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Pinckaers NET, Blankesteijn WM, Mircheva A, Shi X, Opperhuizen A, van Schooten FJ, Vrolijk MF. In Vitro Activation of Human Adrenergic Receptors and Trace Amine-Associated Receptor 1 by Phenethylamine Analogues Present in Food Supplements. Nutrients 2024; 16:1567. [PMID: 38892500 PMCID: PMC11174489 DOI: 10.3390/nu16111567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Pre-workout supplements are popular among sport athletes and overweight individuals. Phenethylamines (PEAs) and alkylamines (AA) are widely present in these supplements. Although the health effects of these analogues are not well understood yet, they are hypothesised to be agonists of adrenergic (ADR) and trace amine-associated receptors (TAARs). Therefore, we aimed to pharmacologically characterise these compounds by investigating their activating properties of ADRs and TAAR1 in vitro. The potency and efficacy of the selected PEAs and AAs was studied by using cell lines overexpressing human ADRα1A/α1B/α1D/α2a/α2B/β1/β2 or TAAR1. Concentration-response relationships are expressed as percentages of the maximal signal obtained by the full ADR agonist adrenaline or the full TAAR1 agonist phenethylamine. Multiple PEAs activated ADRs (EC50 = 34 nM-690 µM; Emax = 8-105%). Almost all PEAs activated TAAR1 (EC50 = 1.8-92 µM; Emax = 40-104%). Our results reveal the pharmacological profile of PEAs and AAs that are often used in food supplements. Several PEAs have strong agonistic properties on multiple receptors and resemble potencies of the endogenous ligands, indicating that they might further stimulate the already activated sympathetic nervous system in exercising athletes via multiple mechanisms. The use of supplements containing one, or a combination of, PEA(s) may pose a health risk for their consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole E. T. Pinckaers
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Research Institute of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - W. Matthijs Blankesteijn
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
- School for Cardiovascular Diseases (CARIM), Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Anastasiya Mircheva
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Xiao Shi
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Antoon Opperhuizen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Office for Risk Assessment and Research, Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority, 3540 AA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Frederik-Jan van Schooten
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Research Institute of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Misha F. Vrolijk
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Research Institute of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
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2
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Maletic V, Mattingly GW, Earnest J. Viloxazine extended-release capsules as an emerging treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents. Expert Rev Neurother 2024; 24:443-455. [PMID: 38502148 DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2024.2327533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by inattention and/or hyperactivity and impulsivity. Viloxazine extended-release (ER) capsules (Qelbree®) is a US Food and Drug Administration-approved nonstimulant treatment option for children, adolescents, and adults with ADHD. AREAS COVERED This review manuscript summarizes the neurobiology of ADHD and currently available treatment options before discussing viloxazine pharmacology, efficacy, safety, and tolerability data from phase II and III trials in children and adolescents (6-17 years old). Viloxazine clinical efficacy has also been further demonstrated by post hoc analyses of pediatric clinical trial results. EXPERT OPINION Current stimulant and nonstimulant treatments for ADHD may be suboptimal given low response rates and that tolerability issues are frequently experienced. Preclinical and clinical evidence has implicated both the role of catecholamine and serotonin signaling in the pathophysiology of ADHD and the pharmacologic effect of viloxazine on these critical neurotransmitter systems. With a relatively rapid onset of action, sustained symptom improvement, and clinical benefit in ADHD-associated impairments (functional and social), viloxazine ER represents a novel and emerging ADHD treatment option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Maletic
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Greenville, SC, USA
| | - Gregory W Mattingly
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jami Earnest
- Medical Affairs, Supernus Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Rockville, MD, USA
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3
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Vaughan RA, Henry LK, Foster JD, Brown CR. Post-translational mechanisms in psychostimulant-induced neurotransmitter efflux. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2024; 99:1-33. [PMID: 38467478 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2023.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
The availability of monoamine neurotransmitters in the brain is under the control of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin transporters expressed on the plasma membrane of monoaminergic neurons. By regulating transmitter levels these proteins mediate crucial functions including cognition, attention, and reward, and dysregulation of their activity is linked to mood and psychiatric disorders of these systems. Amphetamine-based transporter substrates stimulate non-exocytotic transmitter efflux that induces psychomotor stimulation, addiction, altered mood, hallucinations, and psychosis, thus constituting a major component of drug neurochemical and behavioral outcomes. Efflux is under the control of transporter post-translational modifications that synergize with other regulatory events, and this review will summarize our knowledge of these processes and their role in drug mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxanne A Vaughan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, United States.
| | - L Keith Henry
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, United States
| | - James D Foster
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, United States
| | - Christopher R Brown
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, United States
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4
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Zilberg G, Parpounas AK, Warren AL, Yang S, Wacker D. Molecular basis of human trace amine-associated receptor 1 activation. Nat Commun 2024; 15:108. [PMID: 38168118 PMCID: PMC10762035 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44601-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The human trace amine-associated receptor 1 (hTAAR1, hTA1) is a key regulator of monoaminergic neurotransmission and the actions of psychostimulants. Despite preclinical research demonstrating its tractability as a drug target, its molecular mechanisms of activation remain unclear. Moreover, poorly understood pharmacological differences between rodent and human TA1 complicate the translation of findings from preclinical disease models into novel pharmacotherapies. To elucidate hTA1's mechanisms on the molecular scale and investigate the underpinnings of its divergent pharmacology from rodent orthologs, we herein report the structure of the human TA1 receptor in complex with a Gαs heterotrimer. Our structure reveals shared structural elements with other TAARs, as well as with its closest monoaminergic orthologue, the serotonin receptor 5-HT4R. We further find that a single mutation dramatically shifts the selectivity of hTA1 towards that of its rodent orthologues, and report on the effects of substituting residues to those found in serotonin and dopamine receptors. Strikingly, we also discover that the atypical antipsychotic medication and pan-monoaminergic antagonist asenapine potently and efficaciously activates hTA1. Together our studies provide detailed insight into hTA1 structure and function, contrast its molecular pharmacology with that of related receptors, and uncover off-target activities of monoaminergic drugs at hTA1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Zilberg
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
| | - Alexandra K Parpounas
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Audrey L Warren
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Shifan Yang
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Daniel Wacker
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
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5
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Liu J, Wu R, Li JX. TAAR1 as an emerging target for the treatment of psychiatric disorders. Pharmacol Ther 2024; 253:108580. [PMID: 38142862 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Trace amines, a group of amines expressed at the nanomolar level in the mammalian brain, can modulate monoamine transmission. The discovery of and the functional research on the trace amine-associated receptors (TAARs), especially the most well-characterized TAAR1, have largely facilitated our understanding of the function of the trace amine system in the brain. TAAR1 is expressed in the mammalian brain at a low level and widely distributed in the monoaminergic system, including the ventral tegmental area and substantial nigra, where the dopamine neurons reside in the mammalian brain. Growing in vitro and in vivo evidence has demonstrated that TAAR1 could negatively modulate monoamine transmission and play a crucial role in many psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia, substance use disorders, sleep disorders, depression, and anxiety. Notably, in the last two decades, many studies have repeatedly confirmed the pharmacological effects of the selective TAAR1 ligands in various preclinical models of psychiatric disorders. Recent clinical trials of the dual TAAR1 and serotonin receptor agonist ulotaront also revealed a potential efficacy for treating schizophrenia. Here, we review the current understanding of the TAAR1 system and the recent advances in the elucidation of behavioral and physiological properties of TAAR1 agonists evaluated both in preclinical animal models and clinical trials. We also discuss the potential TAAR1-dependent signaling pathways and the cellular mechanisms underlying the inhibitory effects of TAAR1 activation on drug addiction. We conclude that TAAR1 is an emerging target for the treatment of psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng Liu
- School of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430065, China; School of Life Sciences and Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430065, China.
| | - Ruyan Wu
- Department of in vivo pharmacology, Discovery Biology, WuXi Biology, WuXi AppTec Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200120, PR China
| | - Jun-Xu Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, 955 Main Street, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA.
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6
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Xu Z, Guo L, Yu J, Shen S, Wu C, Zhang W, Zhao C, Deng Y, Tian X, Feng Y, Hou H, Su L, Wang H, Guo S, Wang H, Wang K, Chen P, Zhao J, Zhang X, Yong X, Cheng L, Liu L, Yang S, Yang F, Wang X, Yu X, Xu Y, Sun JP, Yan W, Shao Z. Ligand recognition and G-protein coupling of trace amine receptor TAAR1. Nature 2023; 624:672-681. [PMID: 37935376 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06804-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Trace-amine-associated receptors (TAARs), a group of biogenic amine receptors, have essential roles in neurological and metabolic homeostasis1. They recognize diverse endogenous trace amines and subsequently activate a range of G-protein-subtype signalling pathways2,3. Notably, TAAR1 has emerged as a promising therapeutic target for treating psychiatric disorders4,5. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying its ability to recognize different ligands remain largely unclear. Here we present nine cryo-electron microscopy structures, with eight showing human and mouse TAAR1 in a complex with an array of ligands, including the endogenous 3-iodothyronamine, two antipsychotic agents, the psychoactive drug amphetamine and two identified catecholamine agonists, and one showing 5-HT1AR in a complex with an antipsychotic agent. These structures reveal a rigid consensus binding motif in TAAR1 that binds to endogenous trace amine stimuli and two extended binding pockets that accommodate diverse chemotypes. Combined with mutational analysis, functional assays and molecular dynamic simulations, we elucidate the structural basis of drug polypharmacology and identify the species-specific differences between human and mouse TAAR1. Our study provides insights into the mechanism of ligand recognition and G-protein selectivity by TAAR1, which may help in the discovery of ligands or therapeutic strategies for neurological and metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Xu
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Frontiers Medical Center, Tianfu Jincheng Laboratory, Chengdu, China
| | - Lulu Guo
- Advanced Medical Research Institute, Meili Lake Translational Research Park, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jingjing Yu
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Siyuan Shen
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chao Wu
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Weifeng Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Chang Zhao
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yue Deng
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaowen Tian
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuying Feng
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hanlin Hou
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lantian Su
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongshuang Wang
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Shuo Guo
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Heli Wang
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Kexin Wang
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Peipei Chen
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Frontiers Medical Center, Tianfu Jincheng Laboratory, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xihao Yong
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lin Cheng
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Lunxu Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shengyong Yang
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Advanced Medical Research Institute, Meili Lake Translational Research Park, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Yu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
| | - Yunfei Xu
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China.
| | - Jin-Peng Sun
- Advanced Medical Research Institute, Meili Lake Translational Research Park, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.
| | - Wei Yan
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Zhenhua Shao
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
- Frontiers Medical Center, Tianfu Jincheng Laboratory, Chengdu, China.
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7
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Liu H, Zheng Y, Wang Y, Wang Y, He X, Xu P, Huang S, Yuan Q, Zhang X, Wang L, Jiang K, Chen H, Li Z, Liu W, Wang S, Xu HE, Xu F. Recognition of methamphetamine and other amines by trace amine receptor TAAR1. Nature 2023; 624:663-671. [PMID: 37935377 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06775-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1), the founding member of a nine-member family of trace amine receptors, is responsible for recognizing a range of biogenic amines in the brain, including the endogenous β-phenylethylamine (β-PEA)1 as well as methamphetamine2, an abused substance that has posed a severe threat to human health and society3. Given its unique physiological role in the brain, TAAR1 is also an emerging target for a range of neurological disorders including schizophrenia, depression and drug addiction2,4,5. Here we report structures of human TAAR1-G-protein complexes bound to methamphetamine and β-PEA as well as complexes bound to RO5256390, a TAAR1-selective agonist, and SEP-363856, a clinical-stage dual agonist for TAAR1 and serotonin receptor 5-HT1AR (refs. 6,7). Together with systematic mutagenesis and functional studies, the structures reveal the molecular basis of methamphetamine recognition and underlying mechanisms of ligand selectivity and polypharmacology between TAAR1 and other monoamine receptors. We identify a lid-like extracellular loop 2 helix/loop structure and a hydrogen-bonding network in the ligand-binding pockets, which may contribute to the ligand recognition in TAAR1. These findings shed light on the ligand recognition mode and activation mechanism for TAAR1 and should guide the development of next-generation therapeutics for drug addiction and various neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - You Zheng
- iHuman Institute, School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yumeng Wang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecule Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinheng He
- The State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Peiyu Xu
- The State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Sijie Huang
- The State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qingning Yuan
- The State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- The Shanghai Advanced Electron Microscope Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinyue Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Ling Wang
- iHuman Institute, School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kexin Jiang
- iHuman Institute, School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Crime Scene Evidence, Shanghai Research Institute of Criminal Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Yuansi Standard Science and Technology Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhen Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenbin Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Crime Scene Evidence, Shanghai Research Institute of Criminal Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Yuansi Standard Science and Technology Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China.
| | - Sheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecule Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
- Key Laboratory of Systems Health Science of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China.
| | - H Eric Xu
- The State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Fei Xu
- iHuman Institute, School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Clinical Research and Trial Center, Shanghai, China.
