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Breton-Piette A, De Clifford-Faugère G, Aita M. Prolonged pain in premature neonates hospitalised in neonatal intensive care units: A scoping review. Int J Nurs Stud 2024; 155:104773. [PMID: 38718692 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2024.104773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to repetitive pain during the neonatal period has been shown to have important short and long-term effects on the neurodevelopment of the premature neonate and can contribute to experienced prolonged pain. A uniform taxonomy of neonatal prolonged pain is still lacking to this day which contributes to suboptimal prolonged pain management in neonatal intensive care units. Accordingly, a scoping review exploring the state of knowledge about prolonged pain in preterm neonates hospitalised in the neonatal intensive care unit will contribute to the developing field of neonatal prolonged pain and provide recommendations for clinical prolonged pain management. OBJECTIVE To determine the scope, extent, and nature of the available literature on prolonged pain in premature neonates hospitalised in neonatal intensive care units. DESIGN Scoping review. METHODS An electronic search was conducted from inception to November 2023 in the databases of CINAHL, PubMed, Medline, Web of Science, GeryLit.org and Grey Source Index. Included studies discussed concepts related to neonatal prolonged pain such as definitions of prolonged pain, indicators of prolonged pain, contexts that result in prolonged pain, prolonged pain evaluation tools, consequences of prolonged pain and interventions for prolonged pain management. RESULTS Key concepts of neonatal prolonged pain were identified in the 86 included articles of this scoping review such as definitions (n = 26), indicators (n = 39), contexts (n = 49), scales (n = 56), consequences of prolonged pain (n = 30) and possible interventions for prolonged pain management (n = 22). Whilst a consensus on a definition has yet to be achieved, no proximate event was shown to cause prolonged pain and a time criterion was identified by authors as being relevant in defining prolonged pain. Interestingly, the context of hospitalisation was identified as being the most indicative of prolonged pain in premature neonates and should guide its evaluation and management, whilst only limited pain management interventions and consequences were discussed. CONCLUSION The findings of this scoping review contribute to the foundation of growing knowledge in neonatal prolonged pain and shed light on the ambiguity that currently exists on this topic in the scientific literature. This review summarises knowledge of key concepts necessary for a better understanding of prolonged pain and stresses the importance of considering contexts of hospitalisation for prolonged pain evaluation and management in neonatal intensive care units, with the objective of improving developmental outcomes of premature neonates. TWEETABLE ABSTRACT A scoping review reveals that the contexts of prolonged pain in premature neonates hospitalised in the neonatal intensive care unit are essential in guiding its evaluation and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Breton-Piette
- Faculty of Nursing, Université de Montréal, Canada; Research Centre, CHU Sainte-Justine, Canada.
| | | | - Marilyn Aita
- Faculty of Nursing, Université de Montréal, Canada; Research Centre, CHU Sainte-Justine, Canada; Quebec Network on Nursing Intervention Research (RRISIQ), Canada
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Selvanathan T, Miller SP. Brain health in preterm infants: importance of early-life pain and analgesia exposure. Pediatr Res 2024:10.1038/s41390-024-03245-w. [PMID: 38806664 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-024-03245-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
"Everyday" exposures in the neonatal period, such as pain, may impact brain health in preterm infants. Specifically, greater exposure to painful procedures in the initial weeks after birth have been related to abnormalities in brain maturation and growth and poorer neurodevelopmental outcomes in preterm infants. Despite an increasing focus on the importance of treating pain in preterm infants, there is a lack of consensus of optimal approaches to managing pain in this population. This may be due to recent findings suggesting that commonly used analgesic and sedative medications in preterm infants may also have adverse effects of brain maturation and neurodevelopmental outcomes. This review provides an overview of potential impacts of pain and analgesia exposure on preterm brain health while highlighting research areas in need of additional investigations for the development of optimal pain management strategies in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiviya Selvanathan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Steven P Miller
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
- Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Muehlbacher T, Boos V, Geiger LB, Rüegger CM, Grass B. Analgosedation for less-invasive surfactant administration: Variations in practice. Pediatr Pulmonol 2024; 59:750-757. [PMID: 38146869 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.26826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Less-invasive surfactant administration (LISA) is widely used for surfactant delivery to spontaneously breathing preterm infants on nasal CPAP. However, the use of analgesia and/or sedation for the LISA procedure remains controversial. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional survey of all tertiary neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) in Austria, Germany, and Switzerland to assess current practices of analgosedation for LISA in preterm infants. RESULTS Eighty-eight of 172 (51.2%) NICUs responded to the survey, of which 83 (94.3%) perform LISA. Analgosedation for LISA is used in 60 (72.3%) NICUs. Twenty-eight of those (46.7%) have unit protocols to guide analgosedation while 32 (53.3%) administer medication at the discretion of the attending physician. Ketamine (45.0% of NICUs), propofol (41.7%), fentanyl (21.7%), morphine (20.0%), and midazolam (20.0%) were most frequently used for analgosedation for LISA. Nine (10.7%) NICUs reported the use of pain or distress scores during LISA. CONCLUSION LISA is well established among tertiary NICUs in the German-speaking countries. However, there are considerable variations regarding the use of analgosedation. More evidence is required to guide clinicians seeking to safely and effectively deliver surfactant via a thin catheter to spontaneously breathing preterm infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Muehlbacher
- Newborn Research, Department of Neonatology, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Vinzenz Boos
- Newborn Research, Department of Neonatology, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Leonie-Beatrice Geiger
- Newborn Research, Department of Neonatology, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christoph M Rüegger
- Newborn Research, Department of Neonatology, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Beate Grass
- Newborn Research, Department of Neonatology, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Morin C, Simard É, See W, Sage M, Imane R, Nadeau C, Samson N, Lavoie PM, Chabot B, Marouan S, Tremblay S, Praud JP, Micheau P, Fortin-Pellerin É. Total liquid ventilation in an ovine model of extreme prematurity: a randomized study. Pediatr Res 2024; 95:974-980. [PMID: 37833531 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-023-02841-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed at comparing cardiorespiratory stability during total liquid ventilation (TLV)-prior to lung aeration-with conventional mechanical ventilation (CMV) in extremely preterm lambs during the first 6 h of life. METHODS 23 lambs (11 females) were born by c-section at 118-120 days of gestational age (term = 147 days) to receive 6 h of TLV or CMV from birth. Lung samples were collected for RNA and histology analyses. RESULTS The lambs under TLV had higher and more stable arterial oxygen saturation (p = 0.001) and cerebral tissue oxygenation (p = 0.02) than the lambs in the CMV group in the first 10 min of transition to extrauterine life. Although histological assessment of the lungs was similar between the groups, a significant upregulation of IL-1a, IL-6 and IL-8 RNA in the lungs was observed after TLV. CONCLUSIONS Total liquid ventilation allowed for remarkably stable transition to extrauterine life in an extremely preterm lamb model. Refinement of our TLV prototype and ventilation algorithms is underway to address specific challenges in this population, such as minimizing tracheal deformation during the active expiration. IMPACT Total liquid ventilation allows for remarkably stable transition to extrauterine life in an extremely preterm lamb model. Total liquid ventilation is systematically achievable over the first 6 h of life in the extremely premature lamb model. This study provides additional incentive to pursue further investigation of total liquid ventilation as a transition tool for the most extreme preterm neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Morin
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Émile Simard
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Wendy See
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Michaël Sage
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Roqaya Imane
- Department of Pediatrics, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Charlène Nadeau
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Nathalie Samson
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Pascal M Lavoie
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Benoît Chabot
- Department of Microbiology and Infectiology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Sofia Marouan
- Department of Pathology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Sophie Tremblay
- Department of Pediatrics, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jean-Paul Praud
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Philippe Micheau
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Étienne Fortin-Pellerin
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.
