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Lun J, Guo J, Yu M, Zhang H, Fang J. Circular RNAs in inflammatory bowel disease. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1307985. [PMID: 38187401 PMCID: PMC10771839 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1307985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a term encompassing a few chronic inflammatory disorders that leads to damage of the intestinal tract. Although much progress has been made in understanding the pathology of IBD, the precise pathogenesis is not completely understood. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are single-stranded, covalently closed, endogenous molecules in eukaryotes with a variety of biological functions. CircRNAs have been shown to have regulatory effects in many diseases, such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, and neurological disorders. CircRNAs have also been found to play important roles in IBD, and although they are not sufficiently investigated in the context of IBD, a few circRNAs have been identified as potential biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of IBD and as potential therapeutic targets for IBD. Herein, we survey recent progress in understanding the functions and roles of circRNAs in IBD and discuss their potential clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Lun
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao Cancer Institute, Qingdao, China
| | - Jing Guo
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao Cancer Institute, Qingdao, China
| | - Mengchao Yu
- Central Laboratories, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, China
| | - Hongwei Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Jinan, China
| | - Jing Fang
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao Cancer Institute, Qingdao, China
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2
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Shemtov SJ, Emani R, Bielska O, Covarrubias AJ, Verdin E, Andersen JK, Winer DA. The intestinal immune system and gut barrier function in obesity and ageing. FEBS J 2023; 290:4163-4186. [PMID: 35727858 PMCID: PMC9768107 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Obesity and ageing predispose to numerous, yet overlapping chronic diseases. For example, metabolic abnormalities, including insulin resistance (IR) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) are important causes of morbidity and mortality. Low-grade chronic inflammation of tissues, such as the liver, visceral adipose tissue and neurological tissues, is considered a significant contributor to these chronic diseases. Thus, it is becoming increasingly important to understand what drives this inflammation in affected tissues. Recent evidence, especially in the context of obesity, suggests that the intestine plays an important role as the gatekeeper of inflammatory stimuli that ultimately fuels low-grade chronic tissue inflammation. In addition to metabolic diseases, abnormalities in the intestinal mucosal barrier have been linked to a range of other chronic inflammatory conditions, such as neurodegeneration and ageing. The flow of inflammatory stimuli from the gut is in part controlled by local immunological inputs impacting the intestinal barrier. Here, we will review the impact of obesity and ageing on the intestinal immune system and its downstream consequences on gut barrier function, which is strongly implicated in the pathogenesis of obesity and age-related diseases. In particular, we will discuss the effects of age-related intestinal dysfunction on neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J. Shemtov
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Boulevard, Novato, CA 94945, USA
| | - Rohini Emani
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Boulevard, Novato, CA 94945, USA
| | - Olga Bielska
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Boulevard, Novato, CA 94945, USA
| | - Anthony J. Covarrubias
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095 USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095 USA
| | - Eric Verdin
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Boulevard, Novato, CA 94945, USA
| | - Julie K. Andersen
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Boulevard, Novato, CA 94945, USA
| | - Daniel A. Winer
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Boulevard, Novato, CA 94945, USA
- Division of Cellular & Molecular Biology, Diabetes Research Group, Toronto General Research Institute (TGRI), University Health Network, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, 1 King’s College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, 1 King’s College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
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Bamias G, Kitsou K, Rivera-Nieves J. The Underappreciated Role of Secretory IgA in IBD. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2023; 29:1327-1341. [PMID: 36943800 PMCID: PMC10393212 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izad024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Eighty percent of antibody secreting cells (ASCs) are found in the intestine, where they produce grams of immunoglobulin (Ig) A daily. immunoglobulin A is actively transcytosed into the lumen, where it plays a critical role in modulating the gut microbiota. Although loss of immune tolerance to bacterial antigens is the likely trigger of the dysregulated immune response that characterizes inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), little effort has been placed on understanding the interface between B cells, IgA, and the microbiota during initiation or progression of disease. This may be in part due to the misleading fact that IgA-deficient humans are mostly asymptomatic, likely due to redundant role of secretory (S) IgM. Intestinal B cell recruitment is critically dependent on integrin α4β7-MAdCAM-1 interactions, yet antibodies that target α4β7 (ie, vedolizumab), MAdCAM-1 (ie, ontamalimab), or both β7 integrins (α4β7 and αE [CD103] β7; etrolizumab) are in clinical use or development as IBD therapeutics. The effect of such interventions on the biology of IgA is largely unknown, yet a single dose of vedolizumab lowers SIgA levels in stool and weakens the oral immunization response to cholera vaccine in healthy volunteers. Thus, it is critical to further understand the role of these integrins for the migration of ASC and other cellular subsets during homeostasis and IBD-associated inflammation and the mode of action of drugs that interfere with this traffic. We have recently identified a subset of mature ASC that employs integrin αEβ7 to dock with intestinal epithelial cells, predominantly in the pericryptal region of the terminal ileum. This role for the integrin had not been appreciated previously, nor the αEβ7-dependent mechanism of IgA transcytosis that it supports. Furthermore, we find that B cells more than T cells are critically dependent on α4β7-MAdCAM-1 interactions; thus MAdCAM-1 blockade and integrin-β7 deficiency counterintuitively hasten colitis in interleukin-10-deficient mice. In both cases, de novo recruitment of IgA ASC to the intestinal lamina propria is compromised, leading to bacterial overgrowth, dysbiosis, and lethal colitis. Thus, despite the safe and effective use of anti-integrin antibodies in patients with IBD, much remains to be learned about their various cell targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgos Bamias
