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Pan D, Jiang M, Tao G, Shi J, Song Z, Chen R, Wang D. The role of Ca 2+ signalling and InsP3R in the pathogenesis of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. J OBSTET GYNAECOL 2024; 44:2345276. [PMID: 38685831 DOI: 10.1080/01443615.2024.2345276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In order to contribute new insights for future prevention and treatment of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP), and to promote positive pregnancy outcomes, we evaluated serum Ca2+ levels and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (InsP3R) expression in the liver tissue of a rat ICP model. METHODS After establishing the model by injection of oestradiol benzoate and progesterone into pregnant rats, animals were divided into normal control (n = 5) and ICP model groups (n = 5). The expression of InsP3R protein in the liver, and serum levels of Ca2+, glycocholic acid and bile acid were detected. RESULTS InsP3R mRNA and protein were significantly lower in the ICP model group compared to the normal group, as determined by qPCR and immunohistochemistry, respectively. Serum enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay results revealed significantly higher levels of glycocholic acid and bile acid in the ICP model group compared to the normal group, while Ca2+ levels were significantly lower. The levers of Ca2+ were significantly and negatively correlated with the levels of glycocholic acid. The observed decrease in Ca2+ was associated with an increase in total bile acids, but there was no significant correlation. CONCLUSIONS Our results revealed that the expression of InsP3R and serum Ca2+ levels was significantly decreased in the liver tissue of ICP model rats. Additionally, Ca2+ levels were found to be negatively correlated with the level of glycocholic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Pan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taizhou Municipal Hospital affiliated with Taizhou University, Taizhou, China
| | - Mengting Jiang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taizhou Municipal Hospital affiliated with Taizhou University, Taizhou, China
| | - Guoxian Tao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taizhou Municipal Hospital affiliated with Taizhou University, Taizhou, China
| | - Jinmei Shi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taizhou Municipal Hospital affiliated with Taizhou University, Taizhou, China
| | - Zhiwei Song
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Taizhou Municipal Hospital affiliated with Taizhou University, Taizhou, China
| | - Ren Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taizhou Municipal Hospital affiliated with Taizhou University, Taizhou, China
| | - Dongguo Wang
- Department of Central Laboratory, Taizhou Municipal Hospital affiliated with Taizhou University, Taizhou, China
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Zhang W, Wu H, Luo S, Lu X, Tan X, Wen L, Ma X, Efferth T. Molecular insights into experimental models and therapeutics for cholestasis. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 174:116594. [PMID: 38615607 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Cholestatic liver disease (CLD) is a range of conditions caused by the accumulation of bile acids (BAs) or disruptions in bile flow, which can harm the liver and bile ducts. To investigate its pathogenesis and treatment, it is essential to establish and assess experimental models of cholestasis, which have significant clinical value. However, owing to the complex pathogenesis of cholestasis, a single modelling method can merely reflect one or a few pathological mechanisms, and each method has its adaptability and limitations. We summarize the existing experimental models of cholestasis, including animal models, gene-knockout models, cell models, and organoid models. We also describe the main types of cholestatic disease simulated clinically. This review provides an overview of targeted therapy used for treating cholestasis based on the current research status of cholestasis models. In addition, we discuss the respective advantages and disadvantages of different models of cholestasis to help establish experimental models that resemble clinical disease conditions. In sum, this review not only outlines the current research with cholestasis models but also projects prospects for clinical treatment, thereby bridging basic research and practical therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Hefei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Shiman Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaohua Lu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Xiyue Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Wen
- School of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.
| | - Xiao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.
| | - Thomas Efferth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.
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3
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Jia H, Dong N. Effects of bile acid metabolism on intestinal health of livestock and poultry. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2024. [PMID: 38649786 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Bile acids are synthesised in the liver and are essential amphiphilic steroids for maintaining the balance of cholesterol and energy metabolism in livestock and poultry. They can be used as novel feed additives to promote fat utilisation in the diet and the absorption of fat-soluble substances in the feed to improve livestock performance and enhance carcass quality. With the development of understanding of intestinal health, the balance of bile acid metabolism is closely related to the composition and growth of livestock intestinal microbiota, inflammatory response, and metabolic diseases. This paper systematically reviews the effects of bile acid metabolism on gut health and gut microbiology in livestock. In addition, our paper summarised the role of bile acid metabolism in performance and disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongpeng Jia
- The Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition and Immunity, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Na Dong
- The Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition and Immunity, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
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Milivojac T, Grabež M, Krivokuća A, Maličević U, Gajić Bojić M, Đukanović Đ, Uletilović S, Mandić-Kovačević N, Cvjetković T, Barudžija M, Vojinović N, Šmitran A, Amidžić L, Stojiljković MP, Čolić M, Mikov M, Škrbić R. Ursodeoxycholic and chenodeoxycholic bile acids attenuate systemic and liver inflammation induced by lipopolysaccharide in rats. Mol Cell Biochem 2024:10.1007/s11010-024-04994-2. [PMID: 38578526 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-024-04994-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induces general inflammation, by activating pathways involving cytokine production, blood coagulation, complement system activation, and acute phase protein release. The key cellular players are leukocytes and endothelial cells, that lead to tissue injury and organ failure. The aim of this study was to explore the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and cytoprotective properties of two bile acids, ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) and chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) in LPS-induced endotoxemia in rats. The experiment involved six distinct groups of Wistar rats, each subjected to different pretreatment conditions: control and LPS groups were pretreated with propylene glycol, as a bile acid solvent, while the other groups were pretreated with UDCA or CDCA for 10 days followed by an LPS injection on day 10. The results showed that both UDCA and CDCA reduced the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines: TNF-α, GM-CSF, IL-2, IFNγ, IL-6, and IL-1β and expression of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) induced by LPS. In addition, pretreatment with these bile acids showed a positive impact on lipid profiles, a decrease in ICAM levels, an increase in antioxidant activity (SOD, |CAT, GSH), and a decrease in prooxidant markers (H2O2 and O2-). Furthermore, both bile acids alleviated LPS-induced liver injury. While UDCA and CDCA pretreatment attenuated homocysteine levels in LPS-treated rats, only UDCA pretreatment showed reductions in other serum biochemical markers, including creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, and high-sensitivity troponin I. It can be concluded that both, UDCA and CDCA, although exerted slightly different effects, can prevent the inflammatory responses induced by LPS, improve oxidative stress status, and attenuate LPS-induced liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Milivojac
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Banja Luka, The Republic of Srpska, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - M Grabež
- Department of Hygiene, Faculty of Medicine, University of Banja Luka, The Republic of Srpska, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - A Krivokuća
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Banja Luka, The Republic of Srpska, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Banja Luka, The Republic of Srpska, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - U Maličević
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Banja Luka, The Republic of Srpska, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Banja Luka, The Republic of Srpska, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - M Gajić Bojić
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Banja Luka, The Republic of Srpska, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Banja Luka, The Republic of Srpska, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Đ Đukanović
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Banja Luka, The Republic of Srpska, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Banja Luka, The Republic of Srpska, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - S Uletilović
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Banja Luka, The Republic of Srpska, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, The Republic of Srpska, University of Banja Luka, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - N Mandić-Kovačević
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Banja Luka, The Republic of Srpska, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Banja Luka, The Republic of Srpska, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - T Cvjetković
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Banja Luka, The Republic of Srpska, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, The Republic of Srpska, University of Banja Luka, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - M Barudžija
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Banja Luka, The Republic of Srpska, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, The Republic of Srpska, University of Banja Luka, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - N Vojinović
