1
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Le Brun AP, Gilbert EP. Advances in sample environments for neutron scattering for colloid and interface science. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 327:103141. [PMID: 38631095 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2024.103141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
This review describes recent advances in sample environments across the full complement of applicable neutron scattering techniques to colloid and interface science. Temperature, pressure, flow, tensile testing, ultrasound, chemical reactions, IR/visible/UV light, confinement, humidity and electric and magnetic field application, as well as tandem X-ray methods, are all addressed. Consideration for material choices in sample environments and data acquisition methods are also covered as well as discussion of current and potential future use of machine learning and artificial intelligence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton P Le Brun
- Australian Centre for Neutron Scattering, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), New Illawarra Road, Lucas Heights, NSW 2234, Australia
| | - Elliot Paul Gilbert
- Australian Centre for Neutron Scattering, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), New Illawarra Road, Lucas Heights, NSW 2234, Australia.
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2
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Reus MA, Reb LK, Kosbahn DP, Roth SV, Müller-Buschbaum P. INSIGHT: in situ heuristic tool for the efficient reduction of grazing-incidence X-ray scattering data. J Appl Crystallogr 2024; 57:509-528. [PMID: 38596722 PMCID: PMC11001412 DOI: 10.1107/s1600576723011159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
INSIGHT is a Python-based software tool for processing and reducing 2D grazing-incidence wide- and small-angle X-ray scattering (GIWAXS/GISAXS) data. It offers the geometric transformation of the 2D GIWAXS/GISAXS detector image to reciprocal space, including vectorized and parallelized pixel-wise intensity correction calculations. An explicit focus on efficient data management and batch processing enables full control of large time-resolved synchrotron and laboratory data sets for a detailed analysis of kinetic GIWAXS/GISAXS studies of thin films. It processes data acquired with arbitrarily rotated detectors and performs vertical, horizontal, azimuthal and radial cuts in reciprocal space. It further allows crystallographic indexing and GIWAXS pattern simulation, and provides various plotting and export functionalities. Customized scripting offers a one-step solution to reduce, process, analyze and export findings of large in situ and operando data sets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel A. Reus
- Chair for Functional Materials, Department of Physics, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Lennart K. Reb
- Chair for Functional Materials, Department of Physics, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - David P. Kosbahn
- Chair for Functional Materials, Department of Physics, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Stephan V. Roth
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Teknikringen 56–58, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Müller-Buschbaum
- Chair for Functional Materials, Department of Physics, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
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3
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Jung FA, Papadakis CM. Strategy to simulate and fit 2D grazing-incidence small-angle X-ray scattering patterns of nanostructured thin films. J Appl Crystallogr 2023; 56:1330-1347. [PMID: 37791363 PMCID: PMC10543672 DOI: 10.1107/s1600576723006520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Grazing-incidence small-angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS) is a widely used method for the characterization of the nanostructure of supported thin films and enables time-resolved in situ measurements. The 2D scattering patterns contain detailed information about the nanostructures within the film and at its surface. However, this information is distorted not only by the reflection of the X-ray beam at the substrate-film interface and its refraction at the film surface but also by scattering of the substrate, the sample holder and other types of parasitic background scattering. In this work, a new, efficient strategy to simulate and fit 2D GISAXS patterns that explicitly includes these effects is introduced and demonstrated for (i) a model case nanostructured thin film on a substrate and (ii) experimental data from a microphase-separated block copolymer thin film. To make the protocol efficient, characteristic linecuts through the 2D GISAXS patterns, where the different contributions dominate, are analysed. The contributions of the substrate and the parasitic background scattering - which ideally are measured separately - are determined first and are used in the analysis of the 2D GISAXS patterns of the nanostructured, supported film. The nanostructures at the film surface and within the film are added step by step to the real-space model of the simulation, and their structural parameters are determined by minimizing the difference between simulated and experimental scattering patterns in the selected linecuts. Although in the present work the strategy is adapted for and tested with BornAgain, it can be easily used with other types of simulation software. The strategy is also applicable to grazing-incidence small-angle neutron scattering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian A. Jung
- TUM School of Natural Sciences, Physics Department, Soft Matter Physics Group, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Straße 1, Garching 85748, Germany
| | - Christine M. Papadakis
- TUM School of Natural Sciences, Physics Department, Soft Matter Physics Group, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Straße 1, Garching 85748, Germany
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4
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Benselfelt T, Kummer N, Nordenström M, Fall AB, Nyström G, Wågberg L. The Colloidal Properties of Nanocellulose. CHEMSUSCHEM 2023; 16:e202201955. [PMID: 36650954 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202201955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Nanocelluloses are anisotropic nanoparticles of semicrystalline assemblies of glucan polymers. They have great potential as renewable building blocks in the materials platform of a more sustainable society. As a result, the research on nanocellulose has grown exponentially over the last decades. To fully utilize the properties of nanocelluloses, a fundamental understanding of their colloidal behavior is necessary. As elongated particles with dimensions in a critical nanosize range, their colloidal properties are complex, with several behaviors not covered by classical theories. In this comprehensive Review, we describe the most prominent colloidal behaviors of nanocellulose by combining experimental data and theoretical descriptions. We discuss the preparation and characterization of nanocellulose dispersions, how they form networks at low concentrations, how classical theories cannot describe their behavior, and how they interact with other colloids. We then show examples of how scientists can use this fundamental knowledge to control the assembly of nanocellulose into new materials with exceptional properties. We hope aspiring and established researchers will use this Review as a guide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Benselfelt
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nico Kummer
- Laboratory for Cellulose & Wood Materials, Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Malin Nordenström
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Gustav Nyström
- Laboratory for Cellulose & Wood Materials, Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Lars Wågberg
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
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5
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Causer GL, Chacon A, Heinemann A, Pfleiderer C. Small-angle neutron scattering of long-wavelength magnetic modulations in reduced sample dimensions. J Appl Crystallogr 2023; 56:26-35. [PMID: 36777147 PMCID: PMC9901922 DOI: 10.1107/s1600576722010755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetic small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) is ideally suited to providing direct reciprocal-space information on long-wavelength magnetic modulations, such as helicoids, solitons, merons or skyrmions. SANS of such structures in thin films or micro-structured bulk materials is strongly limited by the tiny scattering volume vis a vis the prohibitively high background scattering by the substrate and support structures. Considering near-surface scattering just above the critical angle of reflection, where unwanted signal contributions due to substrate or support structures become very small, it is established that the scattering patterns of the helical, conical, skyrmion lattice and fluctuation-disordered phases in a polished bulk sample of MnSi are equivalent for conventional transmission and near-surface SANS geometries. This motivates the prediction of a complete repository of scattering patterns expected for thin films in the near-surface SANS geometry for each orientation of the magnetic order with respect to the scattering plane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace L. Causer
- Physik-Department, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Straße 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany,Correspondence e-mail:
| | - Alfonso Chacon
- Physik-Department, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Straße 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - André Heinemann
- Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), Technical University of Munich, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Christian Pfleiderer
- Physik-Department, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Straße 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany,Centre for Quantum Engineering (ZQE), Technical University of Munich, D-85748 Garching, Germany,Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology (MCQST), Technical University of Munich, D-85748 Garching, Germany
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Paracini N, Gutfreund P, Welbourn R, Gonzalez-Martinez JF, Zhu K, Miao Y, Yepuri N, Darwish TA, Garvey C, Waldie S, Larsson J, Wolff M, Cárdenas M. Structural Characterization of Nanoparticle-Supported Lipid Bilayer Arrays by Grazing Incidence X-ray and Neutron Scattering. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:3772-3780. [PMID: 36625710 PMCID: PMC9880997 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c18956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Arrays of nanoparticle-supported lipid bilayers (nanoSLB) are lipid-coated nanopatterned interfaces that provide a platform to study curved model biological membranes using surface-sensitive techniques. We combined scattering techniques with direct imaging, to gain access to sub-nanometer scale structural information on stable nanoparticle monolayers assembled on silicon crystals in a noncovalent manner using a Langmuir-Schaefer deposition. The structure of supported lipid bilayers formed on the nanoparticle arrays via vesicle fusion was investigated using a combination of grazing incidence X-ray and neutron scattering techniques complemented by fluorescence microscopy imaging. Ordered nanoparticle assemblies were shown to be suitable and stable substrates for the formation of curved and fluid lipid bilayers that retained lateral mobility, as shown by fluorescence recovery after photobleaching and quartz crystal microbalance measurements. Neutron reflectometry revealed the formation of high-coverage lipid bilayers around the spherical particles together with a flat lipid bilayer on the substrate below the nanoparticles. The presence of coexisting flat and curved supported lipid bilayers on the same substrate, combined with the sub-nanometer accuracy and isotopic sensitivity of grazing incidence neutron scattering, provides a promising novel approach to investigate curvature-dependent membrane phenomena on supported lipid bilayers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolò Paracini
- Department
for Biomedical Science and Biofilms − Research Center for Biointerfaces,
Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö
University, 205 06Malmö, Sweden
| | | | - Rebecca Welbourn
- ISIS
Neutron & Muon Source, STFC, Rutherford
Appleton Laboratory, Harwell, OxfordshireOX11 0QX, U.K.
