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Zhao Y, Chan HC, Bi K, Duan G, Liu M, Xie N, Yang Y. Chiral whispering gallery modes and chirality-dependent symmetric optical force induced by a spin-polarized surface wave of photonic Dirac semimetal. OPTICS LETTERS 2024; 49:4306-4309. [PMID: 39090920 DOI: 10.1364/ol.527933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Dirac degeneracy is a fourfold band crossing point in a three-dimensional momentum space, which possesses Fermi-arc-like surface states, and has extensive application prospects. In this work, we systematically study the exceptional effects of the robust chiral surface wave supported by photonic Dirac semimetal acts on the dielectric particles. Theoretical results show that orthogonal electromagnetic modes and helical or chiral whispering gallery modes (WGMs) of dielectric particles can be efficiently excited by the unidirectional spin-polarized surface wave. More importantly, optical forces exerted by the spin-polarized surface wave exhibit chirality-dependent symmetric behavior and high chiral Q factor with precise size selectivity. Our findings may provide potential applications in the area of chiral microcavity, spin optical devices, and optical manipulations.
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2
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Cao X, Yang H, Wu ZL, Li BB. Ultrasound sensing with optical microcavities. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2024; 13:159. [PMID: 38982066 PMCID: PMC11233744 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-024-01480-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Ultrasound sensors play an important role in biomedical imaging, industrial nondestructive inspection, etc. Traditional ultrasound sensors that use piezoelectric transducers face limitations in sensitivity and spatial resolution when miniaturized, with typical sizes at the millimeter to centimeter scale. To overcome these challenges, optical ultrasound sensors have emerged as a promising alternative, offering both high sensitivity and spatial resolution. In particular, ultrasound sensors utilizing high-quality factor (Q) optical microcavities have achieved unprecedented performance in terms of sensitivity and bandwidth, while also enabling mass production on silicon chips. In this review, we focus on recent advances in ultrasound sensing applications using three types of optical microcavities: Fabry-Perot cavities, π-phase-shifted Bragg gratings, and whispering gallery mode microcavities. We provide an overview of the ultrasound sensing mechanisms employed by these microcavities and discuss the key parameters for optimizing ultrasound sensors. Furthermore, we survey recent advances in ultrasound sensing using these microcavity-based approaches, highlighting their applications in diverse detection scenarios, such as photoacoustic imaging, ranging, and particle detection. The goal of this review is to provide a comprehensive understanding of the latest advances in ultrasound sensing with optical microcavities and their potential for future development in high-performance ultrasound imaging and sensing technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuening Cao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Hao Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zu-Lei Wu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Bei-Bei Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, 523808, Guangdong, China.
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3
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Wang Z, Zhang X, Zhang Q, Cao Z, Yang Y, Wang T. Lever-enabled milli-Newton mechanical force detection via a microbottle resonator. OPTICS LETTERS 2024; 49:3234-3237. [PMID: 38824371 DOI: 10.1364/ol.525867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
We demonstrate a milli-Newton mechanical force sensor based on a whispering gallery mode microbottle resonator (MBR). A lever model is established by coupling the MBR with a tapered fiber, whose ratio of load arm to effort arm (RLE) is flexibly adjusted to enlarge the detection range. The mechanical force is induced by attaching a capillary on the MBR stem and applying the downward displacement, which deforms the MBR's radius and thus shifts the resonance wavelength. The dependence of the capillary displacement on the mechanical force is theoretically deduced and verified. Experimentally, the sensors with different RLEs are built, and the maximum sensitivity of -10.48 pm/mN with a resolution of 40 µN is obtained. The achieved detection range is 0-4 mN, which depends on the capillary displacement and RLE of the lever. With the merits of easy fabrication and flexible structure, the proposed sensor shows great potential in biomedical and structural health monitoring.
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4
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Li Y, Guo Z, Zhao X, Liu S, Chen Z, Dong WF, Wang S, Sun YL, Wu X. An all-optical multidirectional mechano-sensor inspired by biologically mechano-sensitive hair sensilla. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2906. [PMID: 38575578 PMCID: PMC10994919 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47299-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Mechano-sensitive hair-like sensilla (MSHS) have an ingenious and compact three-dimensional structure and have evolved widely in living organisms to perceive multidirectional mechanical signals. Nearly all MSHS are iontronic or electronic, including their biomimetic counterparts. Here, an all-optical mechano-sensor mimicking MSHS is prototyped and integrated based on a thin-walled glass microbubble as a flexible whispering-gallery-mode resonator. The minimalist integrated device has a good directionality of 32.31 dB in the radial plane of the micro-hair and can detect multidirectional displacements and forces as small as 70 nm and 0.9 μN, respectively. The device can also detect displacements and forces in the axial direction of the micro-hair as small as 2.29 nm and 3.65 μN, respectively, and perceive different vibrations. This mechano-sensor works well as a real-time, directional mechano-sensory whisker in a quadruped cat-type robot, showing its potential for innovative mechano-transduction, artificial perception, and robotics applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiang Li
- School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhihe Guo
- School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuyang Zhao
- School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sheng Liu
- School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Wen-Fei Dong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio Medical Diagnostics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China
| | - Shixiang Wang
- School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yun-Lu Sun
- School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Xiang Wu
- School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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5
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Li H, Lu Y, Zhou S, Jing T, Wang J, Ma C, Seo MK, Yu L. Packaged WGM MBR sensor for high-performance temperature measurement using CNN-based multimode barcode images. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:5515-5528. [PMID: 38439276 DOI: 10.1364/oe.515876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
The whispering gallery mode (WGM) optical microresonator sensors are emerging as a promising platform for precise temperature measurements, driven by their excellent sensitivity, resolution and integration. Nevertheless, challenges endure regarding stability, single resonant mode tracking, and real-time monitoring. Here, we demonstrate a temperature measurement approach based on convolutional neural network (CNN), leveraging the recognition of multimode barcode images acquired from a WGM microbottle resonator (MBR) sensor with robust packaged microresonator-taper coupling structure (packaged-MTCS). Our work ensures not only a high sensitivity of -14.28 pm/℃ and remarkable resolution of 3.5 × 10-4 ℃ across a broad dynamic range of 96 ℃ but also fulfills the demands for real-time temperature measurement with an average detection accuracy of 96.85% and a speed of 0.68s per image. These results highlight the potential of high-performance WGM MBR sensors in various fields and lay the groundwork for stable soliton microcomb excitation through thermal tuning.
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Gu X, Fang C, Zhuang Y, Zhang D. Ultrahigh-sensitivity temperature sensor based on an elastic TPU capillary whispering gallery resonator. OPTICS LETTERS 2024; 49:310-313. [PMID: 38194556 DOI: 10.1364/ol.501540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
An ultrahigh sensitivity temperature sensor based on an elastic thermoplastic urethane (TPU) capillary whispering-gallery mode (WGM) microcavity is proposed. The temperature sensor comprises a dye-doped TPU capillary and two sealed fused silica capillaries covered at both ends and is fabricated via a thin film assembly and wet etching. The fused silica capillaries limit the thermal volume expansion of the air within it. The volume of the exposed part of the elastic TPU capillary, which has an ultrahigh sensitivity to temperature compared with the thermal volume expansion of material, is increased; the designed elastic TPU capillary WGM microcavity exhibited an ultrahigh sensitivity of 11.28 nm/°C.