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Banja Luka, The Republic of Srpska, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - A Šmitran
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, The Republic of Srpska, University of Banja Luka, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Lj Amidžić
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Banja Luka, The Republic of Srpska, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - M P Stojiljković
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Banja Luka, The Republic of Srpska, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Banja Luka, The Republic of Srpska, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - M Čolić
- Medical Faculty Foča, University of East Sarajevo, The Republic of Srpska, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - M Mikov
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - R Škrbić
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Banja Luka, The Republic of Srpska, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Banja Luka, The Republic of Srpska, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
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Sohal A, Kowdley KV. Novel preclinical developments of the primary sclerosing cholangitis treatment landscape. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2024; 33:335-345. [PMID: 38480008 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2024.2330738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a chronic cholestatic liver disease associated with inflammation, fibrosis, and destruction of intra- and extrahepatic bile ducts. Despite substantial recent advances in our understanding of PSC, the only proven treatment of PSC is liver transplantation. There is an urgent unmet need to find medical therapies for this disorder. AREAS COVERED Multiple drugs are currently under evaluation as therapeutic options for this disease. This article summarizes the literature on the various novel therapeutic options that have been investigated and are currently under development for the treatment of PSC. EXPERT OPINION In the next decade, more than one drug will likely be approved for the treatment of the disease, and we will be looking at combination therapies for the optimal management of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aalam Sohal
- Department of Hepatology, Liver Institute Northwest, Seattle, USA
| | - Kris V Kowdley
- Department of Hepatology, Liver Institute Northwest, Seattle, USA
- Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, USA
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6
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Sjöland W, Wahlström A, Makki K, Schöler M, Molinaro A, Olsson L, Greiner T, Caesar R, de Boer JF, Kuipers F, Bäckhed F, Marschall HU. Absence of gut microbiota reduces neonatal survival and exacerbates liver disease in Cyp2c70-deficient mice with a human-like bile acid composition. Clin Sci (Lond) 2023; 137:995-1011. [PMID: 37384590 PMCID: PMC10346113 DOI: 10.1042/cs20230413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Mice with deletion of Cyp2c70 have a human-like bile acid composition, display age- and sex-dependent signs of hepatobiliary disease and can be used as a model to study interactions between bile acids and the gut microbiota in cholestatic liver disease. In the present study, we rederived Cyp2c70-/- mice as germ-free (GF) and colonized them with a human or a mouse microbiota to investigate whether the presence of a microbiota can be protective in cholangiopathic liver disease associated with Cyp2c70-deficiency. GF Cyp2c70-/- mice showed reduced neonatal survival, liver fibrosis, and distinct cholangiocyte proliferation. Colonization of germ-free breeding pairs with a human or a mouse microbiota normalized neonatal survival of the offspring, and particularly colonization with mouse microbiota from a conventionally raised mouse improved the liver phenotype at 6-10 weeks of age. The improved liver phenotype in conventionalized (CD) Cyp2c70-/- mice was associated with increased levels of tauro-ursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) and UDCA, resulting in a more hydrophilic bile acid profile compared with GF and humanized Cyp2c70-/- mice. The hydrophobicity index of biliary bile acids of CD Cyp2c70-/- mice was associated with changes in gut microbiota, liver weight, liver transaminases, and liver fibrosis. Hence, our results indicate that neonatal survival of Cyp2c70-/- mice seems to depend on the establishment of a gut microbiota at birth, and the improved liver phenotype in CD Cyp2c70-/- mice may be mediated by a larger proportion of TUDCA/UDCA in the circulating bile acid pool and/or by the presence of specific bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilhelm Sjöland
- Wallenberg Laboratory and Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, S-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Annika Wahlström
- Wallenberg Laboratory and Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, S-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kassem Makki
- Wallenberg Laboratory and Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, S-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marc Schöler
- Wallenberg Laboratory and Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, S-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Antonio Molinaro
- Wallenberg Laboratory and Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, S-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Department of Medicine, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lisa Olsson
- Wallenberg Laboratory and Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, S-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Thomas Uwe Greiner
- Wallenberg Laboratory and Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, S-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Robert Caesar
- Wallenberg Laboratory and Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, S-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jan Freark de Boer
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Folkert Kuipers
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing (ERIBA), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Fredrik Bäckhed
- Wallenberg Laboratory and Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, S-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Department of Clinical Physiology, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DK-2200, Denmark
| | - Hanns-Ulrich Marschall
- Wallenberg Laboratory and Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, S-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Department of Clinical Physiology, Gothenburg, Sweden
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7
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Lenci I, Milana M, Signorello A, Grassi G, Baiocchi L. Secondary bile acids and the biliary epithelia: The good and the bad. World J Gastroenterol 2023; 29:357-366. [PMID: 36687129 PMCID: PMC9846939 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v29.i2.357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The biliary tract has been considered for several decades a passive system just leading the hepatic bile to the intestine. Nowadays several researches demonstrated an important role of biliary epithelia (i.e. cholangiocytes) in bile formation. The study of biliary processes therefore maintains a continuous interest since the possible important implications regarding chronic cholestatic human diseases, such as primary biliary cholangitis or primary sclerosing cholangitis. Bile acids (BAs), produced by the liver, are the most represented organic molecules in bile. The physiologic importance of BAs was initially attributed to their behavior as natural detergents but several studies now demonstrate they are also important signaling molecules. In this minireview the effect of BAs on the biliary epithelia are reported focusing in particular on secondary (deriving by bacterial manipulation of primary molecules) ones. This class of BAs is demonstrated to have relevant biological effects, ranging from toxic to therapeutic ones. In this family ursodeoxycholic and lithocholic acid present the most interesting features. The molecular mechanisms linking ursodeoxycholic acid to its beneficial effects on the biliary tract are discussed in details as well as data on the processes leading to lithocholic damage. These findings suggest that expansion of research in the field of BAs/cholangiocytes interaction may increase our understanding of cholestatic diseases and should be helpful in designing more effective therapies for biliary disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Lenci
- Hepatology Unit, Policlinico Tor Vergata, Rome 00133, Italy
| | - Martina Milana
- Hepatology Unit, Policlinico Tor Vergata, Rome 00133, Italy
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Meadows V, Marakovits C, Ekser B, Kundu D, Zhou T, Kyritsi K, Pham L, Chen L, Kennedy L, Ceci L, Wu N, Carpino G, Zhang W, Isidan A, Meyer A, Owen T, Gaudio E, Onori P, Alpini G, Francis H. Loss of apical sodium bile acid transporter alters bile acid circulation and reduces biliary damage in cholangitis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2023; 324:G60-G77. [PMID: 36410025 PMCID: PMC9799145 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00112.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is characterized by increased ductular reaction (DR), liver fibrosis, hepatic total bile acid (TBA) levels, and mast cell (MC) infiltration. Apical sodium BA transporter (ASBT) expression increases in cholestasis, and ileal inhibition reduces PSC phenotypes. FVB/NJ and multidrug-resistant 2 knockout (Mdr2-/-) mice were treated with control or ASBT Vivo-Morpholino (VM). We measured 1) ASBT expression and MC presence in liver/ileum; 2) liver damage/DR; 3) hepatic fibrosis/inflammation; 4) biliary inflammation/histamine serum content; and 5) gut barrier integrity/hepatic bacterial translocation. TBA/BA composition was measured in cholangiocyte/hepatocyte supernatants, intestine, liver, serum, and feces. Shotgun analysis was performed to ascertain microbiome changes. In vitro, cholangiocytes were treated with BAs ± ASBT VM, and histamine content and farnesoid X receptor (FXR) signaling were determined. Treated cholangiocytes were cocultured with MCs, and FXR signaling, inflammation, and MC activation were measured. Human patients were evaluated for ASBT/MC expression and histamine/TBA content in bile. Control patient- and PSC patient-derived three-dimensional (3-D) organoids were generated; ASBT, chymase, histamine, and fibroblast growth factor-19 (FGF19) were evaluated. ASBT VM in Mdr2-/- mice decreased 1) biliary ASBT expression, 2) PSC phenotypes, 3) hepatic TBA, and 4) gut barrier integrity compared with control. We found alterations between wild-type (WT) and Mdr2-/- mouse microbiome, and ASBT/MC and bile histamine content increased in cholestatic patients. BA-stimulated cholangiocytes increased MC activation/FXR signaling via ASBT, and human PSC-derived 3-D organoids secrete histamine/FGF19. Inhibition of hepatic ASBT ameliorates cholestatic phenotypes by reducing cholehepatic BA signaling, biliary inflammation, and histamine levels. ASBT regulation of hepatic BA signaling offers a therapeutic avenue for PSC.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We evaluated knockdown of the apical sodium bile acid transporter (ASBT) using Vivo-Morpholino in Mdr2KO mice. ASBT inhibition decreases primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) pathogenesis by reducing hepatic mast cell infiltration, altering bile acid species/cholehepatic shunt, and regulating gut inflammation/dysbiosis. Since a large cohort of PSC patients present with IBD, this study is clinically important. We validated findings in human PSC and PSC-IBD along with studies in novel human 3-D organoids formed from human PSC livers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vik Meadows