| | - Juan Francisco Gonzalez-Martinez
- Department
for Biomedical Science and Biofilms − Research Center for Biointerfaces,
Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö
University, 205 06Malmö, Sweden
| | - Kexin Zhu
- School
of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological
University, 639798Singapore
| | - Yansong Miao
- School
of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological
University, 639798Singapore
| | - Nageshwar Yepuri
- National
Deuteration Facility, Australian Nuclear
Science and Technology Organization (ANSTO), Lucas Heights, NSW2234, Australia
| | - Tamim A. Darwish
- National
Deuteration Facility, Australian Nuclear
Science and Technology Organization (ANSTO), Lucas Heights, NSW2234, Australia
| | - Christopher Garvey
- Heinz
Maier-Leibnitz
Zentrum (MLZ), Technische Universität
München, Lichtenbergstraβe 1, 85748Garching, Germany
| | - Sarah Waldie
- Department
for Biomedical Science and Biofilms − Research Center for Biointerfaces,
Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö
University, 205 06Malmö, Sweden
| | - Johan Larsson
- Department
for Biomedical Science and Biofilms − Research Center for Biointerfaces,
Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö
University, 205 06Malmö, Sweden
| | - Max Wolff
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, 751 20Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Marité Cárdenas
- Department
for Biomedical Science and Biofilms − Research Center for Biointerfaces,
Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö
University, 205 06Malmö, Sweden
- School
of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological
University, 639798Singapore
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7
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Smilgies D. GISAXS
: A versatile tool to assess structure and self‐assembly kinetics in block copolymer thin films. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Detlef‐M. Smilgies
- Center for Advanced Microelectronics Manufacturing (CAMM) Binghamton University Binghamton New York USA
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Binghamton University Binghamton New York USA
- Materials Science and Engineering Program Binghamton University Binghamton New York USA
- R.F. Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Cornell University Ithaca New York USA
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8
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Bodnarchuk VI, Boulkin AP, Kravtsov EA, Pleshanov NK, Syromyatnikov VG, Ul’yanov VA. Neutron Reflectometry in Russia: Current State and Prospects. CRYSTALLOGR REP+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1063774522010047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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9
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Caselli L, Ridolfi A, Mangiapia G, Maltoni P, Moulin JF, Berti D, Steinke NJ, Gustafsson E, Nylander T, Montis C. Interaction of nanoparticles with lipid films: the role of symmetry and shape anisotropy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 24:2762-2776. [PMID: 34647947 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp03201a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The bioactivity, biological fate and cytotoxicity of nanomaterials when they come into contact with living organisms are determined by their interaction with biomacromolecules and biological barriers. In this context, the role of symmetry/shape anisotropy of both the nanomaterials and biological interfaces in their mutual interaction, is a relatively unaddressed issue. Here, we study the interaction of gold nanoparticles (NPs) of different shapes (nanospheres and nanorods) with biomimetic membranes of different morphology, i.e. flat membranes (2D symmetry, representative of the most common plasma membrane geometry), and cubic membranes (3D symmetry, representative of non-lamellar membranes, found in Nature under certain biological conditions). For this purpose we used an ensemble of complementary structural techniques, including Neutron Reflectometry, Grazing Incidence Small-Angle Neutron Scattering, on a nanometer lengthscale and Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy on a micrometer length scale. We found that the structural stability of the membrane towards NPs is dependent on the topological characteristic of the lipid assembly and of the NPs, where a higher symmetry gave higher stability. In addition, Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy analyses highlighted that NPs interact with cubic and lamellar phases according to two distinct mechanisms, related to the different structures of the lipid assemblies. This study for the first time systematically addresses the role of NPs shape in the interaction with lipid assemblies with different symmetry. The results will contribute to improve the fundamental knowledge on lipid interfaces and will provide new insights on the biological function of phase transitions as a response strategy to the exposure of NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucrezia Caselli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florence and CSGI, Florence, Italy.
| | - Andrea Ridolfi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florence and CSGI, Florence, Italy. .,ISMN-CNR and CSGI, Bologna, Italy
| | - Gaetano Mangiapia
- German Engineering Materials Science Centre (GEMS) at Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Lichtenbergstr. 1, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany
| | | | - Jean-François Moulin
- German Engineering Materials Science Centre (GEMS) at Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Lichtenbergstr. 1, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Debora Berti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florence and CSGI, Florence, Italy.
| | | | - Emil Gustafsson
- Department of Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tommy Nylander
- Department of Chemistry, Physical Chemistry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden. .,NanoLund, Lund University, Lund (Sweden, Lund Institute of Advanced Neutron and X-Ray Science - LINXS), Lund, Sweden
| | - Costanza Montis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florence and CSGI, Florence, Italy.
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10
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Π-GISANS: probing lateral structures with a fan shaped beam. Sci Rep 2021; 11:17786. [PMID: 34493764 PMCID: PMC8423805 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97112-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We have performed grazing incidence neutron small angle scattering using a fan shaped incident beam focused along one dimension. This allows significantly reduced counting times for measurements of lateral correlations parallel to an interface or in a thin film where limited depth resolution is required. We resolve the structure factor of iron inclusions in aluminium oxide and show that the ordering of silica particles deposited on a silicon substrate depends on their size. We report hexagonal packing for 50 nm but not for 200 nm silica spheres deposited by a modified Langmuir-Schaefer method on a silicon substrate. For the 200 nm particles we extract the particles shape from the form factor. Moreover, we report dense packing of the particles spread on a free water surface. We name this method π-GISANS to highlight that it differs from GISANS as it gives lateral information while averaging the in-depth structure.
