1
|
Čugalj Kern B, Kovač J, Šket R, Tesovnik T, Jenko Bizjan B, Galhardo J, Battelino T, Bratina N, Dovč K. Exploring early DNA methylation alterations in type 1 diabetes: implications of glycemic control. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1416433. [PMID: 38904047 PMCID: PMC11188314 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1416433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Prolonged hyperglycemia causes diabetes-related micro- and macrovascular complications, which combined represent a significant burden for individuals living with diabetes. The growing scope of evidence indicates that hyperglycemia affects the development of vascular complications through DNA methylation. Methods A genome-wide differential DNA methylation analysis was performed on pooled peripheral blood DNA samples from individuals with type 1 diabetes (T1D) with direct DNA sequencing. Strict selection criteria were used to ensure two age- and sex-matched groups with no clinical signs of chronic complications according to persistent mean glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) values over 5 years: HbA1c<7% (N=10) and HbA1c>8% (N=10). Results Between the two groups, 8385 differentially methylated CpG sites, annotated to 1802 genes, were identified. Genes annotated to hypomethylated CpG sites were enriched in 48 signaling pathways. Further analysis of key CpG sites revealed four specific regions, two of which were hypermethylated and two hypomethylated, associated with long non-coding RNA and processed pseudogenes. Conclusions Prolonged hyperglycemia in individuals with T1D, who have no clinical manifestation of diabetes-related complications, is associated with multiple differentially methylated CpG sites in crucial genes and pathways known to be linked to chronic complications in T1D.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Čugalj Kern
- University Children’s Hospital, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jernej Kovač
- University Children’s Hospital, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Robert Šket
- University Children’s Hospital, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tine Tesovnik
- University Children’s Hospital, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Barbara Jenko Bizjan
- University Children’s Hospital, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Julia Galhardo
- Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes Unit, Hospital de Dona Estefânia - Central Lisbon University Hospital Center, Lisbon, Portugal
- Lisbon Academic and Clinical Center, NOVA Medical School, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Tadej Battelino
- University Children’s Hospital, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nataša Bratina
- University Children’s Hospital, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Klemen Dovč
- University Children’s Hospital, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hu Y, Lin L, Zhang L, Li Y, Cui X, Lu M, Zhang Z, Guan X, Zhang M, Hao J, Wang X, Huan J, Yang W, Li C, Li Y. Identification of Circulating Plasma Proteins as a Mediator of Hypertension-Driven Cardiac Remodeling: A Mediation Mendelian Randomization Study. Hypertension 2024; 81:1132-1144. [PMID: 38487880 PMCID: PMC11025611 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.123.22504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study focused on circulating plasma protein profiles to identify mediators of hypertension-driven myocardial remodeling and heart failure. METHODS A Mendelian randomization design was used to investigate the causal impact of systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and pulse pressure on 82 cardiac magnetic resonance traits and heart failure risk. Mediation analyses were also conducted to identify potential plasma proteins mediating these effects. RESULTS Genetically proxied higher SBP, DBP, and pulse pressure were causally associated with increased left ventricular myocardial mass and alterations in global myocardial wall thickness at end diastole. Elevated SBP and DBP were linked to increased regional myocardial radial strain of the left ventricle (basal anterior, mid, and apical walls), while higher SBP was associated with reduced circumferential strain in specific left ventricular segments (apical, mid-anteroseptal, mid-inferoseptal, and mid-inferolateral walls). Specific plasma proteins mediated the impact of blood pressure on cardiac remodeling, with FGF5 (fibroblast growth factor 5) contributing 2.96% (P=0.024) and 4.15% (P=0.046) to the total effect of SBP and DBP on myocardial wall thickness at end diastole in the apical anterior segment and leptin explaining 15.21% (P=0.042) and 23.24% (P=0.022) of the total effect of SBP and DBP on radial strain in the mid-anteroseptal segment. Additionally, FGF5 was the only mediator, explaining 4.19% (P=0.013) and 4.54% (P=0.032) of the total effect of SBP and DBP on heart failure susceptibility. CONCLUSIONS This mediation Mendelian randomization study provides evidence supporting specific circulating plasma proteins as mediators of hypertension-driven cardiac remodeling and heart failure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanlong Hu
- First Clinical Medical College (Y.H., M.Z., J. Huan, Yunlun Li), Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Lin Lin
- Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine (L.L., M.L., Z.Z., X.G., J. Hao, W.Y., C.L.), Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine (L.Z., X.C.), Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Experimental Center (Yuan Li), Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Xinhai Cui
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine (L.Z., X.C.), Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Mengkai Lu
- Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine (L.L., M.L., Z.Z., X.G., J. Hao, W.Y., C.L.), Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Zhiyuan Zhang
- Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine (L.L., M.L., Z.Z., X.G., J. Hao, W.Y., C.L.), Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Xiuya Guan
- Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine (L.L., M.L., Z.Z., X.G., J. Hao, W.Y., C.L.), Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Muxin Zhang
- First Clinical Medical College (Y.H., M.Z., J. Huan, Yunlun Li), Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Jiaqi Hao
- Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine (L.L., M.L., Z.Z., X.G., J. Hao, W.Y., C.L.), Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaojie Wang
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, China (X.W.)