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Corinn Marakovits
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Burcin Ekser
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Debjyoti Kundu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Tianhao Zhou
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Konstantina Kyritsi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Linh Pham
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Lixian Chen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Lindsey Kennedy
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
- Richard L. Roudebush Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Ludovica Ceci
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Nan Wu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Guido Carpino
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico," Rome, Italy
| | - Wenjun Zhang
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Abdulkadir Isidan
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Alison Meyer
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Travis Owen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Eugenio Gaudio
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Onori
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Alpini
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
- Richard L. Roudebush Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Heather Francis
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
- Richard L. Roudebush Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana
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Garzón-Porras AM, Bertuzzi DL, Lucas K, Ornelas C. Well-Defined Bifunctional Dendrimer Bearing 54 Nitric Oxide-Releasing Moieties and 54 Ursodeoxycholic Acid Groups Presenting High Anti-Inflammatory Activity. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2022; 8:5171-5187. [PMID: 36413181 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.2c00713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) and ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) are endogenous molecules involved in physiological processes associated with inflammation. Since inflammatory processes are present in the mechanisms of many diseases, these molecules are important for the development of new drugs. Herein, we describe the synthesis of a well-defined bifunctional dendrimer with 108 termini bearing 54 NO-releasing groups and 54 UDCA units (Dendri-(NO/UDCA)54). For comparison, a lower-generation dendrimer bearing 18 NO-releasing groups and 18 UDCA units (Dendri-(NO/UDCA)18) was also synthesized. The anti-inflammatory activity of these dendrimers was evaluated, showing that the bifunctional dendrimers have an inverse correlation between concentration and anti-inflammatory activity, with an effect dramatically pronounced for Dendri-(NO/UDCA)54 20, which at just 0.25 nM inhibited 76.1% of IL-8 secretion. Data suggest that nanomolar concentrations of these dendrimers aid in releasing NO in a safe and controlled way. This bifunctional dendrimer has great potential as a drug against multifactorial diseases associated with inflammatory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Garzón-Porras
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas─UNICAMP, 13083-861 Campinas, SP, Brazil.,Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Hahn-Meitner-Weg 1, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Diego L Bertuzzi
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas─UNICAMP, 13083-861 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Kurt Lucas
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Hahn-Meitner-Weg 1, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Catia Ornelas
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas─UNICAMP, 13083-861 Campinas, SP, Brazil
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10
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Liu Y, Azad MAK, Zhang W, Xiong L, Blachier F, Yu Z, Kong X. Intrauterine growth retardation affects liver bile acid metabolism in growing pigs: effects associated with the changes of colonic bile acid derivatives. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2022; 13:117. [PMID: 36320049 PMCID: PMC9628178 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-022-00772-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) is associated with severely impaired nutrient metabolism and intestinal development of pigs. Our previous study found that IUGR altered intestinal microbiota and metabolites in the colon. However, the consequences of IUGR on bile acid metabolism in pigs remained unclear. The present study aimed to investigate the bile acid metabolism in the liver and the profile of bile acid derivatives in the colon of growing pigs with IUGR using bile acid targeted metabolomics. Furthermore, we determined correlations between colonic microbiota composition and metabolites of IUGR and normal birth weight (NBW) pigs at different growth stages that were 7, 21, and 28-day-old, and the average body weight (BW) of 25, 50, and 100 kg of the NBW pigs. RESULTS The results showed that the plasma total bile acid concentration was higher (P < 0.05) at the 25 kg BW stage and tended to increase (P = 0.08) at 28-day-old in IUGR pigs. The hepatic gene expressions related to bile acid synthesis (CYP7A1, CYP27A1, and NTCP) were up-regulated (P < 0.05), and the genes related to glucose and lipid metabolism (ATGL, HSL, and PC) were down-regulated (P < 0.05) at the 25 kg BW stage in IUGR pigs when compared with the NBW group. Targeted metabolomics analysis showed that 29 bile acids and related compounds were detected in the colon of pigs. The colonic concentrations of dehydrolithocholic acid and apocholic acid were increased (P < 0.05), while isodeoxycholic acid and 6,7-diketolithocholic acid were decreased (P < 0.05) in IUGR pigs, when compared with the NBW pigs at the 25 kg BW stage. Moreover, Spearman's correlation analysis revealed that colonic Unclassified_[Mogibacteriaceae], Lachnospira, and Slackia abundances were negatively correlated (P < 0.05) with dehydrolithocholic acid, as well as the Unclassified_Clostridiaceae abundance with 6,7-diketolithocholic acid at the 25 kg BW stage. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that IUGR could affect bile acid and glucolipid metabolism in growing pigs, especially at the 25 kg BW stage, these effects being paralleled by a modification of bile acid derivatives concentrations in the colonic content. The plausible links between these modified parameters are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, 410125 Hunan China ,grid.27871.3b0000 0000 9750 7019College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 Jiangsu China
| | - Md. Abul Kalam Azad
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, 410125 Hunan China
| | - Wanghong Zhang
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, 410125 Hunan China
| | - Liang Xiong
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, 410125 Hunan China
| | - Francois Blachier
- grid.507621.7UMR PNCA, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, 75005 AgroParisTechParis, France
| | - Zugong Yu
- grid.27871.3b0000 0000 9750 7019College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 Jiangsu China
| | - Xiangfeng Kong
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, 410125 Hunan China
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11
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Huang S, Wu H, Luo F, Zhang B, Li T, Yang Z, Ren B, Yin W, Wu D, Tai S. Exploring the role of mast cells in the progression of liver disease. Front Physiol 2022; 13:964887. [PMID: 36176778 PMCID: PMC9513450 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.964887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to being associated with allergic diseases, parasites, bacteria, and venoms, a growing body of research indicates that mast cells and their mediators can regulate liver disease progression. When mast cells are activated, they degranulate and release many mediators, such as histamine, tryptase, chymase, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), tumor necrosis factor–α(TNF-α), interleukins cytokines, and other substances that mediate the progression of liver disease. This article reviews the role of mast cells and their secretory mediators in developing hepatitis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and their essential role in immunotherapy. Targeting MC infiltration may be a novel therapeutic option for improving liver disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Dehai Wu
- *Correspondence: Sheng Tai, ; Dehai Wu,
| | - Sheng Tai
- *Correspondence: Sheng Tai, ; Dehai Wu,
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12
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Interplay between Mast Cells and Regulatory T Cells in Immune-Mediated Cholangiopathies. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23115872. [PMID: 35682552 PMCID: PMC9180565 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23115872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune-mediated cholangiopathies are characterised by the destruction of small and large bile ducts causing bile acid stasis, which leads to subsequent inflammation, fibrosis, and eventual cirrhosis of the liver tissue. A breakdown of peripheral hepatic immune tolerance is a key feature of these diseases. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are a major anti-inflammatory immune cell subset, and their quantities and functional capacity are impaired in autoimmune liver diseases. Tregs can undergo phenotypic reprogramming towards pro-inflammatory Th1 and Th17 profiles. The inflamed hepatic microenvironment influences and can impede normal Treg suppressive functions. Mast cell (MC) infiltration increases during liver inflammation, and active MCs have been shown to be an important source of pro-inflammatory mediators, thus driving pathogenesis. By influencing the microenvironment, MCs can indirectly manipulate Treg functions and inhibit their suppressive and proliferative activity. In addition, direct cell-to-cell interactions have been identified between MCs and Tregs. It is critical to consider the effects of MCs on the inflammatory milieu of the liver and their influence on Treg functions. This review will focus on the roles and crosstalk of Tregs and MCs during autoimmune cholangiopathy pathogenesis progression.
