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Iijima N. The emerging role of effector functions exerted by tissue-resident memory T cells. OXFORD OPEN IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 5:iqae006. [PMID: 39193473 PMCID: PMC11213632 DOI: 10.1093/oxfimm/iqae006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The magnitude of the effector functions of memory T cells determines the consequences of the protection against invading pathogens and tumor development or the pathogenesis of autoimmune and allergic diseases. Tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM cells) are unique T-cell populations that persist in tissues for long periods awaiting re-encounter with their cognate antigen. Although TRM cell reactivation primarily requires the presentation of cognate antigens, recent evidence has shown that, in addition to the conventional concept, TRM cells can be reactivated without the presentation of cognate antigens. Non-cognate TRM cell activation is triggered by cross-reactive antigens or by several combinations of cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-2, IL-7, IL-12, IL-15 and IL-18. The activation mode of TRM cells reinforces their cytotoxic activity and promotes the secretion of effector cytokines (such as interferon-gamma and tumor necrosis factor-alpha). This review highlights the key features of TRM cell maintenance and reactivation and discusses the importance of effector functions that TRM cells exert upon being presented with cognate and/or non-cognate antigens, as well as cytokines secreted by TRM and non-TRM cells within the tissue microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norifumi Iijima
- Center for Drug Design Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBN), Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan
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2
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Murakami M. Tissue-resident memory T cells: decoding intra-organ diversity with a gut perspective. Inflamm Regen 2024; 44:19. [PMID: 38632596 PMCID: PMC11022361 DOI: 10.1186/s41232-024-00333-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM) serve as the frontline of host defense, playing a critical role in protection against invading pathogens. This emphasizes their role in providing rapid on-site immune responses across various organs. The physiological significance of TRM is not just confined to infection control; accumulating evidence has revealed that TRM also determine the pathology of diseases such as autoimmune disorders, inflammatory bowel disease, and cancer. Intensive studies on the origin, mechanisms of formation and maintenance, and physiological significance of TRM have elucidated the transcriptional and functional diversity of these cells, which are often affected by local cues associated with their presence. These were further confirmed by the recent remarkable advancements of next-generation sequencing and single-cell technologies, which allow the transcriptional and phenotypic characterization of each TRM subset induced in different microenvironments. This review first overviews the current knowledge of the cell fate, molecular features, transcriptional and metabolic regulation, and biological importance of TRM in health and disease. Finally, this article presents a variety of recent studies on disease-associated TRM, particularly focusing and elaborating on the TRM in the gut, which constitute the largest and most intricate immune network in the body, and their pathological relevance to gut inflammation in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Murakami
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamada-Oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
- Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
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3
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Rodrigues TC, Figueiredo DB, Gonçalves VM, Kaneko K, Saleem IY, Miyaji EN. Liposome-based dry powder vaccine immunization targeting the lungs induces broad protection against pneumococcus. J Control Release 2024; 368:184-198. [PMID: 38395155 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2024.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is an important human pathogen. Currently used conjugate vaccines are effective against invasive disease, but protection is restricted to serotypes included in the formulation, leading to serotype replacement. Furthermore, protection against non-invasive disease is reported to be considerably lower. The development of a serotype-independent vaccine is thus important and Pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) is a promising vaccine candidate. PspA shows some diversity and can be classified in 6 clades and 3 families, with families 1 and 2 being the most frequent in clinical isolates. The ideal vaccine should thus induce protection against the two most common families of PspA. The aim of this work was to develop a liposome-based vaccine containing PspAs from family 1 and 2 and to characterize its immune response. Liposomes (LP) composed of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) and 3β-[N-(N',N'-dimethylaminoethane)-carbamoyl]cholesterol (DC-Chol) with or without α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer) were produced by microfluidics, encapsulating PspA from clade 1 (PspA1, family 1) and/or clade 4 (PspA4Pro, family 2) followed by spray-drying with trehalose to form nanocomposite microparticles carriers (NCMP). LP/NCMPs showed good stability and preservation of protein activity. LP/NCMPs containing PspA1 and/or PspA4Pro were used for immunization of mice targeting the lungs. High serum IgG antibody titers against both PspA1 and PspA4Pro were detected in animals immunized with LP/NCMPs containing α-GalCer, with a balance of IgG1 and IgG2a titers. IgG in sera from immunized mice bound to pneumococcal strains from different serotypes and expressing different PspA clades, indicating broad recognition. Mucosal IgG and IgA were also detected. Importantly, immunization with LP/NCMPs induced full protection against strains expressing PspAs from family 1 and 2. Furthermore, CD4+ resident memory T cells were detected in the lungs of the immunized animals that survived the challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- T C Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Bacteriologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - D B Figueiredo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Laboratório de Desenvolvimento de Vacinas, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - V M Gonçalves
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Laboratório de Desenvolvimento de Vacinas, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - K Kaneko
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, Merseyside, United Kingdom
| | - I Y Saleem
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, Merseyside, United Kingdom.
