Institute of Oncology Research, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, USI, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Giulio Sartori
- Institute of Oncology Research, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, USI, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Eleonora Cannas
- Institute of Oncology Research, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, USI, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Eugenio Gaudio
- Institute of Oncology Research, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, USI, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Chiara Tarantelli
- Institute of Oncology Research, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, USI, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Afua A Mensah
- Institute of Oncology Research, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, USI, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Filippo Spriano
- Institute of Oncology Research, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, USI, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Andrea Rinaldi
- Institute of Oncology Research, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, USI, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Manuel Castro de Moura
- Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Badalona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Sandra Jovic
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | | | - Anastasios Stathis
- Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland, Bellinzona, Switzerland
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, USI, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Georg Stussi
- Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Valter Gattei
- Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano - CRO, Aviano, Italy
| | - Jennifer R Brown
- Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Center, Division of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Manel Esteller
- Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Badalona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Cancer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
- Institucio Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Physiological Sciences Department, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Emanuele Zucca
- Institute of Oncology Research, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, USI, Bellinzona, Switzerland
- Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Davide Rossi
- Institute of Oncology Research, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, USI, Bellinzona, Switzerland
- Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Francesco Bertoni
- Institute of Oncology Research, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, USI, Bellinzona, Switzerland
- Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland, Bellinzona, Switzerland
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3
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Alves LB, Moura AC, Amorim Dos Santos J, Borges GA, Guerra ENS. Pharmacological PI3K inhibition in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: A systematic review. Toxicol In Vitro 2023; 88:105558. [PMID: 36681288 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2023.105558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This systematic review aimed to investigate the in vitro and in vivo effects of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitors on head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Considering the role of PI3K and its downstream effectors in cell proliferation, invasion, and survival, it is reasonable to expect that treatment with PI3K inhibitors could control HNSCC onset and progression. Thus, the research question for our review was whether pharmacological inhibition of PI3K affects HNSCC progression. METHODS In vitro and in vivo studies were selected from six databases. We collected data regarding cell viability, apoptosis, and the regulation of protein expression levels from in vitro studies. For the in vivo studies, we analyzed the reduction in tumor size or gene and protein expression. RESULTS The included studies showed reduced cell proliferation and apoptosis after treatment with PI3K inhibitors. PI3K inhibitors in combination with other drugs had an enhanced anticancer effects compared to those of single-drug treatments. CONCLUSIONS The results support the potential of PI3K inhibitors as candidates for clinical trials in HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- L B Alves
- Laboratory of Oral Histopathology, School of Health Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - A C Moura
- Laboratory of Oral Histopathology, School of Health Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - J Amorim Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Oral Histopathology, School of Health Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - G A Borges
- Department of Oral Medicine and Periodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - E N S Guerra
- Laboratory of Oral Histopathology, School of Health Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil.
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Role of IL-6/STAT3 Axis in Resistance to Cisplatin in Gastric Cancers. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11030694. [PMID: 36979673 PMCID: PMC10044743 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11030694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer, the second most common cause of death worldwide, is characterized by poor prognosis and low responsiveness to chemotherapy. Indeed, multidrug resistance, based mainly on cellular and molecular factors, remains one of the most limiting factors of the current approach to gastric cancer (GC) therapy. We employed a comprehensive gene expression analysis through data mining of publicly available databases to assess the role of the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) in gastric cancer drug efficiency. It has been proposed that gastric cancer cells are less sensitive to these drugs because they develop resistance to these agents through activating alternative signalling pathways responsible for overcoming pharmacological inhibition. Our study evaluated the hypothesis that activating STAT3 signalling in response to cisplatin reduces the reaction to the drug. Consistent with this hypothesis, inhibition of interleukin 6 (IL-6)/STAT3 in combination therapy with cisplatin prevented both STAT3 activation and more lethality than induction by a single agent. The data suggest that the IL-6/STAT3 axis block associated with cisplatin treatment may represent a strategy to overcome resistance.
