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Hedges DW, Chase M, Farrer TJ, Gale SD. Psychiatric Disease as a Potential Risk Factor for Dementia: A Narrative Review. Brain Sci 2024; 14:722. [PMID: 39061462 PMCID: PMC11274614 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14070722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disease is a major global health problem with 150 million people predicted to have dementia by 2050. Genetic factors, environmental factors, demographics, and some diseases have been associated with dementia. In addition to associations between diseases such as hypertension and cerebrovascular disease and dementia, emerging findings associate some psychiatric disorders with incident dementia. Because of the high and increasing global prevalence of dementia and the high worldwide prevalence of psychiatric disorders, the primary objective of this narrative review was to evaluate published findings that evaluate the association between bipolar disorder, depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorder, schizophrenia and other psychosis syndromes, and personality disorders and personality traits and incident dementia. Here, we highlight findings indicating possible associations between these psychiatric disorders and subsequent dementia and suggest that some psychiatric disorders may be risk factors for incident dementia. Further research, including more large longitudinal studies and additional meta-analyses, however, is needed to better characterize the associations between psychiatric disorders and incident dementia, to identify possible mechanisms for these putative associations, and to identify risk factors within psychiatric disorders that predispose some people with a psychiatric disorder but not others to subsequent dementia. Additional important questions concern how the treatment of psychiatric disorders might affect the risk of incident dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawson W. Hedges
- The Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA;
- The Neuroscience Center, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA;
| | - Morgan Chase
- The Neuroscience Center, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA;
| | - Thomas J. Farrer
- Idaho WWAMI Medical Education Program, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA;
| | - Shawn D. Gale
- The Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA;
- The Neuroscience Center, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA;
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Liu Z, Lu W, Zou W, Gao Y, Li X, Xu G, So KF, McIntyre RS, Lin K, Shao R. A preliminary study on brain developmental features of bipolar disorder familial risk and subthreshold symptoms. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY. COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2024:S2451-9022(24)00163-0. [PMID: 38909895 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2024.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Risk for Bipolar disorder (BD) is increased among individuals with family history or subthreshold mood symptoms. However, the brain structural developments associated with these BD risks remained unknown. METHODS This longitudinal cohort study examined the brain grey matter volume (GMV) developmental features of familial and symptomatic risks for BD, and their associations with participants' global function levels. We recruited unaffected BD offspring with (N=26, age=14.9±2.9 years, 14 females) or without (N=35, age=15.3±2.7 years, 19 females) subthreshold manic or depressive symptoms, and unaffected non-BD offspring with (N=49, age=14.5±2.2 years, 30 females) or without (N=68, age=15.0±2.3 years, 37 females) symptoms. The offspring had no mood disorder diagnosis prior to the study. The average follow-up duration was 2.63±1.63 years. RESULTS We found at baseline, significant interactive effects of familial risk and subthreshold symptoms indicated the symptomatic offspring exhibited markedly large GMV in the brain affective and cognitive circuitries. During follow-up, the combined group of BD offspring (symptomatic and non-symptomatic) displayed accelerated GMV decrease than BD non-offspring, in the hippocampus and anterior cingulate cortex. In contrast, the combined group of symptomatic participants (offspring and non-offspring) displayed slower GMV decrease than non-symptomatic participants, in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex. Larger GMV at baseline, and accelerated GMV decrease during follow-up, prospectively and longitudinally predicted positive global function changes. All results survived multiple-testing correction. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicated that familial and symptomatic risks of BD are associated with distinct brain structural developments, and unraveled key brain developmental features of particularly vulnerable high-risk individuals to subsequent functional deterioration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongwan Liu
- Department of Affective Disorder, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China; Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Weicong Lu
- Department of Affective Disorder, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China; Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Wenjin Zou
- Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China; Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yanling Gao
- Department of Affective Disorder, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China; Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyue Li
- Department of Affective Disorder, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China; Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Guiyun Xu
- Department of Affective Disorder, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China; Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Kwok-Fai So
- Ministry of Education Joint International Research Laboratory of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, P.R. China; School of Health and Life Sciences, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, No. 17, Shandong Road, Shinan district, Qingdao City, Shandong Province, P.R. China
| | - Roger S McIntyre
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Brain and Cognition Discovery Foundation, Toronto, Canada; Professor and Nanshan Scholar, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kangguang Lin
- Department of Affective Disorder, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China; Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China; Ministry of Education Joint International Research Laboratory of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, P.R. China.
| | - Robin Shao
- Department of Affective Disorder, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China; Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China.