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8
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Shang P, Rong N, Jiang JJ, Cheng J, Zhang MH, Kang D, Qi L, Guo L, Yang GM, Liu Q, Zhou Z, Li XB, Zhu KK, Meng QB, Han X, Yan W, Kong Y, Yang L, Wang X, Lei D, Feng X, Liu X, Yu X, Wang Y, Li Q, Shao ZH, Yang F, Sun JP. Structural and signaling mechanisms of TAAR1 enabled preferential agonist design. Cell 2023; 186:5347-5362.e24. [PMID: 37963465 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) senses a spectrum of endogenous amine-containing metabolites (EAMs) to mediate diverse psychological functions and is useful for schizophrenia treatment without the side effects of catalepsy. Here, we systematically profiled the signaling properties of TAAR1 activation and present nine structures of TAAR1-Gs/Gq in complex with EAMs, clinical drugs, and synthetic compounds. These structures not only revealed the primary amine recognition pocket (PARP) harboring the conserved acidic D3.32 for conserved amine recognition and "twin" toggle switch for receptor activation but also elucidated that targeting specific residues in the second binding pocket (SBP) allowed modulation of signaling preference. In addition to traditional drug-induced Gs signaling, Gq activation by EAM or synthetic compounds is beneficial to schizophrenia treatment. Our results provided a structural and signaling framework for molecular recognition by TAAR1, which afforded structural templates and signal clues for TAAR1-targeted candidate compounds design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Shang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology, Qilu hospital and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China; Advanced Medical Research Institute and Meili Lake Translational Research Park, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Naikang Rong
- NHC Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology, Qilu hospital and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China; Advanced Medical Research Institute and Meili Lake Translational Research Park, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Jing-Jing Jiang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology, Qilu hospital and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Jie Cheng
- NHC Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology, Qilu hospital and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China; Advanced Medical Research Institute and Meili Lake Translational Research Park, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Ming-Hui Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Dongwei Kang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Lei Qi
- Advanced Medical Research Institute and Meili Lake Translational Research Park, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China; Biomedical Research Center for Structural Analysis, Shandong University, No.44 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Lulu Guo
- Advanced Medical Research Institute and Meili Lake Translational Research Park, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Gong-Ming Yang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology, Qilu hospital and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Qun Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology, Qilu hospital and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China; Advanced Medical Research Institute and Meili Lake Translational Research Park, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Zhenzhen Zhou
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Xiao-Bing Li
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong Institute of Brain Science and Brain-inspired Research, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Kong-Kai Zhu
- Advanced Medical Research Institute and Meili Lake Translational Research Park, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Qing-Biao Meng
- NHC Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology, Qilu hospital and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Xiang Han
- NHC Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology, Qilu hospital and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Wenqi Yan
- NHC Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology, Qilu hospital and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Yalei Kong
- Songjiang Institute and Shanghai Songjiang District Central Hospital, Center for Brain Science in Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health in Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lejin Yang
- Department of Psychology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Dapeng Lei
- NHC Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology, Qilu hospital and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Xin Feng
- NHC Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology, Qilu hospital and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Xinyong Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Xiao Yu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology, Qilu hospital and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong Institute of Brain Science and Brain-inspired Research, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China.
| | - Qian Li
- Songjiang Institute and Shanghai Songjiang District Central Hospital, Center for Brain Science in Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health in Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Zhen-Hua Shao
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.
| | - Fan Yang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology, Qilu hospital and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China; Advanced Medical Research Institute and Meili Lake Translational Research Park, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China.
| | - Jin-Peng Sun
- NHC Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology, Qilu hospital and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China; Advanced Medical Research Institute and Meili Lake Translational Research Park, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China.
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9
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Filošević Vujnović A, Saftić Martinović L, Medija M, Andretić Waldowski R. Distinct and Dynamic Changes in the Temporal Profiles of Neurotransmitters in Drosophila melanogaster Brain following Volatilized Cocaine or Methamphetamine Administrations. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1489. [PMID: 37895961 PMCID: PMC10609923 DOI: 10.3390/ph16101489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to similarities in genetics, cellular response, and behavior, Drosophila is used as a model organism in addiction research. A well-described behavioral response examined in flies is the induced increase in locomotor activity after a single dose of volatilized cocaine (vCOC) and volatilized methamphetamine (vMETH), the sensitivity, and the escalation of the locomotor response after the repeated dose, the locomotor sensitization. However, knowledge about how vCOC and vMETH affect different neurotransmitter systems over time is scarce. We used LC-MS/MS to systematically examine changes in the concentration of neurotransmitters, metabolites and non-metabolized COC and METH in the whole head homogenates of male flies one to seven hours after single and double vCOC or vMETH administrations. vMETH leads to complex changes in the levels of examined substances over time, while vCOC strongly and briefly increases concentrations of dopamine, tyramine and octopamine followed by a delayed degradation into N-acetyl dopamine and N-acetyl tyramine. The first exposure to psychostimulants leads to significant and dynamic changes in the concentrations relative to the second administration when they are more stable over several hours. Further investigations are needed to understand neurochemical and molecular changes post-psychostimulant administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Filošević Vujnović
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, Radmile Matejčić 2, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia; (L.S.M.); (M.M.); (R.A.W.)
| | - Lara Saftić Martinović
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, Radmile Matejčić 2, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia; (L.S.M.); (M.M.); (R.A.W.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Braće Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Marta Medija
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, Radmile Matejčić 2, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia; (L.S.M.); (M.M.); (R.A.W.)
| | - Rozi Andretić Waldowski
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, Radmile Matejčić 2, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia; (L.S.M.); (M.M.); (R.A.W.)
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10
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Rutigliano G, Bertolini A, Grittani N, Frascarelli S, Carnicelli V, Ippolito C, Moscato S, Mattii L, Kusmic C, Saba A, Origlia N, Zucchi R. Effect of Combined Levothyroxine (L-T 4) and 3-Iodothyronamine (T 1AM) Supplementation on Memory and Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis in a Mouse Model of Hypothyroidism. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13845. [PMID: 37762153 PMCID: PMC10530993 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241813845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mood alterations, anxiety, and cognitive impairments associated with adult-onset hypothyroidism often persist despite replacement treatment. In rodent models of hypothyroidism, replacement does not bring 3-iodothyronamine (T1AM) brain levels back to normal. T1AM is a thyroid hormone derivative with cognitive effects. Using a pharmacological hypothyroid mouse model, we investigated whether augmenting levothyroxine (L-T4) with T1AM improves behavioural correlates of depression, anxiety, and memory and has an effect on hippocampal neurogenesis. Hypothyroid mice showed impaired performance in the novel object recognition test as compared to euthyroid mice (discrimination index (DI): 0.02 ± 0.09 vs. 0.29 ± 0.06; t = 2.515, p = 0.02). L-T4 and L-T4+T1AM rescued memory (DI: 0.27 ± 0.08 and 0.34 ± 0.08, respectively), while T1AM had no effect (DI: -0.01 ± 0.10). Hypothyroidism reduced the number of neuroprogenitors in hippocampal neurogenic niches by 20%. L-T4 rescued the number of neuroprogenitors (mean diff = 106.9 ± 21.40, t = 4.99, pcorr = 0.003), while L-T4+T1AM produced a 30.61% rebound relative to euthyroid state (mean diff = 141.6 ± 31.91, t = 4.44, pcorr = 0.004). We performed qPCR analysis of 88 genes involved in neurotrophic signalling pathways and found an effect of treatment on the expression of Ngf, Kdr, Kit, L1cam, Ntf3, Mapk3, and Neurog2. Our data confirm that L-T4 is necessary and sufficient for recovering memory and hippocampal neurogenesis deficits associated with hypothyroidism, while we found no evidence to support the role of non-canonical TH signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazia Rutigliano
- Institute of Clinical Science, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- Department of Pathology, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (A.B.); (N.G.); (S.F.); (V.C.); (A.S.); (R.Z.)
- CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology, 56124 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Andrea Bertolini
- Department of Pathology, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (A.B.); (N.G.); (S.F.); (V.C.); (A.S.); (R.Z.)
| | - Nicoletta Grittani
- Department of Pathology, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (A.B.); (N.G.); (S.F.); (V.C.); (A.S.); (R.Z.)
| | - Sabina Frascarelli
- Department of Pathology, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (A.B.); (N.G.); (S.F.); (V.C.); (A.S.); (R.Z.)
| | - Vittoria Carnicelli
- Department of Pathology, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (A.B.); (N.G.); (S.F.); (V.C.); (A.S.); (R.Z.)
| | - Chiara Ippolito
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (C.I.); (S.M.); (L.M.)
| | - Stefania Moscato
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (C.I.); (S.M.); (L.M.)
| | - Letizia Mattii
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (C.I.); (S.M.); (L.M.)
| | - Claudia Kusmic
- CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology, 56124 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Alessandro Saba
- Department of Pathology, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (A.B.); (N.G.); (S.F.); (V.C.); (A.S.); (R.Z.)
| | | | - Riccardo Zucchi
- Department of Pathology, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (A.B.); (N.G.); (S.F.); (V.C.); (A.S.); (R.Z.)
