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Ren Z, Xin C, Liang K, Wang H, Wang D, Xu L, Hu Y, Li J, Chu J, Wu D. Femtosecond laser writing of ant-inspired reconfigurable microbot collectives. Nat Commun 2024; 15:7253. [PMID: 39179567 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-51567-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Microbot collectives can cooperate to accomplish complex tasks that are difficult for a single individual. However, various force-induced microbot collectives maintained by weak magnetic, light, and electric fields still face challenges such as unstable connections, the need for a continuous external stimuli source, and imprecise individual control. Here, we construct magnetic and light-driven ant microbot collectives capable of reconfiguring multiple assembled architectures with robustness. This methodology utilizes a flexible two-photon polymerization strategy to fabricate microbots consisting of magnetic photoresist, hydrogel, and metal nanoparticles. Under the cooperation of magnetic and light fields, the microbots can reversibly and selectively assemble (e.g., 90° assembly and 180° assembly) into various morphologies. Moreover, we demonstrate the ability of assembled microbots to cross a one-body-length gap and their adaptive capability to move through a constriction and transport microcargo. Our strategy will broaden the abilities of clustered microbots, including gap traversal, micro-object manipulation, and drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongguo Ren
- Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Chen Xin
- Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China.
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China.
| | - Kaiwen Liang
- Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Heming Wang
- Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Dawei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Liqun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Yanlei Hu
- Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Jiawen Li
- Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Jiaru Chu
- Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Dong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China.
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2
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Nelmark CE, Serrano AL. A Simple Doublet Lens Design for Mid-Infrared Imaging. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 78:779-789. [PMID: 38693755 DOI: 10.1177/00037028241250030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Wide-field mid-infrared (MIR) hyperspectral imaging offers a promising approach for studying heterogeneous chemical systems due to its ability to independently characterize the molecular properties of different regions of a sample. However, applications of wide-field MIR microscopy are limited to spatial resolutions no better than ∼1 μm. While methods exist to overcome the classical diffraction limit of ∼λ/2, chromatic aberration from transmissive imaging reduces the achievable resolution. Here we describe the design and implementation of a simple MIR achromatic lens combination that we believe will aid in the development of resolution-enhanced wide-field MIR hyperspectral optical and chemical absorption imaging. We also examine the use of this doublet lens to image through polystyrene microspheres, an emerging and simple means for enhancing spatial resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire E Nelmark
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| | - Arnaldo L Serrano
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
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3
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Popescu CC, Aryana K, Garud P, Dao KP, Vitale S, Liberman V, Bae HB, Lee TW, Kang M, Richardson KA, Julian M, Ocampo CAR, Zhang Y, Gu T, Hu J, Kim HJ. Electrically Reconfigurable Phase-Change Transmissive Metasurface. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2400627. [PMID: 38724020 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202400627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Programmable and reconfigurable optics hold significant potential for transforming a broad spectrum of applications, spanning space explorations to biomedical imaging, gas sensing, and optical cloaking. The ability to adjust the optical properties of components like filters, lenses, and beam steering devices could result in dramatic reductions in size, weight, and power consumption in future optoelectronic devices. Among the potential candidates for reconfigurable optics, chalcogenide-based phase change materials (PCMs) offer great promise due to their non-volatile and analogue switching characteristics. Although PCM have found widespread use in electronic data storage, these memory devices are deeply sub-micron-sized. To incorporate phase change materials into free-space optical components, it is essential to scale them up to beyond several hundreds of microns while maintaining reliable switching characteristics. This study demonstrated a non-mechanical, non-volatile transmissive filter based on low-loss PCMs with a 200 × 200 µm2 switching area. The device/metafilter can be consistently switched between low- and high-transmission states using electrical pulses with a switching contrast ratio of 5.5 dB. The device was reversibly switched for 1250 cycles before accelerated degradation took place. The work represents an important step toward realizing free-space reconfigurable optics based on PCMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cosmin Constantin Popescu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | | | - Parth Garud
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, 23666, USA
| | - Khoi Phuong Dao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Steven Vitale
- Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Lexington, MA, 02421, USA
| | - Vladimir Liberman
- Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Lexington, MA, 02421, USA
| | - Hyung-Bin Bae
- KAIST Analysis Center, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Tae-Woo Lee
- KAIST Analysis Center, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Myungkoo Kang
- CREOL, The College of Optics & Photonics University of Central Florida Orlando, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - Kathleen A Richardson
- CREOL, The College of Optics & Photonics University of Central Florida Orlando, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | | | - Carlos A Ríos Ocampo
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Yifei Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Tian Gu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Materials Research Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Juejun Hu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Materials Research Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Hyun Jung Kim
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, 23666, USA
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Jones DC, Jollands MC, D'Haenens-Johansson UFS, Muchnikov AB, Tsai TH. Development of a large volume line scanning, high spectral range and resolution 3D hyperspectral photoluminescence imaging microscope for diamond and other high refractive index materials. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:15231-15242. [PMID: 38859179 DOI: 10.1364/oe.516046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Hyperspectral photoluminescence (PL) imaging is a powerful technique that can be used to understand the spatial distribution of emitting species in many materials. Volumetric hyperspectral imaging of weakly emitting color centers often necessitates considerable data collection times when using commercial systems. We report the development of a line-scanning hyperspectral imaging microscope capable of measuring the luminescence emission spectra for diamond volumes up to 2.20 × 30.00 × 6.30 mm with a high lateral spatial resolution of 1-3 µm. In an single X-λ measurement, spectra covering a 711 nm range, in a band from 400-1100 nm, with a spectral resolution up to 0.25 nm can be acquired. Data sets can be acquired with 723 (X) × 643 (Y) × 1172 (λ) pixels at a rate of 6 minutes/planar image slice, allowing for volumetric hyperspectral imaging with high sampling. This instrument demonstrates the ability to detect emission from several different color centers in diamond both at the surface and internally, providing a non-destructive method to probe their 3D spatial distribution, and is currently not achievable with any other commonly used system or technique.
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5
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Shigematsu O, Naruse M, Horisaki R. Computer-generated holography with ordinary display. OPTICS LETTERS 2024; 49:1876-1879. [PMID: 38621028 DOI: 10.1364/ol.516005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
We propose a method of computer-generated holography (CGH) using incoherent light emitted from a mobile phone screen. In this method, we suppose a cascade of holograms in which the first hologram is a color image displayed on the mobile phone screen. The hologram cascade is synthesized by solving an inverse problem with respect to the propagation of incoherent light. We demonstrate a three-dimensional color image reproduction using a two-layered hologram cascade composed of an iPhone and a spatial light modulator.
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6
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Chen F, Liu K, Shang L, Wang Y, Tang X, Liang P, Li B. Precision isolation and cultivation of single cells by vortex and flat-top laser ejection. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1369506. [PMID: 38659989 PMCID: PMC11039905 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1369506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Single-cell isolation stands as a critical step in single-cell studies, and single-cell ejection technology based on laser induced forward transfer technology (LIFT) is considered one of the most promising methods in this regard for its ability of visible isolating single cell from complex samples. In this study, we improve the LIFT technology and introduce optical vortex laser-induced forward transfer (OV-LIFT) and flat-top laser-induced forward transfer (FT-LIFT) by utilizing spatial light modulator (SLM), aiming to enhance the precision of single-cell sorting and the cell's viability after ejection. Experimental results demonstrate that applying vortex and flat-top beams during the sorting and collection process enables precise retrieval of single cells within diameter ranges of 50 μm and 100 μm, respectively. The recovery rates of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Escherichia coli DH5α single cell ejected by vortex beam are 89 and 78%, by flat-top beam are 85 and 57%. When employing Gaussian beam sorting, the receiving range extends to 400 μm, with cultivation success rates of S. cerevisiae and E. coli DH5α single cell are 48 and 19%, respectively. This marks the first application of different mode beams in the ejection and cultivation of single cells, providing a novel and effective approach for the precise isolation and improving the viability of single cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuyuan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Optical System Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kunxiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Optical System Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lindong Shang
- Key Laboratory of Optical System Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuntong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Optical System Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xusheng Tang
- Key Laboratory of Optical System Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Liang
- Key Laboratory of Optical System Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bei Li
- Key Laboratory of Optical System Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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7
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Dostovalov A, Kokhanovskiy A, Golikov E, Revyakin A, Munkueva Z, Kharenko D, Babin S. Fiber Bragg grating inscription assisted by a spatial light modulator. OPTICS LETTERS 2024; 49:1077-1080. [PMID: 38359257 DOI: 10.1364/ol.514896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
In this Letter, we proposed a new technique for point-by-point fiber Bragg grating (FBG) writing in a static fiber by using a spatial light modulator to control the position of the focal point inside the fiber core. Various types of short-length FBGs (uniform, phase-shifted, and apodized) were demonstrated by this inscription technique. Moreover, the capability to tailor the transverse dimension of a grating pitch from a single point to more complex shapes, such as a wide plane covering a whole fiber core or a transverse ring, was shown.
