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Zhen XM, Twigg SM, Wu T, Tabet E, McGill MJ, Constantino M, Mallawaarachchi A, Luo C, Thillainadesan S, Rahman Y, Wong J. Diabetic ketoacidosis in an adult with beta-ketothiolase deficiency (BKD) involving a novel ACAT1 variant : first report of established diabetes in BKD and a review of the literature. Clin Diabetes Endocrinol 2024; 10:17. [PMID: 38853254 PMCID: PMC11163784 DOI: 10.1186/s40842-024-00174-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes presenting in young adults is often challenging to classify. Diabetic ketoacidosis is typically seen in autoimmune type 1 diabetes mellitus and more rarely in young onset type 2 diabetes mellitus. Beta-ketothiolase deficiency (BKD) is a rare autosomal recessive condition affecting isoleucine catabolism and ketone body metabolism. BKD typically manifests in childhood as recurrent episodes of ketoacidosis, the frequency of which tends to reduce with age. There is a paucity of data with respect to the co-existence of persistent dysglycemia with BKD. CASE PRESENTATION AND LITERATURE REVIEW We present a novel case of diabetes presenting as diabetic ketoacidosis in a 34-year-old man with BKD, with genetically confirmed compound heterozygosity for variants in ACAT1, including a novel ACAT1 c.481T>C, p.(Tyr161His) variant. Diabetes in people with BKD presents unique diagnostic and management challenges. To further contextualize our findings, we conducted a comprehensive narrative review of the existing literature with respect to dysglycemia in those with BKD, especially in adulthood. There are no existing reports describing diabetes in adults with BKD. Stress hyperglycemia is not uncommon when children with BKD are acutely unwell, with several pediatric case reports describing short-lived hyperglycemia but normal HbA1c measurements during metabolic crises (indicating the absence of persistent hyperglycemia). CONCLUSIONS This is the first report of diabetic ketoacidosis in an adult with BKD, with an elevated HbA1c consistent with persistent hyperglycemia. This case highlights the importance of checking HbA1c in people with BKD and hyperglycemia in order to uncover potential coexisting diabetes, facilitating timely management and preventing complications. Increased reporting on the longitudinal outcomes of those with rare metabolic disorders is essential for identifying potential associations with conditions like diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi May Zhen
- Department of Endocrinology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
- Diabetes Centre, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
- Sydney Medical School (Central), Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
- Department of Endocrinology, Blacktown Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Stephen M Twigg
- Department of Endocrinology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Diabetes Centre, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Sydney Medical School (Central), Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ted Wu
- Department of Endocrinology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Diabetes Centre, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Eddy Tabet
- Department of Endocrinology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Diabetes Centre, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Sydney Medical School (Central), Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Margaret J McGill
- Department of Endocrinology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Diabetes Centre, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Sydney Medical School (Central), Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Maria Constantino
- Department of Endocrinology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Diabetes Centre, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Amali Mallawaarachchi
- Clinical Genetics Service, Institute of Precision Medicine and Bioinformatics, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Connie Luo
- Department of Endocrinology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Diabetes Centre, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Yusof Rahman
- Department of Genetic Medicine and ICPMR Chemical Pathology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jencia Wong
- Department of Endocrinology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Diabetes Centre, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Sydney Medical School (Central), Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Xiao G, Feng Z, Xu C, Huang X, Chen M, Zhao M, Li Y, Gao Y, Wu S, Shen Y, Peng Y. 206,977 newborn screening results reveal the ethnic differences in the spectrum of inborn errors of metabolism in Huaihua, China. Front Genet 2024; 15:1387423. [PMID: 38784038 PMCID: PMC11112075 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2024.1387423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Inborn errors of metabolism (IEMs) are rare diseases caused by inherited defects in various biochemical pathways that strongly correlate with early neonatal mortality and stunting. Currently, no studies have reported on the incidence of IEMs of multi-ethnic groups in Huaihua, China. Methods A total of 206,977 neonates with self-reported ethnicity who underwent IEM screening at Huaihua from 2015 to 2021 were selected for observation. Among them, 69 suspected IEM-positive neonates were referred for urine gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis, biochemical detection, next-generation sequencing, and Sanger sequencing. Results Sixty-nine newborns were diagnosed with IEMs, with an overall incidence of 1:3,000. The two most common disorders were 2-methylbutyryl glycinuria (1:7,137) and phenylalanine hydroxylase deficiency (1:22,997). Moreover, the incidence of IEMs in the minority ethnic group (Miao, Dong, Tujia and Yao) (1:1,852) was markedly higher than in the Han ethnic group (1:4,741). Some ethnic features variants were identified; NM_001609.4:c.1165A>G in the ACADSB gene for Miao and Dong ethnic groups, NM_014251.2:c.852_855del in the SLC25A13 gene for Miao ethnic groups. Conclusion This study revealed the IEM incidence within the minority ethnic groups is markedly higher than among the Han nationality and the gene variant spectrum is dramatically different in Huaihua, China. Hence, It serves as a theoretical reference for the screening and diagnosing of neonatal IEMs of multi-ethnic groups in the Huaihua area, and across China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Xiao
- Neonatal Disease Screening Center, Huaihua City Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Huaihua, Hunan Province, China
| | - Zonghui Feng
- Neonatal Disease Screening Center, Huaihua City Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Huaihua, Hunan Province, China
| | - Chaochao Xu
- Technical Support Center, Zhejiang Biosan Biochemical Technologies Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xuzhen Huang
- Technical Support Center, Zhejiang Biosan Biochemical Technologies Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Maosheng Chen
- Neonatal Disease Screening Center, Huaihua City Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Huaihua, Hunan Province, China
| | - Min Zhao
- Neonatal Disease Screening Center, Huaihua City Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Huaihua, Hunan Province, China
| | - Yanbin Li
- Neonatal Disease Screening Center, Huaihua City Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Huaihua, Hunan Province, China
| | - Yang Gao
- Neonatal Disease Screening Center, Huaihua City Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Huaihua, Hunan Province, China
| | - Shulin Wu