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11
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Buyruk A, Blätte D, Günther M, Scheel MA, Hartmann NF, Döblinger M, Weis A, Hartschuh A, Müller-Buschbaum P, Bein T, Ameri T. 1,10-Phenanthroline as an Efficient Bifunctional Passivating Agent for MAPbI 3 Perovskite Solar Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:32894-32905. [PMID: 34240843 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c05055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Passivation is one of the most promising concepts to heal defects created at the surface and grain boundaries of polycrystalline perovskite thin films, which significantly deteriorate the photovoltaic performance and stability of corresponding devices. Here, 1,10-phenanthroline, known as a bidentate chelating ligand, is implemented between the methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI3) film and the hole-transport layer for both passivating the lead-based surface defects (undercoordinated lead ions) and converting the excess/unreacted lead iodide (PbI2) buried at interfaces, which is problematic for the long-term stability, into "neutralized" and beneficial species (PbI2(1,10-phen)x, x = 1, 2) for efficient hole transfer at the modified interface. The defect healing ability of 1,10-phenanthroline is verified with a set of complementary techniques including photoluminescence (steady-state and time-resolved), space-charge-limited current (SCLC) measurements, light intensity dependent JV measurements, and Fourier-transform photocurrent spectroscopy (FTPS). In addition to these analytical methods, we employ advanced X-ray scattering techniques, nano-Fourier transform infrared (nano-FTIR) spectroscopy, and high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF-STEM) to further analyze the structure and chemical composition at the perovskite surface after treatment at nanoscale spatial resolution. On the basis of our experimental results, we conclude that 1,10-phenanthroline treatment induces the formation of different morphologies with distinct chemical compositions on the surface of the perovskite film such that surface defects are effectively passivated, and excess/unreacted PbI2 is converted into beneficial complex species at the modified interface. As a result, an improved power conversion efficiency (20.16%) and significantly more stable unencapsulated perovskite solar cells are obtained with the 1,10-phenanthroline treatment compared to the MAPbI3 reference device (18.03%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Buyruk
- Department of Chemistry and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13 (E), 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Dominic Blätte
- Department of Chemistry and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13 (E), 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Marcella Günther
- Department of Chemistry and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13 (E), 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Manuel A Scheel
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | | | - Markus Döblinger
- Department of Chemistry and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13 (E), 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Weis
- Department of Chemistry and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13 (E), 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Achim Hartschuh
- Department of Chemistry and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13 (E), 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Peter Müller-Buschbaum
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Thomas Bein
- Department of Chemistry and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13 (E), 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Tayebeh Ameri
- Department of Chemistry and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13 (E), 81377 Munich, Germany
- Institute for Materials and Processes, Chemical Engineering, University of Edinburgh, Sanderson Building, Robert Stevenson Road, EH9 3FB Edinburgh, U.K
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12
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Pip P, Glavic A, Skjærvø SH, Weber A, Smerald A, Zhernenkov K, Leo N, Mila F, Philippe L, Heyderman LJ. Direct observation of spin correlations in an artificial triangular lattice Ising spin system with grazing-incidence small-angle neutron scattering. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2021; 6:474-481. [PMID: 33960354 PMCID: PMC8183605 DOI: 10.1039/d1nh00043h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The triangular lattice with Ising magnetic moments is an archetypical example of geometric frustration. In the case of dipolar-coupled out-of-plane moments, the geometric frustration results in a disordered classical spin-liquid state at higher temperatures while the system is predicted to transition to an anti-ferromagnetic stripe ground state at low temperatures. In this work we fabricate artificial triangular Ising spin systems without and with uniaxial in-plane compression to tune the nature and temperature of the correlations. We probe the energy scale and nature of magnetic correlations by grazing-incidence small-angle neutron scattering. In particular, we apply a newly-developed empirical structure-factor model to describe the measured short-range correlated spin-liquid state, and find good agreement with theoretical predictions. We demonstrate that grazing-incidence neutron scattering on our high-quality samples, in conjunction with detailed modeling of the scattering using the Distorted Wave Born Approximation, can be used to experimentally quantify the spin-liquid-like correlations in highly-frustrated artificial spin systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petai Pip
- Laboratory for Mesoscopic Systems, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland. and Laboratory for Multiscale Materials Experiments, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI, Switzerland and Laboratory for Mechanics of Materials and Nanostructures, Empa (Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research), 3602 Thun, Switzerland
| | - Artur Glavic
- Laboratory for Neutron and Muon Instrumentation, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Helen Skjærvø
- Laboratory for Mesoscopic Systems, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland. and Laboratory for Multiscale Materials Experiments, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Anja Weber
- Laboratory for Mesoscopic Systems, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland. and Laboratory for Multiscale Materials Experiments, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Andrew Smerald
- Atmospheric Environmental Research (IMK-IFU), Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 82467 Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - Kirill Zhernenkov
- Jülich Centre for Neutron Science at Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Naëmi Leo
- CIC nanoGUNE BRTA, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Frédéric Mila
- Institute of Physics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laetitia Philippe
- Manufacture des Montres ROLEX SA, Research & Development, CH-2501 Biel/Bienne, Switzerland
| | - Laura J Heyderman
- Laboratory for Mesoscopic Systems, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland. and Laboratory for Multiscale Materials Experiments, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
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13
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Holst B, Alexandrowicz G, Avidor N, Benedek G, Bracco G, Ernst WE, Farías D, Jardine AP, Lefmann K, Manson JR, Marquardt R, Artés SM, Sibener SJ, Wells JW, Tamtögl A, Allison W. Material properties particularly suited to be measured with helium scattering: selected examples from 2D materials, van der Waals heterostructures, glassy materials, catalytic substrates, topological insulators and superconducting radio frequency materials. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:7653-7672. [PMID: 33625410 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp05833e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Helium Atom Scattering (HAS) and Helium Spin-Echo scattering (HeSE), together helium scattering, are well established, but non-commercial surface science techniques. They are characterised by the beam inertness and very low beam energy (<0.1 eV) which allows essentially all materials and adsorbates, including fragile and/or insulating materials and light adsorbates such as hydrogen to be investigated on the atomic scale. At present there only exist an estimated less than 15 helium and helium spin-echo scattering instruments in total, spread across the world. This means that up till now the techniques have not been readily available for a broad scientific community. Efforts are ongoing to change this by establishing a central helium scattering facility, possibly in connection with a neutron or synchrotron facility. In this context it is important to clarify what information can be obtained from helium scattering that cannot be obtained with other surface science techniques. Here we present a non-exclusive overview of a range of material properties particularly suited to be measured with helium scattering: (i) high precision, direct measurements of bending rigidity and substrate coupling strength of a range of 2D materials and van der Waals heterostructures as a function of temperature, (ii) direct measurements of the electron-phonon coupling constant λ exclusively in the low energy range (<0.1 eV, tuneable) for 2D materials and van der Waals heterostructures (iii) direct measurements of the surface boson peak in glassy materials, (iv) aspects of polymer chain surface dynamics under nano-confinement (v) certain aspects of nanoscale surface topography, (vi) central properties of surface dynamics and surface diffusion of adsorbates (HeSE) and (vii) two specific science case examples - topological insulators and superconducting radio frequency materials, illustrating how combined HAS and HeSE are necessary to understand the properties of quantum materials. The paper finishes with (viii) examples of molecular surface scattering experiments and other atom surface scattering experiments which can be performed using HAS and HeSE instruments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bodil Holst
- Department of Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, Allegaten 55, 5007 Bergen, Norway.