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8
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Ma Y, Zhao Z, Morris SM, He C. Twisted microdomains in liquid crystals for polarization-insensitive phase modulation. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2024; 13:8. [PMID: 38177126 PMCID: PMC10766621 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-023-01351-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Polarization-independent phase modulators based upon liquid crystals (LCs) with a simple device architecture have long been desired for a range of optical applications. Recently, researchers have demonstrated a novel fabrication procedure using cholesteric LCs as a primer for achieving low polarization dependence coupled with a large phase modulation depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Ma
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PJ, UK
| | - Zimo Zhao
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PJ, UK
| | - Stephen M Morris
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PJ, UK
| | - Chao He
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PJ, UK.
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Ross CA, Harrington K, Mears R, Stone JM, Birks TA, Thomson RR. Axi-Stack: a method for manufacturing freeform air-silica optical fibre. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:922-931. [PMID: 38175113 DOI: 10.1364/oe.506291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
We present a method with potential for fabricating freeform air-silica optical fibre preforms which is free from the stacking constraints associated with conventional stack-and-draw. The method, termed Axi-Stack, is enabled by the precision machining of short cross-sectional preform discs by ultrafast laser assisted etching; a laser-based microfabrication technique which facilitates near arbitrary shaping of the preform structure. Several preform discs are stacked axially and fused together via ultrafast laser welding to construct the preform, which can be drawn to fibre using conventional methods. To illustrate the Axi-Stack process, we detail the fabrication of a 30 cm long solid-core photonic crystal fibre preform with a square lattice of cladding holes and characterise fibre drawn from it.
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10
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Tian N, Jiang H, Xie J, Yan S, Liang D, Jiang Z. An active piezoelectric plane X-ray focusing mirror with a linearly changing thickness. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2024; 31:10-16. [PMID: 38010795 PMCID: PMC10833429 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577523009566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
X-ray mirrors for synchrotron radiation are often bent into a curved figure and work under grazing-incidence conditions due to the strong penetrating nature of X-rays to most materials. Mirrors of different cross sections have been recommended to reduce the mirror's slope inaccuracy and clamping difficulty in order to overcome mechanical tolerances. With the development of hard X-ray focusing, it is difficult to meet the needs of focusing mirrors with small slope error with the existing mirror processing technology. Deformable mirrors are adaptive optics that can produce a flexible surface figure. A method of using a deformable mirror as a phase compensator is described to enhance the focusing performance of an X-ray mirror. This paper presents an active piezoelectric plane X-ray focusing mirror with a linearly changing thickness that has the ability of phase compensation while focusing X-rays. Benefiting from its special structural design, the mirror can realize flexible focusing at different focusing geometries using a single input driving voltage. A prototype was used to measure its performance under one-dimension and two-dimension conditions. The results prove that, even at a bending magnet beamline, the mirror can easily achieve a single-micrometre focusing without a complicated bending mechanism or high-precision surface processing. It is hoped that this kind of deformable mirror will have a wide and flexible application in the synchrotron radiation field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naxi Tian
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 239 Zhangheng Road, Pudong District, Shanghai 201204, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hui Jiang
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 239 Zhangheng Road, Pudong District, Shanghai 201204, People’s Republic of China
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2019 Jialuo Road, Jiading District, Shanghai 201800, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianan Xie
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 239 Zhangheng Road, Pudong District, Shanghai 201204, People’s Republic of China
- ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Pudong District, Shanghai 201210, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuai Yan
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 239 Zhangheng Road, Pudong District, Shanghai 201204, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dongxu Liang
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 239 Zhangheng Road, Pudong District, Shanghai 201204, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhisen Jiang
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 239 Zhangheng Road, Pudong District, Shanghai 201204, People’s Republic of China
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11
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Chen Y, Wang R, Ji M. Nondestructive Nonlinear Optical Microscopy Revealed the Blackening Mechanism of Ancient Chinese Jades. RESEARCH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2023; 2023:0266. [PMID: 38025765 PMCID: PMC10644832 DOI: 10.34133/research.0266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Jade is most valued in Chinese culture since ancient times. For unearthed jade artifacts, the alteration color resulting from weathering effects and human activities provides information for cultural heritage conservation, archaeology, and history. Currently, the noninvasive 3-dimensional characterization of jade artifacts with high chemical and spatial resolution remains challenging. In this work, we applied femtosecond pump-probe microscopy and second harmonic generation microscopy techniques to study the black alteration of an ancient jade artifact of the late Spring and Autumn period (546 to 476 BC). The direct cause of the "mercury alteration" phenomena was discovered to be the conversion of metacinnabar from buried cinnabar in the tomb. Furthermore, a 3-dimensional optical reconstruction of the black alteration was achieved, providing a high-resolution method for analyzing the blackening mechanism without the need of sample damage. Our approach opens up new opportunities to extract microscopic spatiochemical information for a broad range of alteration colors in jade artifacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of Physics, Human Phenome Institute, Academy for Engineering and Technology, Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (Ministry of Education),
Yiwu Research Institute of Fudan University, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Rong Wang
- Department of Cultural Heritage and Museology,
Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Minbiao Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of Physics, Human Phenome Institute, Academy for Engineering and Technology, Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (Ministry of Education),
Yiwu Research Institute of Fudan University, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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12
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Bez E, Himmerlich M, Beaudou B, Reascos Portilla AK, Wackerow S, Rimoldi M, Pfeiffer S, Wiesendanger M, Benabid F, Taborelli M, Abdolvand A, Chiggiato P. Picosecond pulsed 532 nm laser system for roughening and secondary electron yield reduction of inner surfaces of up to 15 m long tubes. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2023; 94:103007. [PMID: 37812047 DOI: 10.1063/5.0166156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Laser-induced surface structuring is a promising method to suppress electron mulitpacting in the vacuum pipes of particle accelerators. Electrons are scattered inside the rough surface structure, resulting in a low Secondary Electron Yield (SEY) of the material. However, laser processing of internal pipe surfaces with a large aspect ratio is technologically challenging in terms of laser beam guidance and focusing. We present a 532 nm ultrashort-pulse laser setup to process the inner parts of 15 m long beam vacuum tubes of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). Picosecond pulses at a repetition rate of 200 kHz are guided through an optical fiber toward an inchworm robot traveling inside the beam pipe. The system was installed, characterized, and tested for reliability. First surface treatments achieved the required scan precision. Cu2O-dominated nano-features were observed when processing at high average laser power (5 W) and slow scanning speed (5 mm s-1) in nitrogen flow, and the maximum SEY of copper was decreased from 2.1 to 0.7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Bez
- CERN, European Organization for Nuclear Research, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland
- University of Leipzig, Linnéstraße 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Marcel Himmerlich
- CERN, European Organization for Nuclear Research, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland
| | - Benoit Beaudou
- GLOphotonics SAS, 123 Avenue Albert Thomas, 87000 Limoges, France
| | | | - Stefan Wackerow
- School of Science and Engineering, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, Scotland
| | - Martino Rimoldi
- CERN, European Organization for Nuclear Research, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Pfeiffer
- CERN, European Organization for Nuclear Research, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland
| | - Markus Wiesendanger
- Waygate Technologies Robotics, Technoparkstrasse 1, 8005 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Fetah Benabid
- GLOphotonics SAS, 123 Avenue Albert Thomas, 87000 Limoges, France
| | - Mauro Taborelli
- CERN, European Organization for Nuclear Research, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland
| | - Amin Abdolvand
- School of Science and Engineering, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, Scotland
| | - Paolo Chiggiato
- CERN, European Organization for Nuclear Research, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland
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13
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Jia E, Xie C, Yang Y, Xiao N, Hu M. Abruptly Autofocusing Vortex Beams for Rapid Controllable Femtosecond Two-Photon Polymerization. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:4625. [PMID: 37444938 DOI: 10.3390/ma16134625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Micro-fabrication based on structured-beam-assisted Two-Photon Polymerization (2 PP) provides a rapid and flexible method for the manufacture of microstructures with complex morphologies. The tunable Abruptly Autofocusing Vortex (AAFV) beams were designed theoretically and generated experimentally based on a single-phase-only Spatial Light Modulator (SLM). Their specific spatial intensity distributions were further utilized to assist the fabrication of a bowl-shaped Three-Dimensional (3D) micro-trap array via 2 PP with a one-step exposure technique. Finally, the fabricated microstructures act as a novel tool for the trapping and spatial positioning of micro-particles with different diameters, which shows potential applications in fiber optics and cell study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erse Jia
- Ultrafast Laser Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronic Information Technical Science of Ministry of Education, School of Precision Instruments and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Chen Xie
- Ultrafast Laser Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronic Information Technical Science of Ministry of Education, School of Precision Instruments and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yue Yang
- Ultrafast Laser Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronic Information Technical Science of Ministry of Education, School of Precision Instruments and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Na Xiao
- Research Center for Biomedical Optics and Molecular Imaging, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Molecular Imaging, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Optical Imaging Technology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Minglie Hu
- Ultrafast Laser Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronic Information Technical Science of Ministry of Education, School of Precision Instruments and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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14
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Zhu Z, Wen Y, Li J, Chen Y, Peng Z, Li J, Zhu L, Wu Y, Zhou L, Liu L, Zong L, Yu S. Metasurface-enabled polarization-independent LCoS spatial light modulator for 4K resolution and beyond. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2023; 12:151. [PMID: 37331984 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-023-01202-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
With the distinct advantages of high resolution, small pixel size, and multi-level pure phase modulation, liquid crystal on silicon (LCoS) devices afford precise and reconfigurable spatial light modulation that enables versatile applications ranging from micro-displays to optical communications. However, LCoS devices suffer from a long-standing problem of polarization-dependent response in that they only perform phase modulation on one linear polarization of light, and polarization-independent phase modulation-essential for most applications-have had to use complicated polarization-diversity optics. We propose and demonstrate, for the first time, an LCoS device that directly achieves high-performance polarization-independent phase modulation at telecommunication wavelengths with 4K resolution and beyond by embedding a polarization-rotating metasurface between the LCoS backplane and the liquid crystal phase-modulating layer. We verify the device with a number of typical polarization-independent application functions including beam steering, holographical display, and in a key optical switching element - wavelength selective switch (WSS), demonstrating the significant benefits in terms of both configuration simplification and performance improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoxiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Yuanhui Wen
- Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd., Bantian, Longgang District, Shenzhen, 518129, China
| | - Jiaqi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Yujie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.
| | - Zenghui Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Optics, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130033, China
| | - Jianxiong Li
- Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd., Bantian, Longgang District, Shenzhen, 518129, China
| | - Lei Zhu
- Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd., Bantian, Longgang District, Shenzhen, 518129, China
| | - Yunfei Wu
- Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd., Bantian, Longgang District, Shenzhen, 518129, China
| | - Lidan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Lin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Liangjia Zong
- Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd., Bantian, Longgang District, Shenzhen, 518129, China.
| | - Siyuan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
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15
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Wang LC, Chen Y, Tian ZN, Wang YD, Ren XF, Chen QD. Observation of delocalization transition in topological waveguide arrays with long-range interactions. OPTICS LETTERS 2023; 48:3283-3286. [PMID: 37319082 DOI: 10.1364/ol.493113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Topological edge states are a generic feature of topological insulators, and the long-range interactions, which break certain properties of topological edge states, are always non-negligible in real physical systems. In this Letter, we investigate the influence of next-nearest-neighbor (NNN) interactions on the topological properties of the Su-Schrieffer-Heeger (SSH) model by extracting the survival probabilities at the boundary of the photonic lattices. By introducing a series of integrated photonic waveguide arrays with different strengths of long-range interactions, we experimentally observe delocalization transition of light in SSH lattices with nontrivial phase, which is in good agreement with our theoretical predictions. The results indicate that the NNN interactions can significantly affect the edge states, and that the localization of these states can be absent in topologically nontrivial phase. Our work provides an alternative way to investigate the interplay between long-range interactions and localized states, which may stimulate further interest in topological properties in relevant structures.
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16
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Wang YD, Zhang ZY, Chen Y, Sun YK, Li YC, Tian ZN, Ren XF, Chen QD, Guo GC. Arbitrarily rotated optical axis waveguide induced by a trimming line. OPTICS LETTERS 2023; 48:3063-3066. [PMID: 37262281 DOI: 10.1364/ol.493410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Rotated optical axis waveguides can facilitate on-chip arbitrary wave-plate operations, which are crucial tools for developing integrated universal quantum computing algorithms. In this paper, we propose a unique technique based on femtosecond laser direct writing technology to fabricate arbitrarily rotated optical axis waveguides. First, a circular isotropic main waveguide with a non-optical axis was fabricated using a beam shaping method. Thereafter, a trimming line was used to create an artificial stress field near the main waveguide to induce a rotated optical axis. Using this technique, we fabricated high-performance half- and quarter-wave plates. Subsequently, high-fidelity (97.1%) Pauli-X gate operation was demonstrated via quantum process tomography, which constitutes the basis for the full manipulation of on-chip polarization-encoded qubits. In the future, this work is expected to lead to new prospects for polarization-encoded information in photonic integrated circuits.