- Neonatal Disease Screening Center, Huaihua City Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Huaihua, Hunan Province, China
| | - Yuyan Shen
- Neonatal Disease Screening Center, Huaihua City Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Huaihua, Hunan Province, China
| | - Ying Peng
- Department of Medical Genetics, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Birth Defects Research, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital, Changsha, China
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Zhang M, Cai F, Guo J, Liu S, Ma G, Cai M, Zhang R, Deng J. ACAT2 suppresses the ubiquitination of YAP1 to enhance the proliferation and metastasis ability of gastric cancer via the upregulation of SETD7. Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:297. [PMID: 38670954 PMCID: PMC11053133 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-024-06666-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
The contributions of aberrantly expressed metabolic enzymes to gastric cancer (GC) initiation and progression have been widely appreciated in recent years. Acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase 2 (ACAT2) is one member of the acetyl- CoA thiolase family. Previous studies demonstrated that ACAT2 either promotes or suppresses tumor progression in different conditions. However, the function and mechanisms of ACAT2 in GC remain unknown. We found that the expression of this enzyme was significantly increased in GC tissues compared with normal counterparts, which prompted us to further investigate the roles of this protein in GC biology. In vitro functional studies showed that ACAT2 knockdown markedly halted the proliferation and the motility of GC cells; these functions favoring malignant phenotypes of GC cells were further validated in animal experiments. Mechanistically, ACAT2 depletion significantly reduced the transcription of SETD7, which is a histone methyltransferase and plays critical roles in GC cells. We found that the pro-tumoral functions of ACAT2 were largely dependent on SETD7. Moreover, SETD7 decreased the ubiquitination level of Yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1), thereby protecting YAP1 from proteasome degradation. Increased YAP1 protein expression remarkably activated the YAP1/TAZ-TEAD1 signaling pathway, which further boosted the malignant phenotypes in GC cells. In conclusion, these findings highlight the pro-tumoral functions and molecular underpinnings of ACAT2 in GC cells, and suggest that ACAT2 could be a promising target in GC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Zhang
- Department of Gastric Surgery, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, PR China
| | - Fenglin Cai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300060, PR China
| | - Jiamei Guo
- Department of Gastric Surgery, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, PR China
| | - Siya Liu
- Department of Gastric Surgery, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, PR China
| | - Gang Ma
- Department of Gastric Surgery, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, PR China
| | - Mingzhi Cai
- Department of Gastric Surgery, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, PR China
| | - Rupeng Zhang
- Department of Gastric Surgery, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, PR China
| | - Jingyu Deng
- Department of Gastric Surgery, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, PR China.
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Tang Y, Ou G, Rang O, Liu X, Liu X, Qin X, Li G, Yang Q, Wang M. Widely targeted quantitative lipidomics reveal lipid remodeling in adipose tissue after long term of the combined exposure to bisphenol A and fructose. Hum Exp Toxicol 2024; 43:9603271241232609. [PMID: 38320548 DOI: 10.1177/09603271241232609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Adipose tissue is the main organ that stores lipids and it plays important roles in metabolic balance in the body. We recently reported in Human and Experimental Toxicology that the combined exposure to BPA and fructose may interfere with energy metabolism of adipose tissue. However, it is still unclear whether the combined exposure to BPA and fructose has the possibility to induce lipid remodeling in adipose tissue. In the present study, we performed a widely targeted quantitative lipidomic analysis of the adipose tissue of rats after 6 months of BPA and fructose combined exposure. We totally determined 734 lipid molecules in the adipose tissue of rats. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed the group of the combined exposure to higher-dose (25 μg/kg every other day) BPA and fructose can be distinguished from the groups of control, higher-dose BPA exposure and fructose exposure clearly. Partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and univariate statistical analysis displayed lipids of PC(18:0_ 20:3), TG(8:0_14:0_16:0), TG(12:0_14:0_16:1), TG(10:0_16:0_16:1), TG(12:0_ 14:0_18:1), TG(14:0_ 16:0_16:1), TG(14:0_14:1_16:1), TG(8:0_ 16:1_16:2), TG(14:1_16:1_ 16:1), TG(16:1_18:1_18:1), TG(16:0_16:1_20:4) and TG(15:0_18:1_ 24:1) may contributed the most to the discrimination. These findings indicated that combined exposure to BPA and fructose has the potential to cause lipid remodeling in adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghong Tang
- Clinical Mass Spectrometry Laboratory of Clinical Research Institute and Department of Basic Medicine of Nuclear Industrial Hygiene School, Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Guifang Ou
- Clinical Mass Spectrometry Laboratory of Clinical Research Institute and Department of Basic Medicine of Nuclear Industrial Hygiene School, Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Ouyan Rang
- Clinical Mass Spectrometry Laboratory of Clinical Research Institute and Department of Basic Medicine of Nuclear Industrial Hygiene School, Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Xu Liu
- Clinical Mass Spectrometry Laboratory of Clinical Research Institute and Department of Basic Medicine of Nuclear Industrial Hygiene School, Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
- School of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Xiaocheng Liu
- Clinical Mass Spectrometry Laboratory of Clinical Research Institute and Department of Basic Medicine of Nuclear Industrial Hygiene School, Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Xinru Qin
- Clinical Mass Spectrometry Laboratory of Clinical Research Institute and Department of Basic Medicine of Nuclear Industrial Hygiene School, Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
- School of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Guojuan Li
- Endocrinology Department, Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Qing Yang
- Clinical Mass Spectrometry Laboratory of Clinical Research Institute and Department of Basic Medicine of Nuclear Industrial Hygiene School, Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Mu Wang
- Clinical Mass Spectrometry Laboratory of Clinical Research Institute and Department of Basic Medicine of Nuclear Industrial Hygiene School, Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