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5
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Li Q, Tie Y, Alu A, Ma X, Shi H. Targeted therapy for head and neck cancer: signaling pathways and clinical studies. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:31. [PMID: 36646686 PMCID: PMC9842704 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01297-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Head and neck cancer (HNC) is malignant, genetically complex and difficult to treat and is the sixth most frequent cancer, with tobacco, alcohol and human papillomavirus being major risk factors. Based on epigenetic data, HNC is remarkably heterogeneous, and treatment remains challenging. There is a lack of significant improvement in survival and quality of life in patients with HNC. Over half of HNC patients experience locoregional recurrence or distal metastasis despite the current multiple traditional therapeutic strategies and immunotherapy. In addition, resistance to chemotherapy, radiotherapy and some targeted therapies is common. Therefore, it is urgent to explore more effective and tolerable targeted therapies to improve the clinical outcomes of HNC patients. Recent targeted therapy studies have focused on identifying promising biomarkers and developing more effective targeted therapies. A well understanding of the pathogenesis of HNC contributes to learning more about its inner association, which provides novel insight into the development of small molecule inhibitors. In this review, we summarized the vital signaling pathways and discussed the current potential therapeutic targets against critical molecules in HNC, as well as presenting preclinical animal models and ongoing or completed clinical studies about targeted therapy, which may contribute to a more favorable prognosis of HNC. Targeted therapy in combination with other therapies and its limitations were also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingfang Li
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Tie
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Aqu Alu
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuelei Ma
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Huashan Shi
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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6
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Vigoda M, Mathieson C, Evans N, Hale C, Jennings J, Lucero O, Jeng S, Bottomly D, Clayburgh D, Andersen P, Li R, Petrisor D, Tyner JW, McWeeney S, Kulesz-Martin M. Functional proteomics of patient derived head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cells reveal novel applications of trametinib. Cancer Biol Ther 2022; 23:310-318. [PMID: 35343367 PMCID: PMC8966983 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2022.2055420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we report a differential response of mitogen-activated protein kinase–kinase (MEK) inhibitor trametinib in 20 head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) patients’ tumor-derived cell cultures. Relatively sensitive and resistant cases to trametinib were identified using high throughput metabolic assays and validated in extended dose response studies in vitro. High throughput metabolic assays exploring combination therapies with trametinib were subjected to synergy models and maximal synergistic dose analyses. These yielded several candidates, including axtinib, GDC-0032, GSK-690693, and SGX-523. The combination regimen of trametinib and AXL/MET/VEGFR inhibitor glesatinib showed initial efficacy both in vitro and in vivo (92% reduction in tumor volume). Sensitivity was validated in vivo in a patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model in which trametinib as a single agent effected reduction in tumor volume up to 72%. Reverse Phase Protein Arrays (RPPA) demonstrated differentially expressed proteins and phosphoproteins upon trametinib treatment. Furthermore, resistant cell lines showed a compensatory mechanism via increases in MAPK and non-MAPK pathway proteins that may represent targets for future combination regimens. Intrinsic-targeted options have potential to address paucity of medical treatment options for HNSCC cancer patients, enhance response to extrinsic targeted agents, and/or reduce morbidity as neoadjuvant to surgical treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myles Vigoda
- Department of Dermatology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.,Michigan State University College of Osteopathic Medicine, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Chase Mathieson
- Department of Dermatology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Nathaniel Evans
- Division of Bioinformatics & Computational Biology, Department of Medical Informatics and Clinical Epidemiolog, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Carolyn Hale
- Department of Dermatology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Jennifer Jennings
- Department of Dermatology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Olivia Lucero
- Department of Dermatology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.,Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Sophia Jeng
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.,Oregon Clinical and Translational Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Daniel Bottomly
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Daniel Clayburgh
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Operative Care Division, Portland VA Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Peter Andersen
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Operative Care Division, Portland VA Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Ryan Li
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Operative Care Division, Portland VA Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Daniel Petrisor
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Operative Care Division, Portland VA Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Jeffrey W Tyner
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Shannon McWeeney
- Division of Bioinformatics & Computational Biology, Department of Medical Informatics and Clinical Epidemiolog, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Molly Kulesz-Martin
- Department of Dermatology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.,Department of Cell, Developmental & Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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7
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Peng X, Zhang S, Jiao W, Zhong Z, Yang Y, Claret FX, Elkabets M, Wang F, Wang R, Zhong Y, Chen ZS, Kong D. Hydroxychloroquine synergizes with the PI3K inhibitor BKM120 to exhibit antitumor efficacy independent of autophagy. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2021; 40:374. [PMID: 34844627 PMCID: PMC8628289 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-021-02176-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The critical role of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) activation in tumor cell biology has prompted massive efforts to develop PI3K inhibitors (PI3Kis) for cancer therapy. However, recent results from clinical trials have shown only a modest therapeutic efficacy of single-agent PI3Kis in solid tumors. Targeting autophagy has controversial context-dependent effects in cancer treatment. As a FDA-approved lysosomotropic agent, hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) has been well tested as an autophagy inhibitor in preclinical models. Here, we elucidated the novel mechanism of HCQ alone or in combination with PI3Ki BKM120 in the treatment of cancer. METHODS The antitumor effects of HCQ and BKM120 on three different types of tumor cells were assessed by in vitro PrestoBlue assay, colony formation assay and in vivo zebrafish and nude mouse xenograft models. The involved molecular mechanisms were investigated by MDC staining, LC3 puncta formation assay, immunofluorescent assay, flow cytometric analysis of apoptosis and ROS, qRT-PCR, Western blot, comet assay, homologous recombination (HR) assay and immunohistochemical staining. RESULTS HCQ significantly sensitized cancer cells to BKM120 in vitro and in vivo. Interestingly, the sensitization mediated by HCQ could not be phenocopied by treatment with other autophagy inhibitors (Spautin-1, 3-MA and bafilomycin A1) or knockdown of the essential autophagy genes Atg5/Atg7, suggesting that the sensitizing effect might be mediated independent of autophagy status. Mechanistically, HCQ induced ROS production and activated the transcription factor NRF2. In contrast, BKM120 prevented the elimination of ROS by inactivation of NRF2, leading to accumulation of DNA damage. In addition, HCQ activated ATM to enhance HR repair, a high-fidelity repair for DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) in cells, while BKM120 inhibited HR repair by blocking the phosphorylation of ATM and the expression of BRCA1/2 and Rad51. CONCLUSIONS Our study revealed that HCQ and BKM120 synergistically increased DSBs in tumor cells and therefore augmented apoptosis, resulting in enhanced antitumor efficacy. Our findings provide a new insight into how HCQ exhibits antitumor efficacy and synergizes with PI3Ki BKM120, and warn that one should consider the "off target" effects of HCQ when used as autophagy inhibitor in the clinical treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Peng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics, School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China.,Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Diseases (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China.,Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Shaolu Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics, School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China.,Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Diseases (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China.,State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Wenhui Jiao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics, School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China.,Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Diseases (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Zhenxing Zhong
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics, School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China.,Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Diseases (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Yuqi Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, 11439, USA
| | - Francois X Claret
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Moshe Elkabets
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84105, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Ran Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics, School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China. .,Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Diseases (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China.