- GI Unit, 3rd Academic Department of Internal Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Sotiria Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantina Kitsou
- GI Unit, 3rd Academic Department of Internal Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Sotiria Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Jesús Rivera-Nieves
- Gastroenterology Section, San Diego VA Medical Center, La Jolla Village Drive, San Diego, CA, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Wittner J, Schuh W. Krüppel-like factor 2: a central regulator of B cell differentiation and plasma cell homing. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1172641. [PMID: 37251374 PMCID: PMC10213221 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1172641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of B cells, their activation and terminal differentiation into antibody-producing plasma cells are characterized by alternating phases of proliferation and quiescence that are controlled by complex transcriptional networks. The spatial and anatomical organization of B cells and plasma cells inside lymphoid organs as well as their migration within lymphoid structures and between organs are prerequisites for the generation and the maintenance of humoral immune responses. Transcription factors of the Krüppel-like family are critical regulators of immune cell differentiation, activation, and migration. Here, we discuss the functional relevance of Krüppel-like factor 2 (KLF2) for B cell development, B cell activation, plasma cell formation and maintenance. We elaborate on KLF2-mediated regulation of B cell and plasmablast migration in the context of immune responses. Moreover, we describe the importance of KLF2 for the onset and the progression of B cell-related diseases and malignancies.
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Zhang Q, Zhang S, Chen J, Xie Z. The Interplay between Integrins and Immune Cells as a Regulator in Cancer Immunology. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:6170. [PMID: 37047140 PMCID: PMC10093897 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Integrins are a group of heterodimers consisting of α and β subunits that mediate a variety of physiological activities of immune cells, including cell migration, adhesion, proliferation, survival, and immunotolerance. Multiple types of integrins act differently on the same immune cells, while the same integrin may exert various effects on different immune cells. In the development of cancer, integrins are involved in the regulation of cancer cell proliferation, invasion, migration, and angiogenesis; conversely, integrins promote immune cell aggregation to mediate the elimination of tumors. The important roles of integrins in cancer progression have provided valuable clues for the diagnosis and targeted treatment of cancer. Furthermore, many integrin inhibitors have been investigated in clinical trials to explore effective regimens and reduce side effects. Due to the complexity of the mechanism of integrin-mediated cancer progression, challenges remain in the research and development of cancer immunotherapies (CITs). This review enumerates the effects of integrins on four types of immune cells and the potential mechanisms involved in the progression of cancer, which will provide ideas for more optimal CIT in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingfang Zhang
- College of Basic Medical, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
- Queen Mary School, Medical Department, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Shuo Zhang
- College of Basic Medical, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
- Queen Mary School, Medical Department, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Jianrui Chen
- College of Basic Medical, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
- Queen Mary School, Medical Department, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Zhenzhen Xie
- College of Basic Medical, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
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Ceglia S, Berthelette A, Howley K, Li Y, Mortzfeld B, Bhattarai SK, Yiew NKH, Xu Y, Brink R, Cyster JG, Hooper LV, Randolph GJ, Bucci V, Reboldi A. An epithelial cell-derived metabolite tunes immunoglobulin A secretion by gut-resident plasma cells. Nat Immunol 2023; 24:531-544. [PMID: 36658240 PMCID: PMC10243503 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-022-01413-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin A (IgA) secretion by plasma cells, terminally differentiated B cells residing in the intestinal lamina propria, assures microbiome homeostasis and protects the host against enteric infections. Exposure to diet-derived and commensal-derived signals provides immune cells with organizing cues that instruct their effector function and dynamically shape intestinal immune responses at the mucosal barrier. Recent data have described metabolic and microbial inputs controlling T cell and innate lymphoid cell activation in the gut; however, whether IgA-secreting lamina propria plasma cells are tuned by local stimuli is completely unknown. Although antibody secretion is considered to be imprinted during B cell differentiation and therefore largely unaffected by environmental changes, a rapid modulation of IgA levels in response to intestinal fluctuations might be beneficial to the host. In the present study, we showed that dietary cholesterol absorption and commensal recognition by duodenal intestinal epithelial cells lead to the production of oxysterols, evolutionarily conserved lipids with immunomodulatory functions. Using conditional cholesterol 25-hydroxylase deleter mouse line we demonstrated that 7α,25-dihydroxycholesterol from epithelial cells is critical to restrain IgA secretion against commensal- and pathogen-derived antigens in the gut. Intestinal plasma cells sense oxysterols via the chemoattractant receptor GPR183 and couple their tissue positioning with IgA secretion. Our findings revealed a new mechanism linking dietary cholesterol and humoral immune responses centered around plasma cell localization for efficient mucosal protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Ceglia
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Alyssa Berthelette
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Kelsey Howley
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Yun Li
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Benedikt Mortzfeld
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological systems, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Shakti K Bhattarai
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological systems, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Nicole K H Yiew