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Ma Z, Huang Z, Zhang C, Liu X, Zhang J, Shu H, Ma Y, Liu Z, Feng Y, Chen X, Kuang S, Zhang Y, Jia Z. Hepatic Acat2 overexpression promotes systemic cholesterol metabolism and adipose lipid metabolism in mice. Diabetologia 2023; 66:390-405. [PMID: 36378328 PMCID: PMC9665029 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-022-05829-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Acetyl coenzyme A acetyltransferase (ACAT), also known as acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase, catalyses the formation of acetoacetyl-CoA from acetyl-CoA and forms part of the isoprenoid biosynthesis pathway. Thus, ACAT plays a central role in cholesterol metabolism in a variety of cells. Here, we aimed to assess the effect of hepatic Acat2 overexpression on cholesterol metabolism and systemic energy metabolism. METHODS We generated liver-targeted adeno-associated virus 9 (AAV9) to achieve hepatic Acat2 overexpression in mice. Mice were injected with AAV9 through the tail vein and subjected to morphological, physiological (body composition, indirect calorimetry, treadmill, GTT, blood biochemistry, cardiac ultrasonography and ECG), histochemical, gene expression and metabolomic analysis under normal diet or feeding with high-fat diet to investigate the role of ACAT2 in the liver. RESULTS Hepatic Acat2 overexpression reduced body weight and total fat mass, elevated the metabolic rate, improved glucose tolerance and lowered the serum cholesterol level of mice. In addition, the overexpression of Acat2 inhibited fatty acid, glucose and ketone metabolic pathways but promoted cholesterol metabolism and changed the bile acid pool and composition of the liver. Hepatic Acat2 overexpression also decreased the size of white adipocytes and promoted lipid metabolism in white adipose tissue. Furthermore, hepatic Acat2 overexpression protected mice from high-fat-diet-induced weight gain and metabolic defects CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: Our study identifies an essential role for ACAT2 in cholesterol metabolism and systemic energy expenditure and provides key insights into the metabolic benefits of hepatic Acat2 overexpression. Thus, adenoviral Acat2 overexpression in the liver may be a potential therapeutic tool in the treatment of obesity and hypercholesterolaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin Ma
- Endocrinology Department, Suzhou Science & Technology Town Hospital, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhengyun Huang
- Cambridge-Suda Genomic Resource Center, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- Cambridge-Suda Genomic Resource Center, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiangpeng Liu
- Cambridge-Suda Genomic Resource Center, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Cambridge-Suda Genomic Resource Center, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Hui Shu
- Cambridge-Suda Genomic Resource Center, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yue Ma
- Cambridge-Suda Genomic Resource Center, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhiwei Liu
- Cambridge-Suda Genomic Resource Center, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yu Feng
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiyue Chen
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Shihuan Kuang
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Yong Zhang
- Cambridge-Suda Genomic Resource Center, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhihao Jia
- Cambridge-Suda Genomic Resource Center, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
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Wang Y, Gao Q, Wang W, Xin X, Yin Y, Zhao C, Jin Y. Identification of two novel ACAT1 variant associated with beta-ketothiolase deficiency in a 9-month-old boy. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2022; 35:1194-1200. [PMID: 35850931 DOI: 10.1515/jpem-2022-0158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Mitochondrial acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase (beta-ketothiolase, T2) is necessary for the catabolism of ketone bodies andisoleucine. T2 deficiency is an autosomal recessive metabolic disorder caused by variant in the ACAT1 gene. In this report, we describe two novel ACAT1 variant identified in a Chinese family. CASE PRESENTATION The 9-month-old male proband was admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit for altered consciousness. At the time of admission, the patient had acidosis, drowsiness, and respiratory failure. Both urine organic acid analyses and LC-MS/MS suggested T2 deficiency. Novel compound heterozygous variant (c.871G>C and c.1016_1017del) in the ACAT1 gene were detected in the proband by WES and verified through direct sequencing. Family analysis demonstrated that the first variant was transmitted from his father and the second variant was from his mother, indicating autosomal recessive inheritance. This report is the first to describe the association of these variant with T2 deficiency based on genetic testing. Although these variant were identified in the patient's elder sister and elder brother, they continue to be asymptomatic. CONCLUSIONS We identified two novel ACAT1 variants associated with T2 deficiency. The identification expands the spectrum of known variant linked to the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujuan Wang
- Department of Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong Province, P.R. China
| | - Qian Gao
- Department of Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, P.R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong Province, P.R. China
| | - Xiaowei Xin
- Department of Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong Province, P.R. China
| | - Yi Yin
- Department of Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong Province, P.R. China
| | - Chun Zhao
- Department of Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong Province, P.R. China
| | - Youpeng Jin
- Department of Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong Province, P.R. China
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Meroño T, Peron G, Gargari G, González-Domínguez R, Miñarro A, Vegas-Lozano E, Hidalgo-Liberona N, Del Bo' C, Bernardi S, Kroon PA, Carrieri B, Cherubini A, Riso P, Guglielmetti S, Andrés-Lacueva C. The relevance of urolithins-based metabotyping for assessing the effects of a polyphenol-rich dietary intervention on intestinal permeability: A post-hoc analysis of the MaPLE trial. Food Res Int 2022; 159:111632. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Shcherbakova K, Schwarz A, Apryatin S, Karpenko M, Trofimov A. Supplementation of Regular Diet With Medium-Chain Triglycerides for Procognitive Effects: A Narrative Review. Front Nutr 2022; 9:934497. [PMID: 35911092 PMCID: PMC9334743 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.934497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
It is now widely accepted that ketosis (a physiological state characterized by elevated plasma ketone body levels) possesses a wide range of neuroprotective effects. There is a growing interest in the use of ketogenic supplements, including medium-chain triglycerides (MCT), to achieve intermittent ketosis without adhering to a strict ketogenic diet. MCT supplementation is an inexpensive and simple ketogenic intervention, proven to benefit both individuals with normal cognition and those suffering from mild cognitive impairment, Alzheimer's disease, and other cognitive disorders. The commonly accepted paradigm underlying MCT supplementation trials is that the benefits stem from ketogenesis and that MCT supplementation is safe. However, medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) may also exert effects in the brain directly. Moreover, MCFAs, long-chain fatty acids, and glucose participate in mutually intertwined metabolic pathways. Therefore, the metabolic effects must be considered if the desired procognitive effects require administering MCT in doses larger than 1 g/kg. This review summarizes currently available research on the procognitive effects of using MCTs as a supplement to regular feed/diet without concomitant reduction of carbohydrate intake and focuses on the revealed mechanisms linked to particular MCT metabolites (ketone bodies, MCFAs), highlighting open questions and potential considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ksenia Shcherbakova