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7
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Wu Y, Duan B, Li C, Yang D. Multimode sensing based on optical microcavities. FRONTIERS OF OPTOELECTRONICS 2023; 16:29. [PMID: 37889446 PMCID: PMC10611689 DOI: 10.1007/s12200-023-00084-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Optical microcavities have the ability to confine photons in small mode volumes for long periods of time, greatly enhancing light-matter interactions, and have become one of the research hotspots in international academia. In recent years, sensing applications in complex environments have inspired the development of multimode optical microcavity sensors. These multimode sensors can be used not only for multi-parameter detection but also to improve measurement precision. In this review, we introduce multimode sensing methods based on optical microcavities and present an overview of the multimode single/multi-parameter optical microcavities sensors. Expected further research activities are also put forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanran Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, 100876, China
- School of Information and Communication Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, 100876, China
| | - Bing Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, 100876, China
- School of Information and Communication Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, 100876, China
| | - Changhong Li
- School of Electronic Information, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China.
| | - Daquan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, 100876, China.
- School of Information and Communication Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, 100876, China.
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8
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Mao W, Li Y, Jiang X, Liu Z, Yang L. A whispering-gallery scanning microprobe for Raman spectroscopy and imaging. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2023; 12:247. [PMID: 37798286 PMCID: PMC10556008 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-023-01276-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Optical whispering-gallery-mode microsensors are a promising platform for many applications, such as biomedical monitoring, magnetic sensing, and vibration detection. However, like many other micro/nanosensors, they cannot simultaneously have two critical properties - ultrahigh sensitivity and large detection area, which are desired for most sensing applications. Here, we report a novel scanning whispering-gallery-mode microprobe optimized for both features and demonstrate enhanced Raman spectroscopy, providing high-specificity information on molecular fingerprints that are important for numerous sensing applications. Combining the superiorities of whispering-gallery modes and nanoplasmonics, the microprobe exhibits a two-orders-of-magnitude sensitivity improvement over traditional plasmonics-only enhancement; this leads to molecular detection demonstrated with stronger target signals but less optical power required than surface-enhanced-Raman-spectroscopy substrates. Furthermore, the scanning microprobe greatly expands the effective detection area and realizes two-dimensional micron-resolution Raman imaging of molecular distribution. The versatile and ultrasensitive scanning microprobe configuration will thus benefit material characterization, chemical imaging, and quantum-enhanced sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Mao
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, Washington University, St Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Yihang Li
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, Washington University, St Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Xuefeng Jiang
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, Washington University, St Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Zhiwen Liu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Lan Yang
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, Washington University, St Louis, MO, 63130, USA.
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9
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Zhao X, Guo Z, Zhou Y, Guo J, Liu Z, Luo M, Li Y, Wang Q, Zhang M, Yang X, Wang Y, Sun YL, Wu X. Highly sensitive, modification-free, and dynamic real-time stereo-optical immuno-sensor. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 237:115477. [PMID: 37352760 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
Modification-free biosensing with high specificity and sensitivity is essential for miniaturized, online, integrated, and rapid, or even real-time molecular analyses. However, most optical biosensors are based on surface pre-modification or fluorescent labeling, and have either low sensitivity or low quality factor (Q). To address these difficulties, in this study, an optical sensor prototype was developed with a microbubble optofluidic channel integrated inside a Fabry-Pérot cavity to three-dimensionally tailor the intra-cavity light field via the intra-cavity lensing (microbubble) configuration. A high Q-factor (∼105), small mode volume, and high light energy density were experimentally achieved with this "stereo-sensor" while maintaining an ultrahigh refractive index (RI) sensitivity (679 nm/RIU) and ultra-small RI resolution (∼10-7 RIU at 950 nm). Moreover, specific detection of very low concentration of biomolecules (5 fg/mL for human IgG and 0.5 pg/mL for human serum albumin (HSA)) and wide range of protein concentrations (e.g., fg/mL-ng/mL for human IgG and pg/mL-ng/mL for HSA) without probe pre-modification were achieved owing to the RI change specifically associated with the probe-target binding and the corresponding bio-macromolecular conformation change. This modification-free stereosensing scenario is applicable to continuous, real-time, and multiplexed operations, thus showing potential for online, integrated, dynamic, biomolecular analyses in vitro or in vivo, such as the dynamic metabolic analysis of single cells or organoids and point-of-care tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuyang Zhao
- The Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures, Department of Optical Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Zhihe Guo
- The Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures, Department of Optical Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures, Department of Optical Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Junhong Guo
- The Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures, Department of Optical Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Zhiran Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures, Department of Optical Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Man Luo
- The Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures, Department of Optical Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Yuxiang Li
- The Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures, Department of Optical Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Qi Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures, Department of Optical Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Southwest Institute of Technical Physics, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Xi Yang
- Southwest Institute of Technical Physics, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - You Wang
- Southwest Institute of Technical Physics, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Yun-Lu Sun
- The Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures, Department of Optical Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China; Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Xiang Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures, Department of Optical Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China.
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10
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Meng Y, Zhong H, Xu Z, He T, Kim JS, Han S, Kim S, Park S, Shen Y, Gong M, Xiao Q, Bae SH. Functionalizing nanophotonic structures with 2D van der Waals materials. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2023; 8:1345-1365. [PMID: 37608742 DOI: 10.1039/d3nh00246b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
The integration of two-dimensional (2D) van der Waals materials with nanostructures has triggered a wide spectrum of optical and optoelectronic applications. Photonic structures of conventional materials typically lack efficient reconfigurability or multifunctionality. Atomically thin 2D materials can thus generate new functionality and reconfigurability for a well-established library of photonic structures such as integrated waveguides, optical fibers, photonic crystals, and metasurfaces, to name a few. Meanwhile, the interaction between light and van der Waals materials can be drastically enhanced as well by leveraging micro-cavities or resonators with high optical confinement. The unique van der Waals surfaces of the 2D materials enable handiness in transfer and mixing with various prefabricated photonic templates with high degrees of freedom, functionalizing as the optical gain, modulation, sensing, or plasmonic media for diverse applications. Here, we review recent advances in synergizing 2D materials to nanophotonic structures for prototyping novel functionality or performance enhancements. Challenges in scalable 2D materials preparations and transfer, as well as emerging opportunities in integrating van der Waals building blocks beyond 2D materials are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Meng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Hongkun Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
| | - Zhihao Xu
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Tiantian He
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
| | - Justin S Kim
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sangmoon Han
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Sunok Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Seoungwoong Park
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Yijie Shen
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Mali Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
| | - Qirong Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
| | - Sang-Hoon Bae
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
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11
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Zhang X, Xu Y, Zhu XS, Shi YW. Long-range surface plasmon resonance-based hollow fiber temperature sensor with ultrahigh sensitivity and tunable detection range. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:26398-26409. [PMID: 37710502 DOI: 10.1364/oe.492341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
A dielectric/Ag-coated hollow fiber (HF) temperature sensor based on long-range surface plasmon resonance (LRSPR) is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. The structural parameters, including the dielectric material and layer thicknesses, are optimized through comprehensive theoretical analysis to achieve the best performance. By filling it with a high refractive index (RI) thermosensitive liquid, the GK570/Ag-coated HF temperature sensor with optimal structural parameters is fabricated. Due to the high sensitivity of the LRSPR sensor and the optimized design, the fabricated sensor achieves a temperature sensitivity of 3.6∼20.5 nm/°C, which is almost the highest among the optical fiber temperature sensors based on surface plasmon resonance reported experimentally. Moreover, the detection range of the proposed sensor can be easily tuned up to 170°C by varying the RI of the filled thermosensitive liquid, and the sensor performance remains stable. Considering that most temperature sensors using polydimethylsiloxane have a fixed detection range, this is an outstanding advantage that could expand the application field of the optical fiber temperature sensor.