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17
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Chen B, Zhou Y, Li Z, Jia J, Zhang Y. Adaptive Optical Closed-Loop Control Based on the Single-Dimensional Perturbation Descent Algorithm. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:s23094371. [PMID: 37177573 PMCID: PMC10181763 DOI: 10.3390/s23094371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Modal-free optimization algorithms do not require specific mathematical models, and they, along with their other benefits, have great application potential in adaptive optics. In this study, two different algorithms, the single-dimensional perturbation descent algorithm (SDPD) and the second-order stochastic parallel gradient descent algorithm (2SPGD), are proposed for wavefront sensorless adaptive optics, and a theoretical analysis of the algorithms' convergence rates is presented. The results demonstrate that the single-dimensional perturbation descent algorithm outperforms the stochastic parallel gradient descent (SPGD) and 2SPGD algorithms in terms of convergence speed. Then, a 32-unit deformable mirror is constructed as the wavefront corrector, and the SPGD, single-dimensional perturbation descent, and 2SPSA algorithms are used in an adaptive optics numerical simulation model of the wavefront controller. Similarly, a 39-unit deformable mirror is constructed as the wavefront controller, and the SPGD and single-dimensional perturbation descent algorithms are used in an adaptive optics experimental verification device of the wavefront controller. The outcomes demonstrate that the convergence speed of the algorithm developed in this paper is more than twice as fast as that of the SPGD and 2SPGD algorithms, and the convergence accuracy of the algorithm is 4% better than that of the SPGD algorithm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Chen
- Laser Tangshan Key Laboratory of Advanced Testing and Control Technology, School of Electrical Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, No. 21, Bohai Road, Tangshan 063210, China
| | - Yilin Zhou
- Laser Tangshan Key Laboratory of Advanced Testing and Control Technology, School of Electrical Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, No. 21, Bohai Road, Tangshan 063210, China
| | - Zhaoyi Li
- Laser Tangshan Key Laboratory of Advanced Testing and Control Technology, School of Electrical Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, No. 21, Bohai Road, Tangshan 063210, China
| | - Jingjing Jia
- Laser Tangshan Key Laboratory of Advanced Testing and Control Technology, School of Electrical Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, No. 21, Bohai Road, Tangshan 063210, China
| | - Yirui Zhang
- Laser Tangshan Key Laboratory of Advanced Testing and Control Technology, School of Electrical Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, No. 21, Bohai Road, Tangshan 063210, China
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18
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Barland S, Ramousse L, Chériaux G, Femy V, Claudet C, Jullien A. Reconfigurable design of a thermo-optically addressed liquid-crystal phase modulator by a neural network. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:12597-12608. [PMID: 37157416 DOI: 10.1364/oe.483141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
We present a machine learning approach to program the light phase modulation function of an innovative thermo-optically addressed, liquid-crystal based, spatial light modulator (TOA-SLM). The designed neural network is trained with a little amount of experimental data and is enabled to efficiently generate prescribed low-order spatial phase distortions. These results demonstrate the potential of neural network-driven TOA-SLM technology for ultrabroadband and large aperture phase modulation, from adaptive optics to ultrafast pulse shaping.
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19
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Lane JS, Cook J, Richardson M, Akers BF. Numerical simulation of steady-state thermal blooming with natural convection. APPLIED OPTICS 2023; 62:2092-2099. [PMID: 37133097 DOI: 10.1364/ao.484224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
This work investigates steady-state thermal blooming of a high-energy laser in the presence of laser-driven convection. While thermal blooming has historically been simulated with prescribed fluid velocities, the model introduced here solves for the fluid dynamics along the propagation path using a Boussinesq approximation to the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations. The resultant temperature fluctuations were coupled to refractive index fluctuations, and the beam propagation was modeled using the paraxial wave equation. Fixed-point methods were used to solve the fluid equations as well as to couple the beam propagation to the steady-state flow. The simulated results are discussed relative to recent experimental thermal blooming results [Opt. Laser Technol.146, 107568 (2022) OLTCAS0030-399210.1016/j.optlastec.2021.107568], with half-moon irradiance patterns matching for a laser wavelength at moderate absorption. Higher energy lasers were simulated within an atmospheric transmission window, with the laser irradiance exhibiting crescent profiles.
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20
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Zhang J, Yan Q, Liu H, Tang Y, Zhou T, Jiang T. Coherent optical neuron control based on reinforcement learning. OPTICS LETTERS 2023; 48:1084-1087. [PMID: 36791016 DOI: 10.1364/ol.484435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Optical neural networks take optical neurons as the cornerstone to achieve complex functions. The coherent optical neuron has become one of the mainstream implementations because it can effectively perform natural and even complex number calculations. However, its state variability and requirement for reliability and effectiveness render traditional control methods no longer applicable. In this Letter, deep reinforcement coherent optical neuron control (DRCON) is proposed, and its effectiveness is experimentally demonstrated. Compared with the standard stochastic gradient descent, the average convergence rate of DRCON is 33% faster, while the effective number of bits increases from less than 2 bits to 5.5 bits. DRCON is a promising first step for large-scale optical neural network control.
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21
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Pando A, Gadasi S, Friesem A, Davidson N. Improved laser phase locking with intra-cavity adaptive optics. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:6947-6955. [PMID: 36823940 DOI: 10.1364/oe.482196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Phase locking of coupled lasers is severely hindered by the spread in their natural lasing frequencies. We present an intra-cavity adaptive optics method that reduces the frequency spread and thereby improves phase locking. Using an intra-cavity spatial light modulator and an iterative optimization algorithm, we demonstrate a fourfold enhancement of phase locking 450 coupled lasers, as quantified by the peak intensity and the inverse participation ratio of the far-field output distributions. We further show that the improvement is long-lasting, and suitable for phase locking of weakly coupled lasers.
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22
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Wang YD, Li ZZ, Li YC, Duan YZ, Wang LC, Yu YH, Chen QD. Ultralow birefringent glass waveguide fabricated by femtosecond laser direct writing. OPTICS LETTERS 2023; 48:554-557. [PMID: 36723529 DOI: 10.1364/ol.481072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Optical waveguides prepared by femtosecond laser direct writing have birefringent properties, which can affect polarization encoding and entanglement on chips. Here, we first propose a shape-stress dual compensation fabrication scheme to decrease birefringence. Ultralow birefringent waveguides (1 × 10-9) were obtained by controlling the cross sectional shape of the main waveguide and adjusting the position of the auxiliary lines. In addition, we prepared polarization-independent directional coupler and demonstrated the evolution of polarization-independent waveguide array with different polarized light. In the future, ultralow birefringent waveguides will be widely applied in polarization encoding and entangled quantum photonic integrated circuits.
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23
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Pan X, Zuo H, Bai H, Wu Z, Cui X. Real-time wavefront correction using diffractive optical networks. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:1067-1078. [PMID: 36785149 DOI: 10.1364/oe.478492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Real-time wavefront correction is a challenging problem to present for conventional adaptive optics systems. Here, we present an all-optical system to realize real-time wavefront correction. Using deep learning, the system, which contains only multiple transmissive diffractive layers, is trained to realize high-quality imaging for unknown, random, distorted wavefronts. Once physically fabricated, this passive optical system is physically positioned between the imaging lens and the image plane to all-optically correct unknown, new wavefronts whose wavefront errors are within the training range. Simulated experiments showed that the system designed for the on-axis field of view increases the average imaging Strehl Ratio from 0.32 to 0.94, and the other system intended for multiple fields of view increases the resolvable probability of binary stars from 30.5% to 69.5%. Results suggested that DAOS performed well when performing wavefront correction at the speed of light. The solution of real-time wavefront correction can be applied to other wavelengths and has great application potential in astronomical observation, laser communication, and other fields.
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24
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Yao Q, Yin W, Yao H, Shi H, Su Z, Zeng X, Shi X, Zhao W, Dai Y. Polarization-independent microchannel in a high-speed-scan femtosecond laser-assisted etching of fused silica. APPLIED OPTICS 2023; 62:291-297. [PMID: 36630227 DOI: 10.1364/ao.475940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Microchannels fabricated by femtosecond laser-assisted chemical etching are of great use in biochemical analysis. In this paper, we study the morphology change of etched microchannels in fused silica by controlling the laser scan speed, and we find a significant difference between the chemical etched length and volume. The fabricated microchannels would gradually become tapered along the scan direction, which influences the flow of the hydrofluoric (HF) reagent and the etching rate. As a result, the difference ratios of the etched length and volume, respectively, reach -5.56% and -41.83% followed by the scan speed increasing from 5 to 200 µm/s. Microchannels with polarization independence and better aspect ratio could be obtained in a high-speed-scan mode. We suggest that laser-induced structural transformation from interconnected microcracks to nanogratings could be responsible for this change. Aforementioned results offer a feasible approach to achieve polarization-independent microchannels, which is in favor of accelerating the fabrication of three-dimensional microfluidic devices.