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11
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Zilberg G, Parpounas AK, Warren AL, Yang S, Wacker D. Molecular Basis of Human Trace Amine-Associated Receptor 1 Activation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.06.556555. [PMID: 37986760 PMCID: PMC10659437 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.06.556555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
The human trace amine-associated receptor 1 (hTAAR1, hTA1) is a key regulator of monoaminergic neurotransmission and the actions of psychostimulants. Despite preclinical research demonstrating its tractability as a drug target, its molecular mechanisms of activation remain unclear. Moreover, poorly understood pharmacological differences between rodent and human TA1 complicate the translation of findings from preclinical disease models into novel pharmacotherapies. To elucidate hTA1's mechanisms on the molecular scale and investigate the underpinnings of its divergent pharmacology from rodent orthologs, we herein report the structure of the human TA1 receptor in complex with a Gαs heterotrimer. Our structure reveals shared structural elements with other TAARs, as well as with its closest monoaminergic ortholog, the serotonin receptor 5-HT4R. We further find that a single mutation dramatically shifts the selectivity of hTA1 towards that of its rodent orthologs, and report on the effects of substituting residues to those found in serotonin and dopamine receptors. Strikingly, we also discover that the atypical antipsychotic medication and pan-monoaminergic antagonist asenapine potently and efficaciously activates hTA1. Together our studies provide detailed insight into hTA1 structure and function, contrast its molecular pharmacology with that of related receptors, and uncover off-target activities of monoaminergic drugs at hTA1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Zilberg
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
| | - Alexandra K. Parpounas
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
| | - Audrey L. Warren
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
| | - Shifan Yang
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Daniel Wacker
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
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12
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Small C, Cheng MH, Belay SS, Bulloch SL, Zimmerman B, Sorkin A, Block ER. The Alkylamine Stimulant 1,3-Dimethylamylamine Exhibits Substrate-Like Regulation of Dopamine Transporter Function and Localization. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2023; 386:266-273. [PMID: 37348963 PMCID: PMC10353075 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.122.001573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The alkylamine stimulant 1,3-dimethylamylamine (DMAA) is used nonmedically as an appetite suppressant and exercise performance enhancer despite adverse cardiovascular effects that have limited its legal status. There is scant research describing the mechanism of action of DMAA, making it difficult to gauge risks or therapeutic potential. An important molecular target of structurally related phenethylamines, such as amphetamine, for regulating mood, cognition, movement, and the development of substance use disorder is the dopamine transporter, which limits the range and magnitude of dopamine signaling via reuptake from the extracellular space. The present studies were therefore initiated to characterize the effects of DMAA on dopamine transporter function. Specifically, we tested the hypothesis that DMAA exhibits substrate-like effects on dopamine transporter function and trafficking. In transport assays in human embryonic kidney cells, DMAA inhibited dopamine uptake by the human dopamine transporter in a competitive manner. Docking analysis and molecular dynamics simulations supported these findings, revealing that DMAA binds to the S1 substrate binding site and induces a conformational change from outward-facing open to outward-facing closed states, similar to the known substrates. Further supporting substrate-like effects of DMAA, the drug stimulated dopamine transporter endocytosis in a heterologous expression system via cocaine- and protein kinase A-sensitive mechanisms, mirroring findings with amphetamine. Together, these data indicate that DMAA elicits neurologic effects by binding to and regulating function of the dopamine transporter. Furthermore, pharmacologic distinctions from amphetamine reveal structural determinants for regulating transporter conformation and add mechanistic insight for the regulation of dopamine transporter endocytosis. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The alkylamine stimulant 1,3-dimethylamylamine (DMAA) is used as an appetite suppressant and athletic performance enhancer and is structurally similar to amphetamine, but there is scant research describing its mechanism of action. Characterizing the effects of DMAA on dopamine transporter function supports evaluation of potential risks and therapeutic potential while also revealing mechanistic details of dynamic transporter-substrate interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra Small
- Science Department, Chatham University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (C.S., S.S.B., S.L.B., B.Z., E.R.B.) and Departments of Computational and Systems Biology (M.H.C.) and Cell Biology (A.S.), School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Mary Hongying Cheng
- Science Department, Chatham University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (C.S., S.S.B., S.L.B., B.Z., E.R.B.) and Departments of Computational and Systems Biology (M.H.C.) and Cell Biology (A.S.), School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Saron S Belay
- Science Department, Chatham University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (C.S., S.S.B., S.L.B., B.Z., E.R.B.) and Departments of Computational and Systems Biology (M.H.C.) and Cell Biology (A.S.), School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Sarah L Bulloch
- Science Department, Chatham University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (C.S., S.S.B., S.L.B., B.Z., E.R.B.) and Departments of Computational and Systems Biology (M.H.C.) and Cell Biology (A.S.), School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Brooke Zimmerman
- Science Department, Chatham University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (C.S., S.S.B., S.L.B., B.Z., E.R.B.) and Departments of Computational and Systems Biology (M.H.C.) and Cell Biology (A.S.), School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Alexander Sorkin
- Science Department, Chatham University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (C.S., S.S.B., S.L.B., B.Z., E.R.B.) and Departments of Computational and Systems Biology (M.H.C.) and Cell Biology (A.S.), School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Ethan R Block
- Science Department, Chatham University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (C.S., S.S.B., S.L.B., B.Z., E.R.B.) and Departments of Computational and Systems Biology (M.H.C.) and Cell Biology (A.S.), School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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13
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Gutiérrez-Casares JR, Segú-Vergés C, Sabate Chueca J, Pozo-Rubio T, Coma M, Montoto C, Quintero J. In silico evaluation of the role of lisdexamfetamine on attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder common psychiatric comorbidities: mechanistic insights on binge eating disorder and depression. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1118253. [PMID: 37457000 PMCID: PMC10347683 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1118253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a psychiatric condition well recognized in the pediatric population that can persist into adulthood. The vast majority of patients with ADHD present psychiatric comorbidities that have been suggested to share, to some extent, the pathophysiological mechanism of ADHD. Lisdexamfetamine (LDX) is a stimulant prodrug approved for treating ADHD and, in the US, also for binge eating disorder (BED). Herein, we evaluated, through a systems biology-based in silico method, the efficacy of a virtual model of LDX (vLDX) as ADHD treatment to improve five common ADHD psychiatric comorbidities in adults and children, and we explored the molecular mechanisms behind LDX's predicted efficacy. After the molecular characterization of vLDX and the comorbidities (anxiety, BED, bipolar disorder, depression, and tics disorder), we created a protein-protein interaction human network to which we applied artificial neural networks (ANN) algorithms. We also generated virtual populations of adults and children-adolescents totaling 2,600 individuals and obtained the predicted protein activity from Therapeutic Performance Mapping System models. The latter showed that ADHD molecular description shared 53% of its protein effectors with at least one studied psychiatric comorbidity. According to the ANN analysis, proteins targeted by vLDX are predicted to have a high probability of being related to BED and depression. In BED, vLDX was modeled to act upon neurotransmission and neuroplasticity regulators, and, in depression, vLDX regulated the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and glutamatergic excitotoxicity. In conclusion, our modeling results, despite their limitations and although requiring in vitro or in vivo validation, could supplement the design of preclinical and potentially clinical studies that investigate treatment for patients with ADHD with psychiatric comorbidities, especially from a molecular point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Ramón Gutiérrez-Casares
- Unidad Ambulatoria de Psiquiatría y Salud Mental de la Infancia, Niñez y Adolescencia, Hospital Perpetuo Socorro, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Cristina Segú-Vergés
- Anaxomics Biotech, Barcelona, Spain
- Research Programme on Biomedical Informatics (GRIB), Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Carmen Montoto
- Department of Medical, Takeda Farmacéutica España, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Quintero
- Servicio de Psiquiatría, Hospital Universitario Infanta Leonor, Departamento de Medicina Legal, Patología y Psiquiatría, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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14
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Gutiérrez-Casares JR, Quintero J, Segú-Vergés C, Rodríguez Monterde P, Pozo-Rubio T, Coma M, Montoto C. In silico clinical trial evaluating lisdexamfetamine's and methylphenidate's mechanism of action computational models in an attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder virtual patients' population. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:939650. [PMID: 37333910 PMCID: PMC10273406 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.939650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is an impairing psychiatric condition with the stimulants, lisdexamfetamine (LDX), and methylphenidate (MPH), as the first lines pharmacological treatment. Methods Herein, we applied a novel in silico method to evaluate virtual LDX (vLDX) and vMPH as treatments for ADHD applying quantitative systems pharmacology (QSP) models. The objectives were to evaluate the model's output, considering the model characteristics and the information used to build them, to compare both virtual drugs' efficacy mechanisms, and to assess how demographic (age, body mass index, and sex) and clinical characteristics may affect vLDX's and vMPH's relative efficacies. Results and Discussion We molecularly characterized the drugs and pathologies based on a bibliographic search, and generated virtual populations of adults and children-adolescents totaling 2,600 individuals. For each virtual patient and virtual drug, we created physiologically based pharmacokinetic and QSP models applying the systems biology-based Therapeutic Performance Mapping System technology. The resulting models' predicted protein activity indicated that both virtual drugs modulated ADHD through similar mechanisms, albeit with some differences. vMPH induced several general synaptic, neurotransmitter, and nerve impulse-related processes, whereas vLDX seemed to modulate neural processes more specific to ADHD, such as GABAergic inhibitory synapses and regulation of the reward system. While both drugs' models were linked to an effect over neuroinflammation and altered neural viability, vLDX had a significant impact on neurotransmitter imbalance and vMPH on circadian system deregulation. Among demographic characteristics, age and body mass index affected the efficacy of both virtual treatments, although the effect was more marked for vLDX. Regarding comorbidities, only depression negatively impacted both virtual drugs' efficacy mechanisms and, while that of vLDX were more affected by the co-treatment of tic disorders, the efficacy mechanisms of vMPH were disturbed by wide-spectrum psychiatric drugs. Our in silico results suggested that both drugs could have similar efficacy mechanisms as ADHD treatment in adult and pediatric populations and allowed raising hypotheses for their differential impact in specific patient groups, although these results require prospective validation for clinical translatability.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Ramón Gutiérrez-Casares
- Unidad Ambulatoria de Psiquiatría y Salud Mental de la Infancia, Niñez y Adolescencia, Hospital Perpetuo Socorro, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Javier Quintero
- Servicio de Psiquiatría, Hospital Universitario Infanta Leonor, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Segú-Vergés
- Anaxomics Biotech, Barcelona, Spain
- Structural Bioinformatics Group, Research Programme on Biomedical Informatics, Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Carmen Montoto
- Medical Department, Takeda Farmacéutica España, Madrid, Spain
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15
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Zhang Y, Wang H, Sun Y, Huang Z, Tao Y, Wang Y, Jiang X, Tao J. Trace amine-associated receptor 1 regulation of Kv1.4 channels in trigeminal ganglion neurons contributes to nociceptive behaviors. J Headache Pain 2023; 24:49. [PMID: 37158881 PMCID: PMC10165857 DOI: 10.1186/s10194-023-01582-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trace amines, such as tyramine, are endogenous amino acid metabolites that have been hypothesized to promote headache. However, the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms remain unknown. METHODS Using patch-clamp recording, immunostaining, molecular biological approaches and behaviour tests, we elucidated a critically functional role of tyramine in regulating membrane excitability and pain sensitivity by manipulating Kv1.4 channels in trigeminal ganglion (TG) neurons. RESULTS Application of tyramine to TG neurons decreased the A-type K+ current (IA) in a manner dependent on trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1). Either siRNA knockdown of Gαo or chemical inhibition of βγ subunit (Gβγ) signaling abrogated the response to tyramine. Antagonism of protein kinase C (PKC) prevented the tyramine-induced IA response, while inhibition of conventional PKC isoforms or protein kinase A elicited no such effect. Tyramine increased the membrane abundance of PKCθ in TG neurons, and either pharmacological or genetic inhibition of PKCθ blocked the TAAR1-mediated IA decrease. Furthermore, PKCθ-dependent IA suppression was mediated by Kv1.4 channels. Knockdown of Kv1.4 abrogated the TAAR1-induced IA decrease, neuronal hyperexcitability, and pain hypersensitivity. In a mouse model of migraine induced by electrical stimulation of the dura mater surrounding the superior sagittal sinus, blockade of TAAR1 signaling attenuated mechanical allodynia; this effect was occluded by lentiviral overexpression of Kv1.4 in TG neurons. CONCLUSION These results suggest that tyramine induces Kv1.4-mediated IA suppression through stimulation of TAAR1 coupled to the Gβγ-dependent PKCθ signaling cascade, thereby enhancing TG neuronal excitability and mechanical pain sensitivity. Insight into TAAR1 signaling in sensory neurons provides attractive targets for the treatment of headache disorders such as migraine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics & Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 1055 San-Xiang Road, Suzhou, 215004, P.R. China.
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology & Centre for Ion Channelopathy, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, P.R. China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P.R. China.
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, P.R. China
| | - Yufang Sun
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology & Centre for Ion Channelopathy, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, P.R. China
| | - Zitong Huang
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology & Centre for Ion Channelopathy, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, P.R. China
| | - Yu Tao
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology & Centre for Ion Channelopathy, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, P.R. China
| | - Yiru Wang
- Department of Geriatrics & Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 1055 San-Xiang Road, Suzhou, 215004, P.R. China
| | - Xinghong Jiang
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology & Centre for Ion Channelopathy, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, P.R. China
| | - Jin Tao
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology & Centre for Ion Channelopathy, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, P.R. China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P.R. China.