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14
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Kyrey T, Ganeva M, Witte J, von Klitzing R, Wellert S, Holderer O. Understanding near-surface polymer dynamics by a combination of grazing-incidence neutron scattering and virtual experiments. J Appl Crystallogr 2021; 54:72-79. [PMID: 33833641 PMCID: PMC7941298 DOI: 10.1107/s1600576720014739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutron spin-echo spectroscopy is a unique experimental method for the investigation of polymer dynamics. The combination of neutron spin-echo spectroscopy with grazing-incidence geometry (GINSES) opens the possibility to probe the dynamics of soft-matter materials in the vicinity of the solid substrate in the time range up to 100 ns. However, the usage of the GINSES technique has some peculiarities and, due to the novelty of the method and complexity of the scattering geometry, difficulties in further data analysis occur. The current work discusses how virtual experiments within the distorted-wave Born approximation using the BornAgain software can improve GINSES data treatment and aid the understanding of polymer dynamics in the vicinity of the solid surface. With two examples, poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide) brushes and poly(ethylene glycol) microgels on Si surfaces, the simulation as well as the application of the simulation to the GINSES data analysis are presented. The approach allowed a deeper insight to be gained of the background effect and scattering contribution of different layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetyana Kyrey
- Jülich Centre for Neutron Science at Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Garching, Germany
| | - Marina Ganeva
- Jülich Centre for Neutron Science at Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Garching, Germany
| | - Judith Witte
- Institute of Chemistry, Technical University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Wellert
- Institute of Chemistry, Technical University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Olaf Holderer
- Jülich Centre for Neutron Science at Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Garching, Germany
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15
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Widmann T, Kreuzer LP, Mangiapia G, Haese M, Frielinghaus H, Müller-Buschbaum P. 3D printed spherical environmental chamber for neutron reflectometry and grazing-incidence small-angle neutron scattering experiments. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2020; 91:113903. [PMID: 33261451 DOI: 10.1063/5.0012652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In neutron scattering on soft matter, an important concern is the control and stability of environmental conditions surrounding the sample. Complex sample environment setups are often expensive to fabricate or simply not achievable by conventional workshop manufacturing. We make use of state-of-the-art 3D metal-printing technology to realize a sample environment for large sample sizes, optimized for investigations on thin film samples with neutron reflectometry (NR) and grazing-incidence small-angle neutron scattering (GISANS). With the flexibility and freedom of design given by 3D metal-printing, a spherical chamber with fluidic channels inside its walls is printed from an AlSi10Mg powder via selective laser melting (SLM). The thin channels ensure a homogeneous heating of the sample environment from all directions and allow for quick temperature switches in well-equilibrated atmospheres. In order to optimize the channel layout, flow simulations were carried out and verified in temperature switching tests. The spherical, edgeless design aids the prevention of condensation inside the chamber in case of high humidity conditions. The large volume of the sample chamber allows for high flexibility in sample size and geometry. While a small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) measurement through the chamber walls reveals a strong isotropic scattering signal resulting from the evenly orientated granular structure introduced by SLM, a second SANS measurement through the windows shows no additional background originating from the chamber. Exemplary GISANS and NR measurements in time-of-flight mode are shown to prove that the chamber provides a stable, background free sample environment for the investigation of thin films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Widmann
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Lucas P Kreuzer
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Gaetano Mangiapia
- German Engineering Materials Science Center (GEMS) at Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht GmbH, Lichtenbergstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Martin Haese
- German Engineering Materials Science Center (GEMS) at Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht GmbH, Lichtenbergstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Henrich Frielinghaus
- Jülich Centre for Neutron Science at Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum, Lichtenbergstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Peter Müller-Buschbaum
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
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16
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Stoev K, Sakurai K. Recent Progresses in Nanometer Scale Analysis of Buried Layers and Interfaces in Thin Films by X-rays and Neutrons. ANAL SCI 2020; 36:901-922. [PMID: 32147630 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.19r010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In the early 1960s, scientists achieved the breakthroughs in the fields of solid surfaces and artificial layered structures. The advancement of surface science has been supported by the advent of ultra-high vacuum technologies, newly discovered and established scanning probe microscopy with atomic resolution, as well as some other advanced surface-sensitive spectroscopy and microscopy. On the other hand, it has been well recognized that a number of functions are related to the structures of the interfaces, which are the thin planes connecting different materials, most likely by layering thin films. Despite the scientific significance, so far, research on such buried layers and interfaces has been limited, because the probing depth of almost all existing sophisticated analytical methods is limited to the top surface. The present article describes the recent progress in the nanometer scale analysis of buried layers and interfaces, particularly by using X-rays and neutrons. The methods are essentially promising to non-destructively probe such buried structures in thin films. The latest scientific research has been reviewed, and includes applications to bio-chemical, organic, electronic, magnetic, spintronic, self-organizing and complicated systems as well as buried liquid-liquid and solid-liquid interfaces. Some emerging analytical techniques and instruments, which provide new attractive features such as imaging and real time analysis, are also discussed.
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17
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Kreuzer LP, Widmann T, Bießmann L, Hohn N, Pantle J, Märkl R, Moulin JF, Hildebrand V, Laschewsky A, Papadakis CM, Müller-Buschbaum P. Phase Transition Kinetics of Doubly Thermoresponsive Poly(sulfobetaine)-Based Diblock Copolymer Thin Films. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucas P. Kreuzer
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Tobias Widmann
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Lorenz Bießmann
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Nuri Hohn
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Johannes Pantle
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Raphael Märkl
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Jean-François Moulin
- German Engineering Materials Science Center at Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht GmbH, Lichtenbergstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Viet Hildebrand
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - André Laschewsky
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institut für Angewandte Polymerforschung, Geiselbergstr. 69, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Christine M. Papadakis
- Fachgebiet Physik der weichen Materie, Physik Department, Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Peter Müller-Buschbaum
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
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18
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The European Spallation Source in a personal view for the German Colloid and Soft Matter Society. Colloid Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-020-04628-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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19
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Märkl RS, Hohn N, Hupf E, Bießmann L, Körstgens V, Kreuzer LP, Mangiapia G, Pomm M, Kriele A, Rivard E, Müller-Buschbaum P. Comparing the backfilling of mesoporous titania thin films with hole conductors of different sizes sharing the same mass density. IUCRJ 2020; 7:268-275. [PMID: 32148854 PMCID: PMC7055378 DOI: 10.1107/s2052252520000913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Efficient infiltration of a mesoporous titania matrix with conducting organic polymers or small molecules is one key challenge to overcome for hybrid photovoltaic devices. A quantitative analysis of the backfilling efficiency with time-of-flight grazing incidence small-angle neutron scattering (ToF-GISANS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) measurements is presented. Differences in the morphology due to the backfilling of mesoporous titania thin films are compared for the macromolecule poly[4,8-bis-(5-(2-ethyl-hexyl)-thio-phen-2-yl)benzo[1,2-b;4,5-b']di-thio-phene-2,6-diyl-alt-(4-(2-ethyl-hexyl)-3-fluoro-thieno[3,4-b]thio-phene-)-2-carboxyl-ate-2-6-diyl)] (PTB7-Th) and the heavy-element containing small molecule 2-pinacol-boronate-3-phenyl-phen-anthro[9,10-b]telluro-phene (PhenTe-BPinPh). Hence, a 1.7 times higher backfilling efficiency of almost 70% is achieved for the small molecule PhenTe-BPinPh compared with the polymer PTB7-Th despite sharing the same volumetric mass density. The precise characterization of structural changes due to backfilling reveals that the volumetric density of backfilled materials plays a minor role in obtaining good backfilling efficiencies and interfaces with large surface contact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael S. Märkl
- Physik-Department, Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Strasse 1, Garching 85748, Germany
| | - Nuri Hohn
- Physik-Department, Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Strasse 1, Garching 85748, Germany
| | - Emanuel Hupf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Lorenz Bießmann
- Physik-Department, Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Strasse 1, Garching 85748, Germany
| | - Volker Körstgens
- Physik-Department, Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Strasse 1, Garching 85748, Germany
| | - Lucas P. Kreuzer
- Physik-Department, Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Strasse 1, Garching 85748, Germany
| | - Gaetano Mangiapia
- Helmholtz Zentrum Geesthacht at Heinz Maier-Leibnitz-Zentrum, Lichtenbergstr. 1, Garching 85748, Germany
| | - Matthias Pomm