- I.P. Pavlov Department of Physiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Saint Petersburg, Russia,*Correspondence: Ksenia Shcherbakova
| | - Alexander Schwarz
- Laboratory of the Molecular Mechanisms of Neuronal Interactions, Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry (RAS), Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Sergey Apryatin
- I.P. Pavlov Department of Physiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Marina Karpenko
- I.P. Pavlov Department of Physiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alexander Trofimov
- I.P. Pavlov Department of Physiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Saint Petersburg, Russia
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Sun F, Cao X, Yu D, Hu D, Yan Z, Fan Y, Wang C, Wu A. AaTAS1 and AaMFS1 Genes for Biosynthesis or Efflux Transport of Tenuazonic Acid and Pathogenicity of Alternaria alternata. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2022; 35:416-427. [PMID: 35175146 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-12-21-0300-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Taking tenuazonic acid (TeA) synthetase 1 (TAS1) in Pyricularia oryzae as a reference, the homolog AaTAS1 was first anchored in Alternaria alternata via de novo sequencing. Subsequently, AaMFS1, as a major facilitator superfamily (MFS) protein-encoding gene in the adjacent upstream region, was followed with interest. As hypothesized, AaTAS1 is required for TeA biosynthesis, while AaMFS1 is an efflux pump for the transmembrane transport of TeA. Comparatively, the TeA yield of ΔAaTAS1 and ΔAaMFS1 dropped significantly compared with that of the wild-type strain. Specifically, the A domain of AaTAS1 catalyzed the start of TeA biosynthesis in vitro. Simultaneously, the pathogenicity of ΔAaTAS1 was also significantly decreased. Transcriptome analysis confirmed the abovementioned consistency between the TeA-producing phenotypes and related gene expression. Moreover, the proteins AaTAS1 and AaMFS1 were found present in the cytoplasm, plasma membrane, and intracellular membrane system, respectively, by fluorescence localization. Namely, AaTAS1 was responsible for the biosynthesis of TeA, and AaMFS1 was responsible for the efflux transport of TeA. Certainly, AaTAS1 indirectly regulated the expression of AaMFS1 through the level of synthetic TeA. Overall, data on the novel AaTAS1 and AaMFS1 genes mainly contribute to theoretical advances in mycotoxin biosynthesis and the pathogenicity of phytopathogens to agricultural foods.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Sun
- SIBS-UGENT-SJTU Joint Laboratory of Mycotoxin Research, CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xueqiang Cao
- SIBS-UGENT-SJTU Joint Laboratory of Mycotoxin Research, CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Dianzhen Yu
- SIBS-UGENT-SJTU Joint Laboratory of Mycotoxin Research, CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongqiang Hu
- SIBS-UGENT-SJTU Joint Laboratory of Mycotoxin Research, CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zheng Yan
- SIBS-UGENT-SJTU Joint Laboratory of Mycotoxin Research, CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingying Fan
- Institute of Quality Standards & Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety of Xinjiang, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products (Urumqi), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Urumqi, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Institute of Quality Standards & Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety of Xinjiang, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products (Urumqi), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Urumqi, China
| | - Aibo Wu
- SIBS-UGENT-SJTU Joint Laboratory of Mycotoxin Research, CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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10
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Maiorana A, Lepri FR, Novelli A, Dionisi-Vici C. Hypoglycaemia Metabolic Gene Panel Testing. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:826167. [PMID: 35422763 PMCID: PMC9001947 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.826167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A large number of inborn errors of metabolism present with hypoglycemia. Impairment of glucose homeostasis may arise from different biochemical pathways involving insulin secretion, fatty acid oxidation, ketone bodies formation and degradation, glycogen metabolism, fructose and galactose metabolism, branched chain aminoacids and tyrosine metabolism, mitochondrial function and glycosylation proteins mechanisms. Historically, genetic analysis consisted of highly detailed molecular testing of nominated single genes. However, more recently, the genetic heterogeneity of these conditions imposed to perform extensive molecular testing within a useful timeframe via new generation sequencing technology. Indeed, the establishment of a rapid diagnosis drives specific nutritional and medical therapies. The biochemical and clinical phenotypes are critical to guide the molecular analysis toward those clusters of genes involved in specific pathways, and address data interpretation regarding the finding of possible disease-causing variants at first reported as variants of uncertain significance in known genes or the discovery of new disease genes. Also, the trio's analysis allows genetic counseling for recurrence risk in further pregnancies. Besides, this approach is allowing to expand the phenotypic characterization of a disease when pathogenic variants give raise to unexpected clinical pictures. Multidisciplinary input and collaboration are increasingly key for addressing the analysis and interpreting the significance of the genetic results, allowing rapidly their translation from bench to bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Maiorana
- Division of Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics Subspecialties, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS (Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico), Rome, Italy
- *Correspondence: Arianna Maiorana,
| | - Francesca Romana Lepri
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Translational Cytogenomics Research Unity, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS (Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico), Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Novelli
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Translational Cytogenomics Research Unity, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS (Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico), Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Dionisi-Vici
- Division of Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics Subspecialties, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS (Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico), Rome, Italy
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11
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Guo J, Ren D, Guo ZJ, Yu J, Liu F, Zhao RX, Wang Y. Emergence of lesions outside of the basal ganglia and irreversible damage to the basal ganglia with severe β-ketothiolase deficiency: A case report. World J Clin Cases 2021; 9:9276-9284. [PMID: 34786414 PMCID: PMC8567524 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v9.i30.9276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND β-ketothiolase deficiency (β-KTD) is an inherited disease, and insufficient attention has been paid to imageology due to its lower morbidity. Therefore, few lesions outside the basal ganglia have been found before, and the persistent pathological changes have rarely been reported.