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16
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Szabo ST, Hopkins SC, Lew R, Loebel A, Roth T, Koblan KS. A multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, Phase 1b crossover trial comparing two doses of ulotaront with placebo in the treatment of narcolepsy-cataplexy. Sleep Med 2023; 107:202-211. [PMID: 37209427 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2023.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ulotaront (SEP-363856) is a novel agonist at trace amine-associated receptor 1 and serotonin 5-HT1A receptors in clinical development for the treatment of schizophrenia. Previous studies demonstrated ulotaront suppresses rapid eye movement (REM) sleep in both rodents and healthy volunteers. We assessed acute and sustained treatments of ulotaront on REM sleep and symptoms of cataplexy and alertness in subjects with narcolepsy-cataplexy. METHODS In a multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, 3-way crossover study, ulotaront was evaluated in 16 adults with narcolepsy-cataplexy. Two oral doses of ulotaront (25 mg and 50 mg) were administered daily for 2 weeks and compared with matching placebo (6-treatment sequence, 3-period, 3-treatment). RESULTS Acute treatment with both 25 mg and 50 mg of ulotaront reduced minutes spent in nighttime REM compared to placebo. A sustained 2-week administration of both doses of ulotaront reduced the mean number of short-onset REM periods (SOREMPs) during daytime multiple sleep latency test (MSLT) compared to placebo. Although cataplexy events decreased from the overall mean baseline during the 2-week treatment period, neither dose of ulotaront statistically separated from placebo (p = 0.76, 25 mg; p = 0.82, 50 mg), and no significant improvement in patient and clinician measures of sleepiness from baseline to end of the 2-week treatment period occurred in any treatment group. CONCLUSIONS Acute and sustained treatment with ulotaront reduced nighttime REM duration and daytime SOREMPs, respectively. The effect of ulotaront on suppression of REM did not demonstrate a statistical or clinically meaningful effect in narcolepsy-cataplexy. REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT05015673.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven T Szabo
- Sunovion Pharmaceuticals Inc., 84 Waterford Drive, Marlborough, MA, 01752, USA.
| | - Seth C Hopkins
- Sunovion Pharmaceuticals Inc., 84 Waterford Drive, Marlborough, MA, 01752, USA.
| | - Robert Lew
- Sunovion Pharmaceuticals Inc., 84 Waterford Drive, Marlborough, MA, 01752, USA.
| | - Antony Loebel
- Sunovion Pharmaceuticals Inc., 84 Waterford Drive, Marlborough, MA, 01752, USA.
| | - Thomas Roth
- Sleep Disorders and Research Center, Henry Ford Hospital, 2799 West Grand Boulevard Detroit, MI, 48202, USA.
| | - Kenneth S Koblan
- Sunovion Pharmaceuticals Inc., 84 Waterford Drive, Marlborough, MA, 01752, USA.
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17
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Xu Y, Liu J, Song W, Wang Q, Sun X, Zhao Q, Huang Y, Li H, Peng Y, Yuan J, Ji B, Ren L. Biomimetic Convex Implant for Corneal Regeneration Through 3D Printing. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2205878. [PMID: 36775872 PMCID: PMC10104657 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202205878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Blindness caused by corneal damage affects millions of people worldwide, and this number continues to rise. However, rapid epithelization and a stable epithelium process are the two biggest challenges for traditional corneal materials. These processes are related to corneal curvature, which is an important factor in determination of the corneal healing process and epithelial behavior during corneal damage. In this study, smooth 3D-printed convex corneal implants based on gelatin methacrylate and collagen are generated. As epithelium distribution and adhesion vary in different regions of the natural cornea, this work separates the surfaces into four regions and studies how cells sense topological cues on curvature. It is found that rabbit corneal epithelial cells (RCECs) seeded on steeper slope gradient surfaces on convex structures result in more aligned cell organization and tighter cell-substrate adhesion, which can also be verified through finite element simulation and signaling pathway analysis. In vivo transplantation of convex implants result in a better fit with adjacent tissue and stronger cell adhesion than flat implants, thereby accelerating corneal epithelialization and promoting collagen fibers and neural regeneration within 180 days. Taken together, printed convex corneal implants that facilitate corneal regeneration may offer a translational strategy for the treatment of corneal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingni Xu
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringNational Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and ReconstructionKey Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Guangdong ProvinceKey Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Engineering of the Ministry of EducationInnovation Center for Tissue Restoration and ReconstructionSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhou510006P. R. China
| | - Jia Liu
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringNational Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and ReconstructionKey Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Guangdong ProvinceKey Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Engineering of the Ministry of EducationInnovation Center for Tissue Restoration and ReconstructionSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhou510006P. R. China
| | - Wenjing Song
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringNational Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and ReconstructionKey Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Guangdong ProvinceKey Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Engineering of the Ministry of EducationInnovation Center for Tissue Restoration and ReconstructionSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhou510006P. R. China
| | - Qianchun Wang
- Wenzhou InstituteUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesWenzhou325001P. R. China
| | - Xiaomin Sun
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringNational Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and ReconstructionKey Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Guangdong ProvinceKey Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Engineering of the Ministry of EducationInnovation Center for Tissue Restoration and ReconstructionSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhou510006P. R. China
| | - Qi Zhao
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringNational Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and ReconstructionKey Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Guangdong ProvinceKey Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Engineering of the Ministry of EducationInnovation Center for Tissue Restoration and ReconstructionSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhou510006P. R. China
| | - Yongrui Huang
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringNational Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and ReconstructionKey Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Guangdong ProvinceKey Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Engineering of the Ministry of EducationInnovation Center for Tissue Restoration and ReconstructionSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhou510006P. R. China
| | - Haochen Li
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringNational Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and ReconstructionKey Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Guangdong ProvinceKey Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Engineering of the Ministry of EducationInnovation Center for Tissue Restoration and ReconstructionSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhou510006P. R. China
| | - Yuehai Peng
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and ReconstructionKey Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Guangdong ProvinceKey Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Engineering of the Ministry of EducationInnovation Center for Tissue Restoration and ReconstructionSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhou510006P. R. China
- Guangzhou Proud Seeing Biotechnology Co., LtdGuangzhou510320P. R. China
| | - Jin Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of OphthalmologyZhongshan Ophthalmic CenterSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510623P. R. China
| | - Baohua Ji
- Institute of Biomechanics and Applications, Department of Engineering MechanicsZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027P. R. China
| | - Li Ren
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringNational Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and ReconstructionKey Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Guangdong ProvinceKey Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Engineering of the Ministry of EducationInnovation Center for Tissue Restoration and ReconstructionSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhou510006P. R. China
- Bioland LaboratoryGuangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong LaboratoryGuangzhou510005P. R. China
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Mopuru R, Menon V. Trace amine-associated receptors: A novel therapeutic target in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder? Asian J Psychiatr 2023; 81:103403. [PMID: 36525887 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2022.103403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ranesh Mopuru
- Center for fundamental research and creative education (CFRCE), Bengaluru 560041, India
| | - Vikas Menon
- Department of Psychiatry, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Puducherry 605006, India.
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19
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Chemogenetic Enhancement of cAMP Signaling Renders Hippocampal Synaptic Plasticity Resilient to the Impact of Acute Sleep Deprivation. eNeuro 2023; 10:ENEURO.0380-22.2022. [PMID: 36635248 PMCID: PMC9829098 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0380-22.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep facilitates memory storage and even brief periods of sleep loss lead to impairments in memory, particularly memories that are hippocampus dependent. In previous studies, we have shown that the deficit in memory seen after sleep loss is accompanied by deficits in synaptic plasticity. Our previous work has also found that sleep deprivation (SD) is associated with reduced levels of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) in the hippocampus and that the reduction of cAMP mediates the diminished memory observed in sleep-deprived animals. Based on these findings, we hypothesized that cAMP acts as a mediator for not only the cognitive deficits caused by sleep deprivation, but also the observed deficits in synaptic plasticity. In this study, we expressed the heterologous Drosophila melanogaster Gαs-protein-coupled octopamine receptor (DmOctβ1R) in mouse hippocampal neurons. This receptor is selectively activated by the systemically injected ligand (octopamine), thus allowing us to increase cAMP levels in hippocampal neurons during a 5-h sleep deprivation period. Our results show that chemogenetic enhancement of cAMP during the period of sleep deprivation prevents deficits in a persistent form of long-term potentiation (LTP) that is induced at the Schaffer collateral synapses in the hippocampal CA1 region. We also found that elevating cAMP levels in either the first or second half of sleep deprivation successfully prevented LTP deficits. These findings reveal that cAMP-dependent signaling pathways are key mediators of sleep deprivation at the synaptic level. Targeting these pathways could be useful in designing strategies to prevent the impact of sleep loss.
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Trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) agonism as a new treatment strategy for schizophrenia and related disorders. Trends Neurosci 2023; 46:60-74. [PMID: 36369028 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2022.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia remains a major health burden, highlighting the need for new treatment approaches. We consider the potential for targeting the trace amine (TA) system. We first review genetic, preclinical, and clinical evidence for the role of TAs in the aetiopathology of schizophrenia. We then consider how the localisation and function of the trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) position it to modulate key brain circuits for the disorder. Studies in rodents using Taar1 knockout (TAAR1-KO) and overexpression models show that TAAR1 agonism inhibits midbrain dopaminergic and serotonergic activity, and enhances prefrontal glutamatergic function. TAAR1 agonists also reduce hyperactivity, attenuate prepulse inhibition (PPI) deficits and social withdrawal, and improve cognitive measures in animal models. Finally, we consider findings from clinical trials of TAAR1 agonists and how this approach may address psychotic and negative symptoms, tolerability issues, and other unmet needs in the treatment of schizophrenia.
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21
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Depression-Associated Negr1 Gene-Deficiency Induces Alterations in the Monoaminergic Neurotransmission Enhancing Time-Dependent Sensitization to Amphetamine in Male Mice. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12121696. [PMID: 36552158 PMCID: PMC9776224 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12121696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In GWAS studies, the neural adhesion molecule encoding the neuronal growth regulator 1 (NEGR1) gene has been consistently linked with both depression and obesity. Although the linkage between NEGR1 and depression is the strongest, evidence also suggests the involvement of NEGR1 in a wide spectrum of psychiatric conditions. Here we show the expression of NEGR1 both in tyrosine- and tryptophan hydroxylase-positive cells. Negr1-/- mice show a time-dependent increase in behavioral sensitization to amphetamine associated with increased dopamine release in both the dorsal and ventral striatum. Upregulation of transcripts encoding dopamine and serotonin transporters and higher levels of several monoamines and their metabolites was evident in distinct brain areas of Negr1-/- mice. Chronic (23 days) escitalopram-induced reduction of serotonin and dopamine turnover is enhanced in Negr1-/- mice, and escitalopram rescued reduced weight of hippocampi in Negr1-/- mice. The current study is the first to show alterations in the brain monoaminergic systems in Negr1-deficient mice, suggesting that monoaminergic neural circuits contribute to both depressive and obesity-related phenotypes linked to the human NEGR1 gene.
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22
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Cocaine-regulated trafficking of dopamine transporters in cultured neurons revealed by a pH sensitive reporter. iScience 2022; 26:105782. [PMID: 36594015 PMCID: PMC9804146 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cocaine acts by inhibiting plasma membrane dopamine transporter (DAT) function and altering its surface expression. The precise manner and mechanism by which cocaine regulates DAT trafficking, especially at neuronal processes, are poorly understood. In this study, we engineered and validated the use of DAT-pHluorin for studying DAT localization and its dynamic trafficking at neuronal processes of cultured mouse midbrain neurons. We demonstrate that unlike neuronal soma and dendrites, which contain a majority of the DATs in weakly acidic intracellular compartments, axonal DATs at both shafts and boutons are primarily (75%) localized to the plasma membrane, whereas large varicosities contain abundant intracellular DAT within acidic intracellular structures. We also demonstrate that cocaine exposure leads to a Synaptojanin1-sensitive DAT internalization process followed by membrane reinsertion that lasts for days. Thus, our study reveals the previously unknown dynamics and molecular regulation for cocaine-regulated DAT trafficking in neuronal processes.