- Helmholtz Zentrum Geesthacht at Heinz Maier-Leibnitz-Zentrum, Lichtenbergstr. 1, Garching 85748, Germany
| | - Armin Kriele
- Helmholtz Zentrum Geesthacht at Heinz Maier-Leibnitz-Zentrum, Lichtenbergstr. 1, Garching 85748, Germany
| | - Eric Rivard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Peter Müller-Buschbaum
- Physik-Department, Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Strasse 1, Garching 85748, Germany
- Heinz Maier-Leibnitz-Zentrum, Lichtenbergstr. 1, Garching 85748, Germany
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20
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Pospelov G, Van Herck W, Burle J, Carmona Loaiza JM, Durniak C, Fisher JM, Ganeva M, Yurov D, Wuttke J. BornAgain: software for simulating and fitting grazing-incidence small-angle scattering. J Appl Crystallogr 2020; 53:262-276. [PMID: 32047414 PMCID: PMC6998781 DOI: 10.1107/s1600576719016789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BornAgain is a free and open-source multi-platform software framework for simulating and fitting X-ray and neutron reflectometry, off-specular scattering, and grazing-incidence small-angle scattering (GISAS). This paper concentrates on GISAS. Support for reflectometry and off-specular scattering has been added more recently, is still under intense development and will be described in a later publication. BornAgain supports neutron polarization and magnetic scattering. Users can define sample and instrument models through Python scripting. A large subset of the functionality is also available through a graphical user interface. This paper describes the software in terms of the realized non-functional and functional requirements. The web site https://www.bornagainproject.org/ provides further documentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gennady Pospelov
- Jülich Centre for Neutron Science (JCNS) at Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Lichtenbergstrasse 1, Garching, 85748, Germany
| | - Walter Van Herck
- Jülich Centre for Neutron Science (JCNS) at Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Lichtenbergstrasse 1, Garching, 85748, Germany
| | - Jan Burle
- Jülich Centre for Neutron Science (JCNS) at Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Lichtenbergstrasse 1, Garching, 85748, Germany
| | - Juan M. Carmona Loaiza
- Jülich Centre for Neutron Science (JCNS) at Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Lichtenbergstrasse 1, Garching, 85748, Germany
| | - Céline Durniak
- Jülich Centre for Neutron Science (JCNS) at Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Lichtenbergstrasse 1, Garching, 85748, Germany
| | - Jonathan M. Fisher
- Jülich Centre for Neutron Science (JCNS) at Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Lichtenbergstrasse 1, Garching, 85748, Germany
| | - Marina Ganeva
- Jülich Centre for Neutron Science (JCNS) at Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Lichtenbergstrasse 1, Garching, 85748, Germany
| | - Dmitry Yurov
- Jülich Centre for Neutron Science (JCNS) at Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Lichtenbergstrasse 1, Garching, 85748, Germany
| | - Joachim Wuttke
- Jülich Centre for Neutron Science (JCNS) at Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Lichtenbergstrasse 1, Garching, 85748, Germany
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21
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Teyssandier J, Mali KS, De Feyter S. Halogen Bonding in Two-Dimensional Crystal Engineering. ChemistryOpen 2020; 9:225-241. [PMID: 32071832 PMCID: PMC7011184 DOI: 10.1002/open.201900337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Halogen bonds, which provide an intermolecular interaction with moderate strength and high directionality, have emerged as a promising tool in the repertoire of non-covalent interactions. In this review, we provide a survey of the literature where halogen bonding was used for the fabrication of supramolecular networks on solid surfaces. The definitions of, and the distinction between halogen bonding and halogen-halogen interactions are provided. Self-assembled networks formed at the solution/solid interface and at the vacuum-solid interface, stabilized in part by halogen bonding, are discussed. Besides the broad classification based on the interface at which the systems are studied, the systems are categorized further as those sustained by halogen-halogen and halogen-heteroatom contacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Teyssandier
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics Department of ChemistryKU Leuven-University of LeuvenCelestijnenlaan 200F3001LeuvenBelgium
| | - Kunal S. Mali
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics Department of ChemistryKU Leuven-University of LeuvenCelestijnenlaan 200F3001LeuvenBelgium
| | - Steven De Feyter
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics Department of ChemistryKU Leuven-University of LeuvenCelestijnenlaan 200F3001LeuvenBelgium
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22
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Yaron DJ, Kowalewski T. Beware the nanovoids. NATURE MATERIALS 2019; 18:1154-1155. [PMID: 31548632 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-019-0502-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David J Yaron
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Tomasz Kowalewski
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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23
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Jaksch S, Gutberlet T, Müller-Buschbaum P. Grazing-incidence scattering—status and perspectives in soft matter and biophysics. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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24
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Brett CJ, Mittal N, Ohm W, Gensch M, Kreuzer LP, Körstgens V, Månsson M, Frielinghaus H, Müller-Buschbaum P, Söderberg LD, Roth SV. Water-Induced Structural Rearrangements on the Nanoscale in Ultrathin Nanocellulose Films. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b00531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Calvin J. Brett
- Department of Mechanics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm 100 44, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm 100 44, Sweden
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Hamburg 22607, Germany
| | - Nitesh Mittal
- Department of Mechanics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm 100 44, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm 100 44, Sweden
| | - Wiebke Ohm
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Hamburg 22607, Germany
| | - Marc Gensch
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Hamburg 22607, Germany
| | | | | | - Martin Månsson
- Department of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm 164 40, Sweden
| | - Henrich Frielinghaus
- Jülich Centre for Neutron Science at MLZ, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Garching 52428, Germany
| | | | - L. Daniel Söderberg
- Department of Mechanics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm 100 44, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm 100 44, Sweden
| | - Stephan V. Roth
- Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm 100 44, Sweden
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Hamburg 22607, Germany
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25
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Kyrey T, Witte J, Pipich V, Feoktystov A, Koutsioubas A, Vezhlev E, Frielinghaus H, von Klitzing R, Wellert S, Holderer O. Influence of the cross-linker content on adsorbed functionalised microgel coatings. POLYMER 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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26
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Wolff M, Saini A, Simonne D, Adlmann F, Nelson A. Time Resolved Polarised Grazing Incidence Neutron Scattering from Composite Materials. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11030445. [PMID: 30960429 PMCID: PMC6473511 DOI: 10.3390/polym11030445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutron scattering experiments are a unique tool in material science due to their sensitivity to light elements and magnetic induction. However, for kinetic studies the low brilliance at existing sources poses challenges. In the case of periodic excitations these challenges can be overcome by binning the scattering signal according to the excitation state of the sample. To advance into this direction we have performed polarised and time resolved grazing incidence neutron scattering measurements on an aqueous solution of the polymer F127 mixed with magnetic nano-particles. Magnetic nano-composites like this provide magnetically tuneable properties of the polymer crystal as well as magnetic meta-crystals. Even though the grazing incidence small angle scattering and polarised signals are too weak to be evaluated at this stage we demonstrate that such experiments are feasible. Moreover, we show that the intensity of the 111 Bragg peak of the fcc micellar crystal depends on the actual shear rate, with the signal being maximised when the shear rate is lowest (and vice-versa).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Wolff
- Department for Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Lägerhyddsvägen 1, 752 37 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Apurve Saini
- Department for Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Lägerhyddsvägen 1, 752 37 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - David Simonne
- Department for Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Lägerhyddsvägen 1, 752 37 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Franz Adlmann
- Department for Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Lägerhyddsvägen 1, 752 37 Uppsala, Sweden.
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27
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Appel C, Kraska M, Rüttiger C, Gallei M, Stühn B. Crossover from semi-dilute to densely packed thin polymer films at the air-water interface and structure formation at thin film breakup. SOFT MATTER 2018; 14:4750-4761. [PMID: 29796572 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm00629f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A series of poly(n-butyl acrylate) (PnBA, 5 to 32 kg mol-1) homopolymers and diblock copolymers with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG, constant molecular weight of 0.3 kg mol-1) is synthesized for the purpose of the investigation of quasi-2D polymer films at the air-water interface. The presented compression isotherms show a transition from θ solvent behavior for PnBA homopolymers to good solvent conditions when the volume fraction of the PEG in the block copolymers is increased by decreasing the molecular weight of PnBA. A transition from a semi-dilute regime to a densely packed layer is observed in the pressure isotherms for all the polymers. In the densely packed films we found first evidence for thin film breakup of a thin polymer film directly at the air-water interface. Combination of results from Brewster-Angle-Microscopy and Surface X-ray scattering provide a consistent picture of the film breakup. Our results suggest a preferred length scale of 2.5 μm. This scenario is analogous to a spinodal mechanism driven by thermal fluctuations of the film height.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Appel
- Institute of Condensed Matter Physics, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Hochschulstr. 8, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany.