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13
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Mancinelli R, Ceci L, Kennedy L, Francis H, Meadows V, Chen L, Carpino G, Kyritsi K, Wu N, Zhou T, Sato K, Pannarale L, Glaser S, Chakraborty S, Alpini G, Gaudio E, Onori P, Franchitto A. The Effects of Taurocholic Acid on Biliary Damage and Liver Fibrosis Are Mediated by Calcitonin-Gene-Related Peptide Signaling. Cells 2022; 11:1591. [PMID: 35563897 PMCID: PMC9104610 DOI: 10.3390/cells11091591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Cholangiocytes are the target cells of liver diseases that are characterized by biliary senescence (evidenced by enhanced levels of senescence-associated secretory phenotype, SASP, e.g., TGF-β1), and liver inflammation and fibrosis accompanied by altered bile acid (BA) homeostasis. Taurocholic acid (TC) stimulates biliary hyperplasia by activation of 3',5'-cyclic cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) signaling, thereby preventing biliary damage (caused by cholinergic/adrenergic denervation) through enhanced liver angiogenesis. Also: (i) α-calcitonin gene-related peptide (α-CGRP, which activates the calcitonin receptor-like receptor, CRLR), stimulates biliary proliferation/senescence and liver fibrosis by enhanced biliary secretion of SASPs; and (ii) knock-out of α-CGRP reduces these phenotypes by decreased cAMP levels in cholestatic models. We aimed to demonstrate that TC effects on liver phenotypes are dependent on changes in the α-CGRP/CALCRL/cAMP/PKA/ERK1/2/TGF-β1/VEGF axis. METHODS Wild-type and α-CGRP-/- mice were fed with a control (BAC) or TC diet for 1 or 2 wk. We measured: (i) CGRP levels by both ELISA kits in serum and by qPCR in isolated cholangiocytes (CALCA gene for α-CGRP); (ii) CALCRL immunoreactivity by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in liver sections; (iii) liver histology, intrahepatic biliary mass, biliary senescence (by β-GAL staining and double immunofluorescence (IF) for p16/CK19), and liver fibrosis (by Red Sirius staining and double IF for collagen/CK19 in liver sections), as well as by qPCR for senescence markers in isolated cholangiocytes; and (iv) phosphorylation of PKA/ERK1/2, immunoreactivity of TGF-β1/TGF- βRI and angiogenic factors by IHC/immunofluorescence in liver sections and qPCR in isolated cholangiocytes. We measured changes in BA composition in total liver by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. RESULTS TC feeding increased CALCA expression, biliary damage, and liver inflammation and fibrosis, as well as phenotypes that were associated with enhanced immunoreactivity of the PKA/ERK1/2/TGF-β1/TGF-βRI/VEGF axis compared to BAC-fed mice and phenotypes that were reversed in α-CGRP-/- mice fed TC coupled with changes in hepatic BA composition. CONCLUSION Modulation of the TC/ α-CGRP/CALCRL/PKA/ERK1/2/TGF-β1/VEGF axis may be important in the management of cholangiopathies characterized by BA accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Mancinelli
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (R.M.); (L.P.); (E.G.); (P.O.)
| | - Ludovica Ceci
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (L.C.); (L.K.); (H.F.); (V.M.); (L.C.); (K.K.); (N.W.); (T.Z.); (K.S.); (G.A.)
| | - Lindsey Kennedy
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (L.C.); (L.K.); (H.F.); (V.M.); (L.C.); (K.K.); (N.W.); (T.Z.); (K.S.); (G.A.)
- Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Heather Francis
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (L.C.); (L.K.); (H.F.); (V.M.); (L.C.); (K.K.); (N.W.); (T.Z.); (K.S.); (G.A.)
- Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Vik Meadows
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (L.C.); (L.K.); (H.F.); (V.M.); (L.C.); (K.K.); (N.W.); (T.Z.); (K.S.); (G.A.)
| | - Lixian Chen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (L.C.); (L.K.); (H.F.); (V.M.); (L.C.); (K.K.); (N.W.); (T.Z.); (K.S.); (G.A.)
| | - Guido Carpino
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, 00135 Rome, Italy;
| | - Konstantina Kyritsi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (L.C.); (L.K.); (H.F.); (V.M.); (L.C.); (K.K.); (N.W.); (T.Z.); (K.S.); (G.A.)
| | - Nan Wu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (L.C.); (L.K.); (H.F.); (V.M.); (L.C.); (K.K.); (N.W.); (T.Z.); (K.S.); (G.A.)
| | - Tianhao Zhou
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (L.C.); (L.K.); (H.F.); (V.M.); (L.C.); (K.K.); (N.W.); (T.Z.); (K.S.); (G.A.)
| | - Keisaku Sato
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (L.C.); (L.K.); (H.F.); (V.M.); (L.C.); (K.K.); (N.W.); (T.Z.); (K.S.); (G.A.)
| | - Luigi Pannarale
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (R.M.); (L.P.); (E.G.); (P.O.)
| | - Shannon Glaser
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University, Bryan, TX 77807, USA; (S.G.); (S.C.)
| | - Sanjukta Chakraborty
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University, Bryan, TX 77807, USA; (S.G.); (S.C.)
| | - Gianfranco Alpini
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (L.C.); (L.K.); (H.F.); (V.M.); (L.C.); (K.K.); (N.W.); (T.Z.); (K.S.); (G.A.)
- Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Eugenio Gaudio
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (R.M.); (L.P.); (E.G.); (P.O.)
| | - Paolo Onori
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (R.M.); (L.P.); (E.G.); (P.O.)
| | - Antonio Franchitto
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (R.M.); (L.P.); (E.G.); (P.O.)
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14
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Joyce SA, O'Malley D. Bile acids, bioactive signalling molecules in interoceptive gut-to-brain communication. J Physiol 2022; 600:2565-2578. [PMID: 35413130 PMCID: PMC9325455 DOI: 10.1113/jp281727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Aside from facilitating solubilisation and absorption of dietary lipids and lipid-soluble vitamins, amphipathic bile acids (BAs) also act as bioactive signalling molecules. A plethora of conjugated or un-conjugated primary and bacterially-modified secondary BA moieties have been identified, with significant divergence between species. These molecules are excreted into the external environment of the intestinal lumen, yet nuclear and membrane receptors that are sensitive to BAs are expressed internally in the liver, intestinal and neural tissues, amongst others. The diversity of BAs and receptors underpins the multitude of distinct bioactive functions attributed to BAs, but also hampers elucidation of the physiological mechanisms underpinning these actions. In this topical review, we have considered the potential of BAs as cross-barrier signalling molecules that contribute to interoceptive pathways informing the central nervous system of environmental changes in the gut lumen. Activation of BAs on FGF19 -secreting enterocytes, enteroendocrine cells coupled to sensory nerves or intestinal immune cells would facilitate indirect signalling, whereas direct activation of BA receptors in the brain are likely to occur primarily under pathophysiological conditions when concentrations of BAs are elevated. Abstract figure legend The figure illustrates the microbial modification of hepatic primary bile acids into secondary bile acids. In addition to facilitating lipid digestion and absorption, bile acids act as bioactive signalling molecules by binding to bile acid receptors expressed on enterocytes, neural afferent-coupled enteroendocrine cells and immune cells. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan A Joyce
- School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Dervla O'Malley
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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15
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Mast Cells in Immune-Mediated Cholangitis and Cholangiocarcinoma. Cells 2022; 11:cells11030375. [PMID: 35159185 PMCID: PMC8834285 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholestasis, which is impaired bile flow from the liver into the intestine, can be caused by cholangitis and/or bile duct obstruction. Cholangitis can arise from bacterial infections and cholelithiasis, however, immune-mediated cholangitis in primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is characterized by a strong immune response targeting the biliary epithelial cells (BECs). Persistent biliary inflammation further represents a risk for biliary neoplasia, cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) by driving chronic cellular stress in the BECs. Currently, immune-mediated cholangitis is considered a Th1-Th17-dominant disease, however, the presence of Th2-related mast cells (MCs) in tissue samples from PBC, PSC and CCA patients has been described, showing that these MCs are active players in these diseases. Here, we reviewed and discussed experimental and clinical data supporting a pro-fibrotic role for MCs in immune-mediated cholangitis as well as their participation in supporting tumor growth acting as angiogenesis promoters. Thus, although MCs have classically been identified as downstream effectors of Th2 responses in allergies and parasitic infections, evidence suggests that these MCs are relevant players in biliary inflammation and neoplasia. The availability of strategies to prevent MCs’ activation represents a therapeutic opportunity in biliary diseases.