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23
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Perugi G, De Rosa U, Barbuti M. What value do norepinephrine/dopamine dual reuptake inhibitors have to the current treatment of adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) treatment armamentarium? Expert Opin Pharmacother 2022; 23:1975-1978. [PMID: 36384367 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2022.2148830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Perugi
- Psychiatry Unit 2, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Ugo De Rosa
- Psychiatry Unit 2, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Margherita Barbuti
- Psychiatry Unit 2, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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24
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TAAR1 dependent and independent actions of the potential antipsychotic and dual TAAR1/5-HT 1A receptor agonist SEP-383856. Neuropsychopharmacology 2022; 47:2319-2329. [PMID: 36100653 PMCID: PMC9630386 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-022-01421-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
SEP-383856 (SEP-856) is a novel antipsychotic under clinical development. It displays a unique pattern of receptor interaction, with only weak (partial agonist) activity at dopamine D2 receptors, yet more potent agonist activity at the trace amine associated receptor (TAAR1) and 5-hydroxytryptamine 1 A receptor (5-HT1A). Nonetheless, these observations await independent confirmation and more detailed characterization of the in vitro and in vivo actions of SEP-856 at TAAR1 and 5-HT1A receptors would be instructive. Herein, we employed luminescence complementation technology in heterologous live cell systems, confocal microscopy, voltage clamp electrophysiology, behavioral readouts and TAAR1 knockout (KO) mice to study SEP-856 in further detail. We provide evidence for the ability of SEP-856 to activate TAAR1 at the surface plasma membrane, and show that this interaction results in Gαs recruitment (pEC50: 6.08 ± 0.22 EMAX: 96.41% ± 15.26) and by extension, to G-protein inwardly rectifying potassium (GIRK) channel activation. Using TAAR1-KO mice, we find TAAR1 to be indispensable for SEP-856 control of body temperature, baseline locomotion reduction and for "antipsychotic-like" efficacy as characterized by a reversal of dizocilipine (MK-801) mediated disruption of pre-pulse inhibition. Conversely, the inhibition by SEP-856 of MK-801 induced locomotion was unaffected in TAAR1 KO mice. SEP-856 behaved as a low-potency, partial agonist at the 5-HT1A receptor, while it partially inhibited recruitment of D2 receptor-coupled Gα and GIRK by DA and acted as a weak partial agonist with low potency at the same receptor when applied alone. Our findings corroborate and extend previous observations on the molecular substrates engaged by this unique, dual TAAR1/5-HT1A receptor agonist and potential antipsychotic that could prove to have major advantages in the treatment of schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders.
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25
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Fan FS. Residues of ractopamine, a livestock feed additive, in meat might alleviate misuse of cocaine, nicotine, methamphetamine, and morphine. Nutr Health 2022; 29:171-174. [PMID: 36266952 DOI: 10.1177/02601060221134139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background: Substance misuse brings tremendous harm to global health. Strategies for the treatment and prevention of drug addiction are in urgent need. Aim: Trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) widely distributed in the central nervous system has been identified as a hopeful target in the management of certain substance abuse. Discovery of food ingredients that act on TAAR1 might help health care providers develop chemoprevention for substance misuse disorders. Methods: Animal experiments clearly demonstrated the capability of TAAR1 agonists in attenuating addictive behavior regarding cocaine, nicotine, methamphetamine, and morphine. Ractopamine, a livestock feed additive used in the United States for over 20 years, has proven to be a full TAAR1 agonist. Literature review and internet web database survey were performed to see if ractopamine residues in meat could affect substance addiction behavior. Results: Integrating all available epidemiologic studies revealed that the prevalence of cocaine, nicotine, methamphetamine, and opioid misuse showed steadily downward or stable trends coincidently during the same time period of ractopamine use in the United States. Conclusion: A hypothesis is thus raised here that ractopamine residues in meat might have contributed secretly to the smoothened prevalence curves of cocaine, nicotine, methamphetamine, and opioids addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank S Fan
- Department of Medicine, Ministry of Health and Welfare Taitung Hospital, Taitung County, Taiwan
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26
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Chilunda V, Weiselberg J, Martinez-Meza S, Mhamilawa LE, Cheney L, Berman JW. Methamphetamine induces transcriptional changes in cultured HIV-infected mature monocytes that may contribute to HIV neuropathogenesis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:952183. [PMID: 36059515 PMCID: PMC9433802 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.952183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-associated neurocognitive impairment (HIV-NCI) persists in 15-40% of people with HIV (PWH) despite effective antiretroviral therapy. HIV-NCI significantly impacts quality of life, and there is currently no effective treatment for it. The development of HIV-NCI is complex and is mediated, in part, by the entry of HIV-infected mature monocytes into the central nervous system (CNS). Once in the CNS, these cells release inflammatory mediators that lead to neuroinflammation, and subsequent neuronal damage. Infected monocytes may infect other CNS cells as well as differentiate into macrophages, thus contributing to viral reservoirs and chronic neuroinflammation. Substance use disorders in PWH, including the use of methamphetamine (meth), can exacerbate HIV neuropathogenesis. We characterized the effects of meth on the transcriptional profile of HIV-infected mature monocytes using RNA-sequencing. We found that meth mediated an upregulation of gene transcripts related to viral infection, cell adhesion, cytoskeletal arrangement, and extracellular matrix remodeling. We also identified downregulation of several gene transcripts involved in pathogen recognition, antigen presentation, and oxidative phosphorylation pathways. These transcriptomic changes suggest that meth increases the infiltration of mature monocytes that have a migratory phenotype into the CNS, contributing to dysregulated inflammatory responses and viral reservoir establishment and persistence, both of which contribute to neuronal damage. Overall, our results highlight potential molecules that may be targeted for therapy to limit the effects of meth on HIV neuropathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Chilunda
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Jessica Weiselberg
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Samuel Martinez-Meza
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Lwidiko E. Mhamilawa
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
- Department of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, International Maternal and Child Health (IMCH), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Laura Cheney
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Montefiore Medical Center and Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Joan W. Berman
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Joan W. Berman,
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27
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Quintero J, Gutiérrez-Casares JR, Álamo C. Molecular Characterisation of the Mechanism of Action of Stimulant Drugs Lisdexamfetamine and Methylphenidate on ADHD Neurobiology: A Review. Neurol Ther 2022; 11:1489-1517. [PMID: 35951288 DOI: 10.1007/s40120-022-00392-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common childhood-onset neurodevelopmental disorder characterised by persistent inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity. Moreover, ADHD is commonly associated with other comorbid diseases (depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder, etc.). The ADHD symptomatology interferes with subject function and development. The treatment of ADHD requires a multidisciplinary approach based on a combination of non-pharmacological and pharmacological treatments with the aim of ameliorating the symptomatology; among first-line pharmacological treatments are stimulants [such as methylphenidate (MPH) and lisdexamfetamine dimesylate (LDX)]. In this review we explored recent ADHD- and stimulants-related literature, with the aim of compiling available descriptions of molecular pathways altered in ADHD, and molecular mechanisms of current first-line stimulants MPH and LDX. While conducting the narrative review, we applied structured search strategies covering PubMed/MEDLINE database and performed handsearching of reference lists on the results of those searches. The aetiology and pathophysiology of ADHD are incompletely understood; both genetic and environmental factors have been associated with the disorder and its grade of burden, and also the relationship between the molecular mechanisms of pharmacological treatments and their clinical implications. The lack of comprehensive understanding of the underlying molecular pathology makes both the diagnosis and treatment difficult. Few published studies evaluating molecular data on the mechanism of action (MoA) of MPH and LDX on ADHD are available and most of them are based on animal models. Further studies are necessary to improve the knowledge of ADHD pathophysiology and how the MoAs of MPH and LDX differentially modulate ADHD pathophysiology and control ADHD symptomatology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Quintero
- Servicio de Psiquiatría y Salud Mental, Hospital Universitario Infanta Leonor, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - José R Gutiérrez-Casares
- Unidad Ambulatoria de Psiquiatría y Salud Mental de la Infancia, Niñez y Adolescencia, Hospital Perpetuo Socorro, Badajoz, Spain.
| | - Cecilio Álamo
- Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
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Emanuel KM, Runner K, Brodnik ZD, Morsey BM, Lamberty BG, Johnson HS, Acharya A, Byrareddy SN, España RA, Fox HS, Gaskill PJ. Deprenyl reduces inflammation during acute SIV infection. iScience 2022; 25:104207. [PMID: 35494221 PMCID: PMC9046124 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In the era of antiretroviral therapy, inflammation is a central factor in numerous HIV-associated comorbidities, such as cardiovascular disease, cognitive impairment, and neuropsychiatric disorders. This highlights the value of developing therapeutics that both reduce HIV-associated inflammation and treat associated comorbidities. Previous research on monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) suggests this class of drugs has anti-inflammatory properties in addition to neuropsychiatric effects. Therefore, we examined the impact of deprenyl, an MAOI, on SIV-associated inflammation during acute SIV infection using the rhesus macaque model of HIV infection. Our results show deprenyl decreased both peripheral and CNS inflammation but had no effect on viral load in either the periphery or CNS. These data show that the MAOI deprenyl may have broad anti-inflammatory effects when given during the acute stage of SIV infection, suggesting more research into the anti-inflammatory effects of this drug could result in a beneficial adjuvant for antiretroviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Emanuel
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - K Runner
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - Z D Brodnik
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA
- Center on Compulsive Behaviors, NIH Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
- Integrative Neuroscience Research Branch, Neuronal Networks Section, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - B M Morsey
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - B G Lamberty
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - H S Johnson
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - A Acharya
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - S N Byrareddy
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - R A España
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA
| | - H S Fox
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - P J Gaskill
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
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29
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Decker AM, Brackeen MF, Mohammadkhani A, Kormos CM, Hesk D, Borgland SL, Blough BE. Identification of a Potent Human Trace Amine-Associated Receptor 1 Antagonist. ACS Chem Neurosci 2022; 13:1082-1095. [PMID: 35325532 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Human trace amine-associated receptor subtype 1 (hTAAR1) is a G protein-coupled receptor that has therapeutic potential for multiple diseases, including schizophrenia, drug addiction, and Parkinson's disease (PD). Although several potent agonists have been identified and have shown positive results in various clinical trials for schizophrenia, the discovery of potent hTAAR1 antagonists remains elusive. Herein, we report the results of structure-activity relationship studies that have led to the discovery of a potent hTAAR1 antagonist (RTI-7470-44, 34). RTI-7470-44 exhibited an IC50 of 8.4 nM in an in vitro cAMP functional assay, a Ki of 0.3 nM in a radioligand binding assay, and showed species selectivity for hTAAR1 over the rat and mouse orthologues. RTI-7470-44 displayed good blood-brain barrier permeability, moderate metabolic stability, and a favorable preliminary off-target profile. Finally, RTI-7470-44 increased the spontaneous firing rate of mouse VTA dopaminergic neurons and blocked the effects of the known TAAR1 agonist RO5166017. Collectively, this work provides a promising hTAAR1 antagonist probe that can be used to study TAAR1 pharmacology and the potential therapeutic role in hypodopaminergic diseases such as PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann M. Decker
- Center for Drug Discovery, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Marcus F. Brackeen
- Center for Drug Discovery, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Aida Mohammadkhani
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N4N1, Canada
| | - Chad M. Kormos
- Center for Drug Discovery, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - David Hesk
- Center for Drug Discovery, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Stephanie L. Borgland
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N4N1, Canada
| | - Bruce E. Blough
- Center for Drug Discovery, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
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TAAR1 regulates drug-induced reinstatement of cocaine-seeking via negatively modulating CaMKIIα activity in the NAc. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:2136-2145. [PMID: 35079125 PMCID: PMC9829124 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01448-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Relapse remains a major challenge to the treatment of cocaine addiction. Recent studies suggested that the trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) could be a promising target to treat cocaine addiction and relapse; however, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Here, we aimed to investigate the neural mechanism underlying the role of TAAR1 in the drug priming-induced reinstatement of cocaine-seeking behavior in rats, an animal model of cocaine relapse. We focused on the shell subregion of nucleus accumbens (NAc), a key brain region of the brain reward system. We found that activation of TAAR1 by systemic and intra-NAc shell administration of the selective TAAR1 agonist RO5166017 attenuated drug-induced reinstatement of cocaine-seeking and prevented drug priming-induced CaMKIIα activity in the NAc shell. Activation of TAAR1 dampened the CaMKIIα/GluR1 signaling pathway in the NAc shell and reduced AMPAR-EPSCs on the NAc slice. Microinjection of the selective TAAR1 antagonist EPPTB into the NAc shell enhanced drug-induced reinstatement as well as potentiated CaMKIIα activity in the NAc shell. Furthermore, viral-mediated expression of CaMKIIα in the NAc shell prevented the behavioral effects of TAAR1 activation. Taken together, our findings indicate that TAAR1 regulates drug-induced reinstatement of cocaine-seeking by negatively regulating CaMKIIα activity in the NAc. Our findings elucidate a novel mechanism of TAAR1 in regulating drug-induced reinstatement of cocaine-seeking and further suggests that TAAR1 is a promising target for the treatment of cocaine relapse.