- Department of Pediatrics, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.
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van Haren JS, Delbressine FLM, Schoberer M, te Pas AB, van Laar JOEH, Oei SG, van der Hout-van der Jagt MB. Transferring an extremely premature infant to an extra-uterine life support system: a prospective view on the obstetric procedure. Front Pediatr 2024; 12:1360111. [PMID: 38425664 PMCID: PMC10902175 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2024.1360111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
To improve care for extremely premature infants, the development of an extrauterine environment for newborn development is being researched, known as Artificial Placenta and Artificial Womb (APAW) technology. APAW facilitates extended development in a liquid-filled incubator with oxygen and nutrient supply through an oxygenator connected to the umbilical vessels. This setup is intended to provide the optimal environment for further development, allowing further lung maturation by delaying gas exposure to oxygen. This innovative treatment necessitates interventions in obstetric procedures to transfer an infant from the native to an artificial womb, while preventing fetal-to-neonatal transition. In this narrative review we analyze relevant fetal physiology literature, provide an overview of insights from APAW studies, and identify considerations for the obstetric procedure from the native uterus to an APAW system. Lastly, this review provides suggestions to improve sterility, fetal and maternal well-being, and the prevention of neonatal transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette S. van Haren
- Department of Industrial Design, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Máxima Medical Centre, Veldhoven, Netherlands
| | | | - Mark Schoberer
- Institute for Applied Medical Engineering and Clinic for Neonatology, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Arjan B. te Pas
- Department of Pediatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Judith O. E. H. van Laar
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Máxima Medical Centre, Veldhoven, Netherlands
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - S. Guid Oei
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Máxima Medical Centre, Veldhoven, Netherlands
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - M. Beatrijs van der Hout-van der Jagt
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Máxima Medical Centre, Veldhoven, Netherlands
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
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Arribas C, Cavallaro G, Gonzalez JL, Lagares C, Raffaeli G, Smits A, Simons SHP, Villamor E, Allegaert K, Garrido F. Global cross-sectional survey on neonatal pharmacologic sedation and analgesia practices and pain assessment tools: impact of the sociodemographic index (SDI). Pediatr Res 2024:10.1038/s41390-024-03032-7. [PMID: 38351093 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-024-03032-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is variability in the use of sedatives and analgesics in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs). We aimed to investigate the use of analgesics and sedatives and the management of neonatal pain and distress. METHODS This was a global, prospective, cross-sectional study. A survey was distributed May-November 2022. The primary outcome of this research was to compare results between countries depending on their socio-sanitary level using the sociodemographic index (SDI). We organized results based on geographical location. RESULTS The survey collected 1304 responses, but we analyzed 924 responses after database cleaning. Responses from 98 different countries were analyzed. More than 60% of NICUs reported having an analgosedation guideline, and one-third of respondents used neonatal pain scales in more than 80% of neonates. We found differences in the management of sedation and analgesia between NICUs on different continents, but especially between countries with different SDIs. Countries with a higher SDI had greater availability of and adherence to analgosedation guidelines, as well as higher rates of analgosedation for painful or distressing procedures. Countries with different SDIs reported differences in analgosedation for neonatal intubation, invasive ventilation, and therapeutic hypothermia, among others. CONCLUSIONS Socio-economic status of countries impacts on neonatal analgosedation management. IMPACT There is significant variability in the pain management practices in neonates. There is a lack of knowledge related to how neonatal pain management practices differ between regions. Sociodemographic index is a key factor associated with differences in neonatal pain management practices across global regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Arribas
- Department of Pediatrics, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Calle Marquesado de Santa Marta, 1, Madrid, 28027, Spain
| | - Giacomo Cavallaro
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122, Milan, Italy.
| | - Juan-Luis Gonzalez
- Department of Statistics and Operations Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cadiz, 11003, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Carolina Lagares
- Department of Statistics and Operations Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cadiz, 11003, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Genny Raffaeli
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122, Milan, Italy
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Anne Smits
- Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sinno H P Simons
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eduardo Villamor
- MosaKids Children's Hospital, Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC + ), School for Oncology and Reproduction (GROW), Maastricht University, 6202AZ, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Karel Allegaert
- Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Felipe Garrido
- Department of Pediatrics, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Calle Marquesado de Santa Marta, 1, Madrid, 28027, Spain
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Oschman A, Rao K. Challenges in management of refractory pain and sedation in infants. Front Pharmacol 2024; 14:1259064. [PMID: 38235119 PMCID: PMC10791862 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1259064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The survival of preterm infants continues to improve, along with an increased in neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) management of chronic infants who are medically complex infants who have prolonged hospital stays, sometimes up until 2 years of age. Despite advances in neonatal and infant care, the management of pain and sedation in chronic NICU patients continues to be a challenge. Challenges such as development of appropriate pain, sedation, and withdrawal scales along with unfamiliarity of the NICU care team with pediatric disease states and pharmacotherapy complicate management of these patients. Opioid induced hyperalgesia (OIH) and delirium may play a large role in these refractory cases, yet are often not considered in the NICU population. Drug therapy interventions such as gabapentin, ketamine, risperidone, and others have limited data for safety and efficacy in this population. This article summarizes the available literature regarding the evidence for diagnosis and management of infants with refractory pain and sedation along with the challenges that clinicians face when managing these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Oschman
- Department of Pharmacy, Children’s Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO, United States
| | - Karishma Rao
- Division of Neonatology, Children’s Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO, United States
- University of Missouri Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO, United States
