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Šimon M, Mikec Š, Morton NM, Atanur SS, Konc J, Horvat S, Kunej T. Genome-wide screening for genetic variants in polyadenylation signal (PAS) sites in mouse selection lines for fatness and leanness. Mamm Genome 2023; 34:12-31. [PMID: 36414820 PMCID: PMC9684942 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-022-09967-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Alternative polyadenylation (APA) determines mRNA stability, localisation, translation and protein function. Several diseases, including obesity, have been linked to APA. Studies have shown that single nucleotide polymorphisms in polyadenylation signals (PAS-SNPs) can influence APA and affect phenotype and disease susceptibility. However, these studies focussed on associations between single PAS-SNP alleles with very large effects and phenotype. Therefore, we performed a genome-wide screening for PAS-SNPs in the polygenic mouse selection lines for fatness and leanness by whole-genome sequencing. The genetic variants identified in the two lines were overlapped with locations of PAS sites obtained from the PolyASite 2.0 database. Expression data for selected genes were extracted from the microarray expression experiment performed on multiple tissue samples. In total, 682 PAS-SNPs were identified within 583 genes involved in various biological processes, including transport, protein modifications and degradation, cell adhesion and immune response. Moreover, 63 of the 583 orthologous genes in human have been previously associated with human diseases, such as nervous system and physical disorders, and immune, endocrine, and metabolic diseases. In both lines, PAS-SNPs have also been identified in genes broadly involved in APA, such as Polr2c, Eif3e and Ints11. Five PAS-SNPs within 5 genes (Car, Col4a1, Itga7, Lat, Nmnat1) were prioritised as potential functional variants and could contribute to the phenotypic disparity between the two selection lines. The developed PAS-SNPs catalogue presents a key resource for planning functional studies to uncover the role of PAS-SNPs in APA, disease susceptibility and fat deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Šimon
- grid.8954.00000 0001 0721 6013Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Animal Science, University of Ljubljana, Domžale, Slovenia
| | - Špela Mikec
- grid.8954.00000 0001 0721 6013Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Animal Science, University of Ljubljana, Domžale, Slovenia
| | - Nicholas M. Morton
- grid.511172.10000 0004 0613 128XUniversity of Edinburgh, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Santosh S. Atanur
- grid.7445.20000 0001 2113 8111Faculty of Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
- grid.4305.20000 0004 1936 7988Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Janez Konc
- grid.454324.00000 0001 0661 0844Laboratory for Molecular Modeling, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Simon Horvat
- grid.8954.00000 0001 0721 6013Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Animal Science, University of Ljubljana, Domžale, Slovenia
| | - Tanja Kunej
- grid.8954.00000 0001 0721 6013Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Animal Science, University of Ljubljana, Domžale, Slovenia
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2
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Subramaniam S, Kothari H, Bosmann M. Tissue factor in COVID-19-associated coagulopathy. Thromb Res 2022; 220:35-47. [PMID: 36265412 PMCID: PMC9525243 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2022.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Evidence of micro- and macro-thrombi in the arteries and veins of critically ill COVID-19 patients and in autopsies highlight the occurrence of COVID-19-associated coagulopathy (CAC). Clinical findings of critically ill COVID-19 patients point to various mechanisms for CAC; however, the definitive underlying cause is unclear. Multiple factors may contribute to the prothrombotic state in patients with COVID-19. Aberrant expression of tissue factor (TF), an initiator of the extrinsic coagulation pathway, leads to thrombotic complications during injury, inflammation, and infections. Clinical evidence suggests that TF-dependent coagulation activation likely plays a role in CAC. Multiple factors could trigger abnormal TF expression and coagulation activation in patients with severe COVID-19 infection. Proinflammatory cytokines that are highly elevated in COVID-19 (IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α) are known induce TF expression on leukocytes (e.g. monocytes, macrophages) and non-immune cells (e.g. endothelium, epithelium) in other conditions. Antiphospholipid antibodies, TF-positive extracellular vesicles, pattern recognition receptor (PRR) pathways and complement activation are all candidate factors that could trigger TF-dependent procoagulant activity. In addition, coagulation factors, such as thrombin, may further potentiate the induction of TF via protease-activated receptors on cells. In this systematic review, with other viral infections, we discuss potential mechanisms and cell-type-specific expressions of TF during SARS-CoV-2 infection and its role in the development of CAC.
