1
|
Giallongo S, Ferrigno J, Caltabiano R, Broggi G, Alanazi AM, Distefano A, Tropea E, Tramutola A, Perluigi M, Volti GL, Barone E, Barbagallo IA. Aging exacerbates oxidative stress and liver fibrosis in an animal model of Down Syndrome. Aging (Albany NY) 2024; 16:10203-10215. [PMID: 38942607 DOI: 10.18632/aging.205970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
Down Syndrome (DS) is a common genetic disorder characterized by an extra copy of chromosome 21, leading to dysregulation of various metabolic pathways. Oxidative stress in DS is associated with neurodevelopmental defects, neuronal dysfunction, and a dementia onset resembling Alzheimer's disease. Additionally, chronic oxidative stress contributes to cardiovascular diseases and certain cancers prevalent in DS individuals. This study investigates the impact of ageing on oxidative stress and liver fibrosis using a DS murine model (Ts2Cje mice). Our results show that DS mice show increased liver oxidative stress and impaired antioxidant defenses, as evidenced by reduced glutathione levels and increased lipid peroxidation. Therefore, DS liver exhibits an altered inflammatory response and mitochondrial fitness as we showed by assaying the expression of HMOX1, CLPP, and the heat shock proteins Hsp90 and Hsp60. DS liver also displays dysregulated lipid metabolism, indicated by altered expression of PPARα, PPARγ, FATP5, and CTP2. Consistently, these changes might contribute to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease development, a condition characterized by liver fat accumulation. Consistently, histological analysis of DS liver reveals increased fibrosis and steatosis, as showed by Col1a1 increased expression, indicative of potential progression to liver cirrhosis. Therefore, our findings suggest an increased risk of liver pathologies in DS individuals, particularly when combined with the higher prevalence of obesity and metabolic dysfunctions in DS patients. These results shed a light on the liver's role in DS-associated pathologies and suggest potential therapeutic strategies targeting oxidative stress and lipid metabolism to prevent or mitigate liver-related complications in DS individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiano Giallongo
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania 95124, Italy
| | - Jessica Ferrigno
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania 95124, Italy
| | - Rosario Caltabiano
- Department G.F. Ingrassia, Section of Anatomic Pathology, University of Catania, Catania 95124, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Broggi
- Department G.F. Ingrassia, Section of Anatomic Pathology, University of Catania, Catania 95124, Italy
| | - Amer M Alanazi
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alfio Distefano
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania 95124, Italy
| | - Emanuela Tropea
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania 95124, Italy
| | - Antonella Tramutola
- Department of Biochemical Sciences “A. Rossi-Fanelli”, Sapienza University of Rome, Roma, RM 00185, Italy
| | - Marzia Perluigi
- Department of Biochemical Sciences “A. Rossi-Fanelli”, Sapienza University of Rome, Roma, RM 00185, Italy
| | - Giovanni Li Volti
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania 95124, Italy
| | - Eugenio Barone
- Department G.F. Ingrassia, Section of Anatomic Pathology, University of Catania, Catania 95124, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gomes FDC, Mattos MF, Goloni-Bertollo EM, Pavarino ÉC. Alzheimer's Disease in the Down Syndrome: An Overview of Genetics and Molecular Aspects. Neurol India 2021; 69:32-41. [PMID: 33642267 DOI: 10.4103/0028-3886.310062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The overexpression of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) gene, encoded on chromosome 21, has been associated in Down syndrome (DS) with the development of early-onset Alzheimer's disease (EOAD). The increase in APP levels leads to an overproduction of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide that accumulates in the brain. In response to this deposition, microglial cells are active and generate cascade events that include release cytokines and chemokine. The prolonged activation microglial cells induce neuronal loss, production of reactive oxygen species, neuron death, neuroinflammation, and consequently the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The intrinsically deficient immune systems in people with DS result in abnormalities in cytokine levels, which possibly contribute to the development of neurodegenerative disorders such as AD. Knowledge about the biomarkers involved in the process of neurodegeneration and neuroinflamation is important for understanding the mechanisms involved in the incidence and the precocity of AD in individuals with DS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana de C Gomes
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Research Unit (UPGEM), Department of Molecular Biology, São José do Rio Preto Medical School (FAMERP), São José do Rio Preto - SP, Brazil
| | - Marlon F Mattos
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Research Unit (UPGEM), Department of Molecular Biology, São José do Rio Preto Medical School (FAMERP), São José do Rio Preto - SP, Brazil
| | - Eny M Goloni-Bertollo
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Research Unit (UPGEM), Department of Molecular Biology, São José do Rio Preto Medical School (FAMERP), São José do Rio Preto - SP, Brazil
| | - Érika C Pavarino