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25
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Abdel-Harith M, Abdelazeem RM, Hamdy O, Abdel-Salam Z. Adaptive optics-based wavefront-enhanced laser-induced fluorescence (WELIF) for improved analytical performance. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2023; 15:212-220. [PMID: 36524606 DOI: 10.1039/d2ay01521h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The current study proposes a novel optical approach based on an adaptive optics (AO) system to enhance the fluorescence intensity in the laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) technique. The proposed method, wavefront-enhanced LIF (WELIF), relies mainly on compensating for the aberrations arising from the excitation-laser wavefront. The AO system consists of an active correction element (deformable mirror (DM)) integrated with a Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor (SHWFS). The overall system operates in a closed-loop configuration to compensate for the laser beam aberrations in real time. The performance of the interaction of the aberration-free excitation laser beam with solid samples, e.g., bone, leaf, polymer sheet, and with liquid samples, e.g., extra virgin olive oil (EVOO), showed a pronounced improvement in the fluorescence peak intensity. As an analytical application example, detailed WELIF measurements have been performed on five EVOO brands to demonstrate the validity of the new approach. Furthermore, the effectiveness of the proposed system was evaluated by measuring the enhancement factor, i.e., the ratio between the fluorescence peak intensity after aberration compensation (AC) relative to the initial peak intensity before aberration compensation (BC). The results reveal that the fluorescence peak intensities have been enhanced with ranges from 20% to 98% after compensation (AC). Besides, the results were statistically assessed based on the receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve (84% sensitivity AC and 82% BC) and partial least squares regression, PLSR, with a 0.94 coefficient of determination AC compared to 0.90 BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Abdel-Harith
- Cairo University, Laser Applications in Metrology, Photochemistry and Agriculture Dept, National Institute of Laser Enhanced Science, Egypt.
| | - Rania M Abdelazeem
- Cairo University, Engineering Applications of Lasers Dept, National Institute of Laser Enhanced Science, Egypt
| | - Omnia Hamdy
- Cairo University, Engineering Applications of Lasers Dept, National Institute of Laser Enhanced Science, Egypt
| | - Zienab Abdel-Salam
- Cairo University, Laser Applications in Metrology, Photochemistry and Agriculture Dept, National Institute of Laser Enhanced Science, Egypt.
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26
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Fang Z, Zhou T, Perrie W, Bilton M, Schille J, Löschner U, Edwardson S, Dearden G. Pulse Burst Generation and Diffraction with Spatial Light Modulators for Dynamic Ultrafast Laser Materials Processing. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:9059. [PMID: 36556864 PMCID: PMC9787704 DOI: 10.3390/ma15249059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A pulse burst optical system has been developed, able to alter an energetic, ultrafast 10 ps, 5 kHz output pulse train to 323 MHz intra-burst frequency at the fundamental 5 kHz repetition rate. An optical delay line consisting of a beam-splitting polariser cube, mirrors, and waveplates transforms a high-energy pulse into a pulse burst, circulating around the delay line. Interestingly, the reflected first pulse and subsequent pulses from the delay line have orthogonal linear polarisations. This fact allows independent modulation of these pulses using two-phase-only Spatial Light Modulators (SLM) when their directors are also aligned orthogonally. With hybrid Computer Generated Holograms (CGH) addressed to the SLMs, we demonstrate simultaneous multi-spot periodic surface micro-structuring on stainless steel with orthogonal linear polarisations and cylindrical vector (CV) beams with Radial and Azimuthal polarisations. Burst processing produces a major change in resulting surface texture due to plasma absorption on the nanosecond time scale; hence the ablation rates on stainless steel with pulse bursts are always lower than 5 kHz processing. By synchronising the scan motion and CGH application, we show simultaneous independent multi-beam real-time processing with pulse bursts having orthogonal linear polarisations. This novel technique extends the flexibility of parallel beam surface micro-structuring with adaptive optics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Fang
- Laser Group, School of Engineering, University of Liverpool, Brownlow Street, Liverpool L69 3GH, UK
| | - Tong Zhou
- College of Science, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China
| | - Walter Perrie
- Laser Group, School of Engineering, University of Liverpool, Brownlow Street, Liverpool L69 3GH, UK
| | - Matthew Bilton
- SEM Shared Research Facility, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GH, UK
| | - Jörg Schille
- Laserinstitut Hochschule Mittweida, University of Applied Sciences, Technikumplatz 17, 09468 Mittweida, Germany
| | - Udo Löschner
- Laserinstitut Hochschule Mittweida, University of Applied Sciences, Technikumplatz 17, 09468 Mittweida, Germany
| | - Stuart Edwardson
- Laser Group, School of Engineering, University of Liverpool, Brownlow Street, Liverpool L69 3GH, UK
| | - Geoff Dearden
- Laser Group, School of Engineering, University of Liverpool, Brownlow Street, Liverpool L69 3GH, UK
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27
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Lee KY, Yoon S, Song SH, Yoon JW. Topological beaming of light. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eadd8349. [PMID: 36490348 PMCID: PMC9733916 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add8349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Nanophotonic light emitters are key components in numerous application areas because of their compactness and versatility. Here, we propose a topological beam emitter structure that takes advantage of submicrometer footprint size, small divergence angle, high efficiency, and adaptable beam shaping capability. The proposed structure consists of a topological junction of two guided-mode resonance gratings inducing a leaky Jackiw-Rebbi state resonance. The leaky Jackiw-Rebbi state leads to in-plane optical confinement with funnel-like energy flow and enhanced emission probability, resulting in highly efficient optical beam emission. In addition, the structure allows adaptable beam shaping for any desired positive definite profiles by means of Dirac mass distribution control, which can be directly encoded in lattice geometry parameters. Therefore, the proposed approach provides highly desirable properties for efficient micro-light emitters and detectors in various applications including display, solid-state light detection and ranging, laser machining, label-free sensors, optical interconnects, and telecommunications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Young Lee
- Department of Physics, Hanyang University, Seoul, 133-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungjin Yoon
- James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Seok Ho Song
- Department of Physics, Hanyang University, Seoul, 133-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Woong Yoon
- Department of Physics, Hanyang University, Seoul, 133-791, Republic of Korea
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28
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Colliard L, Bilodeau G, Boilard T, Lapointe J, Vallée R, Bernier M, Bellec M. Ultrafast laser writing of arbitrary long low-loss waveguides in optical fibers. OPTICS LETTERS 2022; 47:6253-6256. [PMID: 37219220 DOI: 10.1364/ol.478386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We propose an innovative femtosecond laser writing approach, based on a reel-to-reel configuration, allowing the fabrication of arbitrary long optical waveguides in coreless optical fibers directly through the coating. We report few meters long waveguides operating in the near-infrared (near-IR) with propagation losses as low as 0.055 ± 0.004 dB/cm at 700 nm. The refractive index distribution is shown to be homogeneous with a quasi-circular cross section, its contrast being controllable via the writing velocity. Our work paves the way for the direct fabrication of complex arrangements of cores in standard and exotic optical fibers.