CASE SUMMARY A 10-mo-old Chinese female patient with a free previous medical history but with poor physical and athletic development had received the haemophilus influenzae vaccine and then developed a low fever 2 d prior. She was initially diagnosed with severe brain injury, central respiratory failure, metabolic acidosis complicated with respiratory alkalosis, hyper-IgE, etc. With further examination, a definite diagnosis of β-KTD was made. Symptomatic treatment was adopted. Ten days later, the dyspnea was improved evidently and the ventilator was removed, but there were still obvious abnormalities on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The lesions mainly invaded the corpus striatum but were not limited to the basal ganglia. Then, the patient’s disease improved and discharged approximately 1 mo later, and the abnormal lesions on MRI had partially improved. However, for about 1 year, the residual irreversible lesions were observed on MRI, the mental and physical development of the patient was obviously regressive, and extra rehabilitation training was needed.
CONCLUSION The case highlights the critical importance of one view that the range of lesions in some patients may be more extensive than previously thought in some β-KTD patients. In addition to biochemical tests, genetic tests and magnetic resonance imaging are not only conducive to quickly diagnosing β-KTD but also to partially evaluating the short- and long-term outcomes. Moreover, more attention should be paid to the two mutations (c.478C>G; c.951C>T) that may be associated with severe β-KTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Guo
- Department of Paediatrics, Mianyang Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Mianyang 621000, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Dan Ren
- Department of Paediatrics, Mianyang Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Mianyang 621000, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Zhong-Jie Guo
- Department of Medical Image, Mianyang Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Mianyang 621000, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Jing Yu
- Department of Paediatrics, Mianyang Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Mianyang 621000, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Fu Liu
- Department of Paediatrics, Mianyang Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Mianyang 621000, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Rong-Xiang Zhao
- Department of Paediatrics, Mianyang Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Mianyang 621000, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Mianyang Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Mianyang 621000, Sichuan Province, China
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12
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Engineering potassium activation into biosynthetic thiolase. Biochem J 2021; 478:3047-3062. [PMID: 34338286 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20210455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Activation of enzymes by monovalent cations (M+) is a widespread phenomenon in biology. Despite this, there are few structure-based studies describing the underlying molecular details. Thiolases are a ubiquitous and highly conserved family of enzymes containing both K+-activated and K+-independent members. Guided by structures of naturally occurring K+-activated thiolases, we have used a structure-based approach to engineer K+-activation into a K+-independent thiolase. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of engineering K+-activation into an enzyme, showing the malleability of proteins to accommodate M+ ions as allosteric regulators. We show that a few protein structural features encode K+-activation in this class of enzyme. Specifically, two residues near the substrate-binding site are sufficient for K+-activation: A tyrosine residue is required to complete the K+ coordination sphere, and a glutamate residue provides a compensating charge for the bound K+ ion. Further to these, a distal residue is important for positioning a K+-coordinating water molecule that forms a direct hydrogen bond to the substrate. The stability of a cation-π interaction between a positively charged residue and the substrate is determined by the conformation of the loop surrounding the substrate-binding site. Our results suggest that this cation-π interaction effectively overrides K+-activation, and is, therefore, destabilised in K+-activated thiolases. Evolutionary conservation of these amino acids provides a promising signature sequence for predicting K+-activation in thiolases. Together, our structural, biochemical and bioinformatic work provide important mechanistic insights into how enzymes can be allosterically activated by M+ ions.
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13
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Lin Y, Yang Z, Yang C, Hu H, He H, Niu T, Liu M, Wang D, Sun Y, Shen Y, Li X, Yan H, Kong Y, Huang X. C4OH is a potential newborn screening marker-a multicenter retrospective study of patients with beta-ketothiolase deficiency in China. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2021; 16:224. [PMID: 34001203 PMCID: PMC8130433 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-021-01859-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Beta-ketothiolase deficiency (BKTD) is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by biallelic mutation of ACAT1 that affects both isoleucine catabolism and ketolysis. There is little information available regarding the incidence, newborn screening (NBS), and mutational spectrum of BKTD in China. Results We collected NBS, biochemical, clinical, and ACAT1 mutation data from 18 provinces or municipalities in China between January 2009 and May 2020, and systematically assessed all available published data from Chinese BKTD patients. A total of 16,088,190 newborns were screened and 14 patients were identified through NBS, with an estimated incidence of 1 per 1 million newborns in China. In total, twenty-nine patients were genetically diagnosed with BKTD, 12 of which were newly identified. Most patients exhibited typical blood acylcarnitine and urinary organic acid profiles. Interestingly, almost all patients (15/16, 94%) showed elevated 3-hydroxybutyrylcarnitine (C4OH) levels. Eighteen patients presented with acute metabolic decompensations and displayed variable clinical symptoms. The acute episodes of nine patients were triggered by infections, diarrhea, or an inflammatory response to vaccination. Approximately two-thirds of patients had favorable outcomes, one showed a developmental delay and three died. Twenty-seven distinct variants were identified in ACAT1, among which five were found to be novel. Conclusion This study presented the largest series of BKTD cohorts in China. Our results indicated that C4OH is a useful marker for the detection of BKTD. The performance of BKTD NBS could be improved by the addition of C4OH to the current panel of 3-hydroxyisovalerylcarnitine and tiglylcarnitine markers in NBS. The mutational spectrum and molecular profiles of ACAT1 in the Chinese population were expanded with five newly identified variants. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13023-021-01859-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Lin
- Department of Genetics and Metabolism, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, 3333 Binsheng Road, Hangzhou, 310052, China.,Neonatal Disease Screening Center, Quanzhou Maternity and Children's Hospital, Quanzhou, China
| | - Zhantao Yang
- Continuing Medical Education and Research Center, Dian Diagnostics Group Co., Ltd, 329 Jinpeng Street, Xihu District, Hangzhou, 310030, China
| | - Chiju Yang
- Jining Maternal and Child Health Family Service Center, Jining, China
| | - Haili Hu
- Neonatal Disease Screening Center, Hefei Maternal and Child Health, Family Planning Service Center, Anhui, China
| | - Haiyan He
- Wuhu Maternal and Child Health Family Planning Service Center, Anhui, China
| | - Tingting Niu
- Shandong Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Shandong, China
| | - Mingfang Liu
- Liaocheng Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Shandong, China
| | - Dongjuan Wang
- Center for Clinical Molecular Medicine/Newborn Screening Center, Children's Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yun Sun
- Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuyan Shen
- Neonatal Disease Screening Center, Huaihua Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Huaihua, China
| | - Xiaole Li
- Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan, China
| | - Huiming Yan
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yuanyuan Kong
- Department of Newborn Screening, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, 251 Yaojiayuan Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100026, China
| | - Xinwen Huang
- Department of Genetics and Metabolism, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, 3333 Binsheng Road, Hangzhou, 310052, China.