| | - Yuxu Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Zhe-Sheng Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, 11439, USA.
| | - Dexin Kong
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics, School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China. .,Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Diseases (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China. .,School of Medicine, Tianjin Tianshi College, Tianyuan University, Tianjin, 301700, China.
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8
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Hsieh YT, Tu HF, Yang MH, Chen YF, Lan XY, Huang CL, Chen HM, Li WC. Mitochondrial genome and its regulator TFAM modulates head and neck tumourigenesis through intracellular metabolic reprogramming and activation of oncogenic effectors. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:961. [PMID: 34663785 PMCID: PMC8523524 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-04255-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial transcriptional factor A (TFAM) acts as a key regulatory to control mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA); the impact of TFAM and mtDNA in modulating carcinogenesis is controversial. Current study aims to define TFAM mediated regulations in head and neck cancer (HNC). Multifaceted analyses in HNC cells genetically manipulated for TFAM were performed. Clinical associations of TFAM and mtDNA encoded Electron Transport Chain (ETC) genes in regulating HNC tumourigenesis were also examined in HNC specimens. At cellular level, TFAM silencing led to an enhanced cell growth, motility and chemoresistance whereas enforced TFAM expression significantly reversed these phenotypic changes. These TFAM mediated cellular changes resulted from (1) metabolic reprogramming by directing metabolism towards aerobic glycolysis, based on the detection of less respiratory capacity in accompany with greater lactate production; and/or (2) enhanced ERK1/2-Akt-mTORC-S6 signalling activity in response to TFAM induced mtDNA perturbance. Clinical impacts of TFAM and mtDNA were further defined in carcinogen-induced mouse tongue cancer and clinical human HNC tissues; as the results showed that TFAM and mtDNA expression were significantly dropped in tumour compared with their normal counterparts and negatively correlated with disease progression. Collectively, our data uncovered a tumour-suppressing role of TFAM and mtDNA in determining HNC oncogenicity and potentially paved the way for development of TFAM/mtDNA based scheme for HNC diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ta Hsieh
- Institute of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsi-Feng Tu
- Department of Dentistry, College of Dentistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Dentistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University Hospital, Yilan, Taiwan
| | - Muh-Hwa Yang
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Medical Oncology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Cancer Progression Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Fen Chen
- Institute of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Xiang-Yun Lan
- Institute of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Ling Huang
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics (HTI), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University (PolyU), Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Hsin-Ming Chen
- School of Dentistry and Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Medical College and National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Chun Li
- Institute of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Department of Dentistry, College of Dentistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Cancer Progression Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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9
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The functional GRHL3-filaggrin axis maintains a tumor differentiation potential and influences drug sensitivity. Mol Ther 2021; 29:2571-2582. [PMID: 33775911 PMCID: PMC8353142 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2021.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Current therapies for treating heterogeneous cancers such as head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) are non-selective and are administered independent of response biomarkers. Therapy resistance subsequently emerges, resulting in increased cellular proliferation that is associated with loss of differentiation. Whether a cancer cell differentiation potential can dictate therapy responsiveness is still currently unknown. A multi-omic approach integrating whole-genome and whole-transcriptome sequencing with drug sensitivity was employed in a HNSCC mouse model, primary patients’ data, and human cell lines to assess the potential of functional differentiation in predicting therapy response. Interestingly, a subset of HNSCC with effective GRHL3-dependent differentiation was the most sensitive to inhibitors of PI3K/mTOR, c-Myc, and STAT3 signaling. Furthermore, we identified the GRHL3-differentiation target gene Filaggrin (FLG) as a response biomarker and more importantly, stratified HNSCC subsets as treatment resistant based on their FLG mutational profile. The loss of FLG in sensitive HNSCC resulted in a dramatic resistance to targeted therapies while the GRHL3-FLG signature predicted a favorable patient prognosis. This study provides evidence for a functional GRHL3-FLG tumor-specific differentiation axis that regulates targeted therapy response in HNSCC and establishes a rationale for clinical investigation of differentiation-paired targeted therapy in heterogeneous cancers.