| | - E N Miyaji
- Laboratório de Bacteriologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Trentini MM, Rodriguez D, Kanno AI, Goulart C, Darrieux M, de Cerqueira Leite LC. Robust Immune Response and Protection against Lethal Pneumococcal Challenge with a Recombinant BCG-PspA-PdT Prime/Boost Scheme Administered to Neonatal Mice. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:122. [PMID: 38400107 PMCID: PMC10893189 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12020122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Pneumococcal diseases are an important public health problem, with high mortality rates in young children. Although conjugated pneumococcal vaccines offer high protection against invasive pneumococcal diseases, this is restricted to vaccine serotypes, leading to serotype replacement. Furthermore, the current vaccines do not protect neonates. Therefore, several protein-based pneumococcal vaccines have been studied over the last few decades. Our group established a recombinant BCG expressing rPspA-PdT as a prime/rPspA-PdT boost strategy, which protected adult mice against lethal intranasal pneumococcal challenge. Here, we immunized groups of neonate C57/Bl6 mice (6-10) (at 5 days) with rBCG PspA-PdT and a boost with rPspA-PdT (at 12 days). Controls were saline or each antigen alone. The prime/boost strategy promoted an IgG1 to IgG2c isotype shift compared to protein alone. Furthermore, there was an increase in specific memory cells (T and B lymphocytes) and higher cytokine production (IFN-γ, IL-17, TNF-α, IL-10, and IL-6). Immunization with rBCG PspA-PdT/rPspA-PdT showed 100% protection against pulmonary challenge with the WU2 pneumococcal strain; two doses of rPspA-PdT showed non-significant protection in the neonates. These results demonstrate that a prime/boost strategy using rBCG PspA-PdT/rPspA-PdT is effective in protecting neonates against lethal pneumococcal infection via the induction of strong antibody and cytokine responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dunia Rodriguez
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento de Vacinas, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05503-900, Brazil
| | - Alex Issamu Kanno
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento de Vacinas, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05503-900, Brazil
| | - Cibelly Goulart
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento de Vacinas, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05503-900, Brazil
| | - Michelle Darrieux
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular e Clínica, Universidade São Francisco, Bragança Paulista 12916-900, Brazil;
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Pritzl CJ, Luera D, Knudson KM, Quaney MJ, Calcutt MJ, Daniels MA, Teixeiro E. IKK2/NFkB signaling controls lung resident CD8 + T cell memory during influenza infection. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4331. [PMID: 37468506 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40107-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
CD8+ T cell tissue resident memory (TRM) cells are especially suited to control pathogen spread at mucosal sites. However, their maintenance in lung is short-lived. TCR-dependent NFkB signaling is crucial for T cell memory but how and when NFkB signaling modulates tissue resident and circulating T cell memory during the immune response is unknown. Here, we find that enhancing NFkB signaling in T cells once memory to influenza is established, increases pro-survival Bcl-2 and CD122 levels thus boosting lung CD8+ TRM maintenance. By contrast, enhancing NFkB signals during the contraction phase of the response leads to a defect in CD8+ TRM differentiation without impairing recirculating memory subsets. Specifically, inducible activation of NFkB via constitutive active IKK2 or TNF interferes with TGFβ signaling, resulting in defects of lung CD8+ TRM imprinting molecules CD69, CD103, Runx3 and Eomes. Conversely, inhibiting NFkB signals not only recovers but improves the transcriptional signature and generation of lung CD8+ TRM. Thus, NFkB signaling is a critical regulator of tissue resident memory, whose levels can be tuned at specific times during infection to boost lung CD8+ TRM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Curtis J Pritzl
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Roy Blunt NextGen Precision Health Building, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Dezzarae Luera
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Roy Blunt NextGen Precision Health Building, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Karin M Knudson
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Michael J Quaney
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Michael J Calcutt
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Mark A Daniels
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Roy Blunt NextGen Precision Health Building, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Emma Teixeiro
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
- Roy Blunt NextGen Precision Health Building, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
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6
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Cheon IS, Son YM, Sun J. Tissue-resident memory T cells and lung immunopathology. Immunol Rev 2023; 316:63-83. [PMID: 37014096 PMCID: PMC10524334 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Rapid reaction to microbes invading mucosal tissues is key to protect the host against disease. Respiratory tissue-resident memory T (TRM ) cells provide superior immunity against pathogen infection and/or re-infection, due to their presence at the site of pathogen entry. However, there has been emerging evidence that exuberant TRM -cell responses contribute to the development of various chronic respiratory conditions including pulmonary sequelae post-acute viral infections. In this review, we have described the characteristics of respiratory TRM cells and processes underlying their development and maintenance. We have reviewed TRM -cell protective functions against various respiratory pathogens as well as their pathological activities in chronic lung conditions including post-viral pulmonary sequelae. Furthermore, we have discussed potential mechanisms regulating the pathological activity of TRM cells and proposed therapeutic strategies to alleviate TRM -cell-mediated lung immunopathology. We hope that this review provides insights toward the development of future vaccines or interventions that can harness the superior protective abilities of TRM cells, while minimizing the potential for immunopathology, a particularly important topic in the era of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- In Su Cheon
- Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
- Division of Infectious Disease and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Young Min Son
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea 17546
| | - Jie Sun
- Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
- Division of Infectious Disease and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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7
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Abstract
Specialized subpopulations of CD4+ T cells survey major histocompatibility complex class II-peptide complexes to control phagosomal infections, help B cells, regulate tissue homeostasis and repair or perform immune regulation. Memory CD4+ T cells are positioned throughout the body and not only protect the tissues from reinfection and cancer, but also participate in allergy, autoimmunity, graft rejection and chronic inflammation. Here we provide updates on our understanding of the longevity, functional heterogeneity, differentiation, plasticity, migration and human immunodeficiency virus reservoirs as well as key technological advances that are facilitating the characterization of memory CD4+ T cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Künzli
- Center for Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - David Masopust
- Center for Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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A MAPS Vaccine Induces Multipronged Systemic and Tissue-Resident Cellular Responses and Protects Mice against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. mBio 2023; 14:e0361122. [PMID: 36749098 PMCID: PMC9973048 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03611-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. To date, the mainstay of vaccination involves the use of Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), a live-attenuated vaccine that confers protection against extrapulmonary disease in infants and children but not against lung disease. Thus, there is an urgent need for novel vaccines. Here, we show that a multicomponent acellular vaccine (TB-MAPS) induces robust antibody responses and long-lived systemic and tissue-resident memory Th1, Th17, and cytotoxic CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and promotes trained innate immunity mediated by γδT and NKT cells in mice. When tested in a mouse aerosol infection model, TB-MAPS significantly reduced bacterial loads in the lungs and spleens to the same extent as BCG. When used in conjunction with BCG, TB-MAPS further enhanced BCG-mediated protection, especially in the lungs, further supporting this construct as a promising TB vaccine candidate. IMPORTANCE Tuberculosis (TB) remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Here, we evaluate a novel vaccine which induces a broad immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis including robust antibody responses and long-lived systemic and tissue-resident memory Th1, Th17, and cytotoxic CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. When tested in a mouse aerosol infection model, this vaccine significantly reduced bacterial loads in the lungs and spleens to the same extent as BCG. When used in conjunction with BCG, TB-MAPS further enhanced BCG-mediated protection, especially in the lungs, further supporting this construct as a promising TB vaccine candidate.
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9
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Rosato PC, Lotfi-Emran S, Joag V, Wijeyesinghe S, Quarnstrom CF, Degefu HN, Nedellec R, Schenkel JM, Beura LK, Hangartner L, Burton DR, Masopust D. Tissue-resident memory T cells trigger rapid exudation and local antibody accumulation. Mucosal Immunol 2023; 16:17-26. [PMID: 36657662 DOI: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2022.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Adaptive immunity is didactically partitioned into humoral and cell-mediated effector mechanisms, which may imply that each arm is separate and does not function together. Here, we report that the activation of CD8+ resident memory T cells (TRM) in nonlymphoid tissues triggers vascular permeability, which facilitates rapid distribution of serum antibodies into local tissues. TRM reactivation was associated with transcriptional upregulation of antiviral signaling pathways as well as Fc receptors and components of the complement cascade. Effects were local, but evidence is presented that TRM in brain and reproductive mucosa are both competent to induce rapid antibody exudation. TRM reactivation in the mouse female genital tract increased local concentrations of virus-specific neutralizing antibodies, including anti-vesicular stomatitis virus, and passively transferred anti-HIV antibodies. We showed that this response was sufficient to increase the efficacy of ex vivo vesicular stomatitis virus neutralization. These results indicate that CD8+ TRM antigen recognition can enhance local humoral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela C Rosato
- University of Minnesota, Center for Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Minneapolis, MN, USA; Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Dartmouth Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Sahar Lotfi-Emran
- University of Minnesota, Center for Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Vineet Joag
- University of Minnesota, Center for Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Sathi Wijeyesinghe
- University of Minnesota, Center for Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Clare F Quarnstrom
- University of Minnesota, Center for Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Hanna N Degefu
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Dartmouth Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Rebecca Nedellec
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jason M Schenkel
- University of Minnesota, Center for Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Lalit K Beura
- University of Minnesota, Center for Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Minneapolis, MN, USA; Brown University, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Lars Hangartner
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Dennis R Burton
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA; Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - David Masopust