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University Medical School, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ying Xu
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Robert Brink
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jason G Cyster
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Lora V Hooper
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Gwendalyn J Randolph
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University Medical School, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Vanni Bucci
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological systems, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Andrea Reboldi
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
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Pracht K, Wittner J, Kagerer F, Jäck HM, Schuh W. The intestine: A highly dynamic microenvironment for IgA plasma cells. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1114348. [PMID: 36875083 PMCID: PMC9977823 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1114348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
To achieve longevity, IgA plasma cells require a sophisticated anatomical microenvironment that provides cytokines, cell-cell contacts, and nutrients as well as metabolites. The intestinal epithelium harbors cells with distinct functions and represents an important defense line. Anti-microbial peptide-producing paneth cells, mucus-secreting goblet cells and antigen-transporting microfold (M) cells cooperate to build a protective barrier against pathogens. In addition, intestinal epithelial cells are instrumental in the transcytosis of IgA to the gut lumen, and support plasma cell survival by producing the cytokines APRIL and BAFF. Moreover, nutrients are sensed through specialized receptors such as the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) by both, intestinal epithelial cells and immune cells. However, the intestinal epithelium is highly dynamic with a high cellular turn-over rate and exposure to changing microbiota and nutritional factors. In this review, we discuss the spatial interplay of the intestinal epithelium with plasma cells and its potential contribution to IgA plasma cell generation, homing, and longevity. Moreover, we describe the impact of nutritional AhR ligands on intestinal epithelial cell-IgA plasma cell interaction. Finally, we introduce spatial transcriptomics as a new technology to address open questions in intestinal IgA plasma cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Pracht
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine 3, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jens Wittner
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine 3, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Fritz Kagerer
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine 3, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hans-Martin Jäck
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine 3, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schuh
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine 3, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Wittner J, Schulz SR, Steinmetz TD, Berges J, Hauke M, Channell WM, Cunningham AF, Hauser AE, Hutloff A, Mielenz D, Jäck HM, Schuh W. Krüppel-like factor 2 controls IgA plasma cell compartmentalization and IgA responses. Mucosal Immunol 2022; 15:668-682. [PMID: 35347229 PMCID: PMC9259478 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-022-00503-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Krüppel-like factor 2 (KLF2) is a potent regulator of lymphocyte differentiation, activation and migration. However, its functional role in adaptive and humoral immunity remains elusive. Therefore, by using mice with a B cell-specific deletion of KLF2, we investigated plasma cell differentiation and antibody responses. We revealed that the deletion of KLF2 resulted in perturbed IgA plasma cell compartmentalization, characterized by the absence of IgA plasma cells in the bone marrow, their reductions in the spleen, the blood and the lamina propria of the colon and the small intestine, concomitant with their accumulation and retention in mesenteric lymph nodes and Peyer's patches. Most intriguingly, secretory IgA in the intestinal lumen was almost absent, dimeric serum IgA was drastically reduced and antigen-specific IgA responses to soluble Salmonella flagellin were blunted in KLF2-deficient mice. Perturbance of IgA plasma cell localization was caused by deregulation of CCR9, Integrin chains αM, α4, β7, and sphingosine-1-phosphate receptors. Hence, KLF2 not only orchestrates the localization of IgA plasma cells by fine-tuning chemokine receptors and adhesion molecules but also controls IgA responses to Salmonella flagellin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Wittner
- grid.411668.c0000 0000 9935 6525Division of Molecular Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine 3, Nikolaus-Fiebiger Center, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sebastian R. Schulz
- grid.411668.c0000 0000 9935 6525Division of Molecular Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine 3, Nikolaus-Fiebiger Center, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tobit D. Steinmetz
- grid.411668.c0000 0000 9935 6525Division of Molecular Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine 3, Nikolaus-Fiebiger Center, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Johannes Berges
- grid.411668.c0000 0000 9935 6525Division of Molecular Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine 3, Nikolaus-Fiebiger Center, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Manuela Hauke
- grid.411668.c0000 0000 9935 6525Division of Molecular Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine 3, Nikolaus-Fiebiger Center, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - William M. Channell
- grid.6572.60000 0004 1936 7486Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Adam F. Cunningham
- grid.6572.60000 0004 1936 7486Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Anja E. Hauser
- grid.6363.00000 0001 2218 4662Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany ,grid.418217.90000 0000 9323 8675Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), a Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Hutloff
- grid.412468.d0000 0004 0646 2097Institute of Immunology and Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Dirk Mielenz
- grid.411668.c0000 0000 9935 6525Division of Molecular Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine 3, Nikolaus-Fiebiger Center, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hans-Martin Jäck
- grid.411668.c0000 0000 9935 6525Division of Molecular Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine 3, Nikolaus-Fiebiger Center, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schuh
- grid.411668.c0000 0000 9935 6525Division of Molecular Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine 3, Nikolaus-Fiebiger Center, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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