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12
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Loyez M, Adolphson M, Liao J, Yang L. From Whispering Gallery Mode Resonators to Biochemical Sensors. ACS Sens 2023. [PMID: 37390481 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c02876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
Optical biosensors are frontrunners for the rapid and real-time detection of analytes, particularly for low concentrations. Among them, whispering gallery mode (WGM) resonators have recently attracted a growing focus due to their robust optomechanical features and high sensitivity, measuring down to single binding events in small volumes. In this review, we provide a broad overview of WGM sensors along with critical advice and additional "tips and tricks" to make them more accessible to both biochemical and optical communities. Their structures, fabrication methods, materials, and surface functionalization chemistries are discussed. We propose this reflection under a pedagogical approach to describe and explain these biochemical sensors with a particular focus on the most recent achievements in the field. In addition to highlighting the advantages of WGM sensors, we also discuss and suggest strategies to overcome their current limitations, leaving room for further development as practical tools in various applications. We aim to provide new insights and combine different knowledge and perspectives to advance the development of the next generation of WGM biosensors. With their unique advantages and compatibility with different sensing modalities, these biosensors have the potential to become major game changers for biomedical and environmental monitoring, among many other relevant target applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Médéric Loyez
- Department of Electrical & Systems Engineering, Washington University, One Brookings Drive Green Hall 2120F, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Maxwell Adolphson
- Department of Electrical & Systems Engineering, Washington University, One Brookings Drive Green Hall 2120F, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Jie Liao
- Department of Electrical & Systems Engineering, Washington University, One Brookings Drive Green Hall 2120F, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Lan Yang
- Department of Electrical & Systems Engineering, Washington University, One Brookings Drive Green Hall 2120F, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
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13
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Wu Y, Duan B, Song J, Tian H, Chen JH, Yang D, Huang S. Simultaneous temperature and pressure sensing based on a single optical resonator. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:18851-18861. [PMID: 37381315 DOI: 10.1364/oe.489625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
We propose a dual-parameter sensor for the simultaneous detection of temperature and pressure based on a single packaged microbubble resonator (PMBR). The ultrahigh-quality (∼107) PMBR sensor exhibits long-term stability with the maximum wavelength shift about 0.2056 pm. Here, two resonant modes with different sensing performance are selected to implement the parallel detection of temperature and pressure. The temperature and pressure sensitivities of resonant Mode-1 are -10.59 pm/°C and 0.1059 pm/kPa, while the sensitivities of Mode-2 are -7.69 pm/°C and 0.1250 pm/kPa, respectively. By adopting a sensing matrix, the two parameters are precisely decoupled and the root mean square error of measurement are ∼ 0.12 °C and ∼ 6.48 kPa, respectively. This work promises the potential for the multi-parameters sensing in a single optical device.
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14
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Machfuudzoh I, Hinamoto T, García de Abajo FJ, Sugimoto H, Fujii M, Sannomiya T. Visualizing the Nanoscopic Field Distribution of Whispering-Gallery Modes in a Dielectric Sphere by Cathodoluminescence. ACS PHOTONICS 2023; 10:1434-1445. [PMID: 37215315 PMCID: PMC10197164 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.3c00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A spherical dielectric particle can sustain the so-called whispering-gallery modes (WGMs), which can be regarded as circulating electromagnetic waves, resulting in the spatial confinement of light inside the particle. Despite the wide adoption of optical WGMs as a major light confinement mechanism in salient practical applications, direct imaging of the mode fields is still lacking and only partially addressed by simple photography and simulation work. The present study comprehensively covers this research gap by demonstrating the nanoscale optical-field visualization of self-interference of light extracted from excited modes through experimentally obtained photon maps that directly portray the field distributions of the excited eigenmodes. To selectively choose the specific modes at a given light emission detection angle and resonance wavelength, we use cathodoluminescence-based scanning transmission electron microscopy supplemented with angle-, polarization-, and wavelength-resolved capabilities. Equipped with semi-analytical simulation tools, the internal field distributions of the whispering-gallery modes reveal that radiation emitted by a spherical resonator at a given resonance frequency is composed of the interference between multiple modes, with one or more of them being comparatively dominant, leading to a resulting distribution featuring complex patterns that explicitly depend on the detection angle and polarization. Direct visualization of the internal fields inside resonators enables a comprehensive understanding of WGMs that can shed light on the design of nanophotonic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izzah Machfuudzoh
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical
Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503 Japan
| | - Tatsuki Hinamoto
- Department
of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - F. Javier García de Abajo
- ICFO-Institut
de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute
of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
- ICREA-Institució
Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avancats, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Hiroshi Sugimoto
- Department
of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Minoru Fujii
- Department
of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Takumi Sannomiya
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical
Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503 Japan
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15
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Chen H, Wang Z, Wang Y, Yu C, Niu R, Zou CL, Lu J, Dong CH, Ren H. Machine learning-assisted high-accuracy and large dynamic range thermometer in high-Q microbubble resonators. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:16781-16794. [PMID: 37157750 DOI: 10.1364/oe.488341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Whispering gallery mode (WGM) resonators provide an important platform for fine measurement thanks to their small size, high sensitivity, and fast response time. Nevertheless, traditional methods focus on tracking single-mode changes for measurement, and a great deal of information from other resonances is ignored and wasted. Here, we demonstrate that the proposed multimode sensing contains more Fisher information than single mode tracking and has great potential to achieve better performance. Based on a microbubble resonator, a temperature detection system has been built to systematically investigate the proposed multimode sensing method. After the multimode spectral signals are collected by the automated experimental setup, a machine learning algorithm is used to predict the unknown temperature by taking full advantage of multiple resonances. The results show the average error of 3.8 × 10-3°C within the range from 25.00°C to 40.00°C by employing a generalized regression neural network (GRNN). In addition, we have also discussed the influence of the consumed data resource on its predicted performance, such as the amount of training data and the case of different temperate ranges between the training and test data. With high accuracy and large dynamic range, this work paves the way for WGM resonator-based intelligent optical sensing.
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16
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Fleisher AJ, Ahmed Z, Herman T, Hartings MR. Dual electro-optic frequency comb photonic thermometry. OPTICS LETTERS 2023; 48:2210-2213. [PMID: 37126236 DOI: 10.1364/ol.482838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We report a precision realization of photonic thermometry using dual-comb spectroscopy to interrogate a π-phase-shifted fiber Bragg grating. We achieve readout stability of 7.5 mK at 1 s and resolve temperature changes of similar magnitude-sufficient for most industrial applications. Our dual-comb approach enables rapid sensing of dynamic temperature, and our scalable and reconfigurable electro-optic generation scheme enables a broad sensing range without laser tuning. Reproducibility on the International Temperature Scale of 1990 is tested, and ultimately limited by the frequency reference and check-thermometer stability. Our demonstration opens the door for a universal interrogator deployable to multiple photonic devices in parallel to potentially unravel complex multi-physical quantity measurements.
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Wang Y, Zhou J, Luo Z, Ling C, Li Z, Fan L, Zhao H, Yan Y. Chloroform-infiltrated photonic crystal fiber with high-temperature sensitivity. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:13279-13290. [PMID: 37157468 DOI: 10.1364/oe.483631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The temperature sensor is the core part of the temperature measurement instrument, and its performance directly determines the temperature measurement accuracy. Photonic crystal fiber (PCF) is a new type of temperature sensor with extremely high potential. In this paper, we propose a high-performance, structurally simple, liquid-filled PCF temperature sensor, which is based on a SMF-PCF-SMF (single mode fiber, SMF) sandwich structure. By adjusting the structural parameters of the the PCF, it is possible to obtain optical properties that are superior to those of ordinary optical fibers. This allows for more obvious responsive changes of the fiber transmission mode under small external temperature changes. By optimizing the basic structure parameters, a new PCF structure with a central air hole is designed, and its temperature sensitivity is -0.04696 nm/°C. When filling the air holes of PCFs with temperature-sensitive liquid materials, the response of the optical field against the temperature fluctuations can be effectively enhanced. The Chloroform solution is used to selectively infiltrate the resulting PCF owing to its large thermo-optical coefficient. After comparing various filling schemes, the calculation results show that the highest temperature sensitivity of -15.8 nm/°C is finally realized. The designed PCF sensor has a simple structure, high-temperature sensitivity, and good linearity showing great application potential.