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Pham L, Kennedy L, Baiocchi L, Meadows V, Ekser B, Kundu D, Zhou T, Sato K, Glaser S, Ceci L, Alpini G, Francis H. Mast cells in liver disease progression: An update on current studies and implications. Hepatology 2022; 75:213-218. [PMID: 34435373 PMCID: PMC9276201 DOI: 10.1002/hep.32121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Linh Pham
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA,Department of Science and Mathematics, Texas A&M University–Central Texas, Killeen, Texas, USA
| | - Lindsey Kennedy
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA,Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | | | - Vik Meadows
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Burcin Ekser
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Debjyoti Kundu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Tianhao Zhou
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Keisaku Sato
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Shannon Glaser
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, Texas, USA
| | - Ludovica Ceci
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Gianfranco Alpini
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA,Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Heather Francis
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA,Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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17
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Meadows V, Kennedy L, Ekser B, Kyritsi K, Kundu D, Zhou T, Chen L, Pham L, Wu N, Demieville J, Hargrove L, Glaser S, Alpini G, Francis H. Mast Cells Regulate Ductular Reaction and Intestinal Inflammation in Cholestasis Through Farnesoid X Receptor Signaling. Hepatology 2021; 74:2684-2698. [PMID: 34164827 PMCID: PMC9337218 DOI: 10.1002/hep.32028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Cholestasis is characterized by increased total bile acid (TBA) levels, which are regulated by farnesoid X receptor (FXR)/FGF15. Patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) typically present with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Mast cells (MCs) (i) express FXR and (ii) infiltrate the liver during cholestasis promoting liver fibrosis. In bile-duct-ligated (BDL) MC-deficient mice (B6.Cg-KitW-sh /HNihrJaeBsmJ [KitW-sh ]), ductular reaction (DR) and liver fibrosis decrease compared with BDL wild type, and MC injection exacerbates liver damage in normal mice. APPROACH AND RESULTS In this study, we demonstrated that MC-FXR regulates biliary FXR/FGF15, DR, and hepatic fibrosis and alters intestinal FXR/FGF15. We found increased MC number and biliary FXR expression in patients with liver injury compared with control. Histamine and FGF19 serum levels and small heterodimer partner expression increase in patients PSC and PSC-IBD compared with healthy controls. MC injection increased liver damage, DR, inflammation, biliary senescence/senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), fibrosis, and histamine in KitW-sh mice. Inhibition of MC-FXR before injection reduced these parameters. BDL and KitW-sh mice injected with MCs displayed increased TBA content, biliary FXR/FGF15, and intestinal inflammation, which decreased in BDL KitW-sh and KitW-sh mice injected with MC-FXR. MCs increased ileal FXR/FGF15 expression in KitW-sh mice that was reduced following FXR inhibition. BDL and multidrug resistance 2/ATP-binding cassette family 2 member 4 knockout (Mdr2-/- ) mice, models of PSC, displayed increased intestinal MC infiltration and FXR/FGF15 expression. These were reduced following MC stabilization with cromolyn sodium in Mdr2-/- mice. In vitro, MC-FXR inhibition decreased biliary proliferation/SASP/FGF and hepatic stellate cell activation. CONCLUSIONS Our studies demonstrate that MC-FXR plays a key role in liver damage and DR, including TBA regulation through alteration of intestinal and biliary FXR/FGF15 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vik Meadows
- Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Lindsey Kennedy
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Burcin Ekser
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Konstantina Kyritsi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Debjyoti Kundu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Tianhao Zhou
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Lixian Chen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Linh Pham
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Nan Wu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Jennifer Demieville
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Bryan, TX
| | - Laura Hargrove
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Bryan, TX
| | - Shannon Glaser
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Bryan, TX
| | - Gianfranco Alpini
- Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Heather Francis
- Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
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Kyritsi K, Kennedy L, Meadows V, Hargrove L, Demieville J, Pham L, Sybenga A, Kundu D, Cerritos K, Meng F, Alpini G, Francis H. Mast Cells Induce Ductular Reaction Mimicking Liver Injury in Mice Through Mast Cell-Derived Transforming Growth Factor Beta 1 Signaling. Hepatology 2021; 73:2397-2410. [PMID: 32761972 PMCID: PMC7864988 DOI: 10.1002/hep.31497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Following liver injury, mast cells (MCs) migrate into the liver and are activated in patients with cholestasis. Inhibition of MC mediators decreases ductular reaction (DR) and liver fibrosis. Transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) contributes to fibrosis and promotes liver disease. Our aim was to demonstrate that reintroduction of MCs induces cholestatic injury through TGF-β1. APPROACH AND RESULTS Wild-type, KitW-sh (MC-deficient), and multidrug resistance transporter 2/ABC transporter B family member 2 knockout mice lacking l-histidine decarboxylase were injected with vehicle or PKH26-tagged murine MCs pretreated with 0.01% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) or the TGF-β1 receptor inhibitor (TGF-βRi), LY2109761 (10 μM) 3 days before sacrifice. Hepatic damage was assessed by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and serum chemistry. Injected MCs were detected in liver, spleen, and lung by immunofluorescence (IF). DR was measured by cytokeratin 19 (CK-19) immunohistochemistry and F4/80 staining coupled with real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) for interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-33, and F4/80; biliary senescence was evaluated by IF or qPCR for p16, p18, and p21. Fibrosis was evaluated by sirius red/fast green staining and IF for synaptophysin 9 (SYP-9), desmin, and alpha smooth muscle actin (α-SMA). TGF-β1 secretion/expression was measured by enzyme immunoassay and qPCR. Angiogenesis was detected by IF for von Willebrand factor and vascular endothelial growth factor C qPCR. In vitro, MC-TGF-β1 expression/secretion were measured after TGF-βRi treatment; conditioned medium was collected. Cholangiocytes and hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) were treated with MC-conditioned medium, and biliary proliferation/senescence was measured by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium and qPCR; HSC activation evaluated for α-SMA, SYP-9, and collagen type-1a expression. MC injection recapitulates cholestatic liver injury characterized by increased DR, fibrosis/TGF-β1 secretion, and angiogenesis. Injection of MC-TGF-βRi reversed these parameters. In vitro, MCs induce biliary proliferation/senescence and HSC activation that was reversed with MCs lacking TGF-β1. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates that reintroduction of MCs mimics cholestatic liver injury and that MC-derived TGF-β1 may be a target in chronic cholestatic liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantina Kyritsi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine Research
| | - Lindsey Kennedy
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine Research
| | - Vik Meadows
- Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indiana University School of Medicine Research,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine Research
| | - Laura Hargrove
- Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Texas A&M University-Central Texas
| | | | - Linh Pham
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine Research
| | | | - Debjyoti Kundu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine Research
| | - Karla Cerritos
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine Research
| | - Fanyin Meng
- Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indiana University School of Medicine Research,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine Research
| | - Gianfranco Alpini
- Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indiana University School of Medicine Research,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine Research
| | - Heather Francis
- Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indiana University School of Medicine Research,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine Research
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Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis in a Pediatric Patient With Neurofibromatosis Type 1. ACG Case Rep J 2021; 8:e00605. [PMID: 34007861 PMCID: PMC8126552 DOI: 10.14309/crj.0000000000000605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe a case of a 15-year-old adolescent boy with neurofibromatosis type 1 who presented with inflammatory bowel disease and primary sclerosing cholangitis. The literature available on the association of neurofibromatosis type 1 with inflammatory bowel disease is limited to 7 clinical case reports, and none had comorbid primary sclerosing cholangitis. We present a review of the published literature on this rare association and add the findings of our patient.
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Angioni R, Calì B, Vigneswara V, Crescenzi M, Merino A, Sánchez-Rodríguez R, Liboni C, Hoogduijn MJ, Newsome PN, Muraca M, Russo FP, Viola A. Administration of Human MSC-Derived Extracellular Vesicles for the Treatment of Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis: Preclinical Data in MDR2 Knockout Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8874. [PMID: 33238629 PMCID: PMC7700340 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis (PSC) is a progressive liver disease for which there is no effective medical therapy. PSC belongs to the family of immune-mediated biliary disorders and it is characterized by persistent biliary inflammation and fibrosis. Here, we explored the possibility of using extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from human, bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) to target liver inflammation and reduce fibrosis in a mouse model of PSC. Five-week-old male FVB.129P2-Abcb4tm1Bor mice were intraperitoneally injected with either 100 µL of EVs (± 9.1 × 109 particles/mL) or PBS, once a week, for three consecutive weeks. One week after the last injection, mice were sacrificed and liver and blood collected for flow cytometry analysis and transaminase quantification. In FVB.129P2-Abcb4tm1Bor mice, EV administration resulted in reduced serum levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), bile acid (BA), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), as well as in decreased liver fibrosis. Mechanistically, we observed that EVs reduce liver accumulation of both granulocytes and T cells and dampen VCAM-1 expression. Further analysis revealed that the therapeutic effect of EVs is accompanied by the inhibition of NFkB activation in proximity of the portal triad. Our pre-clinical experiments suggest that EVs isolated from MSCs may represent an effective therapeutic strategy to treat patients suffering from PSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Angioni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova and Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica—Città della Speranza, 35127 Padova, Italy; (R.A.); (B.C.); (R.S.-R.); (C.L.)