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Batiha GES, Al-Gareeb AI, Elekhnawy E, Al-kuraishy HM. Potential role of lipoxin in the management of COVID-19: a narrative review. Inflammopharmacology 2022; 30:1993-2001. [PMID: 36114383 PMCID: PMC9483298 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-022-01070-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) infection leads to the development of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which causes endothelial dysfunction (ED), oxidative stress (OS), and inflammatory disorders. These changes cause hypoxia and cytokine storm with the development of cardio-pulmonary complications. Bioactive lipids and other polyunsaturated fatty acids participate in a vital role in the SARS-CoV-2 infection process. One of these mediators is the anti-inflammatory compound, lipoxin (LX). LXs are produced from arachidonic acid (AA) by collaboration between 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) and 12–15 LO during cell interactions. Thus, our goal was to review the probable role of LXs in COVID-19 regarding the effects of LXs on the inflammatory signaling pathways that are linked with COVID-19 pathogenesis and complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, 22511 AlBeheira Egypt
| | - Ali I. Al-Gareeb
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Medicine, College of Medicine, Al-Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, 14132 Iraq
| | - Engy Elekhnawy
- Pharmaceutical Microbiology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527 Egypt
| | - Hayder M. Al-kuraishy
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Medicine, College of Medicine, Al-Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, 14132 Iraq
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4
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Loh JT, Teo JKH, Lam KP. Dok3 restrains neutrophil production of calprotectin during TLR4 sensing of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Front Immunol 2022; 13:996637. [PMID: 36172386 PMCID: PMC9510782 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.996637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased neutrophils and elevated level of circulating calprotectin are hallmarks of severe COVID-19 and they contribute to the dysregulated immune responses and cytokine storm in susceptible patients. However, the precise mechanism controlling calprotectin production during SARS-CoV-2 infection remains elusive. In this study, we showed that Dok3 adaptor restrains calprotectin production by neutrophils in response to SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein engagement of TLR4. Dok3 recruits SHP-2 to mediate the de-phosphorylation of MyD88 at Y257, thereby attenuating downstream JAK2-STAT3 signaling and calprotectin production. Blocking of TLR4, JAK2 and STAT3 signaling could prevent excessive production of calprotectin by Dok3-/- neutrophils, revealing new targets for potential COVID-19 therapy. As S protein from SARS-CoV-2 Delta and Omicron variants can activate TLR4-driven calprotectin production in Dok3-/- neutrophils, our study suggests that targeting calprotectin production may be an effective strategy to combat severe COVID-19 manifestations associated with these emerging variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Tong Loh
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- *Correspondence: Jia Tong Loh, ; Kong-Peng Lam,
| | - Joey Kay Hui Teo
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kong-Peng Lam
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- *Correspondence: Jia Tong Loh, ; Kong-Peng Lam,
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5
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da Silva SJR, do Nascimento JCF, Germano Mendes RP, Guarines KM, Targino Alves da Silva C, da Silva PG, de Magalhães JJF, Vigar JRJ, Silva-Júnior A, Kohl A, Pardee K, Pena L. Two Years into the COVID-19 Pandemic: Lessons Learned. ACS Infect Dis 2022; 8:1758-1814. [PMID: 35940589 PMCID: PMC9380879 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.2c00204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a highly transmissible and virulent human-infecting coronavirus that emerged in late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, causing a respiratory disease called coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which has massively impacted global public health and caused widespread disruption to daily life. The crisis caused by COVID-19 has mobilized scientists and public health authorities across the world to rapidly improve our knowledge about this devastating disease, shedding light on its management and control, and spawned the development of new countermeasures. Here we provide an overview of the state of the art of knowledge gained in the last 2 years about the virus and COVID-19, including its origin and natural reservoir hosts, viral etiology, epidemiology, modes of transmission, clinical manifestations, pathophysiology, diagnosis, treatment, prevention, emerging variants, and vaccines, highlighting important differences from previously known highly pathogenic coronaviruses. We also discuss selected key discoveries from each topic and underline the gaps of knowledge for future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Severino Jefferson Ribeiro da Silva