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Manelis A, Hu H, Miceli R, Satz S, Lau R, Iyengar S, Swartz HA. The relationship between the size and asymmetry of the lateral ventricles and cortical myelin content in individuals with mood disorders. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2024:2024.04.30.24306621. [PMID: 38746112 PMCID: PMC11092679 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.30.24306621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Background Although enlargement of the lateral ventricles was previously observed in individuals with mood disorders, the link between ventricular size and asymmetry with other indices of brain structure remains underexplored. In this study, we examined the association of lateral ventricular size and asymmetry with cortical myelin content in individuals with bipolar (BD) and depressive (DD) disorders compared to healthy controls (HC). Methods Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to obtain T1w and T2w images from 149 individuals (age=27.7 (SD=6.1) years, 78% female, BD=38, DD=57, HC=54). Cortical myelin content was calculated using the T1w/T2w ratio. Elastic net regularized regression identified brain regions whose myelin content was associated with ventricular size and asymmetry. A post-hoc linear regression examined how participants' diagnosis, illness duration, and current level of depression moderated the relationship between the size and asymmetry of the lateral ventricles and levels of cortical myelin in the selected brain regions. Results Individuals with mood disorders had larger lateral ventricles than HC. Larger ventricles and lower asymmetry were observed in individuals with BD who had longer lifetime illness duration and more severe current depressive symptoms. A greater left asymmetry was observed in participants with DD than in those with BD (p<0.01). Elastic net revealed that both ventricular enlargement and asymmetry were associated with altered myelin content in cingulate, frontal, and sensorimotor cortices. In BD, but not other groups, ventricular enlargement was related to altered myelin content in the right insular regions. Conclusions Lateral ventricular enlargement and asymmetry are linked to myelin content imbalance, thus, potentially leading to emotional and cognitive dysfunction in mood disorders.
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Palmisano A, Pandit S, Smeralda CL, Demchenko I, Rossi S, Battelli L, Rivolta D, Bhat V, Santarnecchi E. The Pathophysiological Underpinnings of Gamma-Band Alterations in Psychiatric Disorders. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:578. [PMID: 38792599 PMCID: PMC11122172 DOI: 10.3390/life14050578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Investigating the biophysiological substrates of psychiatric illnesses is of great interest to our understanding of disorders' etiology, the identification of reliable biomarkers, and potential new therapeutic avenues. Schizophrenia represents a consolidated model of γ alterations arising from the aberrant activity of parvalbumin-positive GABAergic interneurons, whose dysfunction is associated with perineuronal net impairment and neuroinflammation. This model of pathogenesis is supported by molecular, cellular, and functional evidence. Proof for alterations of γ oscillations and their underlying mechanisms has also been reported in bipolar disorder and represents an emerging topic for major depressive disorder. Although evidence from animal models needs to be further elucidated in humans, the pathophysiology of γ-band alteration represents a common denominator for different neuropsychiatric disorders. The purpose of this narrative review is to outline a framework of converging results in psychiatric conditions characterized by γ abnormality, from neurochemical dysfunction to alterations in brain rhythms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Palmisano
- Chair of Lifespan Developmental Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology, TUD Dresden University of Technology, 01069 Dresden, Germany
- Precision Neuroscience and Neuromodulation Program, Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA (E.S.)
- Department of Education, Psychology, and Communication, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70121 Bari, Italy;
| | - Siddhartha Pandit
- Precision Neuroscience and Neuromodulation Program, Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA (E.S.)
| | - Carmelo L. Smeralda
- Precision Neuroscience and Neuromodulation Program, Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA (E.S.)