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Yue J, Rong J, Xing E, Xu W, Bai J, Liu W, Tang J, Liu J. Compact on-chip crystalline resonator integration with etching of tapered fiber waveguide. APPLIED OPTICS 2023; 62:1492-1496. [PMID: 36821309 DOI: 10.1364/ao.477764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Whispering-gallery-mode crystalline resonators currently maintain the best quality factor (Q) record; however, compact on-chip packaging is still a challenge, although various coupling architectures have been developed. Here, a chemical etching method is proposed to fabricate a miniaturized tapered fiber waveguide on silicon substrate. The Marangoni effect is implemented to reduce the surface roughness of the cone region. The optical loss of 0.1 dB/mm is obtained, and the Q of the on-chip crystalline resonator exceeds 108. Additionally, thermoelectric cooler (TEC) is implanted in the package to actively customize the temperature, and the temperature response of 18 pm/°C is consistent with the theoretical calculation.
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19
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Wang K, Wang H, Gao YP, Yang D, Jiao RZ, Wang C. Unconventional photon blockade in a non-Hermitian indirectly coupled resonator system. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:1629-1640. [PMID: 36785194 DOI: 10.1364/oe.477662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Photon blockade provides an effective way to realize the single-photon source, which attracts intensive attention in the fields of quantum optics and quantum information. Here in this study, we investigate photon blockade in a non-Hermitian indirectly coupled resonator system, which consists of a dissipative cavity and a Kerr nonlinear resonator coupled to two nano-scatters. We find that by tuning the coupling phase θ between the two resonators, the quantum interference could be induced on one side near the exceptional points (EPs), resulting in the unconventional photon blockade effect. Furthermore, it is noticed that the large Kerr nonlinearity is not always beneficial for unconventional photon blockades. There is an optimal threshold for the intensity of the Kerr nonlinearity and the phase angle θ for the appearance of the unconventional photon blockade effect. We believe the current study has substantial consequences for investigating the physical characteristics close to EPs and presents a novel method for developing integrated on-chip single-photon sources.
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20
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Guan Z, Li X, Shen R, Tian Z, Yu H, Cao Y, Wang Y, Zhang J, Xu S, Chen B. Intense red up-conversion luminescence and temperature sensing property of Yb 3+/Er 3+ co-doped BaGd 2O 4 phosphors. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 284:121805. [PMID: 36099726 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.121805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this study, intense red and extremely weak green up-conversion (UC) luminescence was obtained in BaGd2O4: x mol% Yb3+/y mol% Er3+ phosphors under the excitations of 980 nm and 1550 nm. The corresponding maximum integrated intensity ratios of the red to green UC emissions are 50.3 and 158.7, respectively. The UC luminescence mechanisms upon different excitations were discussed. It was confirmed that two-photon and three-photon processes were responsible for both the red and green UC emissions excited at 980 nm and 1550 nm, respectively. The energy transfer efficiency from Er3+ to Yb3+ was calculated according to the fluorescence lifetime measurement under 1550 nm excitation. Temperature sensing based upon the thermally coupled energy levels 2H11/2/4S3/2 as well as thermally coupled Stark sublevels of 4F9/2 level of Er3+ was investigated under the excitation of 980 nm. The maximum absolute sensitivities were respectively obtained to be 0.42% K-1 at 573 K and 0.18% K-1 at 298 K. Our results indicated that BaGd2O4: Yb3+/Er3+ phosphors might be a kind of promising red UC phosphors with optical temperature measurement function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Guan
- School of Science, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, Liaoning 116026, PR China
| | - Xiangping Li
- School of Science, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, Liaoning 116026, PR China.
| | - Rensheng Shen
- School of Microelectronics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, PR China.
| | - Zhuang Tian
- School of Science, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, Liaoning 116026, PR China
| | - Hongquan Yu
- School of Science, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, Liaoning 116026, PR China
| | - Yongze Cao
- School of Science, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, Liaoning 116026, PR China
| | - Yichao Wang
- School of Science, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, Liaoning 116026, PR China
| | - Jinsu Zhang
- School of Science, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, Liaoning 116026, PR China
| | - Sai Xu
- School of Science, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, Liaoning 116026, PR China
| | - Baojiu Chen
- School of Science, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, Liaoning 116026, PR China
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21
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Chen H, Luo B, Wu D, Yang X, Shi S, Zou X, Li Y, Jiang S, Zhao M. Optical Vernier sensor based on a cascaded tapered thin-core microfiber for highly sensitive refractive index sensing. APPLIED OPTICS 2022; 61:10727-10734. [PMID: 36606932 DOI: 10.1364/ao.478831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This study proposes a refractive index (RI) sensor using a cascaded tapered thin-core microfiber (TTCMF) based on the Vernier effect. The thin-core fiber was made into a TTCMF by arc discharging and flame heating and then sandwiched between two single-mode fibers (SMFs). The two structures with the same SMF-TTCMF-SMF but slightly different free spectral ranges (FSRs) were cascaded to generate the Vernier effect. The FSR varied with the taper parameters of TTCMF. The RI sensitivities of a single TTCMF sensor, series SMF-TTCMF-SMF sensor, and parallel SMF-TTCMF-SMF sensor were compared and analyzed. Using the Vernier effect in the RI measurement range from 1.3313 to 1.3392, a very high RI sensitivity of -15,053.411n m/R I U was obtained using the series SMF-TTCMF-SMF structure, and -16,723.243n m/R I U using the parallel structure, which were basically consistent with the simulation results. Compared with the RI sensitivity of the single TTCMF sensor, the RI sensitivities of series and parallel sensors were increased by 4.65 times and 5.16 times, respectively. In addition, in the temperature range from 35°C to 65°C, temperature sensitivities of -0.196n m/ ∘ C and -0.0489n m/ ∘ C were obtained using series and parallel structures, respectively; the corresponding temperature cross errors were 1.302×10-5 R I U/ ∘ C and 2.92×10-6 R I U/ ∘ C, respectively. Based on the advantages of high RI sensitivity, simple structure, low-temperature cross sensitivity, and convenient fabrication, the proposed sensors have great potential in biosensing fields.
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Asano M, Yamaguchi H, Okamoto H. Free-access optomechanical liquid probes using a twin-microbottle resonator. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabq2502. [PMID: 36322654 PMCID: PMC9629741 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abq2502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Cavity optomechanics provides high-performance sensor technology, and the scheme is also applicable to liquid samples for biological and rheological applications. However, previously reported methods using fluidic capillary channels and liquid droplets are based on fixed-by-design structures and therefore do not allow an active free access to the samples. Here, we demonstrate an alternate technique using a probe-based architecture with a twin-microbottle resonator. The probe consists of two microbottle optomechanical resonators, where one bottle (for detection) is immersed in liquid and the other bottle (for readout) is placed in air, which retains excellent detection performance through the high optical Q (~107) of the readout bottle. The scheme allows the detection of thermomechanical motion of the detection bottle as well as optomechanical drive and frequency tracking with a phase-locked loop. This technique could lead to in situ metrology at the target location in arbitrary media and could be extended to ultrasensitive biochips and rheometers.
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23
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Rong J, Chi H, Jia T, Li J, Xing T, Yue J, Xing E, Sun F, Tang J, Liu J. Large-scale flexible-resonators with temperature insensitivity employing superoleophobic substrates. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:40897-40905. [PMID: 36299014 DOI: 10.1364/oe.471275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Whispering gallery mode polymer resonators are becoming competitive with devices made of other materials, however, the inherent thermal sensitivity of the materials and the small size limit their applications, such as high-precision optical gyroscope. Here, a method is proposed for fabricating large-scale NOA65 resonators with quality factors greater than 105 on a chip employing superoleophobic. The sandwich structure as the core layer of resonator is used to present the flexible remodeling characteristics, the surface roughness remains below 1 nm when the diameter changes by more than 25%. Importantly, theoretical and experimental results show that under the tuning action of external pressure, the equivalent thermal expansion coefficient of the resonator gradually approaches the glass sheet on both sides with the variation of 2 × 10-4 /°C∼0.9 × 10-4 /°C, and the corresponding temperature response range of 0.12 nm/°C∼-0.056 nm/°C shows the promise of temperature insensitivity resonators on a chip.