- University of Minnesota, Center for Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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Tsai CJY, Loh JMS, Fujihashi K, Kiyono H. Mucosal vaccination: onward and upward. Expert Rev Vaccines 2023; 22:885-899. [PMID: 37817433 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2023.2268724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The unique mucosal immune system allows the generation of robust protective immune responses at the front line of pathogen encounters. The needle-free delivery route and cold chain-free logistic requirements also provide additional advantages in ease and economy. However, the development of mucosal vaccines faces several challenges, and only a handful of mucosal vaccines are currently licensed. These vaccines are all in the form of live attenuated or inactivated whole organisms, whereas no subunit-based mucosal vaccine is available. AREAS COVERED The selection of antigen, delivery vehicle, route and adjuvants for mucosal vaccination are highly important. This is particularly crucial for subunit vaccines, as they often fail to elicit strong immune responses. Emerging research is providing new insights into the biological and immunological uniqueness of mucosal tissues. However, many aspects of the mucosal immunology still await to be investigated. EXPERT OPINION This article provides an overview of the current understanding of mucosal vaccination and discusses the remaining knowledge gaps. We emphasize that because of the potential benefits mucosal vaccines can bring from the biomedical, social and economic standpoints, the unmet goal to achieve mucosal vaccine success is worth the effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine J Y Tsai
- Department of Molecular Medicine & Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, New Zealand, Auckland
- Department of Human Mucosal Vaccinology, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan
- Chiba University Synergy Institute for Futuristic Mucosal Vaccine Research and Development (cSIMVa), Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Jacelyn M S Loh
- Department of Molecular Medicine & Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, New Zealand, Auckland
| | - Kohtaro Fujihashi
- Department of Human Mucosal Vaccinology, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan
- Chiba University Synergy Institute for Futuristic Mucosal Vaccine Research and Development (cSIMVa), Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- Division of Infectious Disease Vaccine R&D, Research Institute of Disaster Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- Division of Mucosal Vaccines, International Vaccine Design Center, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Hiroshi Kiyono
- Department of Human Mucosal Vaccinology, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan
- Chiba University Synergy Institute for Futuristic Mucosal Vaccine Research and Development (cSIMVa), Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- Division of Infectious Disease Vaccine R&D, Research Institute of Disaster Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- Institute for Advanced Academic Research, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- CU-UCSD Center for Mucosal Immunology, Allergy and Vaccines (cMAV), Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
- Future Medicine Education and Research Organization, Mucosal Immunology and Allergy Therapeutics, Institute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
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Chichili GR, Smulders R, Santos V, Cywin B, Kovanda L, Van Sant C, Malinoski F, Sebastian S, Siber G, Malley R. Phase 1/2 study of a novel 24-valent pneumococcal vaccine in healthy adults aged 18 to 64 years and in older adults aged 65 to 85 years. Vaccine 2022; 40:4190-4198. [PMID: 35690500 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.05.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pneumococcal diseases remain prevalent despite available polysaccharide and conjugate vaccines. This phase 1/2 study evaluated safety/tolerability and immunogenicity of a novel 24-valent pneumococcal vaccine (ASP3772) based on high-affinity complexing of proteins and polysaccharides. METHODS Pneumococcal vaccine-naïve adults aged 18-85 years were randomized to receive either ASP3772 or PCV13 (13-valent conjugate vaccine). Participants received a single intramuscular injection of ASP3772 (1-, 2-, or 5-µg dose per polysaccharide) or PCV13. A separate, nonrandomized group of PCV13-vaccinated participants (65-85 years) received PPSV23 (23-valent polysaccharide vaccine). Assessments were obtained through Day 7 for reactogenicity, through Day 30 for safety and tolerability, and through Month 6 for serious adverse events. Immunogenicity was measured at Day 30 using assays for functional opsonophagocytic activity (OPA) and pneumococcal serotype-specific anticapsular polysaccharide immunoglobulin G for each serotype. RESULTS In both age cohorts, the most frequently reported local reactions were self-limited tenderness and pain after ASP3772 at all dose levels or after PCV13, occurring within 2-3 days. Fatigue, headache, and myalgia were the most frequently reported systemic reactions following either vaccine. Robust OPA responses for all serotypes were observed across all ASP3772 dose groups in both age cohorts. Older adults (aged 65-85 years) who received ASP3772 had significantly higher immune responses to several PCV13 serotypes and all non-PCV13 serotypes than participants who received PCV13. OPA responses to the ASP3772 5-µg dose were significantly higher for several serotypes in naïve participants than in older adults with prior exposure to PCV13 who were administered PPSV23 in this study. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that ASP3772 is well tolerated, highly immunogenic, and in adults may offer significantly broader protection than existing pneumococcal vaccines. CLINICALTRIALS gov: NCT03803202.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ronald Smulders
- Astellas Pharma, Inc., 1 Astellas Way, Northbrook, IL 60062, United States
| | - Vicki Santos
- Astellas Pharma, Inc., 1 Astellas Way, Northbrook, IL 60062, United States
| | - Beth Cywin
- Astellas Pharma, Inc., 1 Astellas Way, Northbrook, IL 60062, United States
| | - Laura Kovanda
- Astellas Pharma, Inc., 1 Astellas Way, Northbrook, IL 60062, United States
| | - Charles Van Sant
- Astellas Pharma, Inc., 1 Astellas Way, Northbrook, IL 60062, United States
| | - Frank Malinoski
- Affinivax, 301 Binney St, Cambridge, MA 02142, United States
| | - Shite Sebastian
- Affinivax, 301 Binney St, Cambridge, MA 02142, United States
| | - George Siber
- Affinivax, 301 Binney St, Cambridge, MA 02142, United States
| | - Richard Malley
- Affinivax, 301 Binney St, Cambridge, MA 02142, United States
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12