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29
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Wang LC, Chen Y, Gong M, Yu F, Chen QD, Tian ZN, Ren XF, Sun HB. Edge State, Localization Length, and Critical Exponent from Survival Probability in Topological Waveguides. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:173601. [PMID: 36332264 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.173601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Edge states in topological phase transitions have been observed in various platforms. To date, verification of the edge states and the associated topological invariant are mostly studied, and yet a quantitative measurement of topological phase transitions is still lacking. Here, we show the direct measurement of edge states and their localization lengths from survival probability. We employ photonic waveguide arrays to demonstrate the topological phase transitions based on the Su-Schrieffer-Heeger model. By measuring the survival probability at the lattice boundary, we show that in the long-time limit, the survival probability is P=(1-e^{-2/ξ_{loc}})^{2}, where ξ_{loc} is the localization length. This length derived from the survival probability is compared with the distance from the transition point, yielding a critical exponent of ν=0.94±0.04 at the phase boundary. Our experiment provides an alternative route to characterizing topological phase transitions and extracting their key physical quantities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Cheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yang Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Ming Gong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Feng Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Qi-Dai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Zhen-Nan Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Xi-Feng Ren
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Hong-Bo Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Haidian, Beijing 100084, China
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30
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Wang Y, Cui C, Lu Z, Bai Z, Wang Y, Yuan H. Beam spatial intensity modification based on stimulated Brillouin amplification. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:35792-35806. [PMID: 36258522 DOI: 10.1364/oe.462032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The beam spatial intensity distribution is critical to laser applications both in the scientific and the industrial fields. Here, a method for beam spatial intensity modification based on stimulated Brillouin amplification (SBA) is proposed, which provides an alternative approach of laser beam shaping accompanied by efficient energy amplification. Three beam shaping schemes based on SBA has been demonstrated and evaluated in theoretical simulation and experiments with pulsed laser. The results indicate that the spatial distribution can be modified by manipulation of the beam polarization and the intensity. Finally, the shaped Stokes beam has been modified into the flat-top distribution with the output pulse energy increasing to 4.43 times of the input energy, proving the feasibility of SBA spatial shaping method.
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Maddalena L, Keizers H, Pozzi P, Carroll E. Local aberration control to improve efficiency in multiphoton holographic projections. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:29128-29147. [PMID: 36299095 DOI: 10.1364/oe.463553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Optical aberrations affect the quality of light propagating through a turbid medium, where refractive index is spatially inhomogeneous. In multiphoton optical applications, such as two-photon excitation fluorescence imaging and optogenetics, aberrations non-linearly impair the efficiency of excitation. We demonstrate a sensorless adaptive optics technique to compensate aberrations in holograms projected into turbid media. We use a spatial light modulator to project custom three dimensional holographic patterns and to correct for local (anisoplanatic) distortions. The method is tested on both synthetic and biological samples to counteract aberrations arising respectively from misalignment of the optical system and from samples inhomogeneities. In both cases the anisoplanatic correction improves the intensity of the stimulation pattern at least two-fold.
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32
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He C, Shen Y, Forbes A. Towards higher-dimensional structured light. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2022; 11:205. [PMID: 35790711 PMCID: PMC9256673 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-022-00897-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Structured light refers to the arbitrarily tailoring of optical fields in all their degrees of freedom (DoFs), from spatial to temporal. Although orbital angular momentum (OAM) is perhaps the most topical example, and celebrating 30 years since its connection to the spatial structure of light, control over other DoFs is slowly gaining traction, promising access to higher-dimensional forms of structured light. Nevertheless, harnessing these new DoFs in quantum and classical states remains challenging, with the toolkit still in its infancy. In this perspective, we discuss methods, challenges, and opportunities for the creation, detection, and control of multiple DoFs for higher-dimensional structured light. We present a roadmap for future development trends, from fundamental research to applications, concentrating on the potential for larger-capacity, higher-security information processing and communication, and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao He
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PJ, UK.
| | - Yijie Shen
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - Andrew Forbes
- School of Physics, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Johannesburg, 2050, South Africa.
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McArthur SR, Thomson RR, Ross CA. Investigating focus elongation using a spatial light modulator for high-throughput ultrafast-laser-induced selective etching in fused silica. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:18903-18918. [PMID: 36221681 DOI: 10.1364/oe.454280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Ultrafast-laser-induced selective chemical etching is an enabling microfabrication technology compatible with optical materials such as fused silica. The technique offers unparalleled three-dimensional manufacturing freedom and feature resolution but can be limited by long laser inscription times and widely varying etching selectivity depending on the laser irradiation parameters used. In this paper, we aim to overcome these limitations by employing beam shaping via a spatial light modulator to generate a vortex laser focus with controllable depth-of-focus (DOF), from diffraction limited to several hundreds of microns. We present the results of a thorough parameter-space investigation of laser irradiation parameters, documenting the observed influence on etching selectivity and focus elongation in the polarization-insensitive writing regime, and show that etching selectivity greater than 800 is maintained irrespective of the DOF. To demonstrate high-throughput laser writing with an elongated DOF, geometric shapes are fabricated with a 12-fold reduction in writing time compared to writing with a phase-unmodulated Gaussian focus.
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34
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Optimization of DMD-based independent amplitude and phase modulation by analysis of target complex wavefront. Sci Rep 2022; 12:7754. [PMID: 35546600 PMCID: PMC9095630 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11443-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The paper presents the results of a comprehensive study on the optimization of independent amplitude and phase wavefront manipulation which is implemented using a binary digital micromirror device. The study aims to investigate the spatial resolution and quantization achievable using this approach and its optimization based on the parameters of the target complex wave and the modulation error estimation. Based on a statistical analysis of the data, an algorithm for selecting parameters (carrier frequency of binary pattern and aperture for the first diffraction order filtering) that ensures the optimal quality of the modulated wavefront was developed. The algorithm takes into account the type of modulation, that is, amplitude, phase, or amplitude-phase, the size of the encoded distribution, and its requirements for spatial resolution and quantization. The results of the study will greatly contribute to the improvement of modulated wavefront quality in various applications with different requirements for spatial resolution and quantization.
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35
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Cai C, Wang J. Femtosecond Laser-Fabricated Photonic Chips for Optical Communications: A Review. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13040630. [PMID: 35457935 PMCID: PMC9024536 DOI: 10.3390/mi13040630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Integrated optics, having the unique properties of small size, low loss, high integration, and high scalability, is attracting considerable attention and has found many applications in optical communications, fulfilling the requirements for the ever-growing information rate and complexity in modern optical communication systems. Femtosecond laser fabrication is an acknowledged technique for producing integrated photonic devices with unique features, such as three-dimensional fabrication geometry, rapid prototyping, and single-step fabrication. Thus, plenty of femtosecond laser-fabricated on-chip devices have been manufactured to realize various optical communication functions, such as laser generation, laser amplification, laser modulation, frequency conversion, multi-dimensional multiplexing, and photonic wire bonding. In this paper, we review some of the most relevant research progress in femtosecond laser-fabricated photonic chips for optical communications, which may break new ground in this area. First, the basic principle of femtosecond laser fabrication and different types of laser-inscribed waveguides are briefly introduced. The devices are organized into two categories: active devices and passive devices. In the former category, waveguide lasers, amplifiers, electric-optic modulators, and frequency converters are reviewed, while in the latter, polarization multiplexers, mode multiplexers, and fan-in/fan-out devices are discussed. Later, photonic wire bonding is also introduced. Finally, conclusions and prospects in this field are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengkun Cai
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China;
- Optics Valley Laboratory, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China;
- Optics Valley Laboratory, Wuhan 430074, China
- Correspondence:
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36
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Cui J, Antonello J, Kirkpatrick AR, Salter PS, Booth MJ. Generalised adaptive optics method for high-NA aberration-free refocusing in refractive-index-mismatched media. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:11809-11824. [PMID: 35473116 DOI: 10.1364/oe.454912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Phase aberrations are introduced when focusing by a high-numerical aperture (NA) objective lens into refractive-index-mismatched (RIM) media. The axial focus position in these media can be adjusted through either optical remote-focusing or mechanical stage translation. Despite the wide interest in remote-focusing, no generalised control algorithm using Zernike polynomials has been presented that performs independent remote-focusing and RIM correction in combination with mechanical stage translation. In this work, we thoroughly review derivations that model high-NA defocus and RIM aberration. We show through both numerical simulation and experimental results that optical remote-focusing using an adaptive device and mechanical stage translation are not optically equivalent processes, such that one cannot fully compensate for the other without additional aberration compensation. We further establish new orthogonal modes formulated using conventional Zernike modes and discuss its device programming to control high-NA remote-focusing and RIM correction as independent primary modes in combination with mechanical stage translation for aberration-free refocusing. Numerical simulations are performed, and control algorithms are validated experimentally by fabricating graphitic features in diamond using direct laser writing.