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14
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Nakagawa T, Kuroda K, Fujiwara I, Ohura T. Emergent treatment using glucose/insulin infusing for ketoacidosis in T2 deficiency. Pediatr Int 2021; 63:482-484. [PMID: 33818869 DOI: 10.1111/ped.14442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kaoru Kuroda
- Division of Pediatrics, Sendai City Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Ikuma Fujiwara
- Division of Pediatrics, Sendai City Hospital, Sendai, Japan
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15
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Mao S, Yang L, Yin X, Yang J, Huang X. Ketoacidotic crisis after vaccination in a girl with beta-ketothiolase deficiency: a case report. Transl Pediatr 2021; 10:459-463. [PMID: 33708533 PMCID: PMC7944172 DOI: 10.21037/tp-20-265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Beta-ketothiolase (mitochondrial acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase, T2) is a rare autosomal recessive disease caused by ACAT1 gene pathogenic variant involving isoleucine catabolism and ketone body metabolism disorder. The onset of ketoacidotic crisis commonly follows prior concurrent diseases or triggers including long-time fasting, infections, intake of high-level of lipids or proteins, etc. A girl aged 8 months presented with fever and cough on the day after vaccination of the second dose of Japanese encephalitis inactivated; on the second day after vaccination, she was admitted to the local hospital because of unconsciousness and dyspnea. After 1 day of treatment at the local hospital, she was referred to our hospital due to exacerbated conditions including unconsciousness and convulsion. When referring to our hospital, she had metabolic acidosis, hypokalemia, hypernatremia, hyperammonemia, and a Glasgow coma scale of 8 and Kussmaul breathing. Five percent NaHCO3 (24 mL/kg), glucose and insulin (4-6 g glucose/1 U insulin) were continuously infused for correcting acidosis. L-carnitine (350 mg/kg/day) was given for ensuring the energy and increasing exudates of metabolites after admission. Protein was limited at 1.5 g/kg/day. Mechanical ventilation support and hemodialysis were used. The patient was still under unconsciousness after 2 weeks of intensive treatment in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU). Due to her severe illness, the child's parents ultimately decided to redirect their goals of care, and the child was discharged home where she died. For children with acute unexplainable metabolic acidosis, differential diagnosis of T2 deficiency should be considered. Rigorous indicative treatments including mechanical ventilation and hemodialysis should be given timely if ketoacidotic crisis occurred in patients with T2 deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujiong Mao
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lili Yang
- Department of Genetics and Metabolism, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoshan Yin
- School of Health in Social Science, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jianbin Yang
- Department of Genetics and Metabolism, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinwen Huang
- Department of Genetics and Metabolism, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
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16
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Abdelkreem E, Magdy RM, Sadek AA. Characterization and outcome of 11 children with non-diabetic ketoacidosis. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2021; 34:95-102. [PMID: 33581701 DOI: 10.1515/jpem-2020-0324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To study the clinical and laboratory features, management, and outcome of pediatric non-diabetic ketoacidosis (NDKA). METHODS Between May 2018 and April 2020, we prospectively collected children under 18 years who presented with ketoacidosis, defined as ketosis (urinary ketones ≥++ and/or serum β-hydroxybutyrate level ≥3 mmol/L) and metabolic acidosis (pH <7.3 and HCO3 - <15 mmol/L). Children with HbA1c level ≥6.5% at initial presentation and those meeting the diagnostic criteria for DM during follow-up were excluded. Data were collected on demographics, clinical and laboratory features, management, and outcome. RESULTS Eleven children with 19 episodes of NDKA were identified. The median age was 12 months (range from 5 months to 5 years). They manifested dehydration and disturbed conscious level (all cases), convulsions (n=6), hypoglycemia (n=6), hyperglycemia (n=2) and significant hyperammonemia (n=4). Most cases required intensive care management. Death or neurodevelopmental impairment occurred in six cases. Seven cases had inborn errors of metabolism (IEMs). Other cases were attributed to starvation, sepsis, and salicylate intoxication. CONCLUSIONS This is the largest case series of pediatric NDKA. Ketoacidosis, even with hyperglycemia, is not always secondary to diabetes mellitus. IEMs may constitute a significant portion of pediatric NDKA. Increased awareness of this unfamiliar condition is important for prompt diagnosis, timely management, and better outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsayed Abdelkreem
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag 82524, Egypt
| | - Rofaida M Magdy
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag 82524, Egypt
| | - Abdelrahim A Sadek
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag 82524, Egypt
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17
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Park KC, Krywawych S, Richard E, Desviat LR, Swietach P. Cardiac Complications of Propionic and Other Inherited Organic Acidemias. Front Cardiovasc Med 2020; 7:617451. [PMID: 33415129 PMCID: PMC7782273 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2020.617451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical observations and experimental studies have determined that systemic acid-base disturbances can profoundly affect the heart. A wealth of information is available on the effects of altered pH on cardiac function but, by comparison, much less is known about the actions of the organic anions that accumulate alongside H+ ions in acidosis. In the blood and other body fluids, these organic chemical species can collectively reach concentrations of several millimolar in severe metabolic acidoses, as in the case of inherited organic acidemias, and exert powerful biological actions on the heart that are not intuitive to predict. Indeed, cardiac pathologies, such as cardiomyopathy and arrhythmia, are frequently reported in organic acidemia patients, but the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms are not well established. Research efforts in the area of organic anion physiology have increased dramatically in recent years, particularly for propionate, which accumulates in propionic acidemia, one of the commonest organic acidemias characterized by a high incidence of cardiac disease. This Review provides a comprehensive historical overview of all known organic acidemias that feature cardiac complications and a state-of-the-art overview of the cardiac sequelae observed in propionic acidemia. The article identifies the most promising candidates for molecular mechanisms that become aberrantly engaged by propionate anions (and its metabolites), and discusses how these may result in cardiac derangements in propionic acidemia. Key clinical and experimental findings are considered in the context of potential therapies in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Chan Park