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Ssemaganda A, Nguyen HM, Nuhu F, Jahan N, Card CM, Kiazyk S, Severini G, Keynan Y, Su RC, Ji H, Abrenica B, McLaren PJ, Ball TB, Bullard J, Van Caeseele P, Stein D, McKinnon LR. Expansion of cytotoxic tissue-resident CD8 + T cells and CCR6 +CD161 + CD4 + T cells in the nasal mucosa following mRNA COVID-19 vaccination. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3357. [PMID: 35688805 PMCID: PMC9186487 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30913-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 have shown high efficacy in clinical trials, yet a full immunologic characterization of these vaccines, particularly within the human upper respiratory tract, is less well known. Here, we enumerate and phenotype T cells in nasal mucosa and blood using flow cytometry before and after vaccination with the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine (n = 21). Tissue-resident memory (Trm) CD8+ T cells expressing CD69+CD103+ increase in number ~12 days following the first and second doses, by 0.31 and 0.43 log10 cells per swab respectively (p = 0.058 and p = 0.009 in adjusted linear mixed models). CD69+CD103+CD8+ T cells in the blood decrease post-vaccination. Similar increases in nasal CD8+CD69+CD103- T cells are observed, particularly following the second dose. CD4+ cells co-expressing CCR6 and CD161 are also increased in abundance following both doses. Stimulation of nasal CD8+ T cells with SARS-CoV-2 spike peptides elevates expression of CD107a at 2- and 6-months (p = 0.0096) post second vaccine dose, with a subset of donors also expressing increased cytokines. These data suggest that nasal T cells may be induced and contribute to the protective immunity afforded by this vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aloysious Ssemaganda
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Huong Mai Nguyen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Faisal Nuhu
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Naima Jahan
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Catherine M Card
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Sandra Kiazyk
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Giulia Severini
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Yoav Keynan
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Ruey-Chyi Su
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Hezhao Ji
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Bernard Abrenica
- JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Paul J McLaren
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - T Blake Ball
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Jared Bullard
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Cadham Provincial Laboratory, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics & Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Paul Van Caeseele
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Cadham Provincial Laboratory, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Derek Stein
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Cadham Provincial Laboratory, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Lyle R McKinnon
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
- JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Durban, South Africa.
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13
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Oja AE, van Lier RAW, Hombrink P. Two sides of the same coin: Protective versus pathogenic CD4 + resident memory T cells. Sci Immunol 2022; 7:eabf9393. [PMID: 35394815 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abf9393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The ability of the adaptive immune system to form memory is key to providing protection against secondary infections. Resident memory T cells (TRM) are specialized T cell populations that reside within tissue sites where they await reencounter with their cognate antigen. TRM are distinct from circulating memory cells, including central and effector memory T cells, both functionally and transcriptionally. Since the discovery of TRM, most research has focused on CD8+ TRM, despite that CD4+ TRM are also abundant in most tissues. In the past few years, more evidence has emerged that CD4+ TRM can contribute both protective and pathogenic roles in disease. A complexity inherent to the CD4+ TRM field is the ability of CD4+ T cells to polarize into a multitude of distinct subsets and recognize not only viruses and intracellular bacteria but also extracellular bacteria, fungi, and parasites. In this review, we outline the key features of CD4+ TRM in health and disease, including their contributions to protection against SARS-CoV-2 and potential contributions to immunopathology associated with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna E Oja
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - René A W van Lier
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Pleun Hombrink
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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14
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Roy EM, Zhang F, Malley R, Lu YJ. Induction of T Cell Responses by Vaccination of a Streptococcus pneumoniae Whole-Cell Vaccine. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2022; 2410:345-355. [PMID: 34914056 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1884-4_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The induction of T cell responses by vaccination is important for protection against infection. We have previously shown that immunization with a killed Streptococcus pneumoniae whole-cell vaccine (SPWCV) by either intranasal immunization or subcutaneous immunization induced T cell responses to SPWCV. Protection against colonization by S. pneumoniae is dependent on CD4+ IL-17A production induced by immunization. Here, we present detailed protocols for preparation of SPWCV, immunization of mice, and assay for T cell responses in blood and splenocytes in immunized mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily M Roy
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Fan Zhang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Richard Malley
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ying-Jie Lu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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15