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Paz-Buclatin F, Perera-Suárez Y, Martín IR, Ríos S, de Varona O, Ródenas A, Martin LL. Experimental and Numerical Validation of Whispering Gallery Resonators as Optical Temperature Sensors. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:7831. [PMID: 36298181 PMCID: PMC9609393 DOI: 10.3390/s22207831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This study experimentally and numerically validates the commonly employed technique of laser-induced heating of a material in optical temperature sensing studies. Furthermore, the Er3+-doped glass microspheres studied in this work can be employed as remote optical temperature sensors. Laser-induced self-heating is a useful technique commonly employed in optical temperature sensing research when two temperature-dependent parameters can be correlated, such as in fluorescence intensity ratio vs. interferometric calibration, allowing straightforward sensor characterization. A frequent assumption in such experiments is that thermal homogeneity within the sensor volume, that is, a sound hypothesis when dealing with small volume to surface area ratio devices such as microresonators, but has never been validated. In order to address this issue, we performed a series of experiments and simulations on a microsphere supporting whispering gallery mode resonances, laser heating it at ambient pressure and medium vacuum while tracking the resonance wavelength shift and comparing it to the shift rate observed in a thermal bath. The simulations were done starting only from the material properties of the bulk glass to simulate the physical phenomena of laser heating and resonance of the microsphere glass. Despite the simplicity of the model, both measurements and simulations are in good agreement with a highly homogeneous temperature within the resonator, thus validating the laser heating technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franzette Paz-Buclatin
- Departamento de Física, Universidad de La Laguna, Apdo. 456, E-38200 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
| | - Ylenia Perera-Suárez
- Departamento de Física, Universidad de La Laguna, Apdo. 456, E-38200 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
| | - Inocencio R. Martín
- Departamento de Física, Universidad de La Laguna, Apdo. 456, E-38200 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
| | - Susana Ríos
- Departamento de Física, Universidad de La Laguna, Apdo. 456, E-38200 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
| | - Omar de Varona
- Departamento de Física, Universidad de La Laguna, Apdo. 456, E-38200 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
| | - Airán Ródenas
- Departamento de Física, Universidad de La Laguna, Apdo. 456, E-38200 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
| | - Leopoldo L. Martin
- Departamento de Física, Universidad de La Laguna, Apdo. 456, E-38200 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Estudios Avanzados (IUdEA), Universidad de La Laguna, Apdo. 456, E-38200 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
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25
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Wang J, Chew SX, Song S, Li L, Nguyen L, Yi X. On-chip simultaneous measurement of humidity and temperature using cascaded photonic crystal microring resonators with error correction. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:35608-35623. [PMID: 36258508 DOI: 10.1364/oe.466362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We present the design, fabrication, and characterization of cascaded silicon-on-insulator photonic crystal microring resonators (PhCMRRs) for dual-parameter sensing based on a multiple resonances multiple modes (MRMM) technique. Benefitting from the slow-light effect, the engineered PhCMRRs exhibit unique optical field distributions with different sensitivities via the excitation of dielectric and air modes. The multiple resonances of two distinct modes offer new possibilities for enriching the sensing receptors with additional information about environmental changes while preserving all essential properties of traditional microring resonator based sensors. As a proof of concept, we demonstrate the feasibility of extracting humidity and temperature responses simultaneously with a single spectrum measurement by employing polymethyl methacrylate as the hydrophilic coating, obtaining a relative humidity (RH) sensitivity of 3.36 pm/%RH, 5.57 pm/%RH and a temperature sensitivity of 85.9 pm/°C, 67.1 pm/°C for selected dielectric mode and air mode, respectively. Moreover, the MRMM enriched data further forges the capability to perform mutual cancellation of the measurement error, which improves the sensing performance reflected by the coefficient of determination (R2-value), calculated as 0.97 and 0.99 for RH and temperature sensing results, respectively.
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26
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Meng JW, Tang SJ, Sun J, Shen K, Li C, Gong Q, Xiao YF. Dissipative Acousto-optic Interactions in Optical Microcavities. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:073901. [PMID: 36018697 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.073901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We propose and demonstrate experimentally the strong dissipative acousto-optic interaction between a suspended vibrating microfiber and a whispering-gallery microcavity. On the one hand, the dissipative response driven by an external stimulus of acoustic waves is found to be stronger than the dispersive response by 2 orders of magnitude. On the other hand, dead points emerge with the zero dissipative response at certain parameters, promising the potentials in physical sensing such as precise measurements of magnetic field and temperature. The strong dissipative acousto-optic interaction is then explored for ultrasensitive detection of broadband acoustic waves. A noise equivalent pressure as low as 0.81 Pa at 140 kHz in air is demonstrated experimentally, insensitive to cavity Q factors and does not rely on mechanical resonances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Wei Meng
- Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics and State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Shui-Jing Tang
- Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics and State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jialve Sun
- College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Peking University Yangtze Delta Institute of Optoelectronics, Nantong 226010, China
| | - Ke Shen
- Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics and State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Changhui Li
- College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- National Biomedical Imaging Center, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Qihuang Gong
- Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics and State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Yun-Feng Xiao
- Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics and State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Peking University Yangtze Delta Institute of Optoelectronics, Nantong 226010, China
- National Biomedical Imaging Center, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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27
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Dong Y, Sun P, Zeng X, Wang J, Li Y, Wang M, Wang H. Displacement sensing in a multimode SNAP microcavity by an artificial neural network. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:27015-27027. [PMID: 36236882 DOI: 10.1364/oe.459420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Benefiting from the coupling between the Surface Nanoscale Axial Photonics (SNAP) microcavity and the waveguide, i.e., influenced by their abrupt field overlap, multiple axial modes in the transmission spectrum form a functional relationship with the coupling position, thus enabling displacement sensing. However, this functional relationship is complex and nonlinear, which is difficult to be fitted using analytical methods. We introduce a back-propagation neural network (BPNN) to model this functional relationship. The numerical results show that the multimode sensing scheme has great potential for practical large-range, high-precision displacement sensing platforms compared with the single-mode sensing based on the whispering gallery mode (WGM) resonators.
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28
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Liu F, Tong J, Xu Z, Ge K, Ruan J, Cui L, Zhai T. Electrically Tunable Polymer Whispering-Gallery-Mode Laser. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15144812. [PMID: 35888278 PMCID: PMC9317815 DOI: 10.3390/ma15144812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Microlasers hold great promise for the development of photonics and optoelectronics. At present, tunable microcavity lasers, especially regarding in situ dynamic tuning, are still the focus of research. In this study, we combined a 0.7Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-0.3PbTiO3 (PMN-PT) piezoelectric crystal with a Poly [9,9-dioctylfluorenyl-2,7-diyl] (PFO) microring cavity to realize a high-quality, electrically tunable, whispering-gallery-mode (WGM) laser. The dependence of the laser properties on the diameter of the microrings, including the laser spectrum and quality (Q) value, was investigated. It was found that with an increase in microring diameter, the laser emission redshifted, and the Q value increased. In addition, the device effectively achieved a blueshift under an applied electric field, and the wavelength tuning range was 0.71 nm. This work provides a method for in situ dynamic spectral modulation of microcavity lasers, and is expected to provide inspiration for the application of integrated photonics technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyuan Liu
- College of Physics and Optoelectronics, Faculty of Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China; (F.L.); (Z.X.); (K.G.); (J.R.)
| | - Junhua Tong
- College of Mathematics and Physics, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China;
| | - Zhiyang Xu
- College of Physics and Optoelectronics, Faculty of Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China; (F.L.); (Z.X.); (K.G.); (J.R.)
| | - Kun Ge
- College of Physics and Optoelectronics, Faculty of Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China; (F.L.); (Z.X.); (K.G.); (J.R.)
| | - Jun Ruan
- College of Physics and Optoelectronics, Faculty of Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China; (F.L.); (Z.X.); (K.G.); (J.R.)
| | - Libin Cui
- College of Physics and Optoelectronics, Faculty of Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China; (F.L.); (Z.X.); (K.G.); (J.R.)