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Silva ES, Barros MCDM, Borten JBL, Carlini LP, Balda RDCX, Orsi RN, Heiderich TM, Thomaz CE, Guinsburg R. Pediatricians' focus of sight at pain assessment during a neonatal heel puncture. REVISTA PAULISTA DE PEDIATRIA : ORGAO OFICIAL DA SOCIEDADE DE PEDIATRIA DE SAO PAULO 2023; 42:e2023089. [PMID: 38088681 PMCID: PMC10712942 DOI: 10.1590/1984-0462/2024/42/2023089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the focus of pediatricians' gaze during the heel prick of neonates. METHODS Prospective study in which pediatricians wearing eye tracker glasses evaluated neonatal pain before/after a heel prtick. Pediatricians scored the pain they perceived in the neonate in a verbal analogue numerical scale (0=no pain; 10=maximum pain). The outcomes measured were number and time of visual fixations in upper face, lower face, and hands, in two 10-second periods, before (pre) and after the puncture (post). These outcomes were compared between the periods, and according to pediatricians' pain perception: absent/mild (score: 0-5) and moderate/intense (score: 6-10). RESULTS 24 pediatricians (31 years old, 92% female) evaluated 24 neonates. The median score attributed to neonatal pain during the heel prick was 7.0 (Interquartile range: 5-8). Compared to pre-, in the post-periods, more pediatricians fixed their gaze on the lower face (63 vs. 92%; p=0.036) and the number of visual fixations was greater on the lower face (2.0 vs. 5.0; p=0.018). There was no difference in the number and time of visual fixations according to the intensity of pain. CONCLUSIONS At bedside, pediatricians change their focus of attention on the neonatal face after a painful procedure, focusing mainly on the lower part of the face.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Souza Silva
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Departamento de Pediatria, Disciplina de Pediatria Neonatal – São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Marina Carvalho de Moraes Barros
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Departamento de Pediatria, Disciplina de Pediatria Neonatal – São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Julia Baptista Lopes Borten
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Departamento de Pediatria, Disciplina de Pediatria Neonatal – São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Lucas Pereira Carlini
- Centro Universitario FEI, Departamento de Engenharia Elétrica, Laboratório de Processamento de Imagens – São Bernardo do Campo, SP, Brasil
| | - Rita de Cássia Xavier Balda
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Departamento de Pediatria, Disciplina de Pediatria Neonatal – São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Rafael Nobre Orsi
- Centro Universitario FEI, Departamento de Engenharia Elétrica, Laboratório de Processamento de Imagens – São Bernardo do Campo, SP, Brasil
| | - Tatiany Marcondes Heiderich
- Centro Universitario FEI, Departamento de Engenharia Elétrica, Laboratório de Processamento de Imagens – São Bernardo do Campo, SP, Brasil
| | - Carlos Eduardo Thomaz
- Centro Universitario FEI, Departamento de Engenharia Elétrica, Laboratório de Processamento de Imagens – São Bernardo do Campo, SP, Brasil
| | - Ruth Guinsburg
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Departamento de Pediatria, Disciplina de Pediatria Neonatal – São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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9
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Tucker MH, Tiwari P, Carter BS. The physiology, assessment, and treatment of neonatal pain. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 2023; 28:101465. [PMID: 37236846 DOI: 10.1016/j.siny.2023.101465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Studies have clearly shown that development of pain receptors starts as early as 20-weeks' gestation. Despite contrary belief, the human fetus develops a similar number of receptive pain fibers as seen in adults. These receptors' maturation is based on response to sensory stimuli received after birth which makes the NICU a critical place for developing central nervous system's pain perception. In practice, the assessment of pain relies mostly on bedside staff. In this review we will discuss the various developing features of pain pathways in the neonatal brain and the modification of pain perception secondary to various interactions immediately after birth. We also discuss the various tools utilized in the NICU for pain assessment that rely on physiological and behavioral patterns. Finally, we address the management of pain in the NICU by either pharmacological or non-pharmacological intervention while highlighting potential benefits, disadvantages, and situations where one may be preferred over another.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan H Tucker
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Children's Mercy-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Priya Tiwari
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Children's Mercy-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Brian S Carter
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Children's Mercy-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA; Bioethics Center, Children's Mercy-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA; Department of Medical Humanities & Bioethics, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA.
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10
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Horn-Oudshoorn EJJ, Blekherov AM, van den Bosch GE, Simons SHP, Knol R, Te Pas A, Reiss IKM, DeKoninck PLJ. Sedation Prior to Intubation at Birth in Infants with Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia: An International Survey on Current Practices. Neonatology 2023; 120:434-440. [PMID: 37279703 PMCID: PMC10614521 DOI: 10.1159/000530573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) are commonly intubated immediately after birth. Consensus on whether to provide sedation prior to intubation in the delivery room is lacking, although avoidance of stress is especially important in this population with high risk of pulmonary hypertension. We aimed at obtaining an overview of local pharmacological interventions and at providing guidance on delivery room management. METHODS An electronic survey was sent to international clinicians in referral centres for prenatal and postnatally diagnosed infants with CDH. This survey addressed demographic information, use of sedation and/or muscle relaxant prior to intubation, and use of pain scales in the delivery room. RESULTS We received 93 relevant responses from 59 centres. Most centres were from Europe (n = 33, 56%), followed by North America (n = 16, 27%), Asia (n = 6, 10%), Australia (n = 2, 3%), and South America (n = 2, 3%). A total of 19% (11/59) of the centres routinely provided sedation prior to intubation in the delivery room, with midazolam and fentanyl being most often used. Methods of administration varied for all medications provided. Only 5 of 11 centres using sedation reported an adequate sedative effect prior to intubation. Muscle relaxants prior to intubation were used in 12% (7/59) of the centres, although not always in combination with sedation. CONCLUSION This international survey shows a substantial variation in sedation practices in the delivery room and scarce use of both sedative agents and muscle relaxants prior to intubation of CDH infants. We provide guidance on developing protocols for pre-intubation medication in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J J Horn-Oudshoorn
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Neonatal and Paediatric Intensive Care, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands,
| | - Alisa M Blekherov
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Neonatal and Paediatric Intensive Care, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gerbrich E van den Bosch
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Neonatal and Paediatric Intensive Care, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sinno H P Simons
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Neonatal and Paediatric Intensive Care, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ronny Knol
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Neonatal and Paediatric Intensive Care, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Arjan Te Pas
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Paediatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Irwin K M Reiss
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Neonatal and Paediatric Intensive Care, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Philip L J DeKoninck