| | - Bianca Calì
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova and Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica—Città della Speranza, 35127 Padova, Italy; (R.A.); (B.C.); (R.S.-R.); (C.L.)
| | - Vasanthy Vigneswara
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Birmingham; Centre for Liver and GI Research, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham; Liver Unit, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham B15 2TH, UK; (V.V.); (P.N.N.)
| | - Marika Crescenzi
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology—DiSCOG, Gastroenterology and Multivisceral Transplant Unit, 35128 Padova, Italy; (M.C.); (F.P.R.)
| | - Ana Merino
- Nephrology and Transplantation, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (A.M.); (M.J.H.)
| | - Ricardo Sánchez-Rodríguez
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova and Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica—Città della Speranza, 35127 Padova, Italy; (R.A.); (B.C.); (R.S.-R.); (C.L.)
| | - Cristina Liboni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova and Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica—Città della Speranza, 35127 Padova, Italy; (R.A.); (B.C.); (R.S.-R.); (C.L.)
| | - Martin J. Hoogduijn
- Nephrology and Transplantation, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (A.M.); (M.J.H.)
| | - Philip Noel Newsome
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Birmingham; Centre for Liver and GI Research, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham; Liver Unit, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham B15 2TH, UK; (V.V.); (P.N.N.)
| | - Maurizio Muraca
- Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica Città della Speranza, Padova, and Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy;
| | - Francesco Paolo Russo
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology—DiSCOG, Gastroenterology and Multivisceral Transplant Unit, 35128 Padova, Italy; (M.C.); (F.P.R.)
| | - Antonella Viola
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova and Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica—Città della Speranza, 35127 Padova, Italy; (R.A.); (B.C.); (R.S.-R.); (C.L.)
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21
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Kundu D, Kennedy L, Meadows V, Baiocchi L, Alpini G, Francis H. The Dynamic Interplay Between Mast Cells, Aging/Cellular Senescence, and Liver Disease. Gene Expr 2020; 20:77-88. [PMID: 32727636 PMCID: PMC7650013 DOI: 10.3727/105221620x15960509906371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells are key players in acute immune responses that are evidenced by degranulation leading to a heightened allergic response. Activation of mast cells can trigger a number of different pathways contributing to metabolic conditions and disease progression. Aging results in irreversible physiological changes affecting all organs, including the liver. The liver undergoes senescence, changes in protein expression, and cell signaling phenotypes during aging, which regulate disease progression. Cellular senescence contributes to the age-related changes. Unsurprisingly, mast cells also undergo age-related changes in number, localization, and activation throughout their lifetime, which adversely affects the etiology and progression of many physiological conditions including liver diseases. In this review, we discuss the role of mast cells during aging, including features of aging (e.g., senescence) in the context of biliary diseases such as primary biliary cholangitis and primary sclerosing cholangitis and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debjyoti Kundu
- *Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Lindsey Kennedy
- *Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Vik Meadows
- *Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Leonardo Baiocchi
- †Department of Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Alpini
- *Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- ‡Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Heather Francis
- *Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- ‡Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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22
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Petrescu AD, Grant S, Williams E, Frampton G, Reinhart EH, Nguyen A, An S, McMillin M, DeMorrow S. Ghrelin reverses ductular reaction and hepatic fibrosis in a rodent model of cholestasis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16024. [PMID: 32994489 PMCID: PMC7525536 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72681-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The orexigenic peptide ghrelin (Ghr) stimulates hunger signals in the hypothalamus via growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R1a). Gastric Ghr is synthetized as a preprohormone which is proteolytically cleaved, and acylated by a membrane-bound acyl transferase (MBOAT). Circulating Ghr is reduced in cholestatic injuries, however Ghr's role in cholestasis is poorly understood. We investigated Ghr's effects on biliary hyperplasia and hepatic fibrosis in Mdr2-knockout (Mdr2KO) mice, a recognized model of cholestasis. Serum, stomach and liver were collected from Mdr2KO and FVBN control mice treated with Ghr, des-octanoyl-ghrelin (DG) or vehicle. Mdr2KO mice had lower expression of Ghr and MBOAT in the stomach, and lower levels of circulating Ghr compared to WT-controls. Treatment of Mdr2KO mice with Ghr improved plasma transaminases, reduced biliary and fibrosis markers. In the liver, GHS-R1a mRNA was expressed predominantly in cholangiocytes. Ghr but not DG, decreased cell proliferation via AMPK activation in cholangiocytes in vitro. AMPK inhibitors prevented Ghr-induced FOXO1 nuclear translocation and negative regulation of cell proliferation. Ghr treatment reduced ductular reaction and hepatic fibrosis in Mdr2KO mice, regulating cholangiocyte proliferation via GHS-R1a, a G-protein coupled receptor which causes increased intracellular Ca2+ and activation of AMPK and FOXO1, maintaining a low rate of cholangiocyte proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anca D Petrescu
- Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX, 76504, USA
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Stephanie Grant
- Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX, 76504, USA
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Elaina Williams
- Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX, 76504, USA
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Gabriel Frampton
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78701, USA
| | - Evan H Reinhart
- Department of Internal Medicine, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, TX, 76502, USA
| | - Amy Nguyen
- University of Mary Hardin-Baylor, Belton, TX, 76513, USA
| | - Suyeon An
- Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX, 76504, USA
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Matthew McMillin
- Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX, 76504, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78701, USA
| | - Sharon DeMorrow
- Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX, 76504, USA.
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78701, USA.
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23
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Guo X, Zhu B, Xu H, Li H, Jiang B, Wang Y, Zheng B, Glaser S, Alpini G, Wu C. Adoptive transfer of Pfkfb3-disrupted hematopoietic cells to wild-type mice exacerbates diet-induced hepatic steatosis and inflammation. LIVER RESEARCH 2020; 4:136-144. [PMID: 34336366 PMCID: PMC8320599 DOI: 10.1016/j.livres.2020.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Hepatic steatosis and inflammation are key characteristics of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, whether and how hepatic steatosis and liver inflammation are differentially regulated remains to be elucidated. Considering that disruption of 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-biphosphatase 3 (Pfkfb3/iPfk2) dissociates fat deposition and inflammation, the present study examined a role for Pfkfb3/iPfk2 in hematopoietic cells in regulating hepatic steatosis and inflammation in mice. METHODS Pfkfb3-disrupted (Pfkfb3 +/-) mice and wild-type (WT) littermates were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) and examined for NAFLD phenotype. Also, bone marrow cells isolated from Pfkfb3 +/- mice and WT mice were differentiated into macrophages for analysis of macrophage activation status and for bone marrow transplantation (BMT) to generate chimeric (WT/BMT- Pfkfb3 +/-) mice in which Pfkfb3 was disrupted only in hematopoietic cells and control chimeric (WT/BMT-WT) mice. The latter were also fed an HFD and examined for NAFLD phenotype. In vitro, hepatocytes were co-cultured with bone marrow-derived macrophages and examined for hepatocyte fat deposition and proinflammatory responses. RESULTS After the feeding period, HFD-fed Pfkfb3 +/- mice displayed increased severity of liver inflammation in the absence of hepatic steatosis compared with HFD-fed WT mice. When inflammatory activation was analyzed, Pfkfb3 +/- macrophages revealed increased proinflammatory activation and decreased anti-proinflammatory activation. When NAFLD phenotype was analyzed in the chimeric mice, WT/BMT-Pfkfb3 +/- mice displayed increases in the severity of HFD-induced hepatic steatosis and inflammation compared with WT/BMT-WT mice. At the cellular level, hepatocytes co-cultured with Pfkfb3 +/- macrophages revealed increased fat deposition and proinflammatory responses compared with hepatocytes co-cultured with WT macrophages. CONCLUSIONS Pfkfb3 disruption only in hematopoietic cells exacerbates HFD-induced hepatic steatosis and inflammation whereas the Pfkfb3/iPfk2 in nonhematopoietic cells appeared to be needed for HFD feeding to induce hepatic steatosis. As such, the Pfkfb3/iPfk2 plays a unique role in regulating NAFLD pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Guo
- Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA,Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Bilian Zhu
- Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA,Department of VIP Medical Service Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hang Xu
- Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Honggui Li
- Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Boxiong Jiang
- Department of VIP Medical Service Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yina Wang
- Department of VIP Medical Service Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Benrong Zheng
- Department of VIP Medical Service Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shannon Glaser
- Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Bryan, TX, USA
| | - Gianfranco Alpini
- Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA,Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Chaodong Wu
- Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA,Corresponding author. Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA. (C. Wu)
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24