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El Sayed S, Patik I, Redhu NS, Glickman JN, Karagiannis K, El Naenaeey ESY, Elmowalid GA, Abd El Wahab AM, Snapper SB, Horwitz BH. CCR2 promotes monocyte recruitment and intestinal inflammation in mice lacking the interleukin-10 receptor. Sci Rep 2022; 12:452. [PMID: 35013585 PMCID: PMC8748948 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-04098-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are a heterogeneous population of mononuclear phagocytes abundantly distributed throughout the intestinal compartments that adapt to microenvironmental specific cues. In adult mice, the majority of intestinal macrophages exhibit a mature phenotype and are derived from blood monocytes. In the steady-state, replenishment of these cells is reduced in the absence of the chemokine receptor CCR2. Within the intestine of mice with colitis, there is a marked increase in the accumulation of immature macrophages that demonstrate an inflammatory phenotype. Here, we asked whether CCR2 is necessary for the development of colitis in mice lacking the receptor for IL10. We compared the development of intestinal inflammation in mice lacking IL10RA or both IL10RA and CCR2. The absence of CCR2 interfered with the accumulation of immature macrophages in IL10R-deficient mice, including a novel population of rounded submucosal Iba1+ cells, and reduced the severity of colitis in these mice. In contrast, the absence of CCR2 did not reduce the augmented inflammatory gene expression observed in mature intestinal macrophages isolated from mice lacking IL10RA. These data suggest that both newly recruited CCR2-dependent immature macrophages and CCR2-independent residual mature macrophages contribute to the development of intestinal inflammation observed in IL10R-deficient mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shorouk El Sayed
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02420, USA
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Ash Sharkia, Egypt
| | - Izabel Patik
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02420, USA
| | - Naresh S Redhu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02420, USA
- Morphic Therapeutic, Waltham, MA, USA
| | - Jonathan N Glickman
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Konstantinos Karagiannis
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - El Sayed Y El Naenaeey
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Ash Sharkia, Egypt
| | - Gamal A Elmowalid
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Ash Sharkia, Egypt
| | - Ashraf M Abd El Wahab
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Ash Sharkia, Egypt
| | - Scott B Snapper
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02420, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bruce H Horwitz
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02420, USA.
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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16
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Zheng MZM, Wakim LM. Tissue resident memory T cells in the respiratory tract. Mucosal Immunol 2022; 15:379-388. [PMID: 34671115 PMCID: PMC8526531 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-021-00461-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Owing to their capacity to rapidly spread across the population, airborne pathogens represent a significant risk to global health. Indeed, several of the past major global pandemics have been instigated by respiratory pathogens. A greater understanding of the immune cells tasked with protecting the airways from infection will allow for the development of strategies that curb the spread and impact of these airborne diseases. A specific subset of memory T-cell resident in both the upper and lower respiratory tract, termed tissue-resident memory (Trm), have been shown to play an instrumental role in local immune responses against a wide breadth of both viral and bacterial infections. In this review, we discuss factors that influence respiratory tract Trm development, longevity, and immune surveillance and explore vaccination regimes that harness these cells, such approaches represent exciting new strategies that may be utilized to tackle the next global pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Z. M. Zheng
- grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000 Australia
| | - Linda M. Wakim
- grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000 Australia
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17
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Iwanaga N, Chen K, Yang H, Lu S, Hoffmann JP, Wanek A, McCombs JE, Song K, Rangel-Moreno J, Norton EB, Kolls JK. Vaccine-driven lung TRM cells provide immunity against Klebsiella via fibroblast IL-17R signaling. Sci Immunol 2021; 6:eabf1198. [PMID: 34516780 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abf1198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Iwanaga
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Center for Translational Research in Infection and Inflammation, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Kong Chen
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Haoran Yang
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Center for Translational Research in Infection and Inflammation, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Shiping Lu
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Center for Translational Research in Infection and Inflammation, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Joseph P Hoffmann
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Center for Translational Research in Infection and Inflammation, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Alanna Wanek
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Center for Translational Research in Infection and Inflammation, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Janet E McCombs
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Center for Translational Research in Infection and Inflammation, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Kejing Song
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Center for Translational Research in Infection and Inflammation, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | | | - Elizabeth B Norton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Jay K Kolls
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Center for Translational Research in Infection and Inflammation, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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18