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Glavic A, Summers B, Dahal A, Kline J, Van Herck W, Sukhov A, Ernst A, Singh DK. Spin Solid versus Magnetic Charge Ordered State in Artificial Honeycomb Lattice of Connected Elements. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2018; 5:1700856. [PMID: 29721429 PMCID: PMC5908362 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201700856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The nature of magnetic correlation at low temperature in two-dimensional artificial magnetic honeycomb lattice is a strongly debated issue. While theoretical researches suggest that the system will develop a novel zero entropy spin solid state as T → 0 K, a confirmation to this effect in artificial honeycomb lattice of connected elements is lacking. This study reports on the investigation of magnetic correlation in newly designed artificial permalloy honeycomb lattice of ultrasmall elements, with a typical length of ≈12 nm, using neutron scattering measurements and temperature-dependent micromagnetic simulations. Numerical modeling of the polarized neutron reflectometry data elucidates the temperature-dependent evolution of spin correlation in this system. As temperature reduces to ≈7 K, the system tends to develop novel spin solid state, manifested by the alternating distribution of magnetic vortex loops of opposite chiralities. Experimental results are complemented by temperature-dependent micromagnetic simulations that confirm the dominance of spin solid state over local magnetic charge ordered state in the artificial honeycomb lattice with connected elements. These results enable a direct investigation of novel spin solid correlation in the connected honeycomb geometry of 2D artificial structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Glavic
- Laboratory for Neutron Scattering and ImagingPaul Scherrer Institut5232Villigen PSISwitzerland
| | - Brock Summers
- Department of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMO65211USA
| | - Ashutosh Dahal
- Department of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMO65211USA
| | - Joseph Kline
- National Institute of Standards and TechnologyGaithersburgMD20899USA
| | - Walter Van Herck
- Jülich Centre for Neutron Science (JCNS) at Heinz Maier‐Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ)Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbHLichtenbergstr. 185748GarchingGermany
| | - Alexander Sukhov
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbHHelmholtz Institute Erlangen‐Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK‐11)90429NürnbergGermany
| | - Arthur Ernst
- Institut für Theoretische PhysikJohannes Kepler UniversitätA 4040LinzAustria
- Max‐Planck‐Institut für MikrostrukturphysikWeinberg 206120HalleGermany
| | - Deepak K. Singh
- Department of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMO65211USA
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Glavic A, Stahn J. HEKATE-A novel grazing incidence neutron scattering concept for the European Spallation Source. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2018; 89:035105. [PMID: 29604763 DOI: 10.1063/1.5004658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Structure and magnetism at surfaces and buried interfaces on the nanoscale can only be accessed by few techniques, one of which is grazing incidence neutron scattering. While the technique has its strongest limitation in a low signal and large background, due to the low scattering probability and need for high resolution, it can be expected that the high intensity of the European Spallation Source in Lund, Sweden, will make many more such studies possible, warranting a dedicated beamline for this technique. We present an instrument concept, Highly Extended K range And Tunable Experiment (HEKATE), for surface scattering that combines the advantages of two Selene neutron guides with unique capabilities of spatially separated distinct wavelength frames. With this combination, it is not only possible to measure large specular reflectometry ranges, even on free liquid surfaces, but also to use two independent incident beams with tunable sizes and resolutions that can be optimized for the specifics of the investigated samples. Further the instrument guide geometry is tuned for reduction of high energy particle background and only uses low to moderate supermirror coatings for high reliability and affordable cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Glavic
- Laboratory for Neutron Scattering and Imaging, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Jochen Stahn
- Laboratory for Neutron Scattering and Imaging, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
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Longo A, Mulder D, van Kuringen HPC, Hermida‐Merino D, Banerjee D, Dasgupta D, Shishmanova IK, Spoelstra AB, Broer DJ, Schenning APHJ, Portale G. On the Dimensional Control of 2 D Hybrid Nanomaterials. Chemistry 2017; 23:12534-12541. [PMID: 28707452 PMCID: PMC5601213 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201701493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Thermotropic smectic liquid crystalline polymers were used as a scaffold to create organic/inorganic hybrid layered nanomaterials. Different polymers were prepared by photopolymerizing blends of a hydrogen bonded carboxylic acid derivative and a 10 % cross-linker of variable length in their liquid crystalline phase. Nanopores with dimensions close to 1 nm were generated by breaking the hydrogen bonded dimers in a high pH solution. The pores were filled with positively charged silver (Ag) ions, resulting in a layered silver(I)-polymeric hybrid material. Subsequent exposure to a NaBH4 reducing solution allowed for the formation of supported hybrid metal/organic films. In the bulk of the film the dimension of the Ag nanoparticles (NPs) was regulated with subnanometer precision by the cross-linker length. Ag nanoparticles with an average size of 0.9, 1.3, and 1.8 nm were produced inside the nanopores thanks to the combined effect of spatially confined reduction and stabilization of the nanoparticles by the polymer carboxylic groups. At the same time, strong Ag migration occurred in the surface region, resulting in the formation of a nanostructured metallic top layer composed of large (10-20 nm) NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Longo
- Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO)European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), DUBBLE-CRG38043GrenobleFrance
- CNR-ISMN, Consiglio Nazionale delle RicercheIstituto per lo Studio dei Materiali NanostrutturatiVia Ugo La Malfa 15390146PalermoItaly
| | - Dirk‐Jan Mulder
- Department of Functional Organic Materials and DevicesChemical Engineering and ChemistryEindhoven University of TechnologyDe Rondom 705612 APEindhovenThe Netherlands
- Dutch Polymer Institute (DPI)PO Box 9025600 AXEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - Huub P. C. van Kuringen
- Department of Functional Organic Materials and DevicesChemical Engineering and ChemistryEindhoven University of TechnologyDe Rondom 705612 APEindhovenThe Netherlands
- Dutch Polymer Institute (DPI)PO Box 9025600 AXEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - Daniel Hermida‐Merino
- Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO)European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), DUBBLE-CRG38043GrenobleFrance
| | - Dipanjan Banerjee
- Dutch-Belgian Beamline (DUBBLE)ESRF–The European Synchrotron, CS 4022038043Grenoble Cedex 9France
| | - Debarshi Dasgupta
- Department of Functional Organic Materials and DevicesChemical Engineering and ChemistryEindhoven University of TechnologyDe Rondom 705612 APEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - Irina K. Shishmanova
- Department of Functional Organic Materials and DevicesChemical Engineering and ChemistryEindhoven University of TechnologyDe Rondom 705612 APEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - Anne B. Spoelstra
- Center for Multiscale Electron Microscopy, Chemical Engineering and ChemistryEindhoven University of TechnologyP.O. Box 5135612 APEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - Dirk J. Broer
- Department of Functional Organic Materials and DevicesChemical Engineering and ChemistryEindhoven University of TechnologyDe Rondom 705612 APEindhovenThe Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular SystemsEindhoven University of TechnologyP.O. Box 5135600 MBEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - Albert P. H. J. Schenning
- Department of Functional Organic Materials and DevicesChemical Engineering and ChemistryEindhoven University of TechnologyDe Rondom 705612 APEindhovenThe Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular SystemsEindhoven University of TechnologyP.O. Box 5135600 MBEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - Giuseppe Portale
- Macromolecular Chemistry&New Polymeric MaterialsZernike Institute for Advanced MaterialsUniversity of GroningenNijenborgh 49747 AGGroningenThe Netherlands
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31
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Wang R, Di ZY, Müller-Buschbaum P, Frielinghaus H. Effect of PCBM additive on morphology and optoelectronic properties of P3HT-b-PS films. POLYMER 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2017.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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32
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Pyanzina ES, Sánchez PA, Cerdà JJ, Sintes T, Kantorovich SS. Scattering properties and internal structure of magnetic filament brushes. SOFT MATTER 2017; 13:2590-2602. [PMID: 28327731 PMCID: PMC5436091 DOI: 10.1039/c6sm02606k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Practical applications of polymer brush-like systems rely on a clear understanding of their internal structure. In the case of magnetic nanoparticle filament brushes, the competition between bonding and nonbonding interactions-including long range magnetic dipole-dipole interactions-makes the microstructure of these polymer brush-like systems rather complex. On the other hand, the same interactions open up the possibility to manipulate the meso- and macroscopic responses of these systems by applying external magnetic fields or by changing the background temperature. In this study, we put forward an approach to extract information about the internal structure of a magnetic filament brush from scattering experiments. Our method is based on the mapping of the scattering profiles to the information about the internal equilibrium configurations of the brushes obtained from computer simulations. We show that the structure of the magnetic filament brush is strongly anisotropic in the direction perpendicular to the grafting surface, especially at low temperatures and external fields. This makes slice-by-slice scattering measurements a technique very useful for the study of such systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena S Pyanzina
- Ural Federal University, Lenin av. 51, 620000 Ekaterinburg, Russia.