- Siena Brain Investigation and Neuromodulation (SI-BIN) Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology Section, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy;
| | - Ilya Demchenko
- Interventional Psychiatry Program, St. Michael’s Hospital—Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8, Canada; (I.D.)
- Institute of Medical Science, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
| | - Simone Rossi
- Siena Brain Investigation and Neuromodulation (SI-BIN) Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology Section, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy;
| | - Lorella Battelli
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems@UniTn, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 38068 Rovereto, Italy
| | - Davide Rivolta
- Department of Education, Psychology, and Communication, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70121 Bari, Italy;
| | - Venkat Bhat
- Interventional Psychiatry Program, St. Michael’s Hospital—Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8, Canada; (I.D.)
- Institute of Medical Science, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
| | - Emiliano Santarnecchi
- Precision Neuroscience and Neuromodulation Program, Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA (E.S.)
- Department of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Rozovsky R, Bertocci M, Iyengar S, Stiffler RS, Bebko G, Skeba AS, Brady T, Aslam H, Phillips ML. Identifying tripartite relationship among cortical thickness, neuroticism, and mood and anxiety disorders. Sci Rep 2024; 14:8449. [PMID: 38600283 PMCID: PMC11006921 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59108-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The number of young adults seeking help for emotional distress, subsyndromal-syndromal mood/anxiety symptoms, including those associated with neuroticism, is rising and can be an early manifestation of mood/anxiety disorders. Identification of gray matter (GM) thickness alterations and their relationship with neuroticism and mood/anxiety symptoms can aid in earlier diagnosis and prevention of risk for future mood and anxiety disorders. In a transdiagnostic sample of young adults (n = 252;177 females; age 21.7 ± 2), Hypothesis (H) 1:regularized regression followed by multiple regression examined relationships among GM cortical thickness and clinician-rated depression, anxiety, and mania/hypomania; H2:the neuroticism factor and its subfactors as measured by NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R) were tested as mediators. Analyses revealed positive relationships between left parsopercularis thickness and depression (B = 4.87, p = 0.002), anxiety (B = 4.68, p = 0.002), mania/hypomania (B = 6.08, p ≤ 0.001); negative relationships between left inferior temporal gyrus (ITG) thickness and depression (B = - 5.64, p ≤ 0.001), anxiety (B = - 6.77, p ≤ 0.001), mania/hypomania (B = - 6.47, p ≤ 0.001); and positive relationships between left isthmus cingulate thickness (B = 2.84, p = 0.011), and anxiety. NEO anger/hostility mediated the relationship between left ITG thickness and mania/hypomania; NEO vulnerability mediated the relationship between left ITG thickness and depression. Examining the interrelationships among cortical thickness, neuroticism and mood and anxiety symptoms enriches the potential for identifying markers conferring risk for mood and anxiety disorders and can provide targets for personalized intervention strategies for these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Rozovsky
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 302 Loeffler Building, 121 Meyran Ave., Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Michele Bertocci
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 302 Loeffler Building, 121 Meyran Ave., Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Satish Iyengar
- Department of Statistics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Richelle S Stiffler
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 302 Loeffler Building, 121 Meyran Ave., Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Genna Bebko
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 302 Loeffler Building, 121 Meyran Ave., Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Alexander S Skeba
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 302 Loeffler Building, 121 Meyran Ave., Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Tyler Brady
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 302 Loeffler Building, 121 Meyran Ave., Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Haris Aslam
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 302 Loeffler Building, 121 Meyran Ave., Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Mary L Phillips