- Laboratory of Virology and Experimental Therapy (LAVITE), Department of Virology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute (IAM), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), 50670-420 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Jessica Catarine Frutuoso do Nascimento
- Laboratory of Virology and Experimental Therapy (LAVITE), Department of Virology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute (IAM), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), 50670-420 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Renata Pessôa Germano Mendes
- Laboratory of Virology and Experimental Therapy (LAVITE), Department of Virology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute (IAM), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), 50670-420 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Klarissa Miranda Guarines
- Laboratory of Virology and Experimental Therapy (LAVITE), Department of Virology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute (IAM), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), 50670-420 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Caroline Targino Alves da Silva
- Laboratory of Virology and Experimental Therapy (LAVITE), Department of Virology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute (IAM), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), 50670-420 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Poliana Gomes da Silva
- Laboratory of Virology and Experimental Therapy (LAVITE), Department of Virology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute (IAM), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), 50670-420 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Jurandy Júnior Ferraz de Magalhães
- Laboratory of Virology and Experimental Therapy (LAVITE), Department of Virology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute (IAM), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), 50670-420 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.,Department of Virology, Pernambuco State Central Laboratory (LACEN/PE), 52171-011 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.,University of Pernambuco (UPE), Serra Talhada Campus, 56909-335 Serra Talhada, Pernambuco, Brazil.,Public Health Laboratory of the XI Regional Health, 56912-160 Serra Talhada, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Justin R J Vigar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Abelardo Silva-Júnior
- Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), 57072-900 Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
| | - Alain Kohl
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom
| | - Keith Pardee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3M2, Canada.,Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Lindomar Pena
- Laboratory of Virology and Experimental Therapy (LAVITE), Department of Virology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute (IAM), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), 50670-420 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
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6
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Virus Infection and Systemic Inflammation: Lessons Learnt from COVID-19 and Beyond. Cells 2022; 11:cells11142198. [PMID: 35883640 PMCID: PMC9316821 DOI: 10.3390/cells11142198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory infections with newly emerging zoonotic viruses such as SARS-CoV-2, the etiological agent of COVID-19, often lead to the perturbation of the human innate and adaptive immune responses causing severe disease with high mortality. The responsible mechanisms are commonly virus-specific and often include either over-activated or delayed local interferon responses, which facilitate efficient viral replication in the primary target organ, systemic viral spread, and rapid onset of organ-specific and harmful inflammatory responses. Despite the distinct replication strategies, human infections with SARS-CoV-2 and highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses demonstrate remarkable similarities and differences regarding the mechanisms of immune induction, disease dynamics, as well as the long-term sequelae, which will be discussed in this review. In addition, we will highlight some important lessons about the effectiveness of antiviral and immunomodulatory therapeutic strategies that this pandemic has taught us.