| | - Jiaming Huan
- First Clinical Medical College (Y.H., M.Z., J. Huan, Yunlun Li), Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Wenqing Yang
- Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine (L.L., M.L., Z.Z., X.G., J. Hao, W.Y., C.L.), Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Chao Li
- Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine (L.L., M.L., Z.Z., X.G., J. Hao, W.Y., C.L.), Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yunlun Li
- First Clinical Medical College (Y.H., M.Z., J. Huan, Yunlun Li), Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
- Department of Cardiovascular, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China (Yunlun Li)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wang X, Rao J, Zhang L, Liu X, Zhang Y. Identification of circadian rhythm-related gene classification patterns and immune infiltration analysis in heart failure based on machine learning. Heliyon 2024; 10:e27049. [PMID: 38509983 PMCID: PMC10950509 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Circadian rhythms play a key role in the failing heart, but the exact molecular mechanisms linking changes in the expression of circadian rhythm-related genes to heart failure (HF) remain unclear. Methods By intersecting differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between normal and HF samples in the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database with circadian rhythm-related genes (CRGs), differentially expressed circadian rhythm-related genes (DE-CRGs) were obtained. Machine learning algorithms were used to screen for feature genes, and diagnostic models were constructed based on these feature genes. Subsequently, consensus clustering algorithms and non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) algorithms were used for clustering analysis of HF samples. On this basis, immune infiltration analysis was used to score the immune infiltration status between HF and normal samples as well as among different subclusters. Gene Set Variation Analysis (GSVA) evaluated the biological functional differences among subclusters. Results 13 CRGs showed differential expression between HF patients and normal samples. Nine feature genes were obtained through cross-referencing results from four distinct machine learning algorithms. Multivariate LASSO regression and external dataset validation were performed to select five key genes with diagnostic value, including NAMPT, SERPINA3, MAPK10, NPPA, and SLC2A1. Moreover, consensus clustering analysis could divide HF patients into two distinct clusters, which exhibited different biological functions and immune characteristics. Additionally, two subgroups were distinguished using the NMF algorithm based on circadian rhythm associated differentially expressed genes. Studies on immune infiltration showed marked variances in levels of immune infiltration between these subgroups. Subgroup A had higher immune scores and more widespread immune infiltration. Finally, the Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis (WGCNA) method was utilized to discern the modules that had the closest association with the two observed subgroups, and hub genes were pinpointed via protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks. GRIN2A, DLG1, ERBB4, LRRC7, and NRG1 were circadian rhythm-related hub genes closely associated with HF. Conclusion This study provides valuable references for further elucidating the pathogenesis of HF and offers beneficial insights for targeting circadian rhythm mechanisms to regulate immune responses and energy metabolism in HF treatment. Five genes identified by us as diagnostic features could be potential targets for therapy for HF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuefu Wang
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin Rao
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | | | - Yufeng Zhang
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hu H, Xu W, Li Y, Wang Z, Wang S, Liu Y, Bai M, Lou Y, Yang Q. SIRT1 regulates endoplasmic reticulum stress-related organ damage. Acta Histochem 2024; 126:152134. [PMID: 38237370 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2024.152134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress plays a key role in the pathogenesis of several organ damages. Studies show that excessive ER stress (ERS) can destroy cellular homeostasis, causing cell damage and physiological dysfunction in various organs. In recent years, Sirtuin1 (SIRT1) has become a research hotspot on ERS. Increasing evidence suggests that SIRT1 plays a positive role in various ERS-induced organ damage via multiple mechanisms, including inhibiting cellular apoptosis and promoting autophagy. SIRT1 can also alleviate liver, heart, lung, kidney, and intestinal damage by inhibiting ERS. We discuss the possible mechanism of SIRT1, explore potential therapeutic targets of diseases, and provide a theoretical basis for treating ERS-related diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- He Hu
- Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Weichao Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hebei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yan Li
- Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Zhicheng Wang
- Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Siyue Wang
- Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yansheng Liu
- Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Minan Bai
- Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yingying Lou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hebei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China.