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37
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Liu M, Dong B. Efficient wavefront sensorless adaptive optics based on large dynamic crosstalk-free holographic modal wavefront sensing. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:9088-9102. [PMID: 35299345 DOI: 10.1364/oe.453176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The correction of wavefront sensorless adaptive optics (WFSless AO) can be significantly accelerated by using a holographic modal wavefront sensor (HMWFS). The HMWFS is realized by a computer-generated hologram (CGH) into which all aberration modes to be detected are encoded and only a single-shot image is required for simultaneous measurement of multiple modes. The conventional HMWFS suffers from a quite limited dynamic range and severe inter-modal crosstalk which deteriorates the sensing accuracy. We proposed a novel HMWFS with a large dynamic range and no crosstalk and validated its performance by simulation and experiment. In the improved HMWFS scheme, the aberration is represented by Lukosz modes whose gradients are orthogonal and the modal coefficients can be estimated independently. Instead of using a binary CGH in conventional HMWFS, a kinoform CGH with high diffraction efficiency is adopted in the improved HMWFS. The kinoform CGH is produced by a phase-only liquid-crystal spatial light modulator (LCSLM) which also serves as a wavefront corrector in our WFSless AO system.
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38
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Lu YM, Duan YZ, Liu XQ, Chen QD, Sun HB. High-quality rapid laser drilling of transparent hard materials. OPTICS LETTERS 2022; 47:921-924. [PMID: 35167559 DOI: 10.1364/ol.452530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a hybrid method for high-quality rapid drilling of transparent hard materials which combines femtosecond laser (fs-laser) Bessel beam modifying materials and selective wet etching is presented. Using this method, micro-holes with no taper of different sizes (from 10 to 35 μm) and shapes (square, triangle, circular, and pentagram) are fabricated. Bessel beams of different lengths can be generated flexibly by loading different computer-generated holograms (CGHs) into the spatial light modulator (SLM) and the maximum length of light interacting with materials can reach 320 μm, leading to a reduction of the laser scanning time by two orders of magnitude. Moreover, a set of three-dimensional multi-layer submicron through-holes in crystal materials is also realized, with an aspect ratio of more than 1000 for each hole. These results indicate that this method has broad application potential in chip packaging, aviation manufacturing, single particle catalysis, and other fields.
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39
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Metrological Characterization of a High-Temperature Hybrid Sensor Using Thermal Radiation and Calibrated Sapphire Fiber Bragg Grating for Process Monitoring in Harsh Environments. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22031034. [PMID: 35161780 PMCID: PMC8838938 DOI: 10.3390/s22031034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Fiber Bragg gratings inscribed in single crystalline multimode sapphire fibers (S-FBG) are suitable for monitoring applications in harsh environments up to 1900 °C. Despite many approaches to optimize the S-FBG sensor, a metrological investigation of the achievable temperature uncertainties is still missing. In this paper, we developed a hybrid optical temperature sensor using S-FBG and thermal radiation signals. In addition, the sensor also includes a thermocouple for reference and process control during a field test. We analyzed the influence of the thermal gradient and hotspot position along the sensor for all three detection methods using an industrial draw tower and fixed point cells. Moreover, the signal processing of the reflected S-FBG spectrum was investigated and enhanced to determine the reachable measurement repeatability and uncertainty. For that purpose, we developed an analytical expression for the long-wavelength edge of the peak. Our findings show a higher stability against mechanical-caused mode variations for this method to measure the wavelength shift compared to established methods. Additionally, our approach offers a high robustness against aging effects caused by high-temperature processes (above 1700 °C) or harsh environments. Using temperature-fixed points, directly traceable to the International System of Units, we calibrated the S-FBG and thermocouple of the hybrid sensor, including the corresponding uncertainty budgets. Within the scope of an over 3-weeks-long field trial, 25 production cycles of an industrial silicon manufacturing process with temperatures up to 1600 °C were monitored with over 100,000 single measurements. The absolute calibrated thermocouple (Uk=2≈1K…4K) and S-FBG (Uk=2≈10K…14K) measurements agreed within their combined uncertainty. We also discuss possible strategies to significantly reduce the uncertainty of the S-FBG calibration. A follow-up measurement of the sensor after the long-term operation at high temperatures and the transport of the measuring system together with the sensor resulted in a change of less than 0.5 K. Thus, both the presented hybrid sensor and the measuring principle are very robust for applications in harsh environments.
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40
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Wu S, Gao Z, Wu T, Zhang Z, Feng L. Ultrafast heterodyne mode imaging and refractive index mapping of a femtosecond laser written multimode waveguide. OPTICS LETTERS 2022; 47:214-217. [PMID: 35030570 DOI: 10.1364/ol.444582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate imaging of individual modes in a femtosecond laser written multimode waveguide by spatial-heterodyne interferometry and decomposition in data post-processing. Despite the spatial and temporal overlap between multiple waveguide modes, we show the extraction of amplitude for each individual mode and their corresponding temporal dynamics. The mode imaging scheme is effective with the presence of intermodal interference and can be prospective for sensing of ultrafast phase and refractive index fluctuations. We also reconstruct the two-dimensional transverse refractive index map of the multimode waveguide leveraging all the imaged modes and substantiate the reconstructed index map by simulation.
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41
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Barré N, Jesacher A. Holographic beam shaping of partially coherent light. OPTICS LETTERS 2022; 47:425-428. [PMID: 35030624 DOI: 10.1364/ol.444074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We present an algorithmic approach for holographic shaping of partially coherent light, which is described by a mode expansion containing thousands of individual modes. Using gradient descent and algorithmic differentiation, our algorithm is able to find a set of axially separated phase patterns such that each mode undergoes an individually optimized transformation with respect to the formation of a user-defined target intensity distribution. We demonstrate numerically and experimentally that a tandem of two phase patterns can achieve any intensity profile transformation with good accuracy.
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42
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Sato SA. Two-step Brillouin zone sampling for efficient computation of electron dynamics in solids. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2021; 34:095903. [PMID: 34852332 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ac3f00] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We develop a numerical Brillouin-zone integration scheme for real-time propagation of electronic systems with time-dependent density functional theory. This scheme is based on the decomposition of a large simulation into a set of small independent simulations. The performance of the decomposition scheme is examined in both linear and nonlinear regimes by computing the linear optical properties of bulk silicon and high-order harmonic generation. The decomposition of a large simulation into a set of independent simulations can improve the efficiency of parallel computation by reducing communication and synchronization overhead and enhancing the portability of simulations across a relatively small cluster machine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke A Sato
- Center for Computational Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8577, Japan
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
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43
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Abstract
Electro-responsive actuators (ERAs) hold great promise for cutting-edge applications in e-skins, soft robots, unmanned flight, and in vivo surgery devices due to the advantages of fast response, precise control, programmable deformation, and the ease of integration with control circuits. Recently, considering the excellent physical/chemical/mechanical properties (e.g., high carrier mobility, strong mechanical strength, outstanding thermal conductivity, high specific surface area, flexibility, and transparency), graphene and its derivatives have emerged as an appealing material in developing ERAs. In this review, we have summarized the recent advances in graphene-based ERAs. Typical the working mechanisms of graphene ERAs have been introduced. Design principles and working performance of three typical types of graphene ERAs (e.g., electrostatic actuators, electrothermal actuators, and ionic actuators) have been comprehensively summarized. Besides, emerging applications of graphene ERAs, including artificial muscles, bionic robots, human-soft actuators interaction, and other smart devices, have been reviewed. At last, the current challenges and future perspectives of graphene ERAs are discussed.