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Talebian R, Panahipour L, Gruber R. Ursodeoxycholic acid attenuates the expression of proinflammatory cytokines in periodontal cells. J Periodontol 2020; 91:1098-1104. [PMID: 31960968 PMCID: PMC7496100 DOI: 10.1002/jper.19-0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) is one of the first-line therapeutic medications used in treatment of cholestatic liver disease. Considering that periodontitis is epidemiologically linked to liver diseases, the question arises weather UDCA holds anti-inflammatory properties on periodontal health. Herein, we provide information that support anti-inflammatory effects of UDCA on three different periodontium-related cell types. METHODS Gingival fibroblasts and the oral human squamous carcinoma cell line HSC-2 were exposed to interleukin (IL)1β and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α with and without UDCA. Murine RAW 264.7 macrophages were incubated with sterile-filtered human saliva also in the presence of UDCA. The expression of inflammatory cytokines was measured by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Immunoassay was applied to detect the production of IL6. Immunostaining was performed for the p65 subunit to further support the anti-inflammatory role of UDCA. RESULTS We report here that UDCA significantly reduced the IL1β and TNFα-induced expression of IL1, IL6, and IL8 in gingival fibroblasts and the HSC-2 cell line. In RAW 264.7 macrophages, UDCA attenuated the expression of IL1α, IL1β, and IL6 that was increased by saliva. Immunoassay confirmed the capacity of UDCA to reduce inflammation-induced production of IL6 in gingival fibroblasts, HSC-2 and RAW 264.7 cells. Immunostaining revealed the blocking of nuclear translocation of p65 in gingival fibroblasts. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, UDCA can attenuate the provoked expression of inflammatory cytokines in oral fibroblasts, oral human squamous carcinoma cells and macrophages in vitro. These data support the hypothesis that patients with cholestatic liver disease might benefit from UDCA with respect to periodontal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Talebian
- Department of Oral BiologyUniversity Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of ViennaViennaAustria
- Experimental Research CenterMedical FacultyTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Layla Panahipour
- Department of Oral BiologyUniversity Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Reinhard Gruber
- Department of Oral BiologyUniversity Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of ViennaViennaAustria
- Department of PeriodontologySchool of Dental MedicineUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
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25
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Kennedy L, Meadows V, Kyritsi K, Pham L, Kundu D, Kulkarni R, Cerritos K, Demieville J, Hargrove L, Glaser S, Zhou T, Jaeger V, Alpini G, Francis H. Amelioration of Large Bile Duct Damage by Histamine-2 Receptor Vivo-Morpholino Treatment. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2020; 190:1018-1029. [PMID: 32142732 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2020.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Histamine binds to one of the four G-protein-coupled receptors expressed by large cholangiocytes and increases large cholangiocyte proliferation via histamine-2 receptor (H2HR), which is increased in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). Ranitidine decreases liver damage in Mdr2-/- (ATP binding cassette subfamily B member 4 null) mice. We targeted hepatic H2HR in Mdr2-/- mice using vivo-morpholino. Wild-type and Mdr2-/- mice were treated with mismatch or H2HR vivo-morpholino by tail vein injection for 1 week. Liver damage, mast cell (MC) activation, biliary H2HR, and histamine serum levels were studied. MC markers were determined by quantitative real-time PCR for chymase and c-kit. Intrahepatic biliary mass was detected by cytokeratin-19 and F4/80 to evaluate inflammation. Biliary senescence was determined by immunofluorescence and senescence-associated β-galactosidase staining. Hepatic fibrosis was evaluated by staining for desmin, Sirius Red/Fast Green, and vimentin. Immunofluorescence for transforming growth factor-β1, vascular endothelial growth factor-A/C, and cAMP/ERK expression was performed. Transforming growth factor-β1 and vascular endothelial growth factor-A secretion was measured in serum and/or cholangiocyte supernatant. Treatment with H2HR vivo-morpholino in Mdr2-/--mice decreased hepatic damage; H2HR protein expression and MC presence or activation; large intrahepatic bile duct mass, inflammation and senescence; and fibrosis, angiogenesis, and cAMP/phospho-ERK expression. Inhibition of H2HR signaling ameliorates large ductal PSC-induced damage. The H2HR axis may be targeted in treating PSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey Kennedy
- Office of Research, Richard L. Roudebush Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Vik Meadows
- Office of Research, Richard L. Roudebush Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Konstantina Kyritsi
- Office of Research, Richard L. Roudebush Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Linh Pham
- Office of Research, Richard L. Roudebush Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana; Department of Medical Science & Mathematics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Debjyoti Kundu
- Office of Research, Richard L. Roudebush Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Rewa Kulkarni
- Office of Research, Richard L. Roudebush Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Karla Cerritos
- Office of Research, Richard L. Roudebush Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Jennifer Demieville
- Research Department, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas
| | - Laura Hargrove
- Department of Physiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Shannon Glaser
- Department of Physiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Tianhao Zhou
- Department of Physiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Victoria Jaeger
- Department of Physiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Gianfranco Alpini
- Office of Research, Richard L. Roudebush Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Heather Francis
- Office of Research, Richard L. Roudebush Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.
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Pinto C, Ninfole E, Benedetti A, Maroni L, Marzioni M. Aging-Related Molecular Pathways in Chronic Cholestatic Conditions. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 6:332. [PMID: 32039217 PMCID: PMC6985088 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2019.00332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is commonly defined as the time-dependent functional decline of organs and tissues. Average life expectancy has increased considerably over the past century and is estimated to increase even further, consequently also the interest in understanding the aging processes. Although aging is not a disease, it is the major risk factor for the development of many chronic diseases. Pathologies, such as Primary Biliary Cholangitis (PBC) and Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis (PSC) are cholestatic liver diseases characterized by chronic inflammation, biliary damage and ultimately liver fibrosis, targeting specifically cholangiocytes. To date, the influence of aging in these biliary diseases is not fully understood. Currently, liver transplantation is the only solution because of lacking in efficiently therapies. Although liver cells have a high regenerative capacity, they undergo extensive molecular changes in response to aging. Following time-dependent damage induced by aging, the cells initially activate protective compensatory processes that, if hyperstimulated, can lead to the decline of regenerative ability and the development of pathologies. Recent studies have introduced novel therapeutic tools for cholangiopathies that have showed to have promising potential as novel therapies for PSC and PBC and for the development of new drugs. The recent advancements in understanding of molecular aging have undoubtedly the potential to unveil new pathways for selective drug treatments, but further studies are needed to deepen their knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Pinto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Ninfole
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Antonio Benedetti
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Luca Maroni
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Marco Marzioni
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
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Meadows V, Kennedy L, Kundu D, Alpini G, Francis H. Bile Acid Receptor Therapeutics Effects on Chronic Liver Diseases. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 7:15. [PMID: 32064266 PMCID: PMC7000431 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past ten years, our understanding of the importance of bile acids has expanded from fat absorption and glucose/lipid/energy homeostasis into potential therapeutic targets for amelioration of chronic cholestatic liver diseases. The discovery of important bile acid signaling mechanisms, as well as their role in metabolism, has increased the interest in bile acid/bile acid receptor research development. Bile acid levels and speciation are dysregulated during liver injury/damage resulting in cytotoxicity, inflammation, and fibrosis. An increasing focus to target bile acid receptors, responsible for bile acid synthesis and circulation, such as Farnesoid X receptor and apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter to reduce bile acid synthesis have resulted in clinical trials for treatment of previously untreatable chronic liver diseases such as non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and primary sclerosing cholangitis. This review focuses on current bile acid receptor mediators and their effects on parenchymal and non-parenchymal cells. Attention will also be brought to the gut/liver axis during chronic liver damage and its treatment with bile acid receptor modulators. Overall, these studies lend evidence to the importance of bile acids and their receptors on liver disease establishment and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vik Meadows
- Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Lindsey Kennedy
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Debjyoti Kundu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Gianfranco Alpini
- Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Heather Francis
- Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
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Keely SJ, Steer CJ, Lajczak-McGinley NK. Ursodeoxycholic acid: a promising therapeutic target for inflammatory bowel diseases? Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2019; 317:G872-G881. [PMID: 31509435 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00163.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The secondary bile acid ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) has long been known to have medicinal properties. As the therapeutically active component of bear bile, it has been used for centuries in traditional Chinese medicine to treat a range of conditions, while manufactured UDCA has been used for decades in Western medicine to treat cholestatic liver diseases. The beneficial qualities of UDCA are thought to be due to its well-established cytoprotective and anti-inflammatory actions. In addition to its established role in treating liver diseases, UDCA is now under investigation for numerous conditions associated with inflammation and apoptosis, including neurological, ocular, metabolic, and cardiovascular diseases. Here, we review the growing evidence base from in vitro and in vivo models to suggest that UDCA may also have a role to play in the therapy of inflammatory bowel diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Keely