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Burdon Sanderson Cardiac Science Centre, British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Steve Krywawych
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eva Richard
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (UAM-CSIC), Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), IdiPaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lourdes R Desviat
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (UAM-CSIC), Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), IdiPaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pawel Swietach
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Burdon Sanderson Cardiac Science Centre, British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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18
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Leandro J, Houten SM. The lysine degradation pathway: Subcellular compartmentalization and enzyme deficiencies. Mol Genet Metab 2020; 131:14-22. [PMID: 32768327 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2020.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Lysine degradation via formation of saccharopine is a pathway confined to the mitochondria. The second pathway for lysine degradation, the pipecolic acid pathway, is not yet fully elucidated and known enzymes are localized in the mitochondria, cytosol and peroxisome. The tissue-specific roles of these two pathways are still under investigation. The lysine degradation pathway is clinically relevant due to the occurrence of two severe neurometabolic disorders, pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy (PDE) and glutaric aciduria type 1 (GA1). The existence of three other disorders affecting lysine degradation without apparent clinical consequences opens up the possibility to find alternative therapeutic strategies for PDE and GA1 through pathway modulation. A better understanding of the mechanisms, compartmentalization and interplay between the different enzymes and metabolites involved in lysine degradation is of utmost importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Leandro
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Sander M Houten
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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19
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Otsuka H, Kimura T, Ago Y, Nakama M, Aoyama Y, Abdelkreem E, Matsumoto H, Ohnishi H, Sasai H, Osawa M, Yamaguchi S, Mitchell GA, Fukao T. Deficiency of 3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (BDH1) in mice causes low ketone body levels and fatty liver during fasting. J Inherit Metab Dis 2020; 43:960-968. [PMID: 32279332 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
d-3-Hydroxy-n-butyrate dehydrogenase (BDH1; EC 1.1.1.30), encoded by BDH1, catalyzes the reversible reduction of acetoacetate (AcAc) to 3-hydroxybutyrate (3HB). BDH1 is the last enzyme of hepatic ketogenesis and the first enzyme of ketolysis. The hereditary deficiency of BDH1 has not yet been described in humans. To define the features of BDH1 deficiency in a mammalian model, we generated Bdh1-deficient mice (Bdh1 KO mice). Under normal housing conditions, with unrestricted access to food, Bdh1 KO mice showed normal growth, appearance, behavior, and fertility. In contrast, fasting produced marked differences from controls. Although Bdh1 KO mice survive fasting for at least 48 hours, blood 3HB levels remained very low in Bdh1 KO mice, and despite AcAc levels moderately higher than in controls, total ketone body levels in Bdh1 KO mice were significantly lower than in wild-type (WT) mice after 16, 24, and 48 hours fasting. Hepatic fat content at 24 hours of fasting was greater in Bdh1 KO than in WT mice. Systemic BDH1 deficiency was well tolerated under normal fed conditions but manifested during fasting with a marked increase in AcAc/3HB ratio and hepatic steatosis, indicating the importance of ketogenesis for lipid energy balance in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Otsuka
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu City, Japan
- Department of Neonatology, Gifu Prefectural General Medical Center, Gifu City, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kimura
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu City, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Ago
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu City, Japan
| | - Mina Nakama
- Clinical Genetics Center, Gifu University Hospital, Gifu City, Japan
| | - Yuka Aoyama
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu City, Japan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life and Health Sciences, Education and Training Center of Medical Technology, Chubu University, Kasugai City, Japan
| | - Elsayed Abdelkreem
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu City, Japan
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Nasser City, Egypt
| | - Hideki Matsumoto
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu City, Japan
| | - Hidenori Ohnishi
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu City, Japan
| | - Hideo Sasai
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu City, Japan
- Clinical Genetics Center, Gifu University Hospital, Gifu City, Japan
| | - Masatake Osawa
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Applied Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu City, Japan
- Gifu Center for Highly Advanced Integration of Nanosciences and Life Sciences (G-CHAIN), Gifu University, Gifu City, Japan
| | - Seiji Yamaguchi
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo City, Japan
| | - Grant A Mitchell
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine and Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Toshiyuki Fukao
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu City, Japan
- Clinical Genetics Center, Gifu University Hospital, Gifu City, Japan
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20
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2-methylacetoacetyl-coenzyme A thiolase (beta-ketothiolase) deficiency: one disease - two pathways. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2020; 15:106. [PMID: 32345314 PMCID: PMC7187484 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-020-01357-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background 2-methylacetoacetyl-coenzyme A thiolase deficiency (MATD; deficiency of mitochondrial acetoacetyl-coenzyme A thiolase T2/ “beta-ketothiolase”) is an autosomal recessive disorder of ketone body utilization and isoleucine degradation due to mutations in ACAT1. Methods We performed a systematic literature search for all available clinical descriptions of patients with MATD. Two hundred forty-four patients were identified and included in this analysis. Clinical course and biochemical data are presented and discussed. Results For 89.6% of patients at least one acute metabolic decompensation was reported. Age at first symptoms ranged from 2 days to 8 years (median 12 months). More than 82% of patients presented in the first 2 years of life, while manifestation in the neonatal period was the exception (3.4%). 77.0% (157 of 204 patients) of patients showed normal psychomotor development without neurologic abnormalities. Conclusion This comprehensive data analysis provides a systematic overview on all cases with MATD identified in the literature. It demonstrates that MATD is a rather benign disorder with often favourable outcome, when compared with many other organic acidurias.