- Division of Obstetrics and Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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11
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Persad E, Pizarro AB, Bruschettini M. Non-opioid analgesics for procedural pain in neonates. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2023; 4:CD015179. [PMID: 37014033 PMCID: PMC10083513 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd015179.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neonates are an extremely vulnerable patient population, with 6% to 9% admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) following birth. Neonates admitted to the NICU will undergo multiple painful procedures per day throughout their stay. There is increasing evidence that frequent and repetitive exposure to painful stimuli is associated with poorer outcomes later in life. To date, a wide variety of pain control mechanisms have been developed and implemented to address procedural pain in neonates. This review focused on non-opioid analgesics, specifically non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists, which alleviate pain through inhibiting cellular pathways to achieve analgesia. The analgesics considered in this review show potential for pain relief in clinical practice; however, an evidence summation compiling the individual drugs they comprise and outlining the benefits and harms of their administration is lacking. We therefore sought to summarize the evidence on the level of pain experienced by neonates both during and following procedures; relevant drug-related adverse events, namely episodes of apnea, desaturation, bradycardia, and hypotension; and the effects of combinations of drugs. As the field of neonatal procedural pain management is constantly evolving, this review aimed to ascertain the scope of non-opioid analgesics for neonatal procedural pain to provide an overview of the options available to better inform evidence-based clinical practice. OBJECTIVES: To determine the effects of non-opioid analgesics in neonates (term or preterm) exposed to procedural pain compared to placebo or no drug, non-pharmacological intervention, other analgesics, or different routes of administration. SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane Library (CENTRAL), PubMed, Embase, and two trial registries in June 2022. We screened the reference lists of included studies for studies not identified by the database searches. SELECTION CRITERIA We included all randomized controlled trials (RCTs), quasi-RCTs, and cluster-RCTs in neonates (term or preterm) undergoing painful procedures comparing NSAIDs and NMDA receptor antagonists to placebo or no drug, non-pharmacological intervention, other analgesics, or different routes of administration. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: We used standard Cochrane methods. Our main outcomes were pain assessed during the procedure and up to 10 minutes after the procedure with a validated scale; episodes of bradycardia; episodes of apnea; and hypotension requiring medical therapy. MAIN RESULTS We included two RCTs involving a total of 269 neonates conducted in Nigeria and India. NMDA receptor antagonists versus no treatment, placebo, oral sweet solution, or non-pharmacological intervention One RCT evaluated using oral ketamine (10 mg/kg body weight) versus sugar syrup (66.7% w/w at 1 mL/kg body weight) for neonatal circumcision. The evidence is very uncertain about the effect of ketamine on pain score during the procedure, assessed with the Neonatal Infant Pain Scale (NIPS), compared with placebo (mean difference (MD) -0.95, 95% confidence interval (CI) -1.32 to -0.58; 1 RCT; 145 participants; very low-certainty evidence). No other outcomes of interest were reported on. Head-to-head comparison of different analgesics One RCT evaluated using intravenous fentanyl versus intravenous ketamine during laser photocoagulation for retinopathy of prematurity. Neonates receiving ketamine followed an initial regimen (0.5 mg/kg bolus 1 minute before procedure) or a revised regimen (additional intermittent bolus doses of 0.5 mg/kg every 10 minutes up to a maximum of 2 mg/kg), while those receiving fentanyl followed either an initial regimen (2 μg/kg over 5 minutes, 15 minutes before the procedure, followed by 1 μg/kg/hour as a continuous infusion) or a revised regimen (titration of 0.5 μg/kg/hour every 15 minutes to a maximum of 3 μg/kg/hour). The evidence is very uncertain about the effect of ketamine compared with fentanyl on pain score assessed with the Premature Infant Pain Profile-Revised (PIPP-R) scores during the procedure (MD 0.98, 95% CI 0.75 to 1.20; 1 RCT; 124 participants; very low-certainty evidence); on episodes of apnea occurring during the procedure (risk ratio (RR) 0.31, 95% CI 0.08 to 1.18; risk difference (RD) -0.09, 95% CI -0.19 to 0.00; 1 study; 124 infants; very low-certainty evidence); and on hypotension requiring medical therapy occurring during the procedure (RR 5.53, 95% CI 0.27 to 112.30; RD 0.03, 95% CI -0.03 to 0.10; 1 study; 124 infants; very low-certainty evidence). The included study did not report pain score assessed up to 10 minutes after the procedure or episodes of bradycardia occurring during the procedure. We did not identify any studies comparing NSAIDs versus no treatment, placebo, oral sweet solution, or non-pharmacological intervention or different routes of administration of the same analgesics. We identified three studies awaiting classification. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: The two small included studies comparing ketamine versus either placebo or fentanyl, with very low-certainty evidence, rendered us unable to draw meaningful conclusions. The evidence is very uncertain about the effect of ketamine on pain score during the procedure compared with placebo or fentanyl. We found no evidence on NSAIDs or studies comparing different routes of administration. Future research should prioritize large studies evaluating non-opioid analgesics in this population. As the studies included in this review suggest potential positive effects of ketamine administration, studies evaluating ketamine are of interest. Furthermore, as we identified no studies on NSAIDs, which are widely used in older infants, or comparing different routes of administration, such studies should be a priority going forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Persad
- Cochrane Austria, Department for Evidence-based Medicine and Evaluation, Danube University Krems, Krems, Austria
| | | | - Matteo Bruschettini
- Paediatrics, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
- Cochrane Sweden, Department of Research and Education, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
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Dexmedetomidine: An Alternative to Pain Treatment in Neonatology. CHILDREN 2023; 10:children10030454. [PMID: 36980013 PMCID: PMC10047358 DOI: 10.3390/children10030454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
Infants might be exposed to pain during their admissions in the neonatal intensive care unit [NICU], both from their underlying conditions and several invasive procedures required during their stay. Considering the particularities of this population, recognition and adequate management of pain continues to be a challenge for neonatologists and investigators. Diverse therapies are available for treatment, including non-pharmacological pain management measures and pharmacological agents (sucrose, opioids, midazolam, acetaminophen, topical agents…) and research continues. In recent years one of the most promising drugs for analgesia has been dexmedetomidine, an alpha-2 adrenergic receptor agonist. It has shown a promising efficacy and safety profile as it produces anxiolysis, sedation and analgesia without respiratory depression. Moreover, studies have shown a neuroprotective role in animal models which could be beneficial to neonatal population, especially in preterm newborns. Side effects of this therapy are mainly cardiovascular, but in most studies published, those were not severe and did not require specific therapeutic measures for their resolution. The main objective of this article is to summarize the existing literature on neonatal pain management strategies available and review the efficacy of dexmedetomidine as a new therapy with increasing use in the NICU.