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Research Unit (UPGEM), Department of Molecular Biology, São José do Rio Preto Medical School (FAMERP), São José do Rio Preto - SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Clark SE, Schmidt RL, Aguilera ER, Lenz LL. IL-10-producing NK cells exacerbate sublethal Streptococcus pneumoniae infection in the lung. Transl Res 2020; 226:70-82. [PMID: 32634590 PMCID: PMC7572800 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2020.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Lung inflammation is tightly controlled to balance microbial clearance with the tissue damage that accompanies this response. Bacterial pathogens including Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae) modulate immune regulation by promoting secretion of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. The important cellular sources of IL-10 that impact protection against different bacterial infections are not well characterized. We find that S. pneumoniaeactivates IL-10 secretion from natural killer (NK) cells in the lung, which restrict host protection in a mouse model of sublethal infection. Direct transfer of wild-type NK cells into the lungs of IL-10-deficient mice drives bacterial expansion, identifying NK cells as a critical source of IL-10 promoting S. pneumoniae infection. The S. pneumoniae virulence protein Spr1875 was found to elicit NK cell IL-10 production in purified cells and in the lungs of live animals. These findings reveal therapeutic targets to combat bacterial-driven immune regulation in the lung.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Clark
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado.
| | - Rebecca L Schmidt
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado; Department of Biology and Chemistry, Upper Iowa University, Fayette, Iowa
| | - Elizabeth R Aguilera
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Laurel L Lenz
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Pinto B, Morelli G, Rastogi M, Savardi A, Fumagalli A, Petretto A, Bartolucci M, Varea E, Catelani T, Contestabile A, Perlini LE, Cancedda L. Rescuing Over-activated Microglia Restores Cognitive Performance in Juvenile Animals of the Dp(16) Mouse Model of Down Syndrome. Neuron 2020; 108:887-904.e12. [PMID: 33027640 PMCID: PMC7736620 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Microglia are brain-resident immune cells and regulate mechanisms essential for cognitive functions. Down syndrome (DS), the most frequent cause of genetic intellectual disability, is caused by a supernumerary chromosome 21, containing also genes related to the immune system. In the hippocampus of the Dp(16) mouse model of DS and DS individuals, we found activated microglia, as assessed by their morphology; activation markers; and, for DS mice, electrophysiological profile. Accordingly, we found increased pro-inflammatory cytokine levels and altered interferon signaling in Dp(16) hippocampi. DS mice also showed decreased spine density and activity of hippocampal neurons and hippocampus-dependent cognitive behavioral deficits. Depletion of defective microglia or treatment with a commonly used anti-inflammatory drug rescued the neuronal spine and activity impairments and cognitive deficits in juvenile Dp(16) mice. Our results suggest an involvement of microglia in Dp(16)-mouse cognitive deficits and identify a new potential therapeutic approach for cognitive disabilities in DS individuals. DS mice display microglia alterations and cognitive impairment Depletion of microglia rescues cognitive impairment in DS mice Acetaminophen treatment rescues microglia and cognitive impairments in DS mice Brain samples of DS people recapitulate microglia alterations observed in DS mice
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Pinto
- BIO@SNS, Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, 56126 Pisa, Italy; Brain Development and Disease Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Giovanni Morelli
- Brain Development and Disease Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Mohit Rastogi
- Brain Development and Disease Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Annalisa Savardi
- Brain Development and Disease Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Amos Fumagalli
- Brain Development and Disease Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Andrea Petretto
- Core Facilities - Clinical Proteomics and Metabolomics, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Martina Bartolucci
- Core Facilities - Clinical Proteomics and Metabolomics, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Emilio Varea
- Cellular Biology Department, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Tiziano Catelani
- Electron Microscopy Facility, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Andrea Contestabile
- Brain Development and Disease Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Laura E Perlini
- Brain Development and Disease Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Laura Cancedda
- Brain Development and Disease Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy; Dulbecco Telethon Institute, Rome, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Aguilera ER, Lenz LL. Inflammation as a Modulator of Host Susceptibility to Pulmonary Influenza, Pneumococcal, and Co-Infections. Front Immunol 2020; 11:105. [PMID: 32117259 PMCID: PMC7026256 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial and viral pathogens are predominant causes of pulmonary infections and complications. Morbidity and mortality from these infections is increased in populations that include the elderly, infants, and individuals with genetic disorders such as Down syndrome. Immune senescence, concurrent infections, and other immune alterations occur in these susceptible populations, but the underlying mechanisms that dictate increased susceptibility to lung infections are not fully defined. Here, we review unique features