1
|
Sagar S, Bhattarai D, Ghimire S, Bhattarai A, Wagle A, Subedi K. Tobacco use, secondhand exposure and knowledge of secondhand and third-hand smoke among medical college students in Western Nepal: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open 2024; 14:e086266. [PMID: 39299791 PMCID: PMC11418549 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2024-086266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 08/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study was conducted to assess the prevalence of tobacco use, secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure and knowledge about SHS and third-hand smoke (THS) exposure among students in a medical college in Western Nepal. DESIGN This is a cross-sectional study. SETTING Data collection was done from 8 July 2023 to 8 August 2023 in a medical college in Nepal. PARTICIPANTS This study was conducted on undergraduate students studying in a medical college in Western Nepal using a census (whole population) sampling technique. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Prevalence of tobacco use was assessed by asking a question, 'Did you use tobacco products within the last 30 days?'. Secondhand smoke exposure and knowledge about SHS and THS exposure were assessed by using structured questionnaires. The χ2 test was used to compare the group exposed and non-exposed to tobacco, SHS and THS by sociodemographic variables (sex, residence, year of study and academic stream). RESULTS The response rate was 96.43% (n=595/617). The overall prevalence of tobacco use was found to be 16.30%. A total of 88.83% of students from clinical years knew about SHS which was more than preclinical students (p <0.001). The Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery students have higher knowledge of SHS as compared with others (p =0.003). More than 95% of students favoured banning smoking in public places. Nearly half of the participants (45.45%) experienced SHS exposure in the last 7 days. More than half proportion of the clinical students knew about THS, which was higher than preclinical students and interns (p <0.001). CONCLUSIONS Tobacco use prevalence among the participants was found to be lower in comparison to other studies including medical students in several Asian countries. Despite more than three-fourths of students knowing the harmful effects of SHS exposure, almost one-half of them were exposed to SHS. The proportion of students who knew about THS exposure was comparably lower.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Surabhi Sagar
- Department of Community Dentistry, Gandaki Medical College Teaching Hospital and Research Center Pvt Ltd, Pokhara, Kaski, Nepal
| | - Dikshya Bhattarai
- Department of Community Dentistry, Gandaki Medical College Teaching Hospital and Research Center Pvt Ltd, Pokhara, Kaski, Nepal
| | - Srijana Ghimire
- Department of Community Dentistry, Gandaki Medical College Teaching Hospital and Research Center Pvt Ltd, Pokhara, Kaski, Nepal
| | - Apeksha Bhattarai
- Department of Community Dentistry, Gandaki Medical College Teaching Hospital and Research Center Pvt Ltd, Pokhara, Kaski, Nepal
| | - Anupa Wagle
- Department of Community Dentistry, Gandaki Medical College Teaching Hospital and Research Center Pvt Ltd, Pokhara, Kaski, Nepal
| | - Krishna Subedi
- Department of Community Dentistry, Gandaki Medical College Teaching Hospital and Research Center Pvt Ltd, Pokhara, Kaski, Nepal
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Qadri S, Maia ACRG, Ali HEA, Alarabi AB, Alshbool FZ, Khasawneh FT. Sex-Dependent Occlusive Cardiovascular Disease Effects of Short-Term Thirdhand Smoke Exposure. Nicotine Tob Res 2024; 26:1225-1233. [PMID: 38520288 PMCID: PMC11339167 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntae061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Thirdhand smoke (THS) is associated with many public health and disease concerns, such as respiratory illness, cancer, lipidemia, and cardiovascular disease (CVD). We have previously shown that a moderate to long-term exposure to THS increases the risk of thrombosis. However, whether short-term exposure to THS would produce any effects remains to be discovered. Therefore, this study investigated the impact of 1-month THS exposure on platelet function, in vivo and in vitro, and on cytokine response, in a sex-dependent manner. AIMS AND METHODS Secondhand smoke or clean air (CA) exposed upholstery materials for 1 week were kept in cages housed with 5-6 mice, and the procedure was repeated for 4 weeks. These THS-exposed mice were evaluated for thrombogenesis and platelet function assays. In addition, cytokines expression was evaluated from pooled serum. RESULTS Compared to the CA group, THS exposure significantly shortened the tail bleeding time and carotid artery thrombus formation. Moreover, the female mice appeared more sensitive to THS exposure than males. Furthermore, platelet aggregation, dense granule secretion, and P-selectin activation markers were significantly elevated due to THS exposure. In addition, high-throughput screening showed at least 30 cytokines differentially modulated by THS in females relative to 26 in male mice. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these results demonstrate that 1 month of THS exposure represents a high health risk, in part, by triggering a prothrombotic phenotype that appears to be more significant in females, who are at a much higher risk for occlusive CVD. Additionally, changes in cytokine levels mediate some of the THS-induced occlusive effects. IMPLICATIONS This study revealed that THS exposure for 1 month is detrimental to the cardiovascular health of both sexes; however, females could be more aggressively affected than males. In addition, interleukins and chemokines could be critical factors for initiating prothrombotic activity due to THS exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shahnaz Qadri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Irma Lerma Rangel School of Pharmacy, Texas A&M University, Kingsville, TX, USA
| | - Ana Carolina R G Maia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Irma Lerma Rangel School of Pharmacy, Texas A&M University, Kingsville, TX, USA
