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Chisenga CC, Phiri B, Ng’ombe H, Muchimba M, Musukuma-Chifulo K, Silwamba S, Laban NM, Luchen C, Liswaniso F, Chibesa K, Mubanga C, Mwape K, Simuyandi M, Cunningham AF, Sack D, Bosomprah S. Seroconversion and Kinetics of Vibriocidal Antibodies during the First 90 Days of Re-Vaccination with Oral Cholera Vaccine in an Endemic Population. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:390. [PMID: 38675772 PMCID: PMC11055093 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12040390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite the successful introduction of oral cholera vaccines, Zambia continues to experience multiple, sporadic, and protracted cholera outbreaks in various parts of the country. While vaccines have been useful in staying the cholera outbreaks, the ideal window for re-vaccinating individuals resident in cholera hotspot areas remains unclear. Using a prospective cohort study design, 225 individuals were enrolled and re-vaccinated with two doses of Shanchol™, regardless of previous vaccination, and followed-up for 90 days. Bloods were collected at baseline before re-vaccination, at day 14 prior to second dosing, and subsequently on days 28, 60, and 90. Vibriocidal assay was performed on samples collected at all five time points. Our results showed that anti-LPS and vibriocidal antibody titers increased at day 14 after re-vaccination and decreased gradually at 28, 60, and 90 days across all the groups. Seroconversion rates were generally comparable in all treatment arms. We therefore conclude that vibriocidal antibody titers generated in response to re-vaccination still wane quickly, irrespective of previous vaccination status. However, despite the observed decline, the levels of vibriocidal antibodies remained elevated over baseline values across all groups, an important aspect for Zambia where there is no empirical evidence as to the ideal time for re-vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Cleopatra Chisenga
- Enteric Disease and Vaccine Research Unit, Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 34681, Zambia; (C.C.C.); (B.P.); (H.N.); (M.M.); (K.M.-C.); (S.S.); (N.M.L.); (C.L.); (F.L.); (K.C.); (C.M.); (K.M.); (M.S.)
| | - Bernard Phiri
- Enteric Disease and Vaccine Research Unit, Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 34681, Zambia; (C.C.C.); (B.P.); (H.N.); (M.M.); (K.M.-C.); (S.S.); (N.M.L.); (C.L.); (F.L.); (K.C.); (C.M.); (K.M.); (M.S.)
| | - Harriet Ng’ombe
- Enteric Disease and Vaccine Research Unit, Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 34681, Zambia; (C.C.C.); (B.P.); (H.N.); (M.M.); (K.M.-C.); (S.S.); (N.M.L.); (C.L.); (F.L.); (K.C.); (C.M.); (K.M.); (M.S.)
| | - Mutinta Muchimba
- Enteric Disease and Vaccine Research Unit, Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 34681, Zambia; (C.C.C.); (B.P.); (H.N.); (M.M.); (K.M.-C.); (S.S.); (N.M.L.); (C.L.); (F.L.); (K.C.); (C.M.); (K.M.); (M.S.)
| | - Kalo Musukuma-Chifulo
- Enteric Disease and Vaccine Research Unit, Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 34681, Zambia; (C.C.C.); (B.P.); (H.N.); (M.M.); (K.M.-C.); (S.S.); (N.M.L.); (C.L.); (F.L.); (K.C.); (C.M.); (K.M.); (M.S.)
| | - Suwilanji Silwamba
- Enteric Disease and Vaccine Research Unit, Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 34681, Zambia; (C.C.C.); (B.P.); (H.N.); (M.M.); (K.M.-C.); (S.S.); (N.M.L.); (C.L.); (F.L.); (K.C.); (C.M.); (K.M.); (M.S.)
| | - Natasha Makabilo Laban
- Enteric Disease and Vaccine Research Unit, Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 34681, Zambia; (C.C.C.); (B.P.); (H.N.); (M.M.); (K.M.-C.); (S.S.); (N.M.L.); (C.L.); (F.L.); (K.C.); (C.M.); (K.M.); (M.S.)
| | - Chaluma Luchen
- Enteric Disease and Vaccine Research Unit, Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 34681, Zambia; (C.C.C.); (B.P.); (H.N.); (M.M.); (K.M.-C.); (S.S.); (N.M.L.); (C.L.); (F.L.); (K.C.); (C.M.); (K.M.); (M.S.)
| | - Fraser Liswaniso
- Enteric Disease and Vaccine Research Unit, Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 34681, Zambia; (C.C.C.); (B.P.); (H.N.); (M.M.); (K.M.-C.); (S.S.); (N.M.L.); (C.L.); (F.L.); (K.C.); (C.M.); (K.M.); (M.S.)