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 302 Loeffler Building, 121 Meyran Ave., Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Messer L, Zoabi A, Yakobi R, Natsheh H, Touitou E, Margulis K. Evaluation of nasal delivery systems of olanzapine by desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry imaging. Int J Pharm 2024; 650:123664. [PMID: 38061498 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Nose-to-brain delivery presents an attractive administration route for neuroactive drugs that suffer from compromised bioavailability or fail to pass the blood-brain barrier. However, the conventional gauge of effectiveness for intranasal delivery platforms primarily involves detecting the presence of the administered drug within the brain, with little insight into its precise localization within brain structures. This may undermine the therapeutic efficacy of drugs and hinder the design of systems that target specific brain regions. In this study, we designed two intranasal delivery systems for the antipsychotic drug, olanzapine, and evaluated its distribution in the rat brain following intranasal administration. The first evaluated system was an olanzapine-loaded microemulsion and the second one was nanoparticulate aqueous dispersion of olanzapine. Both systems exhibited characteristics that render them compatible for intranasal administration, and successfully delivered olanzapine to the brain. We further employed an ambient mass spectrometry imaging method, called desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry imaging, to visualize the signal intensity of olanzapine in different brain regions following the intranasal administration of these two systems. Substantial variations in the distribution patterns of olanzapine across various brain structures were revealed, potentially highlighting the importance of mass spectrometry imaging in designing and evaluating intranasal drug delivery platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihi Messer
- The Institute for Drug Research, the School of Pharmacy, the Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112192, Israel
| | - Amani Zoabi
- The Institute for Drug Research, the School of Pharmacy, the Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112192, Israel
| | - Ravit Yakobi
- The Institute for Drug Research, the School of Pharmacy, the Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112192, Israel
| | - Hiba Natsheh
- The Institute for Drug Research, the School of Pharmacy, the Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112192, Israel
| | - Elka Touitou
- The Institute for Drug Research, the School of Pharmacy, the Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112192, Israel.
| | - Katherine Margulis
- The Institute for Drug Research, the School of Pharmacy, the Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112192, Israel.
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Estudillo-Guerra MA, Linnman C, Galvez V, Chapa-Koloffon G, Pacheco-Barrios K, Morales-Quezada L, Flores Ramos M. Is brain perfusion correlated to switching mood states and cognitive impairment in bipolar disorder type I? A longitudinal study using perfusion imaging approach. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1244134. [PMID: 37860170 PMCID: PMC10582948 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1244134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Type I Bipolar disorder (BD-I) is a neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by manic or mixed-featured episodes, impaired cognitive functioning, and persistent work and social functioning impairment. This study aimed to investigate within-subject; (i) differences in brain perfusion using Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) between manic and euthymic states in BD-I patients; (ii) explore potential associations between altered brain perfusion and cognitive status; and (iii) examine the relationship between cerebral perfusion and mania symptom ratings. Seventeen adult patients diagnosed with BD-I in a manic episode were recruited, and clinical assessments, cognitive tests, and brain perfusion studies were conducted at baseline (mania state) and a follow-up visit 6 months later. The results showed cognitive impairment during the manic episode, which persisted during the euthymic state at follow-up. However, no significant changes in brain perfusion were observed between the manic and euthymic states. During mania, trends toward decreased perfusion in the left cerebellum and right superior parietal lobule were noted. Additionally, trends indicated a higher perfusion imbalance in the left superior and middle frontal gyrus during mania and the right superior and middle frontal gyrus during euthymia. No significant correlations existed between brain perfusion, mania symptom ratings, and cognitive performance, indicating that symptomatology might represent more than neural hemodynamics. These findings suggest that cognitive impairment may persist in BD-I patients and highlight the need for therapeutic interventions targeting cognitive deficits. More extensive studies with extended follow-up periods are warranted further to investigate brain perfusion and cognitive functioning in BD-I patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Anayali Estudillo-Guerra
- Clínica de Trastornos del Afecto, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría “Ramón de la Fuente”, Mexico City, Mexico
- Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Clas Linnman
- Spaulding Neuroimaging Laboratory, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Victor Galvez
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias Cognitivas y Desarrollo, Escuela de Psicología, Universidad Panamericana, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Kevin Pacheco-Barrios
- Neuromodulation Center and Center for Clinical Research Learning, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Vicerrectorado de Investigación, Unidad de Investigación Para la Generación y Síntesis de Evidencias en Salud, Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola, Lima, Peru
| | - Leon Morales-Quezada
- Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Monica Flores Ramos
- Subdirección de Investigaciones Clínicas, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Mexico City, Mexico
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
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