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7
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Dai J, Wang Y, Wang H, Gao Z, Wang Y, Fang M, Shi S, Zhang P, Wang H, Su Y, Yang M. Toll-Like Receptor Signaling in Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2-Induced Innate Immune Responses and the Potential Application Value of Toll-Like Receptor Immunomodulators in Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:948770. [PMID: 35832809 PMCID: PMC9271922 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.948770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are key sensors that recognize the pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) to activate innate immune response to clear the invading virus. However, dysregulated immune responses may elicit the overproduction of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, resulting in the enhancement of immune-mediated pathology. Therefore, a proper understanding of the interaction between SARS-CoV-2 and TLR-induced immune responses is very important for the development of effective preventive and therapeutic strategies. In this review, we discuss the recognition of SARS-CoV-2 components by TLRs and the downstream signaling pathways that are activated, as well as the dual role of TLRs in regulating antiviral effects and excessive inflammatory responses in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). In addition, this article describes recent progress in the development of TLR immunomodulators including the agonists and antagonists, as vaccine adjuvants or agents used to treat hyperinflammatory responses during SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayu Dai
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- College of Clinical Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yibo Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- College of Clinical Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hongrui Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ziyuan Gao
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- College of Clinical Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- College of Clinical Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Mingli Fang
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shuyou Shi
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yingying Su
- Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Jilin, China
- *Correspondence: Yingying Su,
| | - Ming Yang
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Ming Yang,
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8
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Mahmoodpoor A, Sanaie S, Ostadi Z, Eskandari M, Behrouzi N, Asghari R, Zahirnia A, Sohrabifar N, Kazeminasab S. Roles of mitochondrial DNA in dynamics of the immune response to COVID-19. Gene 2022; 836:146681. [PMID: 35728769 PMCID: PMC9219426 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria dynamics have a pivotal role in many aspects of immune function. Viral infections affect mitochondrial dynamics and trigger the release of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in host cells. Released mtDNA guides the immune response towards an inflammatory response against pathogens. In addition, circulating cell-free mtDNA (ccf-mtDNA) is considered an invaluable indicator for the prognosis and severity of infectious diseases. This study provides an overview of the role of mtDNA in the dynamics of the immune response to COVID-19. We focused on the possible roles of mtDNA in inducing the signaling pathways, and the inflammasome activation and regulation in SARS-CoV-2. Targeting mtDNA-related pathways can provide critical insights into therapeutic strategies for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ata Mahmoodpoor
- Research Center for Integrative Medicine in Aging, Aging research institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sarvin Sanaie
- Research Center for Integrative Medicine in Aging, Aging research institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Zoherh Ostadi
- Department of Anesthesiology and intensive care, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Maqsoud Eskandari
- Department of Anesthesiology and intensive care, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nazila Behrouzi
- Department of Anesthesiology and intensive care, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Roqayyeh Asghari
- Department of Anesthesiology and intensive care, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ahmad Zahirnia
- Nasle Farda Health Foundation, Medical Genetic Laboratory, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nasim Sohrabifar
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Somayeh Kazeminasab
- Nasle Farda Health Foundation, Medical Genetic Laboratory, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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9
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Sugiyama MG, Cui H, Redka DS, Karimzadeh M, Rujas E, Maan H, Hayat S, Cheung K, Misra R, McPhee JB, Viirre RD, Haller A, Botelho RJ, Karshafian R, Sabatinos SA, Fairn GD, Madani Tonekaboni SA, Windemuth A, Julien JP, Shahani V, MacKinnon SS, Wang B, Antonescu CN. Multiscale interactome analysis coupled with off-target drug predictions reveals drug repurposing candidates for human coronavirus disease. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23315. [PMID: 34857794 PMCID: PMC8640055 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02432-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the urgent need for the identification of new antiviral drug therapies for a variety of diseases. COVID-19 is caused by infection with the human coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, while other related human coronaviruses cause diseases ranging from severe respiratory infections to the common cold. We developed a computational approach to identify new antiviral drug targets and repurpose clinically-relevant drug compounds for the treatment of a range of human coronavirus diseases. Our approach is based on graph convolutional networks (GCN) and involves multiscale host-virus interactome analysis coupled to off-target drug predictions. Cell-based experimental assessment reveals several clinically-relevant drug repurposing candidates predicted by the in silico analyses to have antiviral activity against human coronavirus infection. In particular, we identify the MET inhibitor capmatinib as having potent and broad antiviral activity against several coronaviruses in a MET-independent manner, as well as novel roles for host cell proteins such as IRAK1/4 in supporting human coronavirus infection, which can inform further drug discovery studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Sugiyama