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Nakhleh-Philippe P, Zores C, Stern-Delfils A, Escande B, Astruc D, Severac F, Kuhn P. Adequacy of sedation analgesia to support the comfort of neonates undergoing therapeutic hypothermia and its impact on short-term neonatal outcomes. Front Pediatr 2023; 11:1057724. [PMID: 36969279 PMCID: PMC10034099 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2023.1057724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives We aimed to evaluate (1) whether sedation analgesia (SA) used during therapeutic hypothermia (TH) was efficient to support the wellbeing of neonates with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, (2) the SA level and its adjustment to clinical pain scores, and (3) the impact of inadequate SA on short-term neonatal outcomes evaluated at discharge. Methods This was an observational retrospective study performed between 2011 and 2018 in two level III centers in Alsace, France. We analyzed the wellbeing of infants by using the COMFORT-Behavior (COMFORT-B) clinical score and SA level during TH, according to which we classified infants into four groups: those with excess SA, adequate SA, lack of SA, and variability of SA. We analyzed the variations in doses of SA and their justification. We also determined the impact of inadequate SA on neonatal outcomes at discharge by multivariate analyses with multinomial regression, with adequate SA as the reference. Results A total of 110 patients were included, 89 from Strasbourg university hospital and 21 from Mulhouse hospital. The COMFORT-B score was assessed 95.5% of the time. Lack of SA was mainly found on the first day of TH (15/110, 14%). In all, 62 of 110 (57%) infants were in excess of SA over the entire duration of TH. Most dose variations were related to clinical pain scores. Inadequate SA was associated with negative short-term consequences. Infants with excess of SA had a longer duration of mechanical ventilation [mean ratio 1.46, 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.13-1.89, p = 0.005] and higher incidence of abnormal neurological examination at discharge (odds ratio 2.61, 95% CI, 1.10-6.18, p = 0.029) than infants with adequate SA. Discussion Adequate SA was not easy to achieve during TH. Close and regular monitoring of SA level may help achieve adequate SA. Excess of SA can be harmful for newborns with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy who are undergoing TH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Nakhleh-Philippe
- Department of Neonatology, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Department of Neonatology, Hospital of Mulhouse, Mulhouse, France
| | - Claire Zores
- Department of Neonatology, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Strasbourg University, Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Benoît Escande
- Department of Neonatology, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Dominique Astruc
- Department of Neonatology, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - François Severac
- Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Pierre Kuhn
- Department of Neonatology, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Strasbourg University, Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, Strasbourg, France
- Neonatal Research Unit, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Correspondence: Kuhn Pierre
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Okebugwu P, Okebugwu P, Onumajuru C. Evaluation of analgesic and sedative effects of remifentanil-based fast-track anesthesia in children undergoing transthoracic device closure of ventricular septal defects. J Card Surg 2022; 37:5705-5706. [PMID: 36378831 DOI: 10.1111/jocs.17043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Prosper Okebugwu
- V.N Karazin National Medical University, Kharkiv, Kharkivs'ka oblast, Ukraine
| | | | - Cindy Onumajuru
- University of Cape Coast School of Medical Sciences, Cape Coast, Ghana
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dos Santos IN, Peano CTG, Soares ES, Cimarosti HI. Iatrogenic Withdrawal Syndrome in Critically Ill Neonates: A Review of Mechanisms, Assessment, Management, and Prevention. J Pediatr Intensive Care 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1758873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractConsidering that neonatal pain is a relevant matter given its implications and consequences, many neonates, particularly those undergoing critical care, are subjected to analgo-sedation therapies, which commonly includes treatment with opioids and benzodiazepines. These drugs, however, can induce tolerance and dependency, leading to the development of the so-called iatrogenic withdrawal syndrome (IWS) which is observed following discontinuation of these therapeutic agents particularly when utilized for a prolonged period of time (≥5 days). IWS consists of signs and symptoms manifested especially in young children, such as term and premature newborns in the neonatal intensive care unit, who are less capable of metabolizing and eliminating these drugs, compared with older patients. In this study, we review assessment tools that were developed to identify, evaluate, and manage children affected by IWS. The studies reviewed demonstrate that optimal management of IWS includes consideration of alternate routes of drug administration, the need for adequate time for drug tapering, and also the presence of planned rescue therapy when encountering cases refractory to ongoing management. Equally important is prevention of IWS which can be accomplished with the implementation of drug rotation protocols and, adherence to evidenced-based guidelines which facilitate an overall decline in the use and duration of opioids and benzodiazepines. Finally, our review strongly supports the need for more research on IWS in neonates given their increased susceptibility and sparse published data for this age group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaque Nilton dos Santos
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmacology, Center for Biological Sciences, UFSC, Florianopolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Carolina Teixeira Goulart Peano
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmacology, Center for Biological Sciences, UFSC, Florianopolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Ericks Sousa Soares
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmacology, Center for Biological Sciences, UFSC, Florianopolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Helena Iturvides Cimarosti
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmacology, Center for Biological Sciences, UFSC, Florianopolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Neuroscience, Center for Biological Sciences, UFSC, Florianopolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
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Mencía S, Alonso C, Pallás-Alonso C, López-Herce J. Evaluation and Treatment of Pain in Fetuses, Neonates and Children. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 9:1688. [PMID: 36360416 PMCID: PMC9689143 DOI: 10.3390/children9111688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
The perception of pain is individual and differs between children and adults. The structures required to feel pain are developed at 24 weeks of gestation. However, pain assessment is complicated, especially in neonates, infants and preschool-age children. Clinical scales adapted to age are the most used methods for assessing and monitoring the degree of pain in children. They evaluate several behavioral and/or physiological parameters related to pain. Some monitors detect the physiological changes that occur in association with painful stimuli, but they do not yet have a clear clinical use. Multimodal analgesia is recommended for pain treatment with non-pharmacological and pharmacological interventions. It is necessary to establish pharmacotherapeutic protocols for analgesia adjusted to the acute or chronic, type and intensity of pain, as well as age. The most used analgesics in children are paracetamol, ibuprofen, dipyrone, opioids (morphine and fentanyl) and local anesthetics. Patient-controlled analgesia is an adequate alternative for adolescent and older children in specific situations, such as after surgery. In patients with severe or persistent pain, it is very important to consult with specific pain services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Mencía
- Pediatric Intensive Care Service, Gregorio Marañón General University Hospital, Health Research Institute of Gregorio Marañón Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Salud Pública y Maternoinfantil, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Carlos III Institute, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Clara Alonso
- Carlos III Institute, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Neonatology, 12 de Octubre University Hospital, 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Pallás-Alonso
- Departamento de Salud Pública y Maternoinfantil, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Carlos III Institute, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Neonatology, 12 de Octubre University Hospital, 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús López-Herce
- Pediatric Intensive Care Service, Gregorio Marañón General University Hospital, Health Research Institute of Gregorio Marañón Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Salud Pública y Maternoinfantil, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Carlos III Institute, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Sanatkar M, Dastjani Farahani A, Bazvand F. Ketamine Analgesia as an Alternative to General Anesthesia During Laser Treatment for Retinopathy of Prematurity. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 2022; 59:416-421. [PMID: 35446192 DOI: 10.3928/01913913-20220225-01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the safety and efficacy of ketamine analgesia as an alternative to general anesthesia during laser treatment for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). METHODS Eighteen premature neonates with ROP underwent laser treatment. The procedure was performed in the operating room, and the neonates were admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) after the procedure. An initial dose of 1 mg/kg of ketamine was administered. If the neonate exhibited movement or distress during the procedure, incremental doses of ketamine were administered. Perioperative ventilation status, severity of pain during the procedure, surgeon satisfaction, and perioperative events were recorded. RESULTS Eighteen premature neonates underwent ketamine analgesia during laser treatment for ROP. The procedure was performed in 16 patients with good tolerance and without events. The Premature Infant Pain Profile (PIPP) scores during the procedure were 5 or less in 12 neonates (44.4%), 5 to 10 in 4 neonates (22.2%), and greater than 10 in 2 (11.1%) neonates. Three neonates had perioperative events, which resolved completely with minimal intervention. None of the neonates needed intubation perioperatively, and hemodynamic instability, hypotension, and bradycardia were not recorded in any of the neonates during or after the procedure. CONCLUSIONS The ROP laser treatment under ketamine sedation could be performed in premature neonates with few perioperative complications and provide satisfactory operative conditions. [J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2022;59(6):416-421.].