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Dumin E, Idin A, Korman SH, Tal G. Acute Normoglycemic Ketoacidosis. Clin Chem 2019; 65:1610-1612. [PMID: 31776163 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2019.309062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Dumin
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel; .,Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Anna Idin
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Stanley H Korman
- Metabolic Unit, Ruth Rappaport Children's Hospital, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel.,Department of Pediatrics, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Galit Tal
- Metabolic Unit, Ruth Rappaport Children's Hospital, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
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Bancel LP, Germain N, Guemann AS, Joncquel Chevalier Curt M, Dessein AF. Abnormal Ketone Bodies in a 22-Month-Old Boy Presenting with Recurrent Vomiting and Metabolic Acidosis. Clin Chem 2019; 65:1460-1462. [DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2019.306712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Léo-Paul Bancel
- CHU Lille, Centre de Biologie Pathologie Génétique, UF Métabolisme Général et Maladies Rares, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Nicolas Germain
- CHU Lille, Centre de Biologie Pathologie Génétique, UF Métabolisme Général et Maladies Rares, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Guemann
- CHU Lille, Centre de Référence des Maladies Héréditaires du Métabolisme, F-59000 Lille, France
| | | | - Anne-Frédérique Dessein
- CHU Lille, Centre de Biologie Pathologie Génétique, UF Métabolisme Général et Maladies Rares, F-59000 Lille, France
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Abdelkreem E, Harijan RK, Yamaguchi S, Wierenga RK, Fukao T. Mutation update on ACAT1 variants associated with mitochondrial acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase (T2) deficiency. Hum Mutat 2019; 40:1641-1663. [PMID: 31268215 PMCID: PMC6790690 DOI: 10.1002/humu.23831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial acetoacetyl‐CoA thiolase (T2, encoded by the ACAT1 gene) deficiency is an inherited disorder of ketone body and isoleucine metabolism. It typically manifests with episodic ketoacidosis. The presence of isoleucine‐derived metabolites is the key marker for biochemical diagnosis. To date, 105 ACAT1 variants have been reported in 149 T2‐deficient patients. The 56 disease‐associated missense ACAT1 variants have been mapped onto the crystal structure of T2. Almost all these missense variants concern residues that are completely or partially buried in the T2 structure. Such variants are expected to cause T2 deficiency by having lower in vivo T2 activity because of lower folding efficiency and/or stability. Expression and activity data of 30 disease‐associated missense ACAT1 variants have been measured by expressing them in human SV40‐transformed fibroblasts. Only two variants (p.Cys126Ser and p.Tyr219His) appear to have equal stability as wild‐type. For these variants, which are inactive, the side chains point into the active site. In patients with T2 deficiency, the genotype does not correlate with the clinical phenotype but exerts a considerable effect on the biochemical phenotype. This could be related to variable remaining residual T2 activity in vivo and has important clinical implications concerning disease management and newborn screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsayed Abdelkreem
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan.,Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
| | - Rajesh K Harijan
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Seiji Yamaguchi
- Department of Pediatrics, Shimane University School of Medicine, Izumo, Japan
| | | | - Toshiyuki Fukao
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
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Yang Y, Jiang SH, Liu S, Han XY, Wang Y, Wang LL, Yu B. Two Infants With Beta-Ketothiolase Deficiency Identified by Newborn Screening in China. Front Genet 2019; 10:451. [PMID: 31156707 PMCID: PMC6530354 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Beta-ketothiolase deficiency (BKTD) is an autosomal recessive disease caused by a defect of mitochondrial acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase. Beginning in 2014, we carried out newborn screening by tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) followed by next-generation sequencing (NGS) and identified two infants with BKTD among 203,750 newborns born in Jiangsu Province, China. Both infants showed the characteristic chemical abnormalities of BKTD. We used NGS to confirm variants in the ACAT1. Patient 1 had the compound heterozygous variants c.721dupA and c.928G > C. Patient 2 had compound heterozygosity for the c.238+1G > A and c.1163G > T variants. c.721dupA, c.928G > C and c.1163G > T were suspected to be likely pathogenic, whereas c.238+1G > A was determined to be pathogenic. None of the four variants have been reported in the literature. Patient 1 presented with onset of metabolic acidosis and neonatal hypoglycemia 8 days after birth, whereas patient 2 was detected through neonatal disease screening but had no clinical manifestations. These findings contribute to our understanding of the clinical characteristics and genetic basis of BKTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Yang
- Changzhou Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China
| | - Shu hong Jiang
- Changzhou Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China
| | - Shuang Liu
- Lianyungang Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Yangzhou University, Lianyungang, China
| | - Xiao ya Han
- Changzhou Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Changzhou Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China
| | - Lei lei Wang
- Lianyungang Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Yangzhou University, Lianyungang, China
| | - Bin Yu
- Changzhou Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China
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