| | - Hamdy E A Ali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Irma Lerma Rangel School of Pharmacy, Texas A&M University, Kingsville, TX, USA
| | - Ahmed B Alarabi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Irma Lerma Rangel School of Pharmacy, Texas A&M University, Kingsville, TX, USA
| | - Fatima Z Alshbool
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Irma Lerma Rangel School of Pharmacy, Texas A&M University, Kingsville, TX, USA
| | - Fadi T Khasawneh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Irma Lerma Rangel School of Pharmacy, Texas A&M University, Kingsville, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Peng Y, Tun HM, Ng SC, Wai HKF, Zhang X, Parks J, Field CJ, Mandhane P, Moraes TJ, Simons E, Turvey SE, Subbarao P, Brook JR, Takaro TK, Scott JA, Chan FKL, Kozyrskyj AL. Maternal smoking during pregnancy increases the risk of gut microbiome-associated childhood overweight and obesity. Gut Microbes 2024; 16:2323234. [PMID: 38436093 PMCID: PMC10913716 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2024.2323234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Childhood obesity is linked to maternal smoking during pregnancy. Gut microbiota may partially mediate this association and could be potential targets for intervention; however, its role is understudied. We included 1,592 infants from the Canadian Healthy Infants Longitudinal Development Cohort. Data on environmental exposure and lifestyle factors were collected prenatally and throughout the first three years. Weight outcomes were measured at one and three years of age. Stool samples collected at 3 and 12 months were analyzed by sequencing the V4 region of 16S rRNA to profile microbial compositions and magnetic resonance spectroscopy to quantify the metabolites. We showed that quitting smoking during pregnancy did not lower the risk of offspring being overweight. However, exclusive breastfeeding until the third month of age may alleviate these risks. We also reported that maternal smoking during pregnancy significantly increased Firmicutes abundance and diversity. We further revealed that Firmicutes diversity mediates the elevated risk of childhood overweight and obesity linked to maternal prenatal smoking. This effect possibly occurs through excessive microbial butyrate production. These findings add to the evidence that women should quit smoking before their pregnancies to prevent microbiome-mediated childhood overweight and obesity risk, and indicate the potential obesogenic role of excessive butyrate production in early life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ye Peng
- The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
- Microbiota I-Center (MagIC), Hong Kong, SAR, China
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Hein M Tun
- The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
- Microbiota I-Center (MagIC), Hong Kong, SAR, China
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Siew C Ng
- Microbiota I-Center (MagIC), Hong Kong, SAR, China
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Institute of Digestive Disease, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Hogan Kok-Fung Wai
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Jaclyn Parks
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
- Cancer Control Research, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Catherine J Field
- Department of Agricultural, Food & Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Piush Mandhane
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Theo J Moraes
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Elinor Simons
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Children’s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Stuart E Turvey
- Department of Pediatrics, Child and Family Research Institute, BC Children’s Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Padmaja Subbarao
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jeffrey R Brook
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tim K Takaro
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - James A Scott
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Francis KL Chan
- Microbiota I-Center (MagIC), Hong Kong, SAR, China
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Anita L Kozyrskyj
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Vanzi V, Marti F, Cattaruzza MS. Thirdhand Smoke Knowledge, Beliefs and Behaviors among Parents and Families: A Systematic Review. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:2403. [PMID: 37685437 PMCID: PMC10487611 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11172403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Families play a primary role in protecting children. Thirdhand smoke (THS) is an underestimated public health issue, and health effects correlated to its exposition are emerging. The aim of this systematic review was to analyze papers focusing on knowledge, beliefs, and behaviors regarding THS among parents, families, and caregivers, published until May 2022 on MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library. Critical appraisal of the included studies was conducted by two independent reviewers using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal tool. Out of the 97 articles, 8 were included in this review (two from the USA, one from Europe, and five from Asia). Although there were no restrictions on the date of publication, all the articles were published in the last 10 years, underlining that THS is an emerging concept. They were characterized by relevant heterogeneity in the study design and assessment tools. The results showed that percentages of parents who believed that THS is harmful ranged from 42.4% to 91%, but parental awareness was not always associated with the adoption of a home- and car-smoking ban or healthy behaviors. Further research is needed to understand the resistance and problems faced by parents who are aware of THS risks but unable to improve good practices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Flavio Marti