| | | | - Joan J Cerdà
- Instituto de Física Interdisciplinar y Sistemas Complejos (CSIC-UIB), E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Tomàs Sintes
- Instituto de Física Interdisciplinar y Sistemas Complejos (CSIC-UIB), E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Sofia S Kantorovich
- Ural Federal University, Lenin av. 51, 620000 Ekaterinburg, Russia. and University of Vienna, Sensengasse 8, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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33
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Posselt D, Zhang J, Smilgies DM, Berezkin AV, Potemkin II, Papadakis CM. Restructuring in block copolymer thin films: In situ GISAXS investigations during solvent vapor annealing. Prog Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2016.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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34
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Mali KS, Pearce N, De Feyter S, Champness NR. Frontiers of supramolecular chemistry at solid surfaces. Chem Soc Rev 2017; 46:2520-2542. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00113d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Supramolecular chemistry on solid surfaces represents an exciting field of research that continues to develop in new and unexpected directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunal S. Mali
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics
- Department of Chemistry
- KU Leuven – University of Leuven
- B3001 Leuven
- Belgium
| | | | - Steven De Feyter
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics
- Department of Chemistry
- KU Leuven – University of Leuven
- B3001 Leuven
- Belgium
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35
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Vargas-Ruiz S, Soltwedel O, Micciulla S, Sreij R, Feoktystov A, von Klitzing R, Hellweg T, Wellert S. Sugar Surfactant Based Microemulsions at Solid Surfaces: Influence of the Oil Type and Surface Polarity. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:11928-11938. [PMID: 27934065 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b03441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The structure of sugar-surfactant-based bicontinuous microemulsions in the bulk and at hydrophilic and hydrophobic solid planar surfaces was studied by means of neutron scattering techniques (SANS, NR, and GISANS). In particular, the influence of the type of oil (tetradecane and methyl oleate) on the structural properties in the vicinity of surfaces was investigated at different oil-to-water ratios. In the case of hydrophilic surfaces, the analysis of the scattering length density profiles reveals an induced ordering of the oil and water domains perpendicular to the solid-liquid interface in both sets of microemulsions. At hydrophobic surfaces, differences in the near-surface ordering between microemulsions containing polar and nonpolar oils are observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salomé Vargas-Ruiz
- Stranski-Laboratorium für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin , Straße des 17 Juni 124, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Olaf Soltwedel
- Max-Planck-Institute for Solid State Research, Outstation at MLZ, Lichtenbergstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Physik-Department, Technische Universität München , James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Samantha Micciulla
- Stranski-Laboratorium für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin , Straße des 17 Juni 124, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ramsia Sreij
- Physikalische und Biophysikalische Chemie (PC III), Universität Bielefeld , Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Artem Feoktystov
- Jülich Centre for Neutron Science (JCNS) at Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH , Lichtenbergstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Regine von Klitzing
- Stranski-Laboratorium für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin , Straße des 17 Juni 124, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Hellweg
- Physikalische und Biophysikalische Chemie (PC III), Universität Bielefeld , Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Stefan Wellert
- Stranski-Laboratorium für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin , Straße des 17 Juni 124, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
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36
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Schaffer CJ, Wang C, Hexemer A, Müller-Buschbaum P. Grazing incidence resonant soft X-ray scattering for analysis of multi-component polymer-fullerene blend thin films. POLYMER 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2016.05.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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37
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Block copolymer thin films: Characterizing nanostructure evolution with in situ X-ray and neutron scattering. POLYMER 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2016.06.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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38
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Venkatakrishnan SV, Donatelli J, Kumar D, Sarje A, Sinha SK, Li XS, Hexemer A. A multi-slice simulation algorithm for grazing-incidence small-angle X-ray scattering. J Appl Crystallogr 2016. [DOI: 10.1107/s1600576716013273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Grazing-incidence small-angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS) is an important technique in the characterization of samples at the nanometre scale. A key aspect of GISAXS data analysis is the accurate simulation of samples to match the measurement. The distorted-wave Born approximation (DWBA) is a widely used model for the simulation of GISAXS patterns. For certain classes of sample such as nanostructures embedded in thin films, where the electric field intensity variation is significant relative to the size of the structures, a multi-slice DWBA theory is more accurate than the conventional DWBA method. However, simulating complex structures in the multi-slice setting is challenging and the algorithms typically used are designed on a case-by-case basis depending on the structure to be simulated. In this paper, an accurate algorithm for GISAXS simulations based on the multi-slice DWBA theory is presented. In particular, fundamental properties of the Fourier transform have been utilized to develop an algorithm that accurately computes the average refractive index profile as a function of depth and the Fourier transform of the portion of the sample within a given slice, which are key quantities required for the multi-slice DWBA simulation. The results from this method are compared with the traditionally used approximations, demonstrating that the proposed algorithm can produce more accurate results. Furthermore, this algorithm is general with respect to the sample structure, and does not require any sample-specific approximations to perform the simulations.
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39
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Shelton CK, Jones RL, Dura JA, Epps TH. Tracking Solvent Distribution in Block Polymer Thin Films during Solvent Vapor Annealing with in Situ Neutron Scattering. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b02046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cameron K. Shelton
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and ‡Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
- Materials Science and Engineering Division and ∥NIST Center for
Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Ronald L. Jones
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and ‡Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
- Materials Science and Engineering Division and ∥NIST Center for
Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Joseph A. Dura
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and ‡Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
- Materials Science and Engineering Division and ∥NIST Center for
Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Thomas H. Epps
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and ‡Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
- Materials Science and Engineering Division and ∥NIST Center for
Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
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40
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Müller-Buschbaum P. GISAXS and GISANS as metrology technique for understanding the 3D morphology of block copolymer thin films. Eur Polym J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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41
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Schindler M, Moulin JF, Müller-Buschbaum P. Adhesive–adherent interfaces probed with grazing-incidence small-angle neutron scattering. J Appl Crystallogr 2015. [DOI: 10.1107/s1600576715009322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The inner structure of a pressure-sensitive adhesive (PSA) is investigated at the surface as well as at the buried adhesive–adherent interface. Time-of-flight grazing-incidence small-angle neutron scattering (TOF-GISANS) is used to obtain depth-resolved structural information about the statistical copolymer poly(ethylhexylacrylate-stat-d-methylmethacrylate), which represents a well studied model PSA comprising 80% ethylhexylacrylate and 20% deuterated methylmethacrylate. Small and rare defects of around 40 nm in lateral size are found at the surface, while in the probed film volume a very low concentration of smaller structures of between 25 and 37 nm is found. Acidic and basic cleaning procedures are applied to the silicon adherent to alter the surface chemistry. At the buried interface of the adhesive and adherent no lateral structures are resolvable, irrespective of the surface treatment. The absence of dominant lateral structures shows that the statistical copolymer does not phase separate on a length scale that is of interest for applications. Furthermore, the findings prove the suitability of this kind of sample system for reflectivity measurements and demonstrate the suitability of TOF-GISANS for nondestructive investigations of buried interfaces in adhesion science.