| | - Qian Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hebei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ao L, Chen Z, Yin J, Leng Y, Luo Y, Fu X, Liu H, Liu X, Gao H, Xie C. Chinese herbal medicine and active ingredients for diabetic cardiomyopathy: molecular mechanisms regulating endoplasmic reticulum stress. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1290023. [PMID: 38027018 PMCID: PMC10661377 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1290023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is one of the serious microvascular complications of diabetes mellitus. It is often associated with clinical manifestations such as arrhythmias and heart failure, and significantly reduces the quality of life and years of survival of patients. Endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) is the removal of unfolded and misfolded proteins and is an important mechanism for the maintenance of cellular homeostasis. ERS plays an important role in the pathogenesis of DCM by causing cardiomyocyte apoptosis, insulin resistance, calcium imbalance, myocardial hypertrophy and fibrosis. Targeting ERS is a new direction in the treatment of DCM. A large number of studies have shown that Chinese herbal medicine and active ingredients can significantly improve the clinical outcome of DCM patients through intervention in ERS and effects on myocardial structure and function, which has become one of the hot research directions. Purpose: The aim of this review is to elucidate and summarize the roles and mechanisms of Chinese herbal medicine and active ingredients that have the potential to modulate endoplasmic reticulum stress, thereby contributing to better management of DCM. Methods: Databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Internet, and Wanfang Data Knowledge Service Platform were used to search, analyze, and collect literature, in order to review the mechanisms by which phytochemicals inhibit the progression of DCM by targeting the ERS and its key signaling pathways. Keywords used included "diabetic cardiomyopathy" and "endoplasmic reticulum stress." Results: This review found that Chinese herbs and their active ingredients can regulate ERS through IRE1, ATF6, and PERK pathways to reduce cardiomyocyte apoptosis, ameliorate myocardial fibrosis, and attenuate myocardial hypertrophy for the treatment of DCM. Conclusion: A comprehensive source of information on potential ERS inhibitors is provided in this review. The analysis of the literature suggests that Chinese herbal medicine and its active ingredients can be used as potential drug candidates for the treatment of DCM. In short, we cannot ignore the role of traditional Chinese medicine in regulating ERS and treating DCM, and look forward to more research and new drugs to come.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lianjun Ao
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhengtao Chen
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jiacheng Yin
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yulin Leng
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yue Luo
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaoxu Fu
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Hanyu Liu
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaoke Liu
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Hong Gao
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Chunguang Xie
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wu S, Lu D, Gajendran B, Hu Q, Zhang J, Wang S, Han M, Xu Y, Shen X. Tanshinone IIA ameliorates experimental diabetic cardiomyopathy by inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress in cardiomyocytes via SIRT1. Phytother Res 2023; 37:3543-3558. [PMID: 37128721 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a common complication in patients with diabetes, and ultimately leads to heart failure. Endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) induced by abnormal glycolipid metabolism is a critical factor that affects the occurrence and development of DCM. Additionally, the upregulation/activation of silent information regulation 2 homolog-1 (SIRT1) has been shown to protect against DCM. Tanshinone II A (Tan IIA), the main active component of Salviae miltiorrhizae radix et rhizome (a valuable Chinese medicine), has protective effects against cardiovascular disease and diabetes. However, its role and mechanisms in diabetes-induced cardiac dysfunction remain unclear. Therefore, we explored whether Tan IIA alleviates ERS-mediated DCM via SIRT1 and elucidated the underlying mechanism. The results suggested that Tan IIA alleviated the pathological changes in the hearts of diabetic mice, ameliorated the cytopathological morphology of cardiomyocytes, reduced the cell death rate, and inhibited the expression of ERS-related proteins and mRNA. The SIRT1 agonist inhibited the activities of glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78). Furthermore, the opposite results under the SIRT1 inhibitor. SIRT1 knockdown was induced by siRNA-SIRT1 transfection, and the degree of GRP78 acetylation was increased. Cumulatively, Tan IIA ameliorated DCM by inhibiting ERS and upregulating SIRT1 expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shun Wu