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10
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Xing J, Yang J, Gu Y, Yi J. Research update on the anticancer effects of buparlisib. Oncol Lett 2021; 21:266. [PMID: 33717263 PMCID: PMC7885152 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2021.12527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Buparlisib is a highly efficient and selective PI3K inhibitor and a member of the 2,6-dimorpholinopyrimidine-derived family of compounds. It selectively inhibits four isomers of PI3K, PI3Kα, PI3Kβ, PI3Kγ and PI3Kδ, by competitively binding the lipid kinase domain on adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP), and serves an important role in inhibiting proliferation, promoting apoptosis and blocking angiogenesis, predominantly by antagonizing the PI3K/AKT pathway. Buparlisib has been confirmed to have a clinical effect in patients with solid tumors and hematological malignancies. A global, phase II clinical trial with buparlisib and paclitaxel in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma has now been completed, with a manageable safety profile. Buparlisib currently has fast-track status with the United States Food and Drug Administration. The present review examined the biochemical structure, pharmacokinetic characteristics, preclinical data and ongoing clinical studies of buparlisib. The various mechanisms of influence of buparlisib in tumors, particularly in preclinical research, were summarized, providing a theoretical basis and direction for basic research on and clinical treatment with buparlisib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinshan Xing
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China
| | - Yingjiang Gu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China
| | - Jingyan Yi
- Department of Medical Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China
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11
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Dieters-Castator D, Dantonio PM, Piaseczny M, Zhang G, Liu J, Kuljanin M, Sherman S, Jewer M, Quesnel K, Kang EY, Köbel M, Siegers GM, Leask A, Hess D, Lajoie G, Postovit LM. Embryonic protein NODAL regulates the breast tumor microenvironment by reprogramming cancer-derived secretomes. Neoplasia 2021; 23:375-390. [PMID: 33784590 PMCID: PMC8041663 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2021.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) is an important mediator of breast cancer progression. Cancer-associated fibroblasts constitute a major component of the TME and may originate from tissue-associated fibroblasts or infiltrating mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs). The mechanisms by which cancer cells activate fibroblasts and recruit MSCs to the TME are largely unknown, but likely include deposition of a pro-tumorigenic secretome. The secreted embryonic protein NODAL is clinically associated with breast cancer stage and promotes tumor growth, metastasis, and vascularization. Herein, we show that NODAL expression correlates with the presence of activated fibroblasts in human triple-negative breast cancers and that it directly induces Cancer-associated fibroblasts phenotypes. We further show that NODAL reprograms cancer cell secretomes by simultaneously altering levels of chemokines (e.g., CXCL1), cytokines (e.g., IL-6) and growth factors (e.g., PDGFRA), leading to alterations in MSC chemotaxis. We therefore demonstrate a hitherto unappreciated mechanism underlying the dynamic regulation of the TME.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paola M Dantonio
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Matt Piaseczny
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Guihua Zhang
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Jiahui Liu
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Miljan Kuljanin
- Robarts Research Institute, London, ON, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Stephen Sherman
- Robarts Research Institute, London, ON, Canada; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Michael Jewer
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Western University, London, ON, Canada; Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Katherine Quesnel
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Eun Young Kang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Martin Köbel
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | | | - Andrew Leask
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - David Hess
- Robarts Research Institute, London, ON, Canada; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Gilles Lajoie
- Department of Biochemistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Lynne-Marie Postovit
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada; Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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12
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Akbari Dilmaghani N, Safaroghli-Azar A, Pourbagheri-Sigaroodi A, Bashash D. The PI3K/Akt/mTORC signaling axis in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: Possibilities for therapeutic interventions either as single agents or in combination with conventional therapies. IUBMB Life 2021; 73:618-642. [PMID: 33476088 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The latest advances in the sequencing methods in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) tissues have revolutionized our understanding of the disease by taking off the veil from the most frequent genetic alterations in the components of the oncogenic pathways. Among all the identified alterations, aberrancies in the genes attributed to the phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3K) axis have attracted special attention as they were altered in more than 90% of the tissues isolated from HNSCC patients. In fact, the association between these aberrancies and the increased risk of cancer metastasis suggested this axis as an "Achilles Heel" of HNSCC, which may be therapeutically targeted. The results of the clinical trials investigating the therapeutic potential of the inhibitors targeting the components of the PI3K axis in the treatment of HNSCC patients, either alone or in a combined-modal strategy, opened a new chapter in the treatment strategy of this malignancy. The present study aimed to review the importance of the PI3K axis in the pathogenesis of HNSCC and also provide a piece of information about the breakthroughs and challenges of PI3K inhibitors in the therapeutic strategies of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nader Akbari Dilmaghani
- Hearing Disorders Research Center, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Loghman Hakim Educational Hospital, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ava Safaroghli-Azar
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Atieh Pourbagheri-Sigaroodi
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Davood Bashash
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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13