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Kadry NA, Porsch EA, Shen H, St Geme JW. Immunization with HMW1 and HMW2 adhesins protects against colonization by heterologous strains of nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2019923118. [PMID: 34344825 PMCID: PMC8364133 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2019923118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) is a common cause of localized respiratory tract disease and results in significant morbidity. The pathogenesis of NTHi disease begins with nasopharyngeal colonization, and therefore, the prevention of colonization represents a strategy to prevent disease. The NTHi HMW1 and HMW2 proteins are a family of conserved adhesins that are present in 75 to 80% of strains and have been demonstrated to play a critical role in colonization of the upper respiratory tract in rhesus macaques. In this study, we examined the vaccine potential of HMW1 and HMW2 using a mouse model of nasopharyngeal colonization. Immunization with HMW1 and HMW2 by either the subcutaneous or the intranasal route resulted in a strain-specific antibody response associated with agglutination of bacteria and restriction of bacterial adherence. Despite the specificity of the antibody response, immunization resulted in protection against colonization by both the parent NTHi strain and heterologous strains expressing distinct HMW1 and HMW2 proteins. Pretreatment with antibody against IL-17A eliminated protection against heterologous strains, indicating that heterologous protection is IL-17A dependent. This work demonstrates the vaccine potential of the HMW1 and HMW2 proteins and highlights the importance of IL-17A in protection against diverse NTHi strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia A Kadry
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Eric A Porsch
- Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Hao Shen
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Joseph W St Geme
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104;
- Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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19
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Gallo O. Risk for COVID-19 infection in patients with tobacco smoke-associated cancers of the upper and lower airway. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2021; 278:2695-2702. [PMID: 33216184 PMCID: PMC7677601 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-020-06456-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cancer patients are regarded as a group at risk for both COVID-19 infection and severe clinical course because of advanced age, comorbidities and iatrogenic immune impairment. Among them, patients with cancer of the upper and lower airways share other risk factors, mostly related to tobacco-smoke exposure, including male gender, airway epithelial damages, chronic obstructive respiratory disease (COPD), cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Clinical and pathophysiological factors shared by these conditions are reviewed. METHODS Review of the published literature since the beginning of 2020. RESULTS COVID-19 is a respiratory infectious disease and SARS-CoV-2 replication and shedding occurs in nasal and bronchial epithelial respiratory cells through the interaction with ACE2 and TMPRSS2 receptors, both overexpressed in smokers and former smokers. Tobacco-smoke airway exposure is also characterized by a chronic inflammation with activation of inflammatory cells and cytokine release including interleukin-6 (IL-6). A high release of cytokine in response to viral infection is documented in COVID-19 patients with adverse clinical outcomes and IL-6 is a key element of the cytokine storm syndrome leading to multi-organ damage. CONCLUSIONS Patients with cancers of the upper and lower airways might be at increased risk of infection, morbidity and mortality from COVID-19 also because of tobacco exposure, a key factor in triggering inflammation, immunity and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oreste Gallo
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Careggi University Hospital, Largo Brambilla, 3, 50139, Florence, Italy.
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20
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Hirahara K, Kokubo K, Aoki A, Kiuchi M, Nakayama T. The Role of CD4 + Resident Memory T Cells in Local Immunity in the Mucosal Tissue - Protection Versus Pathology. Front Immunol 2021; 12:616309. [PMID: 33968018 PMCID: PMC8097179 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.616309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Memory T cells are crucial for both local and systemic protection against pathogens over a long period of time. Three major subsets of memory T cells; effector memory T (TEM) cells, central memory T (TCM) cells, and tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells have been identified. The most recently identified subset, TRM cells, is characterized by the expression of the C-type lectin CD69 and/or the integrin CD103. TRM cells persist locally at sites of mucosal tissue, such as the lung, where they provide frontline defense against various pathogens. Importantly, however, TRM cells are also involved in shaping the pathology of inflammatory diseases. A number of pioneering studies revealed important roles of CD8+ TRM cells, particularly those in the local control of viral infection. However, the protective function and pathogenic role of CD4+ TRM cells that reside within the mucosal tissue remain largely unknown. In this review, we discuss the ambivalent feature of CD4+ TRM cells in the protective and pathological immune responses. We also review the transcriptional and epigenetic characteristics of CD4+ TRM cells in the lung that have been elucidated by recent technical approaches. A better understanding of the function of CD4+ TRM cells is crucial for the development of both effective vaccination against pathogens and new therapeutic strategies for intractable inflammatory diseases, such as inflammatory bowel diseases and chronic allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoshi Hirahara
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.,AMED-PRIME, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kota Kokubo
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Ami Aoki
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kiuchi
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Toshinori Nakayama
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.,AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Chiba, Japan
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21
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Okła K, Farber DL, Zou W. Tissue-resident memory T cells in tumor immunity and immunotherapy. J Exp Med 2021; 218:211911. [PMID: 33755718 PMCID: PMC7992502 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20201605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM) represent a heterogeneous T cell population with the functionality of both effector and memory T cells. TRM express residence gene signatures. This feature allows them to traffic to, reside in, and potentially patrol peripheral tissues, thereby enforcing an efficient long-term immune-protective role. Recent studies have revealed TRM involvement in tumor immune responses. TRM tumor infiltration correlates with enhanced response to current immunotherapy and is often associated with favorable clinical outcome in patients with cancer. Thus, targeting TRM may lead to enhanced cancer immunotherapy efficacy. Here, we review and discuss recent advances on the nature of TRM in the context of tumor immunity and immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Okła