- The State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- The Department of Pharmacology of Materia Medica (The High Efficacy Application of Natural Medicinal Resources Engineering Center of Guizhou Province and The High Educational Key Laboratory of Guizhou Province for Natural Medicinal Pharmacology and Druggability), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- The Key Laboratory of Optimal Utilization of Natural Medicine Resources (The Union Key Laboratory of Guiyang City-Guizhou Medical University), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Dingchun Lu
- The State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- The Department of Pharmacology of Materia Medica (The High Efficacy Application of Natural Medicinal Resources Engineering Center of Guizhou Province and The High Educational Key Laboratory of Guizhou Province for Natural Medicinal Pharmacology and Druggability), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- The Key Laboratory of Optimal Utilization of Natural Medicine Resources (The Union Key Laboratory of Guiyang City-Guizhou Medical University), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- The Department of Pharmacology, College of Basic Medical Sciences of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Babu Gajendran
- The State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- The Department of Pharmacology of Materia Medica (The High Efficacy Application of Natural Medicinal Resources Engineering Center of Guizhou Province and The High Educational Key Laboratory of Guizhou Province for Natural Medicinal Pharmacology and Druggability), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- The Key Laboratory of Optimal Utilization of Natural Medicine Resources (The Union Key Laboratory of Guiyang City-Guizhou Medical University), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Qilan Hu
- The State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- The Department of Pharmacology of Materia Medica (The High Efficacy Application of Natural Medicinal Resources Engineering Center of Guizhou Province and The High Educational Key Laboratory of Guizhou Province for Natural Medicinal Pharmacology and Druggability), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- The Key Laboratory of Optimal Utilization of Natural Medicine Resources (The Union Key Laboratory of Guiyang City-Guizhou Medical University), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- The Department of Pharmacology of Materia Medica (The High Efficacy Application of Natural Medicinal Resources Engineering Center of Guizhou Province and The High Educational Key Laboratory of Guizhou Province for Natural Medicinal Pharmacology and Druggability), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- The Key Laboratory of Optimal Utilization of Natural Medicine Resources (The Union Key Laboratory of Guiyang City-Guizhou Medical University), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Shengquan Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- The Department of Pharmacology of Materia Medica (The High Efficacy Application of Natural Medicinal Resources Engineering Center of Guizhou Province and The High Educational Key Laboratory of Guizhou Province for Natural Medicinal Pharmacology and Druggability), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- The Key Laboratory of Optimal Utilization of Natural Medicine Resources (The Union Key Laboratory of Guiyang City-Guizhou Medical University), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Minzhen Han
- The Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yini Xu
- The State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- The Department of Pharmacology of Materia Medica (The High Efficacy Application of Natural Medicinal Resources Engineering Center of Guizhou Province and The High Educational Key Laboratory of Guizhou Province for Natural Medicinal Pharmacology and Druggability), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- The Key Laboratory of Optimal Utilization of Natural Medicine Resources (The Union Key Laboratory of Guiyang City-Guizhou Medical University), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Xiangchun Shen
- The State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- The Department of Pharmacology of Materia Medica (The High Efficacy Application of Natural Medicinal Resources Engineering Center of Guizhou Province and The High Educational Key Laboratory of Guizhou Province for Natural Medicinal Pharmacology and Druggability), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- The Key Laboratory of Optimal Utilization of Natural Medicine Resources (The Union Key Laboratory of Guiyang City-Guizhou Medical University), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- The Department of Pharmacology, College of Basic Medical Sciences of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- The Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases of Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| |
Collapse
|