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Haotian Cui
- Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Vector Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | | | - Edurne Rujas
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Biofisika Institute (CSIC, UPV/EHU) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain
| | - Hassaan Maan
- Vector Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, University Health Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sikander Hayat
- Precision Cardiology Laboratory, Bayer US LLC, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Institute of Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Kyle Cheung
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Graduate Program in Molecular Science, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rahul Misra
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Joseph B McPhee
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Graduate Program in Molecular Science, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Russell D Viirre
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Graduate Program in Molecular Science, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Andrew Haller
- Phoenox Pharma, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Roberto J Botelho
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Graduate Program in Molecular Science, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Raffi Karshafian
- Graduate Program in Molecular Science, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology (iBEST), a partnership between Ryerson University and St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Physics, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sarah A Sabatinos
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Graduate Program in Molecular Science, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Gregory D Fairn
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | | | - Jean-Philippe Julien
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Immunology, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | | | - Bo Wang
- Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Vector Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, University Health Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Costin N Antonescu
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Graduate Program in Molecular Science, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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10
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Kayesh MEH, Kohara M, Tsukiyama-Kohara K. An Overview of Recent Insights into the Response of TLR to SARS-CoV-2 Infection and the Potential of TLR Agonists as SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Adjuvants. Viruses 2021; 13:2302. [PMID: 34835108 PMCID: PMC8622245 DOI: 10.3390/v13112302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has led to coronavirus disease (COVID-19), a global health pandemic causing millions of deaths worldwide. However, the immunopathogenesis of COVID-19, particularly the interaction between SARS-CoV-2 and host innate immunity, remains unclear. The innate immune system acts as the first line of host defense, which is critical for the initial detection of invading pathogens and the activation and shaping of adaptive immunity. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are key sensors of innate immunity that recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns and activate downstream signaling for pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine production. However, TLRs may also act as a double-edged sword, and dysregulated TLR responses may enhance immune-mediated pathology, instead of providing protection. Therefore, a proper understanding of the interaction between TLRs and SARS-CoV-2 is of great importance for devising therapeutic and preventive strategies. The use of TLR agonists as vaccine adjuvants for human disease is a promising approach that could be applied in the investigation of COVID-19 vaccines. In this review, we discuss the recent progress in our understanding of host innate immune responses in SARS-CoV-2 infection, with particular focus on TLR response. In addition, we discuss the use of TLR agonists as vaccine adjuvants in enhancing the efficacy of COVID-19 vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Enamul Hoque Kayesh
- Transboundary Animal Diseases Centre, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan;
- Department of Microbiology and Public Health, Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Barishal 8210, Bangladesh
| | - Michinori Kohara
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan;
| | - Kyoko Tsukiyama-Kohara
- Transboundary Animal Diseases Centre, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan;
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Manik M, Singh RK. Role of toll-like receptors in modulation of cytokine storm signaling in SARS-CoV-2-induced COVID-19. J Med Virol 2021; 94:869-877. [PMID: 34672376 PMCID: PMC8662021 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Balanced immune regulation is crucial for recognizing an invading pathogen, its killing, and elimination. Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) are the key regulators of the innate immune system. It helps in identifying between self and nonself‐molecule and eventually eliminates the nonself. Endosomal TLR, mainly TLR3, TLR7, TLR8, and membrane‐bound TLR4, has a role in the induction of cytokine storms. TLR7/8 recognizes the ssRNA SARS‐COV‐2 and when it replicates to dsRNA, it is recognized by TLR3 and drives the TRIF‐mediated inflammatory signaling like NF‐κB, MAPK. Such signaling leads to significant transcription and translation of pro‐inflammatory genes, releasing inflammatory molecules into the systemic circulation, causing an imbalance in the system. So, whenever an imbalance occurs, a surge in the pro‐inflammatory mediators is observed in the blood, including cytokines like interleukin (IL)‐2, IL‐4, IL‐6, IL‐1β, IL‐8, interferon (IFN)‐γ, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α. IL‐6 and IL‐1β are one of the driving factors for bringing the cytokine storm into the systemic circulation, which migrates into the other organs, causing multiple organ failures leading to the death of the individual with severe illness. The imbalanced and hyper responsive immune system leads to a surge leading to death of the infected patients in COVID‐19. It has been observed that cytokine surge is TLR induced, mainly through activation of TLR3, TLR4, TLR7, TLR8 receptors. The cytokine storm migrates into the other organ through systemic circulation. The inflammation and the organ damage occur due to the TLR mediated NF‐κB, MAPK pathway. Hence blocking these specific TLRs may alleviate the chance of SARS‐COV‐2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moumita Manik