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31
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Sijben HJ, Superti-Furga G, IJzerman AP, Heitman LH. Targeting solute carriers to modulate receptor–ligand interactions. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2022; 43:358-361. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2022.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Wu R, Liu J, Li JX. Trace amine-associated receptor 1 and drug abuse. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2022; 93:373-401. [PMID: 35341572 PMCID: PMC9826737 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2021.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) is the best characterized receptor selectively activated by trace amines. It is broadly expressed in the monoaminergic system in the brain including ventral tegmental area (VTA), nucleus accumbens (NAc), dorsal raphe (DR) and substantial nigra (SN). Extensive studies have suggested that TAAR1 plays an important role in the modulation of monoaminergic system, especially dopamine (DA) transmission which may underlie the mechanisms by which TAAR1 interventions affect drug abuse-like behaviors. TAAR1 activation inhibits the rewarding and reinforcing effects of drugs from different classes including psychostimulants, opioid and alcohol as well as drug-induced increase in DA accumulation. The mechanisms of TAAR1's function in mediating drug abuse-like behaviors are not clear. However, it is hypothesized that TAAR1 interaction with DA transporter (DAT) and dopamine D2 receptor (D2) and the subsequent modulation of cellular cascades may contribute to the effects of TAAR1 in regulating drug abuse. Further studies are needed to investigate the role of TAAR1 in other drugs of abuse-related behaviors and its safety and efficacy for prolonged medications. Together, TAAR1 inhibits drug-induced DA transmission and drug abuse-related behaviors. Therefore, TAAR1 may be a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of drug addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruyan Wu
- Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Jianfeng Liu
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, College of Liberal Arts, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Jun-Xu Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA,Corresponding authors: Dr. Jun-Xu Li, , Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, 955 Main Street, Buffalo, NY 14214. Tel: +1 716 829 2482; Fax: +1 716 829 2801
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33
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Mantas I, Saarinen M, Xu ZQD, Svenningsson P. Update on GPCR-based targets for the development of novel antidepressants. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:534-558. [PMID: 33589739 PMCID: PMC8960420 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01040-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Traditional antidepressants largely interfere with monoaminergic transport or degradation systems, taking several weeks to have their therapeutic actions. Moreover, a large proportion of depressed patients are resistant to these therapies. Several atypical antidepressants have been developed which interact with G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) instead, as direct targeting of receptors may achieve more efficacious and faster antidepressant actions. The focus of this review is to provide an update on how distinct GPCRs mediate antidepressant actions and discuss recent insights into how GPCRs regulate the pathophysiology of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). We also discuss the therapeutic potential of novel GPCR targets, which are appealing due to their ligand selectivity, expression pattern, or pharmacological profiles. Finally, we highlight recent advances in understanding GPCR pharmacology and structure, and how they may provide new avenues for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Mantas
- grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marcus Saarinen
- grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Zhi-Qing David Xu
- grid.24696.3f0000 0004 0369 153XDepartment of Neurobiology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Per Svenningsson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Kohno M, Dennis LE, McCready H, Hoffman WF. Dopamine dysfunction in stimulant use disorders: mechanistic comparisons and implications for treatment. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:220-229. [PMID: 34117366 PMCID: PMC8664889 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01180-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine system deficiencies and associated behavioral phenotypes may be a critical barrier to success in treating stimulant use disorders. Similarities in dopamine dysfunction between cocaine and methamphetamine use disorder but also key differences may impact treatment efficacy and outcome. This review will first compare the epidemiology of cocaine and methamphetamine use disorder. A detailed account of the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties associated with each drug will then be discussed, with an emphasis on effects on the dopamine system and associated signaling pathways. Lastly, treatment results from pharmacological clinical trials will be summarized along with a more comprehensive review of the involvement of the trace amine-associated receptor on dopamine signaling dysfunction among stimulants and its potential as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milky Kohno
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA. .,Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA. .,Research and Development Service, Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA. .,Methamphetamine Abuse Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University and Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA.
| | - Laura E. Dennis
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA,Research & Development Service, Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Holly McCready
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA,Research & Development Service, Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - William F. Hoffman
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA,Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA,Research & Development Service, Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, Oregon, USA,Mental Health Division, Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, Oregon, USA,Methamphetamine Abuse Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University and Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, Oregon, USA
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35
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Reinstatement of synaptic plasticity in the aging brain through specific dopamine transporter inhibition. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:7076-7090. [PMID: 34244620 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01214-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Aging-related neurological deficits negatively impact mental health, productivity, and social interactions leading to a pronounced socioeconomic burden. Since declining brain dopamine signaling during aging is associated with the onset of neurological impairments, we produced a selective dopamine transporter (DAT) inhibitor to restore endogenous dopamine levels and improve cognitive function. We describe the synthesis and pharmacological profile of (S,S)-CE-158, a highly specific DAT inhibitor, which increases dopamine levels in brain regions associated with cognition. We find both a potentiation of neurotransmission and coincident restoration of dendritic spines in the dorsal hippocampus, indicative of reinstatement of dopamine-induced synaptic plasticity in aging rodents. Treatment with (S,S)-CE-158 significantly improved behavioral flexibility in scopolamine-compromised animals and increased the number of spontaneously active prefrontal cortical neurons, both in young and aging rodents. In addition, (S,S)-CE-158 restored learning and memory recall in aging rats comparable to their young performance in a hippocampus-dependent hole board test. In sum, we present a well-tolerated, highly selective DAT inhibitor that normalizes the age-related decline in cognitive function at a synaptic level through increased dopamine signaling.
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Greydanus DE, Rowland DC, Patel DR, Soares N. Psychopharmacology of Pediatric Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Psychiatr Ann 2021. [DOI: 10.3928/00485713-20210914-01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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37
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Ztaou S, Oh SJ, Tepler S, Fleury S, Matamales M, Bertran-Gonzalez J, Chuhma N, Rayport S. Single Dose of Amphetamine Induces Delayed Subregional Attenuation of Cholinergic Interneuron Activity in the Striatum. eNeuro 2021; 8:ENEURO.0196-21.2021. [PMID: 34462310 PMCID: PMC8454923 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0196-21.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Psychostimulants such as amphetamine (AMPH) target dopamine (DA) neuron synapses to engender drug-induced plasticity. While DA neurons modulate the activity of striatal (Str) cholinergic interneurons (ChIs) with regional heterogeneity, how AMPH affects ChI activity has not been elucidated. Here, we applied quantitative fluorescence imaging approaches to map the dose-dependent effects of a single dose of AMPH on ChI activity at 2.5 and 24 h after injection across the mouse Str using the activity-dependent marker phosphorylated ribosomal protein S6 (p-rpS6240/244). AMPH did not affect the distribution or morphology of ChIs in any Str subregion. While AMPH at either dose had no effect on ChI activity after 2.5 h, ChI activity was dose dependently reduced after 24 h specifically in the ventral Str/nucleus accumbens (NAc), a critical site of psychostimulant action. AMPH at either dose did not affect the spontaneous firing of ChIs. Altogether this work demonstrates that a single dose of AMPH has delayed regionally heterogeneous effects on ChI activity, which most likely involves extra-Str synaptic input.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Ztaou
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
| | - Soo Jung Oh
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
| | - Sophia Tepler
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
| | - Sixtine Fleury
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
| | - Miriam Matamales
- Decision Neuroscience Laboratory, School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Jesus Bertran-Gonzalez
- Decision Neuroscience Laboratory, School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Nao Chuhma
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
| | - Stephen Rayport
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
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Trace Amine-Associated Receptor 1 Contributes to Diverse Functional Actions of O-Phenyl-Iodotyramine in Mice but Not to the Effects of Monoamine-Based Antidepressants. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168907. [PMID: 34445611 PMCID: PMC8396211 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Trace Amine-Associated Receptor 1 (TAAR1) is a potential target for the treatment of depression and other CNS disorders. However, the precise functional roles of TAAR1 to the actions of clinically used antidepressants remains unclear. Herein, we addressed these issues employing the TAAR1 agonist, o-phenyl-iodotyramine (o-PIT), together with TAAR1-knockout (KO) mice. Irrespective of genotype, systemic administration of o-PIT led to a similar increase in mouse brain concentrations. Consistent with the observation of a high density of TAAR1 in the medial preoptic area, o-PIT-induced hypothermia was significantly reduced in TAAR1-KO mice. Furthermore, the inhibition of a prepulse inhibition response by o-PIT, as well as its induction of striatal tyrosine hydroxylase phosphorylation and elevation of extracellular DA in prefrontal cortex, were all reduced in TAAR1-KO compared to wildtype mice. O-PIT was active in both forced-swim and marble-burying tests, and its effects were significantly blunted in TAAR1-KO mice. Conversely, the actions on behaviour and prefrontal cortex dialysis of a broad suite of clinically used antidepressants were unaffected in TAAR1-KO mice. In conclusion, o-PIT is a useful tool for exploring the hypothermic and other functional antidepressant roles of TAAR1. By contrast, clinically used antidepressants do not require TAAR1 for expression of their antidepressant properties.