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Uz U, Eskiizmir G. Association Between Interleukin-6 and Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Systematic Review. Clin Exp Otorhinolaryngol 2021; 14:50-60. [PMID: 33587847 PMCID: PMC7904429 DOI: 10.21053/ceo.2019.00906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a proinflammatory cytokine which plays an important role in several regulatory mechanisms of cancer. Moreover, experimental and clinical studies have reported that IL-6 targeted therapies might provide significant benefits for cancer treatment. The purpose of this systematic review is to evaluate IL-6 activity in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). A systematic review of the association between serum, saliva and tumor IL-6 and HNSCC was developed on PubMed/Medline in the publication range from January 1995 to January 2019. Our literature analysis demonstrated that overexpression and elevated serum and/or saliva IL-6 concentrations in patients with HNSCC are related to poor survival and oncological outcomes. Although there is a correlation between IL-6 concentrations and tumorigenicity, it is noteworthy that IL-6 targeted therapies are generally performed in vitro and in experimental studies. Therefore, prospective, randomized clinical trials are required that focus on IL-6 targeted therapies for the treatment of HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uzdan Uz
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Izmir Bozyaka Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Görkem Eskiizmir
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Manisa Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey
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14
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Shishido K, Kuroishi T, Sugawara S. P2 purinergic receptor signaling and interleukin-1 synergistically induce interleukin-6 production in a human oral squamous carcinoma cell line. J Oral Biosci 2021; 63:80-90. [PMID: 33497843 DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2021.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to investigate the inflammatory roles of P2 purinergic receptor (P2R) signaling in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). METHODS Human OSCC cell lines HSC-2, Ca9-22, and HO-1-u-1 were stimulated with P2R agonists. The concentration of interleukin (IL)-6 in culture supernatants was measured using an enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay. Expression levels of messenger RNAs (mRNAs) were analyzed using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Phosphorylation of intracellular signaling molecules was analyzed using western blotting. RESULTS HSC-2 cells expressed the mRNAs for P2X4-6 and all P2YRs. ATP or ADP induced significantly greater production of IL-6 by HSC-2 cells. Ca9-22 cells expressed mRNAs for P2X4-6 and all P2YRs except P2Y4. ATP or ADP induced the production of IL-6 by Ca9-22 cells, but the IL-6 concentration was much lower than that in HSC-2 cells. Although HO-1-u-1 cells expressed the mRNAs for P2X4-6 and all P2YRs, ATP or ADP did not induce IL-6 production. The production of IL-6 by HSC-2 cells stimulated with adenine nucleotides was significantly inhibited by P2R antagonists and a p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitor, but not by extracellular signal-related kinase or c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitors. The proinflammatory cytokine IL-1 significantly augmented P2R-induced IL-6 production by HSC-2 cells via the nuclear factor-κB signaling pathway. CONCLUSIONS The present study suggests that P2Rs signaling and IL-1 synergistically induce chronic inflammation in OSCC. Because chronic inflammation is a well-known driving force of tumor progression, these results support therapeutic strategies that target P2Rs signaling in OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Shishido
- Division of Oral Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan; Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Toshinobu Kuroishi
- Division of Oral Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan.
| | - Shunji Sugawara
- Division of Oral Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan
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15
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Zhou W, Su Y, Zhang Y, Han B, Liu H, Wang X. Endothelial Cells Promote Docetaxel Resistance of Prostate Cancer Cells by Inducing ERG Expression and Activating Akt/mTOR Signaling Pathway. Front Oncol 2021; 10:584505. [PMID: 33425737 PMCID: PMC7793734 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.584505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Docetaxel is a first-line chemotherapy for the treatment of patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Despite the good initial response of docetaxel, drug resistance will inevitably occur. Mechanisms underlying docetaxel resistance are not well elaborated. Endothelial cells (ECs) have been implicated in the progression and metastasis of prostate cancer. However, little attention has been paid to the role of endothelial cells in the development of docetaxel resistance in prostate cancer. Here, we sought to investigate the function and mechanism of endothelial cells involving in the docetaxel resistance of prostate cancer. We found that endothelial cells significantly promoted the proliferation of prostate cancer cells and decreased their sensitivity to docetaxel. Mechanistically, basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF2) secreted by endothelial cells leads to the upregulation of ETS related gene (ERG) expression and activation of the Akt/mTOR signaling pathway in prostate cancer cells to promote docetaxel resistance. In summary, these findings demonstrate a microenvironment-dependent mechanism mediating chemoresistance of prostate cancer and suggest that targeting FGF/FGFR signaling might represent a promising therapeutic strategy to overcome docetaxel resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhao Zhou
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiming Su
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bangmin Han
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Haitao Liu
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaohai Wang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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16
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Human cytomegalovirus protein UL136 activates the IL-6/STAT3 signal through MiR-138 and MiR-34c in gastric cancer cells. Int J Clin Oncol 2020; 25:1936-1944. [PMID: 32959231 DOI: 10.1007/s10147-020-01749-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accumulating evidences have indicated that human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) may link to multiple human malignancies, including gastric cancer. However, the mechanistic role of HCMV in GC remains largely unknown. METHODS In this study, we have successfully established HCMV latent gene UL-136-expressing gastric cancer cells. We measured cell proliferation of GC cells, MNK-45 and SGC-7901, with stable UL136 expression or paired control cells by using CCK-8 assay. We have showed that GC cells with stable UL136 expression had a rapid cell growth. Furthermore, our data from matrigel-coated transwell assay have demonstrated that UL136 expressing GC cells showed an enhanced invasion capacity compared to control cells. Furthermore, ectopic expression of UL136 inhibits tumorigenicity in an animal model. RESULTS We observed that IL-6/STAT3 was stimulated by UL136 overexpression. Also, miR-138 is consistently up-regulated, while miR-34 down-regulated by UL136 in either MNK-45 or SGC-7901 cells. Our mechanistic study showed that treatment of miR-138 mimics in MNK-45 cells indeed inhibited SIRT1 expression to increase phosphorylation level of STAT3. MiR-34c suppressed expression of IL6R through direct binding with the putative 3'UTR binding sites of this gene. UL136 regulate IL6/STAT3 pathway, at least in part, through down-regulation of miR-34c in GC cells. CONCLUSION In conclusion, HCMV-induced miR-34c or miR-138 involves in the activation of IL6/STAT3 signaling. Targeting the IL6-STAT3 axis or miRNAs represent a promising strategy for HCMV-related tumor formation.