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI.,Center of Excellence for Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI.,Department of Oncological Gynecology and Gynecology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Donna L Farber
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY.,Department of Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Weiping Zou
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI.,Center of Excellence for Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI.,Department of Pathology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI.,Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI.,Graduate Program in Cancer Biology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI
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22
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Gallo O, Locatello LG, Mazzoni A, Novelli L, Annunziato F. The central role of the nasal microenvironment in the transmission, modulation, and clinical progression of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Mucosal Immunol 2021; 14:305-316. [PMID: 33244161 PMCID: PMC7690066 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-020-00359-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 enters into the human body mainly through the ACE2 + TMPRSS2+ nasal epithelial cells. The initial host response to this pathogen occurs in a peculiar immune microenvironment that, starting from the Nasopharynx-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (NALT) system, is the product of a long evolutionary process that is aimed to first recognize exogenous airborne agents. In the present work, we want to critically review the latest molecular and cellular findings on the mucosal response to SARS-CoV-2 in the nasal cavity and in NALT, and to analyze its impact in the subsequent course of COVID-19. Finally, we want to explore the possibility that the regulation of the systemic inflammatory network against the virus can be modulated starting from the initial phases of the nasal and nasopharyngeal response and this may have several clinical and epidemiological implications starting from a mucosal vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oreste Gallo
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Careggi University Hospital, Largo Brambilla, 3, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Luca Giovanni Locatello
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Careggi University Hospital, Largo Brambilla, 3, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Alessio Mazzoni
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Luca Novelli
- Department of Pathology, Careggi University Hospital, Largo Brambilla, 3, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Francesco Annunziato
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy,Flow Cytometry and Immunotherapy Diagnostic Center, Careggi University Hospital, Largo Brambilla, 3, 50134, Florence, Italy
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23
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Estradiol Enhances Antiviral CD4 + Tissue-Resident Memory T Cell Responses following Mucosal Herpes Simplex Virus 2 Vaccination through an IL-17-Mediated Pathway. J Virol 2020; 95:JVI.01206-20. [PMID: 33028712 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01206-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Estradiol (E2) is a sex hormone which has been shown to be protective against sexually transmitted infections such as herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2). However, few studies have examined the underlying mechanisms by which this occurs. Here, we investigated the effect of E2 on the establishment of memory T cells post-intranasal immunization with HSV-2. CD4+ T cell responses first appeared in the upper respiratory tract (URT) within 3 days postimmunization before being detected in the female reproductive tract (FRT) at 7 days. E2 treatment resulted in greater and earlier Th17 responses, which preceded augmented Th1 responses at these sites. The CD4+ T cells persisted in the URT for up to 28 days, and E2 treatment resulted in higher frequencies of memory T cells. Intranasal immunization also led to the establishment of CD4+ tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM cells) in the FRT, and E2 treatment resulted in increased Th1 and Th17 TRM cells. When the migration of circulating T cells into the FRT was blocked by FTY720, immunized E2-treated mice remained completely protected against subsequent genital HSV-2 challenge compared to non-E2 controls, confirming that TRM cells alone are adequate for protection in these mice. Finally, the enhanced vaginal Th1 TRM cells present in E2-treated mice were found to be modulated through an interleukin 17 (IL-17)-mediated pathway, as E2-treated IL-17A-deficient mice had impaired establishment of Th1 TRM cells. This study describes a novel role for E2 in enhancing CD4+ memory T cells and provides insight on potential strategies for generating optimal immunity during vaccination.IMPORTANCE Herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) is a highly prevalent sexually transmitted infection for which there is currently no vaccine available. Interestingly, the female sex hormone estradiol has been shown to be protective against HSV-2. However, the underlying mechanisms by which this occurs remains relatively unknown. Our study demonstrates that under the influence of estradiol treatment, intranasal immunization with an attenuated strain of HSV-2 leads to enhanced establishment of antiviral memory T cell responses in the upper respiratory tract and female reproductive tract. In these sites, estradiol treatment leads to greater Th17 memory cells, which precede enhanced Th1 memory responses. Consequently, the T cell responses mounted by tissue-resident memory cells in the female reproductive tract of estradiol-treated mice are sufficient to protect mice against vaginal HSV-2 challenge. This study offers important insights regarding the regulation of mucosal immunity by hormones and on potential strategies for generating optimal immunity during vaccination.
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