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Sbaraglia F, Spinazzola G, Adduci A, Continolo N, De Riso M, Ferrone G, Festa R, Garra R, Tosi F, Rossi M. Children and neonates anesthesia in magnetic resonance environment in Italy: an active call survey. BMC Anesthesiol 2022; 22:279. [PMID: 36056321 PMCID: PMC9438255 DOI: 10.1186/s12871-022-01821-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pediatric anesthesia care in the Magnetic Resonance Imaging is a challenge for clinicians. The recent debate about the role of anesthetic agent on neural development, encouraged an evaluation of their actual activity in this environment. In this active call survey, the authors sought to delineate the Italian situation regarding national centers, staff involved, monitoring tools available and sedation techniques. Methods A complete sample of all national centers performing almost a pediatric discharge in the 2014 was obtained from Health Ministry registers. All Institutions were contacted for a prospective phone investigation and a three-section survey was fill out with the Physician in charge. A descriptive and exploratory analyzes about the organization setting of the Centers were performed. Results Among 876 Institution screened, only 106 (37%) met minimal criteria for inclusion. Children are managed by anesthesiologists in the 95% of cases, while neonates in the 54%. A dedicated nurse is present in 74% of centers. While a pulse oximetry is present in 100% of centers, the rate of prevalence of other monitoring is lower. A specific MRI-compatible ventilator is available in the 95% of Centers, but many tools are not equally homogenously distributed. Pharmacological approach is preferred in pediatric age (98%), but its use for newborns is reduced to 43%. Conclusions We found significant heterogeneity in the daily clinical practice of sedation in MRI. Our results could be a starting point to evaluate the further evolution of approach to children and neonates in magnetic resonance setting. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT04775641. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12871-022-01821-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Sbaraglia
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo F. Vito 1, 00168, Rome, Italy.
| | - Giorgia Spinazzola
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo F. Vito 1, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessia Adduci
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo F. Vito 1, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Nicola Continolo
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo F. Vito 1, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Mariella De Riso
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo F. Vito 1, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuliano Ferrone
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo F. Vito 1, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Rossano Festa
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo F. Vito 1, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Rossella Garra
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo F. Vito 1, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Tosi
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo F. Vito 1, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Rossi
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo F. Vito 1, 00168, Rome, Italy
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McPherson C, Liviskie CJ, Zeller B, Vesoulis ZA. The Impact of Dexmedetomidine Initiation on Cardiovascular Status and Oxygenation in Critically ill Neonates. Pediatr Cardiol 2022; 43:1319-1326. [PMID: 35212773 PMCID: PMC9296564 DOI: 10.1007/s00246-022-02854-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Dexmedetomidine is being increasingly used as a primary or adjunctive sedative agent in neonates. There are a paucity of high-quality, high-resolution physiologic data during administration, despite significant potential cardiorespiratory effects. Term and preterm infants admitted between January 2018 and July 2020 were screened for dexmedetomidine exposure. Prospectively recorded vital signs (heart rate, oxygenation, arterial blood pressure) were cross-matched with pharmacy records to identify infants with data available 24 h before and 48 h after drug initiation. Vital sign data were processed via a standardized pipeline to (a) remove missing data, (b) obtain baseline averages of vital signs for 24 h preceding dexmedetomidine, and (c) calculate the hourly mean deviation from the baseline for the 48 h following initiation of dexmedetomidine. Infants were clustered by postmenstrual age (preterm ≤ 35 weeks; term > 35 weeks). 72 infants were identified with mean gestational age of 32 weeks and mean ± SD birth weight of 1976 ± 1341 g. Although both groups of infants experienced bradycardia, heart rate in term infants dropped faster and reached a nadir 5 beats per minute lower, before converging at a common deviation of - 10 beats per minute. No hypo- or hypertension was noted in either group. Unexpected instability of oxygenation occurred in a subset of preterm infants, requiring escalation of respiratory support. Administration of dexmedetomidine results in differential timing and magnitude of bradycardia in term and preterm infants, no major impact on blood pressure, and a surprising instability of oxygenation in preterm infants, requiring increased ventilatory support. Further investigation is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher McPherson
- Department of Pharmacy, St. Louis Children's Hospital One Children's Place, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
| | - Caren J. Liviskie
- Department of Pharmacy, St. Louis Children’s Hospital One Children’s Place, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Brandy Zeller
- Department of Pharmacy, St. Louis Children’s Hospital One Children’s Place, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Zachary A. Vesoulis
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Persad E, Pizarro AB, Alarcon-Ruiz C, Bruschettini M. Non-opioid analgesics for procedural pain in neonates. Hippokratia 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd015179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emma Persad
- Cochrane Austria, Department for Evidence-based Medicine and Evaluation; Danube University Krems; Krems Austria
| | | | - Christoper Alarcon-Ruiz
- Unidad de Investigación para la Generación y Síntesis de Evidencias en Salud; Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola; Lima Peru
| | - Matteo Bruschettini
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Paediatrics; Lund University, Skåne University Hospital; Lund Sweden
- Cochrane Sweden; Lund University, Skåne University Hospital; Lund Sweden
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Dexmedetomidine - An emerging option for sedation in neonatal patients. J Perinatol 2022; 42:845-855. [PMID: 35197548 DOI: 10.1038/s41372-022-01351-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Dexmedetomidine is a sedative agent with limited dosing, safety, and efficacy information in the neonatal population. This comprehensive review describes the available evidence summarizing the use of dexmedetomidine in various neonatal populations. We identified 21 studies and 1 case report supporting the efficacy and short-term safety of DEX in neonates. Reported dosing ranges from 0.5-1.5 mcg/kg/h with or without loading doses. Clinically relevant adverse effects include bradycardia and hypotension. Future studies are needed to determine long-term safety and facilitate clinical applicability.
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Abstract
Advances in perinatal care have seen substantial improvements in survival without disability for extremely preterm infants. Protecting the developing brain and reducing neurodevelopmental sequelae of extremely preterm birth are strategic priorities for both research and clinical care. A number of evidence-based interventions exist for neuroprotection in micropreemies, inclusive of prevention of preterm birth and multiple births with implantation of only one embryo during in vitro fertilisation, as well as antenatal care to optimize fetal wellbeing, strategies for supporting neonatal transition, and neuroprotective developmental care. Avoidance of complications that trigger ischemia and inflammation is vital for minimizing brain dysmaturation and injury, particularly of the white matter. Neurodevelopmental surveillance, early diagnosis of cerebral palsy and early intervention are essential for optimizing long-term outcomes and quality of life. Research priorities include further evaluation of putative neuroprotective agents, and investigation of common neonatal interventions in trials adequately powered to assess neurodevelopmental outcome.