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17
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Ruicci KM, Meens J, Plantinga P, Stecho W, Pinto N, Yoo J, Fung K, MacNeil D, Mymryk JS, Barrett JW, Howlett CJ, Boutros PC, Ailles L, Nichols AC. TAM family receptors in conjunction with MAPK signalling are involved in acquired resistance to PI3Kα inhibition in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2020; 39:217. [PMID: 33059733 PMCID: PMC7559997 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-020-01713-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Background Aberrant activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway is common in many malignancies, including head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Despite pre-clinical and clinical studies, outcomes from targeting the PI3K pathway have been underwhelming and the development of drug resistance poses a significant barrier to patient treatment. In the present study, we examined mechanisms of acquired resistance to the PI3Kα inhibitor alpelisib (formerly BYL719) in HNSCC cell lines and patient-derived xenografts (PDXs). Methods Five unique PDX mouse models and three HNSCC cell lines were used. All cell lines and xenografts underwent genomic characterization prior to study. Serial drug treatment was conducted in vitro and in vivo to develop multiple, clinically-significant models of resistance to alpelisib. We then used reverse phase protein arrays (RPPAs) to profile the expression of proteins in parental and drug-resistant models. Top hits were validated by immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry. Flow cytometric analysis and RNA interference studies were then used to interrogate the molecular mechanisms underlying acquired drug resistance. Results Prolonged treatment with alpelisib led to upregulation of TAM family receptor tyrosine kinases TYRO3 and AXL. Importantly, a significant shift in expression of both TYRO3 and AXL to the cell surface was detected in drug-resistant cells. Targeted knockdown of TYRO3 and AXL effectively re-sensitized resistant cells to PI3Kα inhibition. In vivo, resistance to alpelisib emerged following 20–35 days of treatment in all five PDX models. Elevated TYRO3 expression was detected in drug-resistant PDX tissues. Downstream of TYRO3 and AXL, we identified activation of intracellular MAPK signalling. Inhibition of MAPK signalling also re-sensitized drug-resistant cells to alpelisib. Conclusions We have identified TYRO3 and AXL receptors to be key mediators of resistance to alpelisib, both in vitro and in vivo. Our findings suggest that pan-TAM inhibition is a promising avenue for combinatorial or second-line therapy alongside PI3Kα inhibition. These findings advance our understanding of the role TAM receptors play in modulating the response of HNSCC to PI3Kα inhibition and suggest a means to prevent, or at least delay, resistance to PI3Kα inhibition in order to improve outcomes for HNSCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara M Ruicci
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, Room B3-431A, 800 Commissioners Road East, London, ON, N6A 5W9, Canada.,Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Jalna Meens
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Paul Plantinga
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - William Stecho
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Nicole Pinto
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, Room B3-431A, 800 Commissioners Road East, London, ON, N6A 5W9, Canada
| | - John Yoo
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, Room B3-431A, 800 Commissioners Road East, London, ON, N6A 5W9, Canada.,Department of Oncology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Kevin Fung
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, Room B3-431A, 800 Commissioners Road East, London, ON, N6A 5W9, Canada.,Department of Oncology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Danielle MacNeil
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, Room B3-431A, 800 Commissioners Road East, London, ON, N6A 5W9, Canada.,Department of Oncology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Joe S Mymryk
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, Room B3-431A, 800 Commissioners Road East, London, ON, N6A 5W9, Canada.,Department of Oncology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - John W Barrett
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, Room B3-431A, 800 Commissioners Road East, London, ON, N6A 5W9, Canada
| | - Christopher J Howlett
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Paul C Boutros
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Institute for Precision Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Centre, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Laurie Ailles
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Anthony C Nichols
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, Room B3-431A, 800 Commissioners Road East, London, ON, N6A 5W9, Canada. .,Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada. .,Department of Oncology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada.