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Mantas I, Vallianatou T, Yang Y, Shariatgorji M, Kalomoiri M, Fridjonsdottir E, Millan MJ, Zhang X, Andrén PE, Svenningsson P. TAAR1-Dependent and -Independent Actions of Tyramine in Interaction With Glutamate Underlie Central Effects of Monoamine Oxidase Inhibition. Biol Psychiatry 2021; 90:16-27. [PMID: 33579534 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2020.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) exert therapeutic actions by elevating extracellular levels of monoamines in the brain. Irreversible MAOIs cause serious hypertensive crises owing to peripheral accumulation of tyramine, but the role of tyramine in the central effects of MAOIs remains elusive, an issue addressed herein. To achieve robust inhibition of MAOA/B, the clinically used antidepressant tranylcypromine (TCP) was employed. METHODS Behavioral, histological, mass spectrometry imaging, and biosensor-mediated measures of glutamate were conducted with MAOIs in wild-type and TAAR1-knockout (KO) mice. RESULTS Both antidepressant and locomotion responses to TCP were enhanced in TAAR1-KO mice. A recently developed fluoromethylpyridinium-based mass spectrometry imaging method revealed robust accumulation of striatal tyramine on TCP administration. Furthermore, tyramine accumulation was higher in TAAR1-KO versus wild-type mice, suggesting a negative feedback mechanism for TAAR1 in sensing tyramine levels. Combined histoenzymological and immunohistological studies revealed hitherto unknown TAAR1 localization in brain areas projecting to the substantia nigra/ventral tegmental area. Using an enzyme-based biosensor technology, we found that both TCP and tyramine reduced glutamate release in the substantia nigra in wild-type but not in TAAR1-KO mice. Moreover, glutamate measures in freely moving animals treated with TCP demonstrated that TAAR1 prevents glutamate accumulation in the substantia nigra during hyperlocomotive states. CONCLUSIONS These observations suggest that tyramine, in interaction with glutamate, is involved in centrally mediated behavioral, transcriptional, and neurochemical effects of MAOIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Mantas
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Theodosia Vallianatou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Medical Mass Spectrometry Imaging, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Yunting Yang
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mohammadreza Shariatgorji
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Medical Mass Spectrometry Imaging, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; National Resource for Mass Spectrometry Imaging, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maria Kalomoiri
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elva Fridjonsdottir
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Medical Mass Spectrometry Imaging, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mark J Millan
- Centre for Therapeutic Innovation-CNS, Institut de Recherches Servier, Centre de Recherches de Croissy, Paris, France
| | - Xiaoqun Zhang
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per E Andrén
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Medical Mass Spectrometry Imaging, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; National Resource for Mass Spectrometry Imaging, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Per Svenningsson
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Escobar AP, Martínez-Pinto J, Silva-Olivares F, Sotomayor-Zárate R, Moya PR. Altered Grooming Syntax and Amphetamine-Induced Dopamine Release in EAAT3 Overexpressing Mice. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:661478. [PMID: 34234648 PMCID: PMC8255620 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.661478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The excitatory amino acid transporter EAAT3 plays an important role in the neuronal uptake of glutamate regulating the activation of glutamate receptors. Polymorphisms in the gene-encoding EAAT3 have been associated with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), although the mechanisms underlying this relationship are still unknown. We recently reported that mice with increased EAAT3 expression in forebrain neurons (EAAT3 g lo /CMKII) display behavioral and synaptic features relevant to OCD, including increased grooming, higher anxiety-like behavior and altered cortico-striatal synaptic function. The dopamine neurotransmitter system is implicated in ritualistic behaviors. Indeed, dopaminergic neurons express EAAT3, and mice lacking EAAT3 exhibit decreased dopamine release and decreased expression of the dopamine D1 receptor. Moreover, EAAT3 plays a role on the effect of the psychostimulant amphetamine. As such, we sought to determine if the OCD-like behavior in EAAT3 g lo /CMKII mice is accompanied by altered nigro-striatal dopaminergic transmission. The aim of this study was to analyze dopamine transmission both in basal conditions and after an acute challenge of amphetamine, using behavioral, neurochemical, molecular, and cellular approaches. We found that in basal conditions, EAAT3 g lo /CMKII mice performed more grooming events and that they remained in phase 1 of the grooming chain syntax compared with control littermates. Administration of amphetamine increased the number of grooming events in control mice, while EAAT3 g lo /CMKII mice remain unaffected. Interestingly, the grooming syntax of amphetamine-control mice resembled that of EAAT3 g lo /CMKII mice in basal conditions. Using in vivo microdialysis, we found decreased basal dopamine levels in EAAT3 g lo /CMKII compared with control mice. Unexpectedly, we found that after acute amphetamine, EAAT3 g lo /CMKII mice had a higher release of dopamine compared with that of control mice, suggesting that EAAT3 overexpression leads to increased dopamine releasability. To determine postsynaptic effect of EAAT3 overexpression over dopamine transmission, we performed Western blot analysis of dopaminergic proteins and found that EAAT3 g lo /CMKII mice have higher expression of D2 receptors, suggesting a higher inhibition of the indirect striatal pathway. Together, the data indicate that EAAT3 overexpression impacts on dopamine transmission, making dopamine neurons more sensitive to the effect of amphetamine and leading to a disbalance between the direct and indirect striatal pathways that favors the performance of repetitive behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélica P Escobar
- Facultad de Ciencias, Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso (CINV), Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaiso, Chile.,Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Fisiología, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaiso, Chile
| | - Jonathan Martínez-Pinto
- Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Fisiología, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaiso, Chile.,Facultad de Ciencias, Centro de Neurobiología y Fisiopatología Integrativa (CENFI), Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaiso, Chile
| | - Francisco Silva-Olivares
- Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Fisiología, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaiso, Chile.,Facultad de Ciencias, Centro de Neurobiología y Fisiopatología Integrativa (CENFI), Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaiso, Chile
| | - Ramón Sotomayor-Zárate
- Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Fisiología, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaiso, Chile.,Facultad de Ciencias, Centro de Neurobiología y Fisiopatología Integrativa (CENFI), Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaiso, Chile
| | - Pablo R Moya
- Facultad de Ciencias, Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso (CINV), Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaiso, Chile.,Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Fisiología, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaiso, Chile
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Underhill SM, Amara SG. Acetylcholine Receptor Stimulation Activates Protein Kinase C Mediated Internalization of the Dopamine Transporter. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:662216. [PMID: 33897375 PMCID: PMC8062973 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.662216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The dopamine transporter (DAT) clears neurotransmitters from the extracellular space and serves as an important regulator of signal amplitude and duration at sites of dopamine release. Several different intracellular signaling pathways have been observed to modulate DAT activity through the regulation of the trafficking of the carriers to and from the cell surface. Acute activation of protein kinase C (PKC) by phorbol esters facilitates clathrin-dependent internalization of the DAT in a variety of model systems; however, the physiological stimuli and cell-surface receptor systems that activate PKC and regulate the DAT in dopamine neurons remain elusive. We report here that stimulation of M1/M5 muscarinic receptors in midbrain cultures decreases the ability of dopamine neurons to transport dopamine through DAT. Application of the cholinomimetic drug carbachol leads to a decrease in DAT activity in primary cultures while the M1/M5-specific antagonist, pirenzepine, blocks these effects. The M3 antagonist, DAU 5884, does not affect, but a positive modulator of M5, VU 0238429, enhances the loss of DAT function in response to carbachol and acetylcholine. These data implicate M1/M5 receptors on dopamine neurons in the modulation of DAT function. Bisindolylmaleimide, a PKC inhibitor, blocks the effects of carbachol stimulation on dopamine uptake, supporting a role for PKC in muscarinic receptor-mediated DAT internalization. Furthermore, as shown previously for PKC-induced internalization, downregulation of the DAT is dependent on both clathrin and dynamin. A Gq-specific inhibitor peptide also blocks the effects of carbachol on DAT in primary cultures, confirming Gq as the G-protein that couples M1/M5 receptors to PKC activation in these cells. In acute midbrain slices, biotinylation of cell-surface proteins revealed the loss of dopamine transport mediated by muscarinic receptor stimulation was, indeed, due to loss of membrane expression of the DAT in endogenous tissue. These data indicate that stimulation of cholinergic pathways can lead to modulation of dopamine through internalization of the DAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne M Underhill
- National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Susan G Amara
- National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
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Dynamic control of the dopamine transporter in neurotransmission and homeostasis. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2021; 7:22. [PMID: 33674612 PMCID: PMC7935902 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-021-00161-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The dopamine transporter (DAT) transports extracellular dopamine into the intracellular space contributing to the regulation of dopamine neurotransmission. A reduction of DAT density is implicated in Parkinson's disease (PD) by neuroimaging; dopamine turnover is dopamine turnover is elevated in early symptomatic PD and in presymptomatic individuals with monogenic mutations causal for parkinsonism. As an integral plasma membrane protein, DAT surface expression is dynamically regulated through endocytic trafficking, enabling flexible control of dopamine signaling in time and space, which in turn critically modulates movement, motivation and learning behavior. Yet the cellular machinery and functional implications of DAT trafficking remain enigmatic. In this review we summarize mechanisms governing DAT trafficking under normal physiological conditions and discuss how PD-linked mutations may disturb DAT homeostasis. We highlight the complexity of DAT trafficking and reveal DAT dysregulation as a common theme in genetic models of parkinsonism.
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Phillips TJ, Roy T, Aldrich SJ, Baba H, Erk J, Mootz JRK, Reed C, Chesler EJ. Confirmation of a Causal Taar1 Allelic Variant in Addiction-Relevant Methamphetamine Behaviors. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:725839. [PMID: 34512422 PMCID: PMC8428522 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.725839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensitivity to rewarding and reinforcing drug effects has a critical role in initial use, but the role of initial aversive drug effects has received less attention. Methamphetamine effects on dopamine re-uptake and efflux are associated with its addiction potential. However, methamphetamine also serves as a substrate for the trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1). Growing evidence in animal models indicates that increasing TAAR1 function reduces drug self-administration and intake. We previously determined that a non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in Taar1 predicts a conformational change in the receptor that has functional consequences. A Taar1 m1J mutant allele existing in DBA/2J mice expresses a non-functional receptor. In comparison to mice that possess one or more copies of the reference Taar1 allele (Taar1 +/+ or Taar1 +/m1J ), mice with the Taar1 m1J/m1J genotype readily consume methamphetamine, express low sensitivity to aversive effects of methamphetamine, and lack sensitivity to acute methamphetamine-induced hypothermia. We used three sets of knock-in and control mice in which one Taar1 allele was exchanged with the alternative allele to determine if other methamphetamine-related traits and an opioid trait are impacted by the same Taar1 SNP proven to affect MA consumption and hypothermia. First, we measured sensitivity to conditioned rewarding and aversive effects of methamphetamine to determine if an impact of the Taar1 SNP on these traits could be proven. Next, we used multiple genetic backgrounds to study the consistency of Taar1 allelic effects on methamphetamine intake and hypothermia. Finally, we studied morphine-induced hypothermia to confirm prior data suggesting that a gene in linkage disequilibrium with Taar1, rather than Taar1, accounts for prior observed differences in sensitivity. We found that a single SNP exchange reduced sensitivity to methamphetamine conditioned reward and increased sensitivity to conditioned aversion. Profound differences in methamphetamine intake and hypothermia consistently corresponded with genotype at the SNP location, with only slight variation in magnitude across genetic backgrounds. Morphine-induced hypothermia was not dependent on Taar1 genotype. Thus, Taar1 genotype and TAAR1 function impact multiple methamphetamine-related effects that likely predict the potential for methamphetamine use. These data support further investigation of their potential roles in risk for methamphetamine addiction and therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara J Phillips
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience and Methamphetamine Abuse Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States.,Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Tyler Roy
- The Jackson Laboratory and Center for Systems Neurogenetics of Addiction, Bar Harbor, ME, United States
| | - Sara J Aldrich
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience and Methamphetamine Abuse Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Harue Baba
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience and Methamphetamine Abuse Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Jason Erk
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience and Methamphetamine Abuse Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - John R K Mootz
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience and Methamphetamine Abuse Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Cheryl Reed
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience and Methamphetamine Abuse Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Elissa J Chesler
- The Jackson Laboratory and Center for Systems Neurogenetics of Addiction, Bar Harbor, ME, United States