- Department of Health Profession, San Camillo Forlanini Hospital, 00152 Rome, Italy;
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Sofia Cattaruzza
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy;
- Italian Society of Tobaccology (SITAB), 00136 Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Merianos AL, Mahabee-Gittens EM, Stone TM, Jandarov RA, Wang L, Bhandari D, Blount BC, Matt GE. Distinguishing Exposure to Secondhand and Thirdhand Tobacco Smoke among U.S. Children Using Machine Learning: NHANES 2013-2016. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:2042-2053. [PMID: 36705578 PMCID: PMC10230650 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c08121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
While the thirdhand smoke (THS) residue from tobacco smoke has been recognized as a distinct public health hazard, there are currently no gold standard biomarkers to differentiate THS from secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure. This study used machine learning algorithms to assess which combinations of biomarkers and reported tobacco smoke exposure measures best differentiate children into three groups: no/minimal tobacco smoke exposure (NEG); predominant THS exposure (TEG); and mixed SHS and THS exposure (MEG). Participants were 4485 nonsmoking 3-17-year-olds from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2013-2016. We fitted and tested random forest models, and the majority (76%) of children were classified in NEG, 16% were classified in TEG, and 8% were classified in MEG. The final classification model based on reported exposure, biomarker, and biomarker ratio variables had a prediction accuracy of 95%. This final model had prediction accuracies of 100% for NEG, 88% for TEG, followed by 71% for MEG. The most important predictors were the reported number of household smokers, serum cotinine, serum hydroxycotinine, and urinary 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL). In the absence of validated biomarkers specific to THS, comprehensive biomarker and questionnaire data for tobacco smoke exposure can distinguish children exposed to SHS and THS with high accuracy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashley L. Merianos
- School of Human Services, University of Cincinnati, P.O. Box 210068, Cincinnati OH, 45221, USA
| | - E. Melinda Mahabee-Gittens
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Avenue, MLC 2008, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Timothy M. Stone
- Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Kettering Lab Building, 160 Panzeca Way, Cincinnati, OH, 45267-0056, USA
| | - Roman A. Jandarov
- Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Kettering Lab Building, 160 Panzeca Way, Cincinnati, OH, 45267-0056, USA
| | - Lanqing Wang
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy NE, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA
| | - Deepak Bhandari
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy NE, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA
| | - Benjamin C. Blount
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy NE, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA
| | - Georg E. Matt
- Department of Psychology, College of Sciences, San Diego State University, 9245 Sky Park Court, Suite 225, San Diego, CA, 92123, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Treating Nicotine Dependence in the Pediatric Setting: Adolescents and Caregivers Who Smoke. Respir Med 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-24914-3_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
|
7
|
Lam TK, Samuels TL, Yan K, Zhang L, Adams J, Stabenau KA, Kerschner JE, Johnston N. Association of e-Cigarette Exposure with Pediatric Otitis Media Recurrence. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2022:34894221129013. [PMID: 36217957 DOI: 10.1177/00034894221129013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Otitis media (OM) is a common inflammatory disease spectrum in children and a leading cause of pediatric physician visits, antibiotic prescriptions and surgery. Tobacco exposure is associated with increased risk of OM recurrence, chronicity and surgeries. Tobacco products have changed dramatically in recent years with the advent of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes). While users frequently perceive vape as less harmful than traditional cigarettes, burgeoning evidence supports its contribution to respiratory pathologies. The consequences of secondhand exposure, particularly among children, are understudied. The aim of this study was to examine the association of e-cigarette emissions (EE) with OM recurrence and surgeries in the US. METHODS Questionnaire data regarding ear infections and tobacco exposure was gathered for all pediatric respondents of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2017 to 2018. Weighted analyzes and logistic regression models were used to assess associations. RESULTS Data was available for 2022 participants (aged 6-17); all were included for analyzes. Tobacco exposure was observed in 42%; 9% were exposed to EE. EE contributed to risk of ≥3 ear infections (OR = 1.61, 95% CI 1.01-2.58, P = .047). After adjustment for significant covariates (race and asthma), the association fell below significance (P = .081). No other significant associations were observed between ear infections, or tympanostomy tube insertion and exposure variables (EE, gestational or other household exposure). CONCLUSIONS Exposure to EE may confer greater risk of pediatric OM than previously identified factors such as household smoke, or gestational exposure. Further investigation of EE and its health implications in children is warranted. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tina K Lam
- Departments of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Tina L Samuels
- Departments of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Ke Yan
- Departments of Pediatrics Quantitative Health Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Liyun Zhang
- Departments of Pediatrics Quantitative Health Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Jazzmyne Adams
- Departments of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Kaleigh A Stabenau