- Correspondence: (L.C.); (T.Z.)
| | - Tianrui Zhai
- College of Physics and Optoelectronics, Faculty of Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China; (F.L.); (Z.X.); (K.G.); (J.R.)
- Correspondence: (L.C.); (T.Z.)
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29
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Zhu C, Huang J. Machine learning boosts performance of optical fiber sensors: a case study for vector bending sensing. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:24553-24564. [PMID: 36237007 DOI: 10.1364/oe.463179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The spectral response produced when a high-sensitivity optical fiber sensor (OFS) is subject to an external perturbation has recently been shown to contain rich information that can be potentially exploited for multi-dimensional sensing. In this article, we propose the use of machine learning to directly and statistically learn the relation between the complex spectral response from an OFS and a measurand of interest, without knowing if there are distinct and tractable features in the spectrum. As a proof-of-concept demonstration, it is shown that a simple heterostructure-based device with a capillary tube sandwiched between two single-mode fibers without any fiber modification and complicated fabrication steps, is able to achieve directional bending sensing in a broad dynamic range with machine learning as a tool for signal analysis. It is also demonstrated that stringent requirements of the sensor interrogator, such as the wavelength and bandwidth of the light source, can be greatly relaxed due to the direct spectral mapping between the sensor and the measurand of interest, and importantly, without sacrificing the performance of the sensor. The proposed technique is highly generalizable and can be extended to any OFSs with regular or irregular characteristic spectra for sensing any measurands.
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Abstract
Temperature measurements are of great importance in many fields of human activities, including industry, technology, and science. For example, obtaining a certain temperature value or a sudden change in it can be the primary control marker of a chemical process. Fiber optic sensors have remarkable properties giving a broad range of applications. They enable continuous real-time temperature control in difficult-to-reach areas, in hazardous working environments (air pollution, chemical or ionizing contamination), and in the presence of electromagnetic disturbances. The use of fiber optic temperature sensors in polymer technology can significantly reduce the cost of their production. Moreover, the installation process and usage would be simplified. As a result, these types of sensors would become increasingly popular in industrial solutions. This review provides a critical overview of the latest development of fiber optic temperature sensors based on Fabry–Pérot interferometer made with polymer technology.
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31
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Wang K, Wang H, Wu XY, Zhang Y, Yang D, Jiao R, Wang C. Ultrasound Sensing Using Packaged Microsphere Cavity in the Underwater Environment. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22114190. [PMID: 35684811 PMCID: PMC9185491 DOI: 10.3390/s22114190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The technologies of ultrasound detection have a wide range of applications in marine science and industrial manufacturing. With the variation of the environment, the requirements of anti-interference, miniaturization, and ultra-sensitivity are put forward. Optical microcavities are often carefully designed for a variety of ultra-sensitive detections. Using the packaged microsphere cavity, we fabricated an ultrasound sensor that can work in an underwater environment. During practical detection, the optical resonance mode of the cavity can work with real-time response accordingly. The designed structure can work in various complex environments and has advantages in the fields of precision measurement and nano-particle detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wang
- School of Science, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China; (K.W.); (H.W.); (X.-Y.W.); (Y.Z.); (R.J.)
- The State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China
| | - Heng Wang
- School of Science, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China; (K.W.); (H.W.); (X.-Y.W.); (Y.Z.); (R.J.)
- The State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China
| | - Xing-Yu Wu
- School of Science, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China; (K.W.); (H.W.); (X.-Y.W.); (Y.Z.); (R.J.)
- The State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- School of Science, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China; (K.W.); (H.W.); (X.-Y.W.); (Y.Z.); (R.J.)
- The State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China
| | - Daquan Yang
- School of Information and Communication Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China;
| | - Rongzhen Jiao
- School of Science, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China; (K.W.); (H.W.); (X.-Y.W.); (Y.Z.); (R.J.)
- The State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China
| | - Chuan Wang
- School of Artificial Intelligence, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
- Correspondence:
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Ding H, Lv G, Cai X, Chen J, Cheng Z, Peng Y, Tang G, Shi Z, Xie Y, Fu X, Yin L, Yang J, Wang Y, Sheng X. An Optoelectronic thermometer based on microscale infrared-to-visible conversion devices. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2022; 11:130. [PMID: 35525849 PMCID: PMC9079085 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-022-00825-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Thermometric detectors are crucial in evaluating the condition of target objects spanning from environments to the human body. Optical-based thermal sensing tools have received extensive attention, in which the photon upconversion process with low autofluorescence and high tissue penetration depth is considered as a competent method for temperature monitoring, particularly in biomedical fields. Here, we present an optoelectronic thermometer via infrared-to-visible upconversion, accomplished by integrated light receiving and emission devices. Fully fabricated thin-film, microscale devices present temperature-dependent light emission with an intensity change of 1.5% °C-1 and a spectral shift of 0.18 nm °C-1. The sensing mechanism is systematically characterized and ascribed to temperature dependent optoelectronic properties of the semiconductor band structure and the circuit operation condition. Patterned device arrays showcase the capability for spatially resolved temperature mapping. Finally, in vitro and in vivo experiments implemented with integrated fiber-optic sensors demonstrate real-time thermal detection of dynamic human activity and in the deep brain of animals, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Ding
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Mixed Reality and Advanced Display, School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Guoqing Lv
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Mixed Reality and Advanced Display, School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xue Cai
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Institute for Precision Medicine, Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Junyu Chen
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Institute for Precision Medicine, Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Ziyi Cheng
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Mixed Reality and Advanced Display, School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yanxiu Peng
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Mixed Reality and Advanced Display, School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Guo Tang
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Institute for Precision Medicine, Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Zhao Shi
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Institute for Precision Medicine, Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yang Xie
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Institute for Precision Medicine, Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xin Fu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Lan Yin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jian Yang
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Mixed Reality and Advanced Display, School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yongtian Wang
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Mixed Reality and Advanced Display, School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xing Sheng
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Institute for Precision Medicine, Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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33
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Optical Whispering-Gallery-Mode Microbubble Sensors. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13040592. [PMID: 35457896 PMCID: PMC9026417 DOI: 10.3390/mi13040592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Whispering-gallery-mode (WGM) microbubble resonators are ideal optical sensors due to their high quality factor, small mode volume, high optical energy density, and geometry/design/structure (i.e., hollow microfluidic channels). When used in combination with microfluidic technologies, WGM microbubble resonators can be applied in chemical and biological sensing due to strong light–matter interactions. The detection of ultra-low concentrations over a large dynamic range is possible due to their high sensitivity, which has significance for environmental monitoring and applications in life-science. Furthermore, WGM microbubble resonators have also been widely used for physical sensing, such as to detect changes in temperature, stress, pressure, flow rate, magnetic field and ultrasound. In this article, we systematically review and summarize the sensing mechanisms, fabrication and packing methods, and various applications of optofluidic WGM microbubble resonators. The challenges of rapid production and practical applications of WGM microbubble resonators are also discussed.