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Guo S, Cao B, Wang W, Moulin JF, Müller-Buschbaum P. Effect of alcohol treatment on the performance of PTB7:PC71BM bulk heterojunction solar cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:4641-9. [PMID: 25668222 DOI: 10.1021/am5079418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The effect of an environmentally friendly alcohol treatment on bulk heterojunction (BHJ) polymer solar cells using the low-bandgap copolymer based on thieno[3,4-b]thiophene-alt-benzodithiophene units and [6,6]-phenyl-C71-butyric acid methyl ester is systematically investigated. Different alcohols are tested, and besides the most commonly used methanol treatment, other alcohols such as ethanol, 2-propanol, and 1-butanol also improve the device performance to certain extents as compared to the untreated solar cells. Changes of the surface structure caused by the alcohol treatment are probed with atomic force microscopy, and the modification of inner film morphology is probed by time-of-flight-grazing incidence small-angle neutron scattering (TOF-GISANS). UV/vis measurements show that the thickness of all BHJ films remains unchanged by the different solvent treatments. Thus, the enhanced device performance induced by the alcohol treatments is correlated to the reconstruction of the inner film structures probed with TOF-GISANS and the modified energy levels at the interfaces between the BHJ layer and the aluminum electrodes, evident by the enhanced short-circuit current and open-circuit voltage of the I-V curves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Guo
- Physik-Department, Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Technische Universität München , James-Franck-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
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44
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Yamamoto S, Kitahata S, Shimomura A, Tokuda K, Nishino T, Maruyama T. Surfactant-induced polymer segregation to produce antifouling surfaces via dip-coating with an amphiphilic polymer. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 31:125-131. [PMID: 25479252 DOI: 10.1021/la5043712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We propose a rational strategy to control the surface segregation of an amphiphilic copolymer in its dip-coating with a low-molecular-weight surfactant. We synthesized a water-insoluble methacrylate-based copolymer containing oligo(ethylene glycol) (OEG) (copolymer 1) and a perfluoroalkylated surfactant (surfactant 1) containing OEG. The dip-coating of copolymer 1 with surfactant 1 resulted in the segregation of surfactant 1 on the top surface of the dip-coated layer due to the high hydrophobicity of its perfluoroalkyl group. OEG moieties of surfactant 1 were accompanied by those of copolymer 1 in its segregation, allowing the OEG moieties of copolymer 1 to be located just below the top surface of the dip-coated layer. The removal of surfactant 1 produced the surface covered by the OEG moieties of the copolymer that exhibited antifouling properties. Using this strategy, we also succeeded in the introduction of carboxy groups on the dip-coated surface and demonstrated that the carboxy groups were available for the immobilization of functional molecules on the surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Yamamoto
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University , 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
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45
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Yao Y, Metwalli E, Moulin JF, Su B, Opel M, Müller-Buschbaum P. Self-assembly of diblock copolymer-maghemite nanoparticle hybrid thin films. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:18152-18162. [PMID: 25243575 DOI: 10.1021/am505143h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The arrangement of maghemite (γ-Fe2O3) nanoparticles (NPs) in poly(styrene-d8-block-n-butyl methacrylate) P(Sd-b-BMA) diblock copolymer (DBC) films via a self-assembly process was investigated toward the fabrication of highly ordered maghemite-polymer hybrid thin films. The resulting thin films exhibited a perforated lamella with an enrichment layer containing NPs as investigated with X-ray reflectometry, scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and time-of-flight grazing incidence small angle neutron scattering as a function of the NP concentrations. The NPs were selectively deposited in the PSd domains of the DBC during the microphase separation process. At low NP concentrations, the incorporation of the NPs within the DBC thin films resulted in an enhanced microphase separation process and formation of highly oriented and ordered nanostructured hybrid films. At higher NP concentrations, the aggregation of the NPs was dominating and large sized metal oxide clusters were observed. The superparamagnetic properties of the metal oxide-polymer hybrid films at various NP concentrations were probed by a superconducting quantum interference device magnetometer, which shows that the hybrid films are highly attractive for optical devices, magnetic sensors, and magnetic recording devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yao
- Technische Universität München , Physik-Department, Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
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46
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Kobayashi M, Ishihara K, Takahara A. Neutron reflectivity study of the swollen structure of polyzwitterion and polyeletrolyte brushes in aqueous solution. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2014; 25:1673-86. [DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2014.952992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Müller-Buschbaum P, Kaune G, Haese-Seiller M, Moulin JF. Morphology determination of defect-rich diblock copolymer films with time-of-flight grazing-incidence small-angle neutron scattering. J Appl Crystallogr 2014. [DOI: 10.1107/s1600576714010991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The complex nanomorphology of a defect-rich deuterated poly(styrene-block-methyl methacrylate), P(S-b-MMAd), diblock copolymer film is determined with a combination of grazing-incidence small-angle neutron scattering (GISANS) and time-of-flight (TOF) mode. TOF-GISANS enables the simultaneous performance of several GISANS measurements that differ in wavelength. The resulting set of GISANS data covers different ranges of the scattering vector and has different scattering depths. Thus surface-sensitive and bulk-sensitive measurements can be performed simultaneously. The P(S-b-MMAd) film exhibits a lamellar microphase separation structure, which because of the defects is arranged into small, randomly oriented grains, composed of four–five lamellar repetitions. In the near-surface region, the lamellar structure is oriented parallel to the substrate, which explains the smooth surface found with atomic force microscopy.
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Wellert S, Hertle Y, Richter M, Medebach M, Magerl D, Wang W, Demé B, Radulescu A, Müller-Buschbaum P, Hellweg T, von Klitzing R. Inner structure of adsorbed ionic microgel particles. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:7168-7176. [PMID: 24920223 DOI: 10.1021/la500390j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Microgel particles of cross-linked poly(NIPAM-co-acrylic acid) with different acrylic acid contents are investigated in solution and in the adsorbed state. As a substrate, silicon with a poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) coating is used. The temperature dependence of the deswelling of the microgel particles was probed with atomic force microscopy (AFM). The inner structure of the adsorbed microgel particles was detected with grazing incidence small angle neutron scattering (GISANS). Small angle neutron scattering (SANS) on corresponding microgel suspensions was performed for comparison. Whereas the correlation length of the polymer network shows a divergence in the bulk samples, in the adsorbed microgel particles it remains unchanged over the entire temperature range. In addition, GISANS indicates changes in the particles along the surface normal. This suggests that the presence of a solid surface suppresses the divergence of internal fluctuations in the adsorbed microgels close to the volume phase transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Wellert
- Stranski Laboratorium für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin , Straße des 17 Juni 124, 10623 Berlin, Germany
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Yamamoto T, Okuda H, Takeshita K, Usami N, Kitajima Y, Ogawa H. Grazing-incidence small-angle X-ray scattering from Ge nanodots self-organized on Si(001) examined with soft X-rays. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2014; 21:161-164. [PMID: 24365931 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577513026088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Grazing-incidence small-angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS) measurements with soft X-rays have been applied to Ge nanodots capped with a Si layer. Spatially anisotropic distribution of nanodots resulted in strongly asymmetric GISAXS patterns in the qy direction in the soft X-ray region, which have not been observed with conventional hard X-rays. However, such apparent differences were explained by performing a GISAXS intensity calculation on the Ewald sphere, i.e. taking the curvature of Ewald sphere into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayoshi Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Yoshida Honmachi, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Okuda
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Kyoto University, Yoshida Honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kohki Takeshita
- Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Yoshida Honmachi, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Noritaka Usami
- Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Kitajima
- Photon Factory, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, Oho, Tsukuba 305-0801, Japan
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Price DL, Fernandez-Alonso F. An Introduction to Neutron Scattering. EXPERIMENTAL METHODS IN THE PHYSICAL SCIENCES 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-398374-9.00001-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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