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18
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High salt diet may promote progression of breast tumor through eliciting immune response. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 87:106816. [PMID: 32721893 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Dietary patterns are believed to regulate tumor progression by altering the tumor microenvironment. Of note, a high salt diet is a risk factor for various diseases. However, the role of high salt intake in the progression of cancers remains unknown. METHODS We constructed an in vivo high salt diet model in MMTV-PyVT mice with spontaneous tumor-forming properties to explore the role of a high salt diet in the progression of breast cancer as well as the modulation of the tumor microenvironment. Also, in vitro experiments were performed to understand the mechanism. RESULTS High salt diet accelerated the development (P < 0.05) and lung metastasis (P < 0.05) of breast cancer in MMTV-PyVT mice, compared to the normal diet model. Moreover, higher frequency of Th17 cells in circulation, tumor tissue and draining lymph node tissue were observed in the high salt diet model (P < 0.05 for all). In vitro, co-culture with Th17 cells facilitated the proliferation, migration and invasion of MCF-7 human breast cancer cells, while these enhanced aggressive behaviors could be reversed by application of 1,25-vitamin D3 which could inhibit the differentiation of Th17 cells (P < 0.001 for all). In vitro, co-culture with Th17 cells activated MAPK signaling in MCF-7 cells (P < 0.001 for all). Consistently, activated MAPK/ERK signaling was observed by immunohistochemistry in breast cancer cell nodes in the high salt diet model (P < 0.05 for all). Mechanistically, higher level of IL-17F could be detected in breast tumors and serum from the high salt diet model through qRT-PCR and ELISA (P < 0.05 for all). IL-17F treatment facilitated the proliferation, migration and invasion of MCF-7 human breast cancer cells and activated MAPK/ERK signaling in MCF-7 cells (P < 0.001 for all). Moreover, the tumor-promoting function induced by Th17 cells and IL-17F could be inhibited by the administration of ERK inhibitor (sch772894) (P < 0.001 for all). Lastly, high concentration NaCl-induced Th17 cells promoted the proliferation, migration and invasion of MCF-7 human breast cancer cells and activated MAPK/ERK signaling in MCF-7 cells which could be inhibited by neutralizing anti-IL-17F (P < 0.001 for all). CONCLUSION High salt intake accelerates the growth of breast cancer and facilitates lung metastasis, as well as increases the level of Th17 cells. Increased Th17 cells might promote the growth of breast cancer via the secretion of IL-17F to activate the MAPK signaling pathway in breast cancer cells.
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19
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Kim YJ, Baek DS, Lee S, Park D, Kang HN, Cho BC, Kim YS. Dual-targeting of EGFR and Neuropilin-1 attenuates resistance to EGFR-targeted antibody therapy in KRAS-mutant non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Lett 2019; 466:23-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2019.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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20
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Sun T, Ju M, Dai X, Dong H, Gu W, Gao Y, Fu R, Liu X, Huang Y, Liu W, Ch Y, Wang W, Li H, Zhou Y, Shi L, Yang R, Zhang L. Multilevel defects in the hematopoietic niche in essential thrombocythemia. Haematologica 2019; 105:661-673. [PMID: 31289202 PMCID: PMC7049349 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2018.213686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of the bone marrow niche in essential thrombocythemia (ET) remains unclear. Here, we observed multilevel defects in the hematopoietic niche of patients with JAK2V617F-positive ET, including functional deficiency in mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC), immune imbalance, and sympathetic-nerve damage. Mesenchymal stromal cells from patients with JAK2V617F-positive essential thrombocythemia had a transformed transcriptome. In parallel, they showed enhanced proliferation, decreased apoptosis and senescence, attenuated ability to differentiate into adipocytes and osteocytes, and insufficient support for normal hematopoiesis. Additionally, they were inefficient in suppressing immune responses. For instance, they poorly inhibited proliferation and activation of CD4-positive T cells and the secretion of the inflammatory factor soluble CD40-ligand. They also poorly induced formation of mostly immunosuppressive T-helper 2 cells (Th2) and the secretion of the anti-inflammatory factor interleukin-4 (IL-4). Furthermore, we identified WDR4 as a potent protein with low expression and which was correlated with increased proliferation, reduced senescence and differentiation, and insufficient support for normal hematopoiesis in MSC from patients with JAK2V617F-positive ET. We also observed that loss of WDR4 in MSC cells downregulated the interleukin-6 (IL-6) level through the ERK–GSK3β–CREB signaling based on our in vitro studies. Altogether, our results show that multilevel changes occur in the bone marrow niche of patients with JAK2V617F-positive ET, and low expression of WDR4 in MSC may be critical for inducing hematopoietic related changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology.,Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin
| | - Mankai Ju
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology.,Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin
| | - Xinyue Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology
| | - Huan Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology
| | - Wenjing Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology
| | - Yuchen Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology
| | - Rongfeng Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology.,Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin.,Tianjin Laboratory of Blood Disease Gene Therapy.,CAMS Key Laboratory of Gene Therapy for Blood Diseases
| | - Xiaofan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology.,Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin.,Tianjin Laboratory of Blood Disease Gene Therapy.,CAMS Key Laboratory of Gene Therapy for Blood Diseases
| | - Yueting Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology.,Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin.,Tianjin Laboratory of Blood Disease Gene Therapy.,CAMS Key Laboratory of Gene Therapy for Blood Diseases
| | - Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology.,Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin.,Tianjin Laboratory of Blood Disease Gene Therapy.,CAMS Key Laboratory of Gene Therapy for Blood Diseases
| | - Ying Ch
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology.,Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin.,Tianjin Laboratory of Blood Disease Gene Therapy.,CAMS Key Laboratory of Gene Therapy for Blood Diseases
| | - Wentian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology.,Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin.,Tianjin Laboratory of Blood Disease Gene Therapy.,CAMS Key Laboratory of Gene Therapy for Blood Diseases
| | - Huiyuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology.,Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin.,Tianjin Laboratory of Blood Disease Gene Therapy.,CAMS Key Laboratory of Gene Therapy for Blood Diseases
| | - Yuan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology.,Tianjin Laboratory of Blood Disease Gene Therapy.,PUMC Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Lihong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology .,Tianjin Laboratory of Blood Disease Gene Therapy.,CAMS Center for Stem Cell Medicine.,PUMC Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Renchi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology .,National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases.,Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin.,Tianjin Laboratory of Blood Disease Gene Therapy.,CAMS Key Laboratory of Gene Therapy for Blood Diseases.,CAMS Center for Stem Cell Medicine
| | - Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology .,National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases.,Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin.,Tianjin Laboratory of Blood Disease Gene Therapy.,CAMS Key Laboratory of Gene Therapy for Blood Diseases.,CAMS Center for Stem Cell Medicine.,PUMC Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Tianjin, China
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21
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Salaroglio IC, Mungo E, Gazzano E, Kopecka J, Riganti C. ERK is a Pivotal Player of Chemo-Immune-Resistance in Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20102505. [PMID: 31117237 PMCID: PMC6566596 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20102505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular signal-related kinases (ERKs) act as pleiotropic molecules in tumors, where they activate pro-survival pathways leading to cell proliferation and migration, as well as modulate apoptosis, differentiation, and senescence. Given its central role as sensor of extracellular signals, ERK transduction system is widely exploited by cancer cells subjected to environmental stresses, such as chemotherapy and anti-tumor activity of the host immune system. Aggressive tumors have a tremendous ability to adapt and survive in stressing and unfavorable conditions. The simultaneous resistance to chemotherapy and immune system responses is common, and ERK signaling plays a key role in both types of resistance. In this review, we dissect the main ERK-dependent mechanisms and feedback circuitries that simultaneously determine chemoresistance and immune-resistance/immune-escape in cancer cells. We discuss the pros and cons of targeting ERK signaling to induce chemo-immune-sensitization in refractory tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris C Salaroglio
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, via Santena 5/bis, 10126 Torino, Italy.
| | - Eleonora Mungo
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, via Santena 5/bis, 10126 Torino, Italy.
| | - Elena Gazzano
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, via Santena 5/bis, 10126 Torino, Italy.
| | - Joanna Kopecka
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, via Santena 5/bis, 10126 Torino, Italy.
| | - Chiara Riganti
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, via Santena 5/bis, 10126 Torino, Italy.
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22
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Liu J, Hong J, Ahn KS, Go J, Han H, Park J, Kim D, Park H, Koh Y, Shin DY, Yoon SS. ERK-dependent IL-6 positive feedback loop mediates resistance against a combined treatment using danusertib and BKM120 in Burkitt lymphoma cell lines. Leuk Lymphoma 2019; 60:2532-2540. [DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2019.1594211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Liu
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Junshik Hong
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Junhyeok Go
- PDXen Biosystems Co, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Heejoo Han
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihyun Park
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongchan Kim
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyejoo Park
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngil Koh
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Yeop Shin
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Soo Yoon
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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23
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Notarangelo T, Sisinni L, Trino S, Calice G, Simeon V, Landriscina M. IL6/STAT3 axis mediates resistance to BRAF inhibitors in thyroid carcinoma cells. Cancer Lett 2018; 433:147-155. [PMID: 29969659 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid carcinomas (TCs) bearing BRAF mutations represent approximately 26-53% of human thyroid malignancies and, differently from melanomas, are poorly sensitive to BRAF inhibitors (BRAFi), and develop acquired resistance through activation of alternative signaling pathways. A whole-genome gene expression analysis of TC BRAF V600E cells exposed to PLX4032 identified JAK/STAT among the most significantly modulated signaling pathways. Interestingly, both transient exposure and chronic adaptation to PLX4032 resulted in upregulation of IL6/STAT3 axis and this impaired the cytostatic activity of PLX4032. Mechanistically, exposure to PLX4032 enhanced IL6 secretion and this, in turn, was responsible for STAT3 upregulation, activation of ERK signaling and poor sensitivity to BRAF inhibition. Consistently, the dual blockade of STAT3 (by siRNA or pharmacological inhibition) or IL6 signaling (by the humanized anti-human IL6 receptor antibody, tocilizumab) and BRAF (by PLX4032) improved the inhibition of cell cycle progression compared to PLX4032 single agent. These data support the role of IL6/STAT3 signaling pathway in modulating TC cell response to PLX4032 and candidate IL6 targeting as a strategy to improve the activity of PLX4032 in BRAF V600E TC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Notarangelo
- Laboratory of Pre-Clinical and Translational Research, IRCCS, Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata, Rionero in Vulture, PZ, Italy
| | - Lorenza Sisinni
- Laboratory of Pre-Clinical and Translational Research, IRCCS, Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata, Rionero in Vulture, PZ, Italy
| | - Stefania Trino
- Laboratory of Pre-Clinical and Translational Research, IRCCS, Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata, Rionero in Vulture, PZ, Italy
| | - Giovanni Calice
- Laboratory of Pre-Clinical and Translational Research, IRCCS, Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata, Rionero in Vulture, PZ, Italy
| | - Vittorio Simeon
- Laboratory of Pre-Clinical and Translational Research, IRCCS, Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata, Rionero in Vulture, PZ, Italy; Medical Statistics Unit, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Matteo Landriscina
- Laboratory of Pre-Clinical and Translational Research, IRCCS, Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata, Rionero in Vulture, PZ, Italy; Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy.
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