of the lung as a mucosal epithelial tissue and aspects of inflammatory and immune responses in model pulmonary infections and co-infections by influenza virus and Streptococcus pneumoniae. In these models, lung inflammatory responses are a double-edged sword: recruitment of immune effectors is essential to eliminate bacteria and virus-infected cells, but inflammatory cytokines drive changes in the lung conducive to increased pathogen replication. Excessive accumulation of inflammatory cells also hinders lung function, possibly causing death of the host. Some animal studies have found that targeting host modulators of lung inflammatory responses has therapeutic or prophylactic effects in these infection and co-infection models. However, conflicting results from other studies suggest microbiota, sequence of colonization, or other unappreciated aspects of lung biology also play important roles in the outcome of infections. Regardless, a predisposition to excessive or aberrant inflammatory responses occurs in susceptible human populations. Hence, in appropriate contexts, modulation of inflammatory responses may prove effective for reducing the frequency or severity of pulmonary infections. However, there remain limitations in our understanding of how this might best be achieved—particularly in diverse human populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth R Aguilera
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Laurel L Lenz
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Huggard D, Doherty DG, Molloy EJ. Immune Dysregulation in Children With Down Syndrome. Front Pediatr 2020; 8:73. [PMID: 32175298 PMCID: PMC7056667 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2020.00073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is the most common genetic syndrome associated with immune defects. The extent of immune dysregulation in DS is substantial, spanning the innate and adaptive systems and including anomalies in: T and B cells, monocytes, neutrophil chemotaxis, circulating cytokines, and suboptimal antibody responses which all contribute to an increased risk of infections, poorer clinical outcomes and chronic inflammation in this vulnerable cohort. Other aspects of innate immunity may also be abnormal and contribute to the increased morbidity and warrant further interrogation such as: gamma delta T cell function, the inflammasome, Toll-like receptors and their pathways. Pharmacotherapies such as pavilizumab, pneumococcal and influenza immunizations, as well as potential immunoprophylactic agents such as pidotimod, azithromycin and Broncho-Vaxom may help alleviate the infectious consequences. Children with DS need to be managed with a heightened sense of awareness and urgency in the setting of sepsis and signs of chronic inflammation need regular screening and appropriate follow up.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dean Huggard
- Paediatrics, Trinity College, The University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Trinity Translational Medicine Institute (TTMI), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Paediatrics, Children's Hospital Ireland at Crumlin and Tallaght, Dublin, Ireland.,National Children's Research Centre Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Derek G Doherty
- Paediatrics, Trinity College, The University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Trinity Translational Medicine Institute (TTMI), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Eleanor J Molloy
- Paediatrics, Trinity College, The University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Trinity Translational Medicine Institute (TTMI), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Paediatrics, Children's Hospital Ireland at Crumlin and Tallaght, Dublin, Ireland.,National Children's Research Centre Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Coombe Women and Infants University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Increased systemic inflammation in children with Down syndrome. Cytokine 2019; 127:154938. [PMID: 31785499 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2019.154938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Children with Down syndrome (DS) develop more infections, have an increased mortality from sepsis and an increased incidence of chronic inflammatory conditions. Cytokine dysregulation may underpin these clinical sequelae and raised pro-inflammatory biomarkers are a feature in adults with DS. The importance of the anti-inflammatory mediators IL-1ra and IL-10, as well as cytokines Epo and VEGF, which could impact on the pathogenesis and outcomes in congenital heart disease (CHD) which is more prevalent in DS, are less well known. We examined a comprehensive array of pro-(IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-18, IL-1β, TNF-α, IFN-γ), and anti-inflammatory (IL-10 and IL-1ra) mediators, cytokines involved in inflammation in response to hypoxia (EPO), propagating angiogenesis (VEGF), and myelopoiesis (GM-CSF), by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), as well as discussing the potential impact of significant CHD and Lipopolysaccharide endotoxin on these mediators. 114 children with DS and 60 age and sex matched controls were recruited. Children with Down syndrome exhibit significantly greater levels of pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines; IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, IL-1ra, as well as increased Epo, VEGF and GM-CSF at baseline. CHD does not seem to have an impact on circulating cytokines beyond the acute surgical phase. Both cohorts had similar responses to LPS stimulation. These differences may contribute to varied clinical outcomes, acutely like in sepsis, and over time in autoimmunity.