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34
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An On-Chip Silicon Photonics Thermometer with Milli-Kelvin Resolution. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12083713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Photonic-based thermometers have been attracting intense research interest as a potential alternative to traditional electrical thermometers due to their physical and chemical stability and immunity to electromagnetic interference. However, due to the high requirements for the stability of the laser source, the existing studies on resolution are only theoretical predictions and do not include real-measured results. In this paper, we report on the fabrication and characterization of an on-chip silicon whispering-gallery-mode (WGM) ring resonator thermometer. The strip grating and the ring structure were fabricated on the silicon-on-insulator (SOI) substrate by two-step etching. The quality-factor (Q-factor), temperature sensitivity, and measurement range of the packaged device were 21,400, 42 pm/K, and 150 K, respectively. The real-measured temperature resolution of 2.9 mK was achieved by virtue of the power and polarization stabilization of the laser source.
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Zhang C, Pu S, Hao Z, Wang B, Yuan M, Zhang Y. Magnetic Field Sensing Based on Whispering Gallery Mode with Nanostructured Magnetic Fluid-Infiltrated Photonic Crystal Fiber. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12050862. [PMID: 35269350 PMCID: PMC8912577 DOI: 10.3390/nano12050862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
A kind of novel and compact magnetic field sensor has been proposed and investigated experimentally. The proposed sensor consists of a tapered single mode fiber coupled with a nanostructured magnetic fluid-infiltrated photonic crystal fiber, which is easy to be fabricated. The response of magnetic fluid to magnetic field is used to measure the intensity of magnetic field via whispering gallery mode. The magnetic field-dependent shift in resonance wavelength is observed. The maximum magnetic field intensity sensitivity is 53 pm/mT. The sensor sensitivity is inversely proportional to the thickness of the photonic crystal fiber cladding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chencheng Zhang
- College of Science, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China; (C.Z.); (Z.H.); (B.W.); (M.Y.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Shengli Pu
- College of Science, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China; (C.Z.); (Z.H.); (B.W.); (M.Y.); (Y.Z.)
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Modern Optical System, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-21-5527-1663
| | - Zijian Hao
- College of Science, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China; (C.Z.); (Z.H.); (B.W.); (M.Y.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Boyu Wang
- College of Science, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China; (C.Z.); (Z.H.); (B.W.); (M.Y.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Min Yuan
- College of Science, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China; (C.Z.); (Z.H.); (B.W.); (M.Y.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yuxiu Zhang
- College of Science, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China; (C.Z.); (Z.H.); (B.W.); (M.Y.); (Y.Z.)
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36
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Single-molecule optofluidic microsensor with interface whispering gallery modes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:2108678119. [PMID: 35115398 PMCID: PMC8832994 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2108678119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Optical microresonators have emerged as promising platforms for label-free detection of molecules. However, approaching optimum sensitivity is hindered due to the weak tail of evanescent fields. Here, we report the implementation of the interface modes for ultrasensitive sensing in a microbubble resonator. With the electromagnetic field peaked at the interface between the optical resonator and the analyte solution, interface modes enable sensing of biomolecules with a detection limit of 0.3 pg/cm2. Single-molecule detection is further demonstrated using the plasmonic-enhanced interface modes. In addition, intrinsically integrated into a microfluidic channel, the sensor exhibits ultrasmall sample consumption down to 10 pL, providing an automatic platform for biomedical analysis. Label-free sensors are highly desirable for biological analysis and early-stage disease diagnosis. Optical evanescent sensors have shown extraordinary ability in label-free detection, but their potentials have not been fully exploited because of the weak evanescent field tails at the sensing surfaces. Here, we report an ultrasensitive optofluidic biosensor with interface whispering gallery modes in a microbubble cavity. The interface modes feature both the peak of electromagnetic-field intensity at the sensing surface and high-Q factors even in a small-sized cavity, enabling a detection limit as low as 0.3 pg/cm2. The sample consumption can be pushed down to 10 pL due to the intrinsically integrated microfluidic channel. Furthermore, detection of single DNA with 8 kDa molecular weight is realized by the plasmonic-enhanced interface mode.
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37
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Ma Z, Xu M, Zhou S, Shan W, Zhou D, Yan Y, Sun W, Liu Y. Ultra-low sample consumption consecutive-detection method for biochemical molecules based on a whispering gallery mode with a liquid crystal microdroplet. OPTICS LETTERS 2022; 47:381-384. [PMID: 35030611 DOI: 10.1364/ol.449778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Ultra-low sample consumption detection has many applications in molecular biology, bioanalytical chemistry, and medical science. In this Letter, a novel, to the best of our knowledge, simple type of ultra-low sample consumption detection method based on a whispering gallery mode is proposed as a means to realize consecutive detection with a liquid crystal (LC) microdroplet for biochemical molecule detection, using deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) as a model biomarker. The sensor consists of a 105-µm-core multimode fiber fused with a hollow capillary tube, with the LC microdroplet suspended stably in the testing solution. Its application to the detection of salmon sperm DNA yielded an adjustable measurement range of 3.75-11.25 μg/ml and a sensitivity of 0.33 nm/µg/ml. The test solution required as little as 3 nl of the sample, and the limit of detection was 1.32 µg/ml, which corresponds to the effective detection of as little as 3.96 pg of DNA. This method has great potential for application in the ultra-low sample consumption detection of biochemical molecules.
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38
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An R, Liang Y, Du P, Lei P, Zhang H. Facile synthesis of rare earth-doped CeF 3 two-dimensional nanosheets and their application in ratiometric luminescence temperature sensing. CrystEngComm 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2ce00550f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Rare earth-doped CeF3 two-dimensional nanosheets have been successfully synthesized and their potential application as a ratiometric luminescent thermometer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran An
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Yuan Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Ganjiang Innovation Academy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, China
| | - Pengye Du
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Pengpeng Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Hongjie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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39
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Capocefalo A, Quintiero E, Conti C, Ghofraniha N, Viola I. Droplet Lasers for Smart Photonic Labels. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:51485-51494. [PMID: 34666483 PMCID: PMC9296018 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c14972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Microscopic lasers represent a promising tool for the development of cutting-edge photonic devices thanks to their ability to enhance light-matter interaction at the microscale. In this work, we realize liquid microlasers with tunable emission by exploiting the self-formation of three-dimensional liquid droplets into a polymeric matrix driven by viscoelastic dewetting. We design a flexible device to be used as a smart photonic label which is detachable and reusable on various types of substrates such as paper or fabric. The innovative lasing emission mechanism proposed here is based on whispering gallery mode emission coupled to random lasing, the latter prompted by the inclusion of dielectric compounds into the active gain medium. The wide possibility of modulating the emission wavelength of the microlasers by acting on different parameters, such as the cavity size, type and volume fraction of the dielectrics, and gain medium, offers a multitude of spectroscopic encoding schemes for the realization of photonic barcodes and labels to be employed in anticounterfeiting applications and multiplexed bioassays.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Capocefalo
- CNR
ISC, Istituto dei Sistemi Complessi, c/o Università Sapienza, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - E. Quintiero
- CNR
NANOTEC, Istituto di Nanotecnologia, c/o Università Sapienza, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - C. Conti
- CNR
ISC, Istituto dei Sistemi Complessi, c/o Università Sapienza, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - N. Ghofraniha
- CNR
ISC, Istituto dei Sistemi Complessi, c/o Università Sapienza, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - I. Viola
- CNR
NANOTEC, Istituto di Nanotecnologia, c/o Università Sapienza, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
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40
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Fan Y, Zhang C, Gao Z, Zhou W, Hou Y, Zhou Z, Yao J, Zhao YS. Randomly Induced Phase Transformation in Silk Protein-Based Microlaser Arrays for Anticounterfeiting. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2102586. [PMID: 34477249 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202102586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Anticounterfeiting labels based on physical unclonable functions (PUFs) exhibit high security with unreplicable code outputs, making them an ideal platform to realize unbreakable anticounterfeiting. Although various schemes are proposed for PUF labels, the utilization of natural randomness suffers from unpredictable signal extraction sites, which poses a challenge to efficient and convenient authentication for practical anticounterfeiting applications. Here, a covert optical PUF-based cryptographic protocol from silk protein-based microlaser (SML) arrays that possess hidden randomness of lasers for unclonable lasing signals as well as a defined location for efficient identification is proposed. The initial SMLs are patterned by casting laser dye-doped regenerated silk fibroin solution, resulting in a uniform microlaser array with regulated positions. With the SML array as substrate, random methanol microdroplets are stochastically sprayed on the SML array, which eventually induces uneven lasing signal changes of the patterned microlasers. The treated SML array possesses the deterministic readout sites of laser signals and unrepeatable signal distribution characteristics, which can guarantee efficient authentication and high security when serving as an anticounterfeiting label.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Fan
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Chunhuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Zhenhua Gao
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Wu Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yue Hou
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhonghao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Jiannian Yao
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yong Sheng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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41
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Wan Y, Fan X, Xu B, He Z. Microwave frequency measurement with high accuracy and wide bandwidth based on whispering-gallery mode barcode. OPTICS LETTERS 2021; 46:5008-5011. [PMID: 34598254 DOI: 10.1364/ol.440329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We propose and experimentally demonstrate a novel method for photonic-assisted microwave frequency measurement based on whispering-gallery mode (WGM) barcode, which is a dense spectrum generated by a micro-resonator that supports a large number of optical modes. The measurement relies on the relation between the microwave frequency and its unique barcode. The proposed system has the advantages of wide bandwidth, high accuracy, and multiple-frequency measurement capability. Microwave frequency measurement from 1 to 20 GHz is experimentally demonstrated with a measurement error of 40 kHz. For multi-tone signals, the frequency resolution is demonstrated to be less than 20 MHz. A dynamic multi-tone microwave signal consists of a 16-20 GHz linear frequency-modulated (LFM) signal, and a 10 GHz signal is measured to show the capability of multiple-frequency measurement. The system stability is also evaluated, and a self-reference method is proposed to maintain a long-term high-accuracy measurement.