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Clifford J Steer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota.,Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Natalia K Lajczak-McGinley
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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Nishio T, Hu R, Koyama Y, Liang S, Rosenthal SB, Yamamoto G, Karin D, Baglieri J, Ma HY, Xu J, Liu X, Dhar D, Iwaisako K, Taura K, Brenner DA, Kisseleva T. Activated hepatic stellate cells and portal fibroblasts contribute to cholestatic liver fibrosis in MDR2 knockout mice. J Hepatol 2019; 71:573-585. [PMID: 31071368 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2019.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Chronic liver injury often results in the activation of hepatic myofibroblasts and the development of liver fibrosis. Hepatic myofibroblasts may originate from 3 major sources: hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), portal fibroblasts (PFs), and fibrocytes, with varying contributions depending on the etiology of liver injury. Here, we assessed the composition of hepatic myofibroblasts in multidrug resistance gene 2 knockout (Mdr2-/-) mice, a genetic model that resembles primary sclerosing cholangitis in patients. METHODS Mdr2-/- mice expressing a collagen-GFP reporter were analyzed at different ages. Hepatic non-parenchymal cells isolated from collagen-GFP Mdr2-/- mice were sorted based on collagen-GFP and vitamin A. An NADPH oxidase (NOX) 1/4 inhibitor was administrated to Mdr2-/- mice aged 12-16 weeks old to assess the therapeutic approach of targeting oxidative stress in cholestatic injury. RESULTS Thy1+ activated PFs accounted for 26%, 51%, and 54% of collagen-GFP+ myofibroblasts in Mdr2-/- mice at 4, 8, and 16 weeks of age, respectively. The remaining collagen-GFP+ myofibroblasts were composed of activated HSCs, suggesting that PFs and HSCs are both activated in Mdr2-/- mice. Bone-marrow-derived fibrocytes minimally contributed to liver fibrosis in Mdr2-/- mice. The development of cholestatic liver fibrosis in Mdr2-/- mice was associated with early recruitment of Gr1+ myeloid cells and upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines (4 weeks). Administration of a NOX inhibitor to 12-week-old Mdr2-/- mice suppressed the activation of myofibroblasts and attenuated the development of cholestatic fibrosis. CONCLUSIONS Activated PFs and activated HSCs contribute to cholestatic fibrosis in Mdr2-/- mice, and serve as targets for antifibrotic therapy. LAY SUMMARY Activated portal fibroblasts and hepatic stellate cells, but not fibrocytes, contributed to the production of the fibrous scar in livers of Mdr2-/- mice, and these cells can serve as targets for antifibrotic therapy in cholestatic injury. Therapeutic inhibition of the enzyme NADPH oxidase (NOX) in Mdr2-/- mice reversed cholestatic fibrosis, suggesting that targeting NOXs may be an effective strategy for the treatment of cholestatic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Nishio
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ronglin Hu
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Yukinori Koyama
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shuang Liang
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sara B Rosenthal
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Gen Yamamoto
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Daniel Karin
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jacopo Baglieri
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Hsiao-Yen Ma
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jun Xu
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Xiao Liu
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Debanjan Dhar
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Keiko Iwaisako
- Department of Medical Life Systems, Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Japan
| | - Kojiro Taura
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - David A Brenner
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Tatiana Kisseleva
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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Sato K, Glaser S, Kennedy L, Liangpunsakul S, Meng F, Francis H, Alpini G. Preclinical insights into cholangiopathies: disease modeling and emerging therapeutic targets. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2019; 23:461-472. [PMID: 30990740 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2019.1608950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The common predominant clinical features of cholangiopathies such as primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), primary biliary cholangitis (PBC), and biliary atresia (BA) are biliary damage/senescence and liver fibrosis. Curative therapies are lacking, and liver transplantation is the only option. An understanding of the mechanisms and pathogenesis is needed to develop novel therapies. Previous studies have developed various disease-based research models and have identified candidate therapeutic targets. Areas covered: This review summarizes recent studies performed in preclinical models of cholangiopathies and the current understanding of the pathophysiology representing potential targets for novel therapies. A literature search was conducted in PubMed using the combination of the searched term 'cholangiopathies' with one or two keywords including 'model', 'cholangiocyte', 'animal', or 'fibrosis'. Papers published within five years were obtained. Expert opinion: Access to appropriate research models is a key challenge in cholangiopathy research; establishing more appropriate models for PBC is an important goal. Several preclinical studies have demonstrated promising results and have led to novel therapeutic approaches, especially for PSC. Further studies on the pathophysiology of PBC and BA are necessary to identify candidate targets. Innovative therapeutic approaches such as stem cell transplantation have been introduced, and those therapies could be applied to PSC, PBC, and BA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisaku Sato
- a Indiana Center for Liver Research, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine , Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis , IN , USA.,b Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center , Indianapolis , IN , USA
| | - Shannon Glaser
- c Department of Medical Physiology , Texas A&M University Collage of Medicine , Temple , TX , USA
| | - Lindsey Kennedy
- a Indiana Center for Liver Research, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine , Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis , IN , USA.,b Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center , Indianapolis , IN , USA
| | - Suthat Liangpunsakul
- a Indiana Center for Liver Research, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine , Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis , IN , USA.,b Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center , Indianapolis , IN , USA
| | - Fanyin Meng
- a Indiana Center for Liver Research, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine , Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis , IN , USA.,b Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center , Indianapolis , IN , USA
| | - Heather Francis
- a Indiana Center for Liver Research, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine , Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis , IN , USA.,b Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center , Indianapolis , IN , USA
| | - Gianfranco Alpini
- a Indiana Center for Liver Research, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine , Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis , IN , USA.,b Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center , Indianapolis , IN , USA
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Baiocchi L, Zhou T, Liangpunsakul S, Lenci I, Santopaolo F, Meng F, Kennedy L, Glaser S, Francis H, Alpini G. Dual Role of Bile Acids on the Biliary Epithelium: Friend or Foe? Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20081869. [PMID: 31014010 PMCID: PMC6514722 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20081869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bile acids are a family of amphipathic compounds predominantly known for their role in solubilizing and absorbing hydrophobic compounds (including liposoluble vitamins) in the intestine. Bile acids also are key signaling molecules and inflammatory agents that activate transcriptional factors and cell signaling pathways that regulate lipid, glucose, and energy metabolism in various human disorders, including chronic liver diseases. However, in the last decade increased awareness has been founded on the physiological and chemical heterogeneity of this category of compounds and their possible beneficial or injurious effects on the biliary tree. In this review, we provide an update on the current understanding of the molecular mechanism involving bile acid and biliary epithelium. The last achievements of the research in this field are summarized, focusing on the molecular aspects and the elements with relevance regarding human liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Baiocchi
- Liver Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Viale Oxford 81, 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - Tianhao Zhou
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University, College of Medicine 702 SW HK Dodgen Loop, Temple, TX 76504, USA.
| | - Suthat Liangpunsakul
- Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center and Indiana University, Gastroenterology, Medicine 1481 W 10th street, Dedication Wing⁻Room C-7151, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1481 W 10th street, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | - Ilaria Lenci
- Liver Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Viale Oxford 81, 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - Francesco Santopaolo
- Liver Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Viale Oxford 81, 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - Fanyin Meng
- Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center and Indiana University, Gastroenterology, Medicine 1481 W 10th street, Dedication Wing⁻Room C-7151, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1481 W 10th street, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | - Lindsey Kennedy
- Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center and Indiana University, Gastroenterology, Medicine 1481 W 10th street, Dedication Wing⁻Room C-7151, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | - Shannon Glaser
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University, College of Medicine 702 SW HK Dodgen Loop, Temple, TX 76504, USA.
| | - Heather Francis
- Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center and Indiana University, Gastroenterology, Medicine 1481 W 10th street, Dedication Wing⁻Room C-7151, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1481 W 10th street, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | - Gianfranco Alpini
- Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center and Indiana University, Gastroenterology, Medicine 1481 W 10th street, Dedication Wing⁻Room C-7151, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1481 W 10th street, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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