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Cisneros IE, Ghorpade A, Borgmann K. Methamphetamine Activates Trace Amine Associated Receptor 1 to Regulate Astrocyte Excitatory Amino Acid Transporter-2 via Differential CREB Phosphorylation During HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders. Front Neurol 2020; 11:593146. [PMID: 33324330 PMCID: PMC7724046 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.593146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH) use, referred to as methamphetamine use disorder (MUD), results in neurocognitive decline, a characteristic shared with HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). MUD exacerbates HAND partly through glutamate dysregulation. Astrocyte excitatory amino acid transporter (EAAT)-2 is responsible for >90% of glutamate uptake from the synaptic environment and is significantly decreased with METH and HIV-1. Our previous work demonstrated astrocyte trace amine associated receptor (TAAR) 1 to be involved in EAAT-2 regulation. Astrocyte EAAT-2 is regulated at the transcriptional level by cAMP responsive element binding (CREB) protein and NF-κB, transcription factors activated by cAMP, calcium and IL-1β. Second messengers, cAMP and calcium, are triggered by TAAR1 activation, which is upregulated by IL-1β METH-mediated increases in these second messengers and signal transduction pathways have not been shown to directly decrease astrocyte EAAT-2. We propose CREB activation serves as a master regulator of EAAT-2 transcription, downstream of METH-induced TAAR1 activation. To investigate the temporal order of events culminating in CREB activation, genetically encoded calcium indicators, GCaMP6s, were used to visualize METH-induced calcium signaling in primary human astrocytes. RNA interference and pharmacological inhibitors targeting or blocking cAMP-dependent protein kinase A and calcium/calmodulin kinase II confirmed METH-induced regulation of EAAT-2 and resultant glutamate clearance. Furthermore, we investigated METH-mediated CREB phosphorylation at both serine 133 and 142, the co-activator and co-repressor forms, respectively. Overall, this work revealed METH-induced differential CREB phosphorylation is a critical regulator for EAAT-2 function and may thus serve as a mechanistic target for the attenuation of METH-induced excitotoxicity in the context of HAND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irma E Cisneros
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States
| | - Anuja Ghorpade
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States
| | - Kathleen Borgmann
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States
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Abdel-Salam OM, Youssef Morsy SM, Youness ER, Yassen NN, Sleem AA. The effect of low dose amphetamine in rotenone-induced toxicity in a mice model of Parkinson's disease. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2020; 23:1207-1217. [PMID: 32963743 PMCID: PMC7491496 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2020.45175.10524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The effects of low dose amphetamine on oxidative stress and rotenone-induced neurotoxicity and liver injury were examined in vivo in a mice model of Parkinson's disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS Male mice were treated with rotenone (1.5 mg/kg, every other day for two weeks, subcutaneously). Mice received either the vehicle or amphetamine intraperitoneally at doses of 0.5, 1.0, or 2.0 mg/kg. Oxidative stress was assessed by measurement of the lipid peroxidation product malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), total anti-oxidant capacity (TAC), and paraoxonase-1 (PON-1) activity in the brain and liver. In addition, brain concentrations of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and tyrosine hydroxylase were determined and histopathology and Bax/Bcl-2 immunohistochemistry were performed. RESULTS The levels of lipid peroxidation and NO were increased and TAC and PON-1 were decreased significantly compared with vehicle-injected control mice. There were also significantly increased NF-κB and decreased tyrosine hydroxylase in the brain following rotenone administration. These changes were significantly attenuated by amphetamine. Rotenone caused neurodegenerative changes in the substantia nigra, cerebral cortex, and hippocampus. The liver showed degenerative changes in hepatocytes and infiltration of Kupffer cells. Bax/Bcl2 ratio was significantly increased in brain and liver tissues. Amphetamine prevented these histopathological changes and the increase in apoptosis evoked by rotenone. CONCLUSION These results suggest that low dose amphetamine exerts anti-oxidant and anti-apoptotic effects, protects against rotenone-induced neurodegeneration, and could prevent neuronal cell degeneration in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Eman R. Youness
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Noha N. Yassen
- Department of Pathology, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Amany A Sleem
- Department of Pharmacology, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
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Reed C, Stafford AM, Mootz JRK, Baba H, Erk J, Phillips TJ. A breeding strategy to identify modifiers of high genetic risk for methamphetamine intake. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2020; 20:e12667. [PMID: 32424970 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Trace amine-associated receptor 1 (Taar1) impacts methamphetamine (MA) intake. A mutant allele (Taar1m1J ) derived from the DBA/2J mouse strain codes for a non-functional receptor, and Taar1m1J/m1J mice consume more MA than mice possessing the reference Taar1+ allele. To study the impact of this mutation in a genetically diverse population, heterogeneous stock-collaborative cross (HS-CC) mice, the product of an eight-way cross of standard and wild-derived strains, were tested for MA intake. HS-CC had low MA intake, so an HS-CC by DBA/2J strain F2 intercross was created to transfer the mutant allele onto the diverse background, and used for selective breeding. To study residual variation in MA intake existing in Taar1m1J/m1J mice, selective breeding for higher (MAH) vs lower (MAL) MA intake was initiated from Taar1m1J/m1J F2 individuals; a control line of Taar1+/+ individuals (MAC) was retained. The lines were also examined for MA-induced locomotor and thermal responses, and fluid and tastant consumption. Taar1m1J/m1J F2 mice consumed significantly more MA than Taar1+/+ F2 mice. Response to selection was significant by generation 2 and there were corresponding differences in fluid consumed. Fluid consumption was not different in non-MA drinking studies. Taar1m1J/m1J genotype (MAL or MAH vs MAC mice) was associated with heighted MA locomotor and reduced hypothermic responses. MAL mice exhibited greater sensitization than MAH mice, but the selected lines did not consistently differ for thermal or tastant phenotypes. Residual variation among high-risk Taar1m1J/m1J mice appears to involve mechanisms associated with neuroadaptation to MA, but not sensitivity to hypothermic effects of MA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl Reed
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience and Methamphetamine Abuse Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Alexandra M Stafford
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience and Methamphetamine Abuse Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - John R K Mootz
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience and Methamphetamine Abuse Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Harue Baba
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience and Methamphetamine Abuse Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Jason Erk
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience and Methamphetamine Abuse Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Tamara J Phillips
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience and Methamphetamine Abuse Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.,Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, Oregon, USA
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Koch J, Shi WX, Dashtipour K. VMAT2 inhibitors for the treatment of hyperkinetic movement disorders. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 212:107580. [PMID: 32454050 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Hyperkinetic movement disorders comprise a variety of conditions characterized by involuntary movements, which include but are not limited to tardive dyskinesia, chorea associated with Huntington's Disease, and tic disorders. The class of medications that have been used to treat these conditions includes Vesicular Monoamine Transporter-2 (VMAT2) inhibitors. In 2008, the FDA approved tetrabenazine as a treatment for chorea associated with Huntington's Disease. Optimization of the pharmacology of tetrabenazine has since led to the approval of two new VMAT2 inhibitors, deutetrabenazine and valbenazine. The objective of this review is to provide background on the role of VMAT in monoamine neurotransmission, the mechanism of VMAT2 inhibition on the treatment of hyperkinetic disorders (specifically tardive dyskinesia and chorea associated with Huntington's Disease), the pharmacology and pharmacokinetics of the commercially available VMAT2 inhibitors, and a summary of the clinical data to support application of these medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessa Koch
- Pharmacy Practice, Loma Linda University School of Pharmacy, Shryock Hall, 24745 Stewart St, Loma Linda, CA 92350, United States of America; Department of Neurology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Faculty Medical Offices, 11370 Anderson, Suite B-100, Loma Linda, CA 92350, United States of America.
| | - Wei-Xing Shi
- Pharmaceutical, Administrative and Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, 11175 Campus St, CSP21020, Loma Linda, CA 92350, United States of America.
| | - Khashayar Dashtipour
- Pharmacy Practice, Loma Linda University School of Pharmacy, Shryock Hall, 24745 Stewart St, Loma Linda, CA 92350, United States of America; Department of Neurology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Faculty Medical Offices, 11370 Anderson, Suite B-100, Loma Linda, CA 92350, United States of America.
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Fagan RR, Kearney PJ, Melikian HE. In Situ Regulated Dopamine Transporter Trafficking: There's No Place Like Home. Neurochem Res 2020; 45:1335-1343. [PMID: 32146647 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-020-03001-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) is critical for motivation, reward, movement initiation, and learning. Mechanisms that control DA signaling have a profound impact on these important behaviors, and additionally play a role in DA-related neuropathologies. The presynaptic SLC6 DA transporter (DAT) limits extracellular DA levels by clearing released DA, and is potently inhibited by addictive and therapeutic psychostimulants. Decades of evidence support that the DAT is subject to acute regulation by a number of signaling pathways, and that endocytic trafficking strongly regulates DAT availability and function. DAT trafficking studies have been performed in a variety of model systems, including both in vitro and ex vivo preparations. In this review, we focus on the breadth of DAT trafficking studies, with specific attention to, and comparison of, how context may influence DAT's response to different stimuli. In particular, this overview highlights that stimulated DAT trafficking not only differs between in vitro and ex vivo environments, but also is influenced by both sex and anatomical subregions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita R Fagan
- Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Patrick J Kearney
- Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Haley E Melikian
- Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA.
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Freyberg Z, Saavedra JM. Trace Amines and Trace Amine-Associated Receptors: A New Frontier in Cell Signaling. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2020; 40:189-190. [PMID: 32006222 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-020-00800-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Trace amines, including β-phenylethylamine, p-octopamine, p-tyramine, and tryptamine, are produced in high levels in invertebrates where they play major roles in homeostasis regulation in a manner similar to that of adrenergic systems in mammals (Rutigliano et al. in Front Pharmacol 8:987, 2017; Gainetdinov et al. in Pharmacol Rev 70(3):549-620, 2018; Nagaya et al. in Neurosci Lett 329(3):324-328, 2002). In mammals, however, their levels are very low, initially prompting these molecules to be termed "trace" or "minor" amines in mammals with only a secondary role in the regulation of more abundant biogenic amines including catecholamines and serotonin (Gainetdinov et al. in Pharmacol Rev 70(3):549-620, 2018). The more recent discovery of trace amine-associated receptors (TAARs) revealed major, previously unsuspected roles of the trace amines and has led to increasing interest within the scientific community. For example, TAARs have been proposed to modulate signaling through dopamine (Schwartz et al. in Expert Opin Ther Targets 22(6):513-526, 2018). Furthermore, these receptors are implicated in both numerous physiological functions including regulation of sleep, olfaction, metabolism, and immunity as well in disease (e.g., substance abuse, neuropsychiatric disorders) (Gainetdinov et al. in Pharmacol Rev 70(3):549-620, 2018; Rutigliano et al. in Front Pharmacol 8:987, 2017). Consequently, trace amine and TAAR research is rapidly growing and is of great translational relevance. In this Special Issue, leaders in trace amine and TAAR research offer both reviews and original research papers that cover a wide range of topics from involvement of TAAR signaling in metabolic regulation and neurophysiology to implications of this signaling in neuropsychiatric diseases including substance abuse and schizophrenia. While a diverse range of topics is covered by these works, the common theme running through all of them is the increasing awareness that trace amine and TAAR signaling represent novel signaling mechanisms in the brain and periphery. These topics are both highly timely and of considerable importance not only for those working in the field but also for the neuroscience community at large.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Freyberg
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA. .,Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
| | - Juan M Saavedra
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, 20057, USA.
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Abstract
Trace amine-associated receptor 1 is one of the best-characterized receptors of trace amines. Growing evidence shows that TAAR1 negatively regulates the monoaminergic activity, including dopamine transmission in the mesocorticolimbic system. Neurochemical assays demonstrated that selective TAAR1 full and partial agonists were effective to prevent psychostimulants-induced dopamine transmission in vitro and in vivo. In the last decade, many preclinical models of psychostimulant addiction such as drug-induced behavioral sensitization, drug-induced conditioned place preference, drug self-administration, drug discrimination, and relapse models were used to assess the effects of TAAR1 agonists on psychostimulants' behavioral effects. In general, activation of TAAR1 attenuated while knockout of TAAR1 potentiated psychostimulant abuse-related behaviors. Here, we review the advances in TAAR1 and its agonists in modulating psychostimulant addiction. We discuss the similarities and differences between the neurochemical and behavioral effects of TAAR1 full and partial agonists. We also discuss several concerns including the abuse liability, sleep reduction, and species-dependent effects that might affect the successful translation of TAAR1 agonists from preclinical studies to clinical application. In conclusion, although further investigations are in need to address certain concerns and the underlying neural mechanisms, TAAR1 agonists appear to be a promising pharmacotherapy to treat psychostimulant addiction and prevent relapse.
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