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44
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Liang P, Shang L, Wang Y, Booth MJ, Li B. Laser induced forward transfer isolating complex-shaped cell by beam shaping. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 12:7024-7032. [PMID: 34858696 PMCID: PMC8606160 DOI: 10.1364/boe.439054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Beam shaping techniques have been widely used in holographic optical tweezers to accurately manipulate tiny particles and hologram optimization algorithms have also been widely reported to improve the optical trapping performance. In this paper, we presented a beam shaping laser induced forward transfer (BS-LIFT) technique to isolate complex-shaped cells. To do this, we built up a BS-LIFT instrument which combined beam shaping methods and laser induced forward transfer using liquid-crystal-on-silicon spatial light modulator. The laser beam was modulated into multiple desired points at the focal plane employing the Gerchberg-Saxton (GS) algorithm. Feasibility was verified through transferring various samples. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of BS-LIFT applied to the transfer complex-shaped cells. We successfully transferred cells whose size ranged from 1 µm to 100 µm. Our design will provide a novel approach for the application of this beam shaping technique and the isolation of single cells with variable shapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Optics, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Changchun, 130033, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lindong Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Optics, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Changchun, 130033, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuntong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Optics, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Changchun, 130033, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Martin J. Booth
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PJ, United Kingdom
| | - Bei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Optics, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Changchun, 130033, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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45
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Ramousse L, Chériaux G, Claudet C, Jullien A. Femtosecond laser-induced damage threshold of nematic liquid crystals at 1030 nm. APPLIED OPTICS 2021; 60:8050-8056. [PMID: 34613067 DOI: 10.1364/ao.436236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) of nematic liquid crystals is investigated in the femtosecond regime at ≃1030nm. The thickness and breakdown of freely suspended thin films (≃100nm) of different mixtures (MLC2073, MLC2132, and E7) is monitored in real time by spectral-domain interferometry. The duration of laser pulses was varied from 180 fs to 1.8 ps for repetition rates ranging from single shot to 1 MHz. The dependence of the LIDT with pulse duration suggests a damage mechanism dominated by ionization mechanisms at low repetition rate and by linear absorption at high repetition rate. In the single-shot regime, LIDTs exceeding 1J/cm2 are found for the three investigated mixtures. The LIDT of polyvinyl alcohol is also investigated by the same method.
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46
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Gao S, Tian ZN, Yu P, Sun HY, Fan H, Chen QD, Sun HB. Deep diamond single-photon sources prepared by a femtosecond laser. OPTICS LETTERS 2021; 46:4386-4389. [PMID: 34470022 DOI: 10.1364/ol.435799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen-vacancy color centers (NVs) in diamond have several potential applications ranging from quantum computing to data storage. However, artificial NVs are often close to the surface, which limits their spatial density and applicability. Here we demonstrate an effective and precise method for preparing deep single NVs in diamond. The method is based on a spatial-shaped femtosecond laser to overcome laser defocus in high-refractive materials, and realizes the preparation of single NVs at 95 µm. In addition, owing to the good energy distribution of the shaped laser focus, the single NVs exhibit a statistic yield of 56%±11% with excellent qualities. This processing method will contribute to the integration of color centers with emerging optical elements and high-density data storage.
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47
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Abstract
In this paper, a sapphire-derived fiber (SDF) with a core diameter of 10 μm and a cladding diameter of 125 μm is fabricated by the melt-in-tube method, and fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) with reflectivity over 80% are prepared by the femtosecond laser point-by-point direct writing method. By analyzing the refractive index distribution and reflection spectral characteristics of the SDF, it can be seen that the SDF is a graded refractive index few-mode fiber. In order to study the element composition of the SDF core, the end-face element distribution of the SDF is analyzed, which indicates that element diffusion occurred between the core and the cladding materials. The temperature and stress of the SDF gratings are measured and the highest temperature is tested to 1000 °C. The temperature and strain sensitivities are 15.64 pm/°C and 1.33 pm/με, respectively, which are higher than the temperature sensitivity of the quartz single-mode fiber. As a kind of special fiber, the SDF expands the application range of sapphire fiber, and has important applications in the fields of high-temperature sensing and high-power lasers.
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48
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Wu YC, Chang JC, Chang CY. Adaptive optics for dynamic aberration compensation using parallel model-based controllers based on a field programmable gate array. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:21129-21142. [PMID: 34265906 DOI: 10.1364/oe.428247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Adaptive optics (AO) is an effective technique for compensating the aberrations in optical systems and restoring their performance for various applications such as image formation, laser processing, and beam shaping. To reduce the controller complexity and extend the compensation capacity from static aberrations to dynamic disturbances, the present study proposes an AO system consisting of a self-built Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor (SHWS), a deformable mirror (DM), and field programmable gate array (FPGA)-based controllers. This AO system is developed for tracking static and dynamic disturbances and tuning the controller parameters as required to achieve rapid compensation of the incoming wavefront. In the proposed system, the FPGA estimates the coefficients of the eight Zernike modes based on the SHWS with CameraLink operated at 200 Hz. The estimated coefficients are then processed by eight parallel independent discrete controllers to generate the voltage vectors to drive the DM to compensate the aberrations. To have the DM model for controller design, the voltage vectors are identified offline and are optimized by closed-loop controllers. Furthermore, the controller parameters are tuned dynamically in accordance with the main frequency of the aberration as determined by a fast Fourier transform (FFT) process. The experimental results show that the AO system provides a low complexity and effective means of compensating both static aberrations and dynamic disturbance up to 20 Hz.
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49
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Zhao P, Li Y, Zappe H. Accelerated electrowetting-based tunable fluidic lenses. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:15733-15746. [PMID: 33985269 DOI: 10.1364/oe.423460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
One of the limitations in the application of electrowetting-based tunable fluidic lenses is their slow response time. We consider here two approaches for enhancing the response speed of tunable fluidic lenses: optimization of the properties of the fluids employed and modification of the time-dependent actuation voltages. Using a tubular optofluidic configuration, it is shown through simulations how one may take advantage of the interplay between liquid viscosities and surface tension to reduce the actuation time. In addition, by careful designing the actuation pulses, the response speed of both overdamped and underdamped systems may be increased by over an order of magnitude, leading to response times of several ten milliseconds. These performance improvements may significantly enhance the applicability of tunable optofluidic-based components and systems.
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50
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Zhang B, Tan D, Wang Z, Liu X, Xu B, Gu M, Tong L, Qiu J. Self-organized phase-transition lithography for all-inorganic photonic textures. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2021; 10:93. [PMID: 33927184 PMCID: PMC8085003 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-021-00534-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Realizing general processing applicable to various materials by one basic tool has long been considered a distant dream. Fortunately, ultrafast laser-matter interaction has emerged as a highly universal platform with unprecedented optical phenomena and provided implementation paths for advanced manufacturing with novel functionalities. Here, we report the establishment of a three-dimensional (3D) focal-area interference field actively induced by a single ultrafast laser in transparent dielectrics. Relying on this, we demonstrate a radically new approach of self-organized phase-transition lithography (SOPTL) to achieve super-resolution construction of embedded all-inorganic photonic textures with extremely high efficiency. The generated textures exhibit a tunable photonic bandgap (PBG) in a wide range from ~1.3 to ~2 μm. More complicated interlaced textures with adjustable structural features can be fabricated within a few seconds, which is not attainable with any other conventional techniques. Evidence suggests that the SOPTL is extendable to more than one material system. This study augments light-matter interaction physics, offers a promising approach for constructing robust photonic devices, and opens up a new research direction in advanced lithography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, 310027, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dezhi Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, 310027, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Zhuo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, 310027, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaofeng Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, 310027, Hangzhou, China
| | - Beibei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, 310027, Hangzhou, China
| | - Min Gu
- Centre for Artificial-Intelligence Nanophotonics, School of Optical Science and Engineering, Shanghai University of Science and Technology, 200093, Shanghai, China
| | - Limin Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, 310027, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianrong Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, 310027, Hangzhou, China.
- CAS Center for Excellence in Ultra-intense Laser Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 201800, Shanghai, China.
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