Collapse
|
8
|
Interleukin 6 and 10 Serum Levels and Genetic Polymorphisms in Children with Down Syndrome. Mediators Inflamm 2018; 2018:6539548. [PMID: 30186038 PMCID: PMC6116409 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6539548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunological impairment is a condition that is often observed in individuals with Down syndrome (DS). The immune response is modulated by pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines whose expressions could be influenced by genetic polymorphisms. The present study was aimed at evaluating the frequencies of -174G>C, -572G>C, and -597G>A polymorphisms in the interleukin 6 (IL-6) gene and -592C>A, -1082A>G, and -819C>T polymorphisms in the IL-10 gene and the IL-6 and IL-10 serum levels in healthy individuals with and without DS. The authors also aimed to investigate the impact of the genotypes on the interleukin concentrations. The genetic polymorphisms were investigated in 200 DS individuals and 200 controls without DS. The serum measurement of IL-6 and IL-10 was performed in a subgroup (54 cases and 54 controls) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The frequencies of the polymorphisms and haplotypes evaluated were not different between individuals with and without DS. IL-10 concentration was higher in DS children but was not influenced by IL-10 gene polymorphisms. IL-6 genotypes had no influence on IL-6 serum levels. The IL-10 serum levels are increased in DS individuals, but IL-10 polymorphisms are not the main factors that influence the IL-10 expression in DS.
Collapse
|
9
|
Ergaz-Shaltiel Z, Engel O, Erlichman I, Naveh Y, Schimmel MS, Tenenbaum A. Neonatal characteristics and perinatal complications in neonates with Down syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2017; 173:1279-1286. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.38165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Offra Engel
- Down Syndrome Center; Hadassah Medical Center; Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center; Mount Scopus Jerusalem Israel
| | - Ira Erlichman
- Neonatology Department Hadassah Medical Center; Jerusalem Israel
| | - Yaron Naveh
- Shaare Zedek Medical Center; Jerusalem Israel
| | | | - Ariel Tenenbaum
- Down Syndrome Center; Hadassah Medical Center; Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center; Mount Scopus Jerusalem Israel
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Peñaloza HF, Schultz BM, Nieto PA, Salazar GA, Suazo I, Gonzalez PA, Riedel CA, Alvarez-Lobos MM, Kalergis AM, Bueno SM. Opposing roles of IL-10 in acute bacterial infection. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2016; 32:17-30. [PMID: 27522641 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2016.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is recognized as an anti-inflammatory cytokine that downmodulates inflammatory immune responses at multiple levels. In innate cells, production of this cytokine is usually triggered after pathogen recognition receptor (PRR) engagement by pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) or damage-associated molecular patters (DAMPs), as well as by other soluble factors. Importantly, IL-10 is frequently secreted during acute bacterial infections and has been described to play a key role in infection resolution, although its effects can significantly vary depending on the infecting bacterium. While the production of IL-10 might favor host survival in some cases, it may also result harmful for the host in other circumstances, as it can prevent appropriate bacterial clearance. In this review we discuss the role of IL-10 in bacterial clearance and propose that this cytokine is required to recover from infection caused by extracellular or highly pro-inflammatory bacteria. Altogether, we propose that IL-10 drives excessive suppression of the immune response upon infection with intracellular bacteria or in non-inflammatory bacterial infections, which ultimately favors bacterial persistence and dissemination within the host. Thus, the nature of the bacterium causing infection is an important factor that needs to be taken into account when considering new immunotherapies that consist on the modulation of inflammation, such as IL-10. Indeed, induction of this cytokine may significantly improve the host's immune response to certain bacteria when antibiotics are not completely effective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hernán F Peñaloza
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile
| | - Barbara M Schultz
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile
| | - Pamela A Nieto
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile
| | - Geraldyne A Salazar
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile
| | - Isidora Suazo
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile
| | - Pablo A Gonzalez
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile
| | - Claudia A Riedel
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andrés Bello, Chile
| | - Manuel M Alvarez-Lobos
- Departamento de Gastroenterología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile
| | - Alexis M Kalergis
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile; Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile; INSERM U1064, Nantes, France
| | - Susan M Bueno
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile; INSERM U1064, Nantes, France.
| |
Collapse
|