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Mills KP, Lean RE, Smyser CD, Inder T, Rogers C, McPherson CC. Fentanyl Exposure in Preterm Infants: Five-Year Neurodevelopmental and Socioemotional Assessment. FRONTIERS IN PAIN RESEARCH 2022; 3:836705. [PMID: 36061415 PMCID: PMC9429367 DOI: 10.3389/fpain.2022.836705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To evaluate the association between cumulative fentanyl dose during neonatal intensive care and 5-year neurodevelopmental and socioemotional outcomes in very preterm infants. Materials and Methods Patient demographics and clinical factors during the perinatal and neonatal course were collected in 84 patients born between 23- and 30-weeks gestational age (GA). Cumulative fentanyl dose during neonatal intensive care was calculated. Developmental testing at age 5 years included the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence Full-Scale Intelligence Quotient, Third Edition, Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals-Preschool, Second Edition, Movement Assessment Battery for Children, Second Edition (MABC-2), and Shape School Assessment. Socioemotional outcomes were assessed via caregiver's responses on the Child Behavior Checklist/1.5-5 (CBCL/1.5-5.5) and Social Responsiveness Scale, Second Edition (SRS-2). Covariates were identified on bivariate analysis (p < 0.1). Linear regression models related outcome measures to the log of cumulative fentanyl dose adjusted for covariates. Results Higher cumulative fentanyl dose was associated with lower composite motor scores on bivariate analysis (p < 0.01). Cumulative fentanyl dose did not correlate with composite intelligence quotient, language, or executive function. The Clinical Risk Index for Babies score, log of mechanical ventilation, inotrope, and anesthesia duration, and log of cumulative midazolam and hydrocortisone dose were also associated with MABC-2 scores (p < 0.1). Cumulative fentanyl dose was not associated with composite MABC-2 scores on multiple linear regression. Higher cumulative fentanyl dose was associated with decreased socioemotional problems based on caregiver's response on CBCL/1.5-5.5 t-scores driven by fewer symptoms of depression. The McMaster Family Assessment Device general functioning scale score, maternal age, GA, log of total parenteral nutrition days, patent ductus arteriosus requiring treatment, and log of inotrope hours were also associated with CBCL/1.5-5.5 t-scores (p < 0.1). Cumulative fentanyl dose (p = 0.039) and family dysfunction score (p = 0.002) remained significant after controlling for covariates on multiple linear regression. Conclusion Cumulative fentanyl dose during neonatal intensive care did not correlate with 5-year motor, cognitive, or language outcomes after controlling for other variables. Fentanyl dose was associated with caregiver reported total socioemotional problems on the CBCL/1.5-5.5 on multivariate modeling. Additional long-term studies are needed to fully elucidate the safety of fentanyl in very preterm neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly P. Mills
- Department of Pharmacy, St. Louis Children's Hospital, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Rachel E. Lean
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Christopher D. Smyser
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Department of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Terrie Inder
- Pediatric Newborn Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Cynthia Rogers
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Christopher C. McPherson
- Department of Pharmacy, St. Louis Children's Hospital, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
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Campbell-Yeo M, Eriksson M, Benoit B. Assessment and Management of Pain in Preterm Infants: A Practice Update. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 9:244. [PMID: 35204964 PMCID: PMC8869922 DOI: 10.3390/children9020244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Infants born preterm are at a high risk for repeated pain exposure in early life. Despite valid tools to assess pain in non-verbal infants and effective interventions to reduce pain associated with medical procedures required as part of their care, many infants receive little to no pain-relieving interventions. Moreover, parents remain significantly underutilized in provision of pain-relieving interventions, despite the known benefit of their involvement. This narrative review provides an overview of the consequences of early exposure to untreated pain in preterm infants, recommendations for a standardized approach to pain assessment in preterm infants, effectiveness of non-pharmacologic and pharmacologic pain-relieving interventions, and suggestions for greater active engagement of parents in the pain care for their preterm infant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marsha Campbell-Yeo
- School of Nursing, Faculty of Health, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
- IWK Health, Halifax, NS B3K 6R8, Canada
| | - Mats Eriksson
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, SE-701 82 Örebro, Sweden;
| | - Britney Benoit
- Rankin School of Nursing, St. Francis Xavier University, Antigonish, NS B2G 2N5, Canada;
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25
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OUP accepted manuscript. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2022; 23:e279-e289. [DOI: 10.1093/ehjci/jeac048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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26
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Durrmeyer X, Walter-Nicolet E, Chollat C, Chabernaud JL, Barois J, Chary Tardy AC, Berenguer D, Bedu A, Zayat N, Roué JM, Beissel A, Bellanger C, Desenfants A, Boukhris R, Loose A, Massudom Tagny C, Chevallier M, Milesi C, Tauzin M. Premedication before laryngoscopy in neonates: Evidence-based statement from the French society of neonatology (SFN). Front Pediatr 2022; 10:1075184. [PMID: 36683794 PMCID: PMC9846576 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.1075184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Laryngoscopy is frequently required in neonatal intensive care. Awake laryngoscopy has deleterious effects but practice remains heterogeneous regarding premedication use. The goal of this statement was to provide evidence-based good practice guidance for clinicians regarding premedication before tracheal intubation, less invasive surfactant administration (LISA) and laryngeal mask insertion in neonates. METHODS A group of experts brought together by the French Society of Neonatology (SFN) addressed 4 fields related to premedication before upper airway access in neonates: (1) tracheal intubation; (2) less invasive surfactant administration; (3) laryngeal mask insertion; (4) use of atropine for the 3 previous procedures. Evidence was gathered and assessed on predefined questions related to these fields. Consensual statements were issued using the GRADE methodology. RESULTS Among the 15 formalized good practice statements, 2 were strong recommendations to do (Grade 1+) or not to do (Grade 1-), and 4 were discretionary recommendations to do (Grade 2+). For 9 good practice statements, the GRADE method could not be applied, resulting in an expert opinion. For tracheal intubation premedication was considered mandatory except for life-threatening situations (Grade 1+). Recommended premedications were a combination of opioid + muscle blocker (Grade 2+) or propofol in the absence of hemodynamic compromise or hypotension (Grade 2+) while the use of a sole opioid was discouraged (Grade 1-). Statements regarding other molecules before tracheal intubation were expert opinions. For LISA premedication was recommended (Grade 2+) with the use of propofol (Grade 2+). Statements regarding other molecules before LISA were expert opinions. For laryngeal mask insertion and atropine use, no specific data was found and expert opinions were provided. CONCLUSION This statement should help clinical decision regarding premedication before neonatal upper airway access and favor standardization of practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Durrmeyer
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal de Créteil, Créteil, France.,Université Paris Est Créteil, Faculté de Santé de Créteil, IMRB, GRC CARMAS, Créteil, France
| | - Elizabeth Walter-Nicolet
- Neonatal Medicine and Intensive Care Unit, Saint Joseph Hospital, Paris, France.,University of Paris-Cité, CRESS, Obstetrical Perinatal and Pediatric Epidemiology Research Team, EPOPé, INSERM, INRAE, Paris, France