- Departments of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Joseph E Kerschner
- Departments of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.,Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Nikki Johnston
- Departments of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.,Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhang C, Lam K, Hicks P, Hicks M, Brennan L, Buka I, Hicks A. Unintentional Tobacco Smoke Exposure in Children. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19127076. [PMID: 35742325 PMCID: PMC9222355 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19127076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure increases the prevalence and severity of sinopulmonary diseases in children. The primary source of SHS exposure in children is through adults who live in the same house; however, the level of exposure may vary based on the adult smoking habits at home. This prospective cross-sectional study in Alberta, Canada, investigated the relationship between self-reported caregiver smoking, location, outdoor temperature and children’s’ urine cotinine: creatinine ratio (CCR), a marker of nicotine metabolism. Participants aged 0−9 were recruited from the Child Health Clinics at the Misericordia Community Hospital in Edmonton, Alberta, from 8 January to 24 February 2016 and 30 June to 18 August 2016. Participant CCR levels were compared to caregiver-reported smoking location and environmental factors such as temperature and season. Of the 233 participants who reported smoking status, 21% reported smoking, in keeping with local smoking rates. More participants smoked indoors during the winter than the summer; however, some families limited indoor smoking to a garage. Of the 133 parent−child dyads who provided smoking information and a child urine sample, 18 had an elevated cotinine:creatinine ratio, suggestive of significant tobacco smoke exposure, 15 of whom were from homes that reported smoking. Age < 1 year and number of cigarettes smoked in the home weekly were risks for significant exposure while season, outdoor temperature and smoking location in the home did not reach significance. Smokers should be counseled to protect children, particularly infants, from exposure by limiting the number of cigarettes smoked and isolating smoking to outside the home. Segregated areas such as a garage may provide a useful harm mitigation strategy for indoor smokers, provided the garage does not share ventilation or is not in close proximity to high-traffic areas of the home.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caseng Zhang
- Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 3L8, Canada;
| | - Kaden Lam
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada;
| | - Patrick Hicks
- Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport, and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H9, Canada;
| | - Matt Hicks
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H9, Canada; (M.H.); (L.B.); (I.B.)
| | - Lesley Brennan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H9, Canada; (M.H.); (L.B.); (I.B.)
| | - Irena Buka
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H9, Canada; (M.H.); (L.B.); (I.B.)
| | - Anne Hicks
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H9, Canada; (M.H.); (L.B.); (I.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-780-248-5650
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Yang J, Hashemi S, Han W, Song Y, Lim Y. Exposure and Risk Assessment of Second- and Third-Hand Tobacco Smoke Using Urinary Cotinine Levels in South Korea. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:3746. [PMID: 35329433 PMCID: PMC8948619 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19063746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is the reason for approximately 1% of global mortality. ETS exposure can happen either as inhalation of direct cigarette smoke (second-hand smoke) or its associated residue particles (third-hand smoke), especially when living with a smoker in the same family. This study investigated the association between the urinary cotinine levels, as biomarkers of exposure to tobacco smoke, of smokers and those exposed to second-hand and third-hand smoke while living in the same family, through a Korean nationwide survey. Direct assessment of ETS exposure and its lifetime effect on human health is practically difficult. Therefore, this study evaluated the internal estimated daily intake (I-EDI) of nicotine and equivalent smoked cigarette per day (CPD). The carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic inhalation risks of ETS exposure were assessed by considering the calculated equivalent CPD and composition of cigarette smoke of high-selling cigarette brands in South Korea. The results show that there is a statistically significant positive correlation between the cotinine levels of smokers and those of the non-smokers living in the same family. The risk assessment results yielded that hazard index (HI) and total excess lifetime cancer risk (ECR) for both second-hand and third-hand smoke exposure can exceed 1 and 1 × 10-6, respectively, especially in women and children. In the composition of the cigarette smoke, 1,3-butadiene and acrolein substances had the highest contribution to HI and ECR. Consequently, the provision of appropriate plans for smoking cessation as a strategy for the prevention of ETS exposure to women and children is deemed necessary.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiyeon Yang
- Institute for Environmental Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea; (J.Y.); (S.H.)
| | - Shervin Hashemi
- Institute for Environmental Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea; (J.Y.); (S.H.)
| | - Wonseok Han
- Graduate School of Public Health, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea; (W.H.); (Y.S.)
| | - Yoojin Song
- Graduate School of Public Health, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea; (W.H.); (Y.S.)
| | - Youngwook Lim
- Institute for Environmental Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea; (J.Y.); (S.H.)
| |
Collapse
|