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42
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Frigenti G, Cavigli L, Ratto F, Centi S, Murzina TV, Farnesi D, Pelli S, Soria S, Nunzi Conti G. Microbubble resonators for scattering-free absorption spectroscopy of nanoparticles. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:31130-31136. [PMID: 34615212 DOI: 10.1364/oe.434868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We present a proof-of-concept experiment where the absorbance spectra of suspensions of plasmonic nanoparticles are accurately reconstructed through the photothermal conversion that they mediate in a microbubble resonator. This thermal detection produces spectra that are insensitive towards light scattering in the sample, as proved experimentally by comparing the spectra of acqueos gold nanorods suspensions in the presence or absence of milk powder. In addition, the microbubble system allows for the interrogation of small samples (below 40 nl) while using a low-intensity beam (around 20 µW) for their excitation. In perspective, this system could be implemented for the characterization of turbid biological fluids through their optical absorption, especially when considering that the microbubble resonator naturally interfaces to a microfluidic circuit and may easily fit within portable or on-chip devices.
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43
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Xiao YF, Vollmer F. Special Issue on the 60 th anniversary of the first laser-Series I: Microcavity Photonics-from fundamentals to applications. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2021; 10:141. [PMID: 34238916 PMCID: PMC8266797 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-021-00583-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Feng Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China.
| | - Frank Vollmer
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
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44
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Yang DQ, Chen JH, Cao QT, Duan B, Chen HJ, Yu XC, Xiao YF. Operando monitoring transition dynamics of responsive polymer using optofluidic microcavities. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2021; 10:128. [PMID: 34135305 PMCID: PMC8209048 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-021-00570-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Optical microcavities have become an attractive platform for precision measurement with merits of ultrahigh sensitivity, miniature footprint and fast response. Despite the achievements of ultrasensitive detection, optical microcavities still face significant challenges in the measurement of biochemical and physical processes with complex dynamics, especially when multiple effects are present. Here we demonstrate operando monitoring of the transition dynamics of a phase-change material via a self-referencing optofluidic microcavity. We use a pair of cavity modes to precisely decouple the refractive index and temperature information of the analyte during the phase-transition process. Through real-time measurements, we reveal the detailed hysteresis behaviors of refractive index during the irreversible phase transitions between hydrophilic and hydrophobic states. We further extract the phase-transition threshold by analyzing the steady-state refractive index change at various power levels. Our technology could be further extended to other materials and provide great opportunities for exploring on-demand dynamic biochemical processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Quan Yang
- School of Information and Communication Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, 100876, China
| | - Jin-Hui Chen
- Institute of Electromagnetics and Acoustics, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Qi-Tao Cao
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Bing Duan
- School of Information and Communication Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, 100876, China
| | - Hao-Jing Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xiao-Chong Yu
- Department of Physics and Applied Optics Beijing Area Major Laboratory, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Yun-Feng Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China.
- Peking University Yangtze Delta Institute of Optoelectronics, Nantong, 226010, China.
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45
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Pan T, Lu D, Xin H, Li B. Biophotonic probes for bio-detection and imaging. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2021; 10:124. [PMID: 34108445 PMCID: PMC8190087 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-021-00561-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The rapid development of biophotonics and biomedical sciences makes a high demand on photonic structures to be interfaced with biological systems that are capable of manipulating light at small scales for sensitive detection of biological signals and precise imaging of cellular structures. However, conventional photonic structures based on artificial materials (either inorganic or toxic organic) inevitably show incompatibility and invasiveness when interfacing with biological systems. The design of biophotonic probes from the abundant natural materials, particularly biological entities such as virus, cells and tissues, with the capability of multifunctional light manipulation at target sites greatly increases the biocompatibility and minimizes the invasiveness to biological microenvironment. In this review, advances in biophotonic probes for bio-detection and imaging are reviewed. We emphatically and systematically describe biological entities-based photonic probes that offer appropriate optical properties, biocompatibility, and biodegradability with different optical functions from light generation, to light transportation and light modulation. Three representative biophotonic probes, i.e., biological lasers, cell-based biophotonic waveguides and bio-microlenses, are reviewed with applications for bio-detection and imaging. Finally, perspectives on future opportunities and potential improvements of biophotonic probes are also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Pan
- Institute of Nanophotonics, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China
| | - Dengyun Lu
- Institute of Nanophotonics, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China
| | - Hongbao Xin
- Institute of Nanophotonics, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China.
| | - Baojun Li
- Institute of Nanophotonics, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China.
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Li G, Ji L, Li G, Su J, Wu C. High-resolution and large-dynamic-range temperature sensor using fiber Bragg grating Fabry-Pérot cavity. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:18523-18529. [PMID: 34154107 DOI: 10.1364/oe.426398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A high-resolution and large-dynamic-range temperature sensor adopting a pair of fiber Bragg grating as Fabry-Pérot cavity (FBG-FP) and laser frequency dither locking method is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. This sensor exhibits a temperature resolution of 7×10-4 °C and a dynamic range of ∼46 °C. It is especially useful for applications where very small temperature changes need to be detected, such as deep ocean temperature measurement.
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Zhang R, Yang Z, Zhao M, Xu P, Zhang W, Kang Z, Zheng J, Dai S, Wang R, Majumdar A. High quality, high index-contrast chalcogenide microdisk resonators. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:17775-17783. [PMID: 34154053 DOI: 10.1364/oe.427054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the high quality (Q) factor microdisk resonators in high index-contrast chalcogenide glass (ChG) film GeSbSe using electron-beam lithography followed by plasma dry etching. High confinement, low-loss, and single-point-coupled microdisk resonators with a loaded Q factor of 5×105 are measured. We also present pulley-coupled microdisk resonators for relaxing the requirements on the coupling gap. While adjusting the wrap-around coupling waveguides to be phase-matched to the resonator mode, a single specific microdisk radial mode can be excited. Moreover, the thermal characterization of microdisk resonators is carried out to estimate the thermo-optic coefficient of 6.7×10-5/K for bulk ChG.
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