| | - Clément Chollat
- Department of Neonatology, Hôpital Armand Trousseau, APHP, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Louis Chabernaud
- Division of Neonatal and Pediatric Critical Care Transportation, Hôpital Antoine Beclere, AP-HP, Paris - Saclay University Hospital, Clamart, France
| | - Juliette Barois
- Department of Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care, CH de Valenciennes, Valenciennes, France
| | - Anne-Cécile Chary Tardy
- Department of Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Dijon, Dijon, France
| | - Daniel Berenguer
- Department of Pediatric Anesthesia and Pediatric Transport (SMUR Pédiatrique), Hôpital des Enfants, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Antoine Bedu
- Department of Neonatal Pediatrics and Intensive Care, Limoges University Hospital, Limoges, France
| | - Noura Zayat
- Department of Neonatal Intensive Care and Pediatric Transport, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Jean-Michel Roué
- Department of Pediatric and Neonatal Critical Care, Brest University Hospital, Brest, France
| | - Anne Beissel
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France
| | - Claire Bellanger
- Department of Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care, AP-HP, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Aurélie Desenfants
- Department of Neonatology, CHU Nimes, Université Montpellier, Nimes, France
| | - Riadh Boukhris
- Department of Neonatology, Pôle Femme-Mère-Nouveau-Né, Hôpital Jeanne de Flandre, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Anne Loose
- Department of Neonatology, CHRU de Tours, Hôpital Bretonneau, Tours, France
| | - Clarisse Massudom Tagny
- Department of Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care, Grand Hôpital de L'Est Francilien, Meaux, France
| | - Marie Chevallier
- Department of Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, CHU Grenoble, Grenoble, France.,TIMC-IMAG Research Department, Grenoble Alps University, Grenoble, France
| | - Christophe Milesi
- Department of Neonatal Medicine and Pediatric Intensive Care, Montpellier University Hospital, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Manon Tauzin
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal de Créteil, Créteil, France
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Smith AG, Miles VN, Holmes DT, Chen X, Lei W. Clinical Trials, Potential Mechanisms, and Adverse Effects of Arnica as an Adjunct Medication for Pain Management. MEDICINES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 8:medicines8100058. [PMID: 34677487 PMCID: PMC8537440 DOI: 10.3390/medicines8100058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
Arnica has traditionally been used in treating numerous medical conditions, including inflammation and pain. This review aims to summarize the results of studies testing Arnica products for pain management under different conditions, including post-operation, arthritis, low back pain, and other types of musculoskeletal pain. Based on data from clinical trials, Arnica extract or gel/cream containing Arnica extract shows promising effects for pain relief. These medical benefits of Arnica may be attributed to its chemical components, with demonstrated anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-microbial, and other biological activities. In conclusion, Arnica could be an adjunct therapeutical approach for acute and chronic pain management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda G. Smith
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, Presbyterian College School of Pharmacy, Clinton, SC 29325, USA; (A.G.S.); (V.N.M.)
| | - Victoria N. Miles
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, Presbyterian College School of Pharmacy, Clinton, SC 29325, USA; (A.G.S.); (V.N.M.)
| | - Deltrice T. Holmes
- Department of Biology, College of Art and Sciences, Presbyterian College, Clinton, SC 29325, USA;
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Campbell University, Buies Creek, NC 27506, USA;
| | - Wei Lei
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, Presbyterian College School of Pharmacy, Clinton, SC 29325, USA; (A.G.S.); (V.N.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(864)-938-3836
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28
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DeKoninck PLJ, Horn-Oudshoorn EJJ, Knol R, Crossley KJ, Reiss IKM. Knowledge Gaps in the Fetal to Neonatal Transition of Infants With a Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:784810. [PMID: 34970518 PMCID: PMC8712749 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.784810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical research for infants born with a congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) has until recently mainly focused on advances in prenatal and postnatal treatment. However, during the early perinatal transition period there are major physiological adaptations. For most infants these changes will happen uneventfully, but for CDH infants this marks the beginning of serious respiratory complications. In recent years, there is emerging evidence that the clinical management during the perinatal stabilization period in the delivery room may influence postnatal outcomes. Herein, we discuss major knowledge gaps and novel concepts that aim to optimize fetal to neonatal transition for infants with CDH. One such novel and interesting approach is performing resuscitation with an intact umbilical cord, the efficacy of this procedure is currently being investigated in several clinical trials. Furthermore, close evaluation of neonatal physiological parameters in the first 24 h of life might provide early clues concerning the severity of lung hypoplasia and the risk of adverse outcomes. We will provide an overview of trending concepts and discuss potential areas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip L J DeKoninck
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division Fetal Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Emily J J Horn-Oudshoorn
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ronny Knol
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Kelly J Crossley
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Irwin K M Reiss
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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Berisha G, Boldingh AM, Blakstad EW, Rønnestad AE, Solevåg AL. Management of the Unexpected Difficult Airway in Neonatal Resuscitation. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:699159. [PMID: 34778121 PMCID: PMC8589025 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.699159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A "difficult airway situation" arises whenever face mask ventilation, laryngoscopy, endotracheal intubation, or use of supraglottic device fail to secure ventilation. As bradycardia and cardiac arrest in the neonate are usually of respiratory origin, neonatal airway management remains a critical factor. Despite this, a well-defined in-house approach to the neonatal difficult airway is often lacking. While a recent guideline from the British Pediatric Society exists, and the Scottish NHS and Advanced Resuscitation of the Newborn Infant (ARNI) airway management algorithm was recently revised, there is no Norwegian national guideline for managing the unanticipated difficult airway in the delivery room (DR) and neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Experience from anesthesiology is that a "difficult airway algorithm," advance planning and routine practicing, prepares the resuscitation team to respond adequately to the technical and non-technical stress of a difficult airway situation. We learned from observing current approaches to advanced airway management in DR resuscitations in a university hospital and make recommendations on how the neonatal difficult airway may be managed through technical and non-technical approaches. Our recommendations mainly pertain to DR resuscitations but may be transferred to the NICU environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gazmend Berisha
- Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anne Marthe Boldingh
- Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Elin Wahl Blakstad
- Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Arild Erlend Rønnestad
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Neonatal Intensive Care, Division of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anne Lee Solevåg
- Department of Neonatal Intensive Care, Division of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
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