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rakesh K Singh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Kgatle MM, Lawal IO, Mashabela G, Boshomane TMG, Koatale PC, Mahasha PW, Ndlovu H, Vorster M, Rodrigues HG, Zeevaart JR, Gordon S, Moura-Alves P, Sathekge MM. COVID-19 Is a Multi-Organ Aggressor: Epigenetic and Clinical Marks. Front Immunol 2021; 12:752380. [PMID: 34691068 PMCID: PMC8531724 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.752380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The progression of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), resulting from a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, may be influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. Several viruses hijack the host genome machinery for their own advantage and survival, and similar phenomena might occur upon SARS-CoV-2 infection. Severe cases of COVID-19 may be driven by metabolic and epigenetic driven mechanisms, including DNA methylation and histone/chromatin alterations. These epigenetic phenomena may respond to enhanced viral replication and mediate persistent long-term infection and clinical phenotypes associated with severe COVID-19 cases and fatalities. Understanding the epigenetic events involved, and their clinical significance, may provide novel insights valuable for the therapeutic control and management of the COVID-19 pandemic. This review highlights different epigenetic marks potentially associated with COVID-19 development, clinical manifestation, and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mankgopo Magdeline Kgatle
- Nuclear Medicine Research Infrastructure (NuMeRI), Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Pretoria & Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Ismaheel Opeyemi Lawal
- Nuclear Medicine Research Infrastructure (NuMeRI), Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Pretoria & Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Gabriel Mashabela
- SAMRC/NHLS/UCT Molecular Mycobacteriology Research Unit, DSI/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, Department of Pathology and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Tebatso Moshoeu Gillian Boshomane
- Nuclear Medicine Research Infrastructure (NuMeRI), Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Pretoria & Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa
- Nuclear and Oncology Division, AXIM Medical (Pty), Midrand
| | - Palesa Caroline Koatale
- Nuclear Medicine Research Infrastructure (NuMeRI), Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Pretoria & Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Phetole Walter Mahasha
- Precision Medicine and SAMRC Genomic Centre, Grants, Innovation, and Product Development (GIPD) Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Honest Ndlovu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Pretoria & Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Mariza Vorster
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Pretoria & Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Hosana Gomes Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Nutrients and Tissue Repair, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Jan Rijn Zeevaart
- Nuclear Medicine Research Infrastructure (NuMeRI), Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa
- South African Nuclear Energy Corporation, Radiochemistry and NuMeRI PreClinical Imaging Facility, Mahikeng, South Africa
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Siamon Gordon
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Pedro Moura-Alves
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Mike Machaba Sathekge
- Nuclear Medicine Research Infrastructure (NuMeRI), Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Pretoria & Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa
- SAMRC/NHLS/UCT Molecular Mycobacteriology Research Unit, DSI/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, Department of Pathology and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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13
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Subramaniam S, Ruf W, Bosmann M. Advocacy of targeting protease-activated receptors in severe coronavirus disease 2019. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 179:2086-2099. [PMID: 34235728 PMCID: PMC8794588 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Identifying drug targets mitigating vascular dysfunction, thrombo-inflammation and thromboembolic complications in COVID-19 is essential. COVID-19 coagulopathy differs from sepsis coagulopathy. Factors that drive severe lung pathology and coagulation abnormalities in COVID-19 are not understood. Protein-protein interaction studies indicate that the tagged viral bait protein ORF9c directly interacts with PAR2, which modulates host cell IFN and inflammatory cytokines. In addition to direct interaction of SARS-CoV-2 viral protein with PARs, we speculate that activation of PAR by proteases plays a role in COVID-19-induced hyperinflammation. In COVID-19-associated coagulopathy elevated levels of activated coagulation proteases may cleave PARs in association with TMPRSS2. PARs activation enhances the release of cytokines, chemokines and tissue factor expression to propagate IFN-dependent inflammation, leukocyte-endothelial interaction, vascular permeability and coagulation responses. This hypothesis, corroborated by in vitro findings and emerging clinical evidence, will focus targeted studies of PAR1/2 blockers as adjuvant drugs against cytokine release syndrome and COVID-19-associated coagulopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saravanan Subramaniam
- Pulmonary Center, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Wolfram Ruf
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Markus Bosmann
- Pulmonary Center, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
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