| | - Kennedy Chibesa
- Enteric Disease and Vaccine Research Unit, Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 34681, Zambia; (C.C.C.); (B.P.); (H.N.); (M.M.); (K.M.-C.); (S.S.); (N.M.L.); (C.L.); (F.L.); (K.C.); (C.M.); (K.M.); (M.S.)
| | - Cynthia Mubanga
- Enteric Disease and Vaccine Research Unit, Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 34681, Zambia; (C.C.C.); (B.P.); (H.N.); (M.M.); (K.M.-C.); (S.S.); (N.M.L.); (C.L.); (F.L.); (K.C.); (C.M.); (K.M.); (M.S.)
| | - Kapambwe Mwape
- Enteric Disease and Vaccine Research Unit, Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 34681, Zambia; (C.C.C.); (B.P.); (H.N.); (M.M.); (K.M.-C.); (S.S.); (N.M.L.); (C.L.); (F.L.); (K.C.); (C.M.); (K.M.); (M.S.)
| | - Michelo Simuyandi
- Enteric Disease and Vaccine Research Unit, Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 34681, Zambia; (C.C.C.); (B.P.); (H.N.); (M.M.); (K.M.-C.); (S.S.); (N.M.L.); (C.L.); (F.L.); (K.C.); (C.M.); (K.M.); (M.S.)
| | - Adam F. Cunningham
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK;
| | - David Sack
- Center for Immunization Research, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA;
| | - Samuel Bosomprah
- Enteric Disease and Vaccine Research Unit, Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 34681, Zambia; (C.C.C.); (B.P.); (H.N.); (M.M.); (K.M.-C.); (S.S.); (N.M.L.); (C.L.); (F.L.); (K.C.); (C.M.); (K.M.); (M.S.)
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra P.O. Box LG13, Ghana
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2
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Burel JG, Wang W, Wuhrer M, Dedicoat M, Fletcher TE, Cunningham AF, O'Shea MK. IgG glycosylation associates with risk of progression from latent to active tuberculosis. J Infect 2024; 88:106115. [PMID: 38309308 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2024.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Glycosylation motifs shape antibody structure, stability and antigen affinity and play an important role in antibody localization and function. Serum IgG glycosylation profiles are significantly altered in infectious diseases, including tuberculosis (TB), but have not been studied in the context of progression from latent to active TB. METHODS We performed a longitudinal study of paired bulk IgG glycosylation and transcriptomic profiling in blood from individuals with active TB (ATB) or latent TB infection (LTBI) before and after treatment. RESULTS We identified that a combination of two IgG1 glycosylation traits were sufficient to distinguish ATB from LTBI with high specificity and sensitivity, prior to, and after treatment. Importantly, these two features positively correlated with previously defined cellular and RNA signatures of ATB risk in LTBI, namely monocyte to lymphocyte ratio and the expression of interferon (IFN)-associated gene signature of progression (IFN-risk signature) in blood prior to treatment. Additional glycosylation features at higher prevalence in LTBI individuals with high expression of the IFN-risk signature prior to treatment included fucosylation on IgG1, IgG2 and IgG3. CONCLUSIONS Together, our results demonstrate that bulk IgG glycosylation features could be useful in stratifying the risk of LTBI reactivation and progression to ATB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie G Burel
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Wenjun Wang
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Manfred Wuhrer
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Martin Dedicoat
- Department of Infection, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Thomas E Fletcher
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK; Academic Department of Military Medicine, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, UK
| | - Adam F Cunningham
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Matthew K O'Shea
- Department of Infection, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK; Academic Department of Military Medicine, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, UK; Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
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3
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Pillay R, Mkhize-Kwitshana ZL, Horsnell WGC, Icke C, Henderson I, Selkirk ME, Berkachy R, Naidoo P, Niehaus AJ, Singh R, Cunningham AF, O'Shea MK. Excretory-secretory products from adult helminth Nippostrongylus brasiliensis have in vitro bactericidal activity. J Med Microbiol 2023; 72. [PMID: 37929930 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Intestinal helminths and microbiota share the same anatomical niche during infection and are likely to interact either directly or indirectly. Whether intestinal helminths employ bactericidal strategies that influence their microbial environment is not completely understood.Hypothesis. In the present study, the hypothesis that the adult hookworm Nippostrongylus brasiliensis produces molecules that impair bacterial growth in vitro, is tested.Aim. To investigate the in vitro bactericidal activity of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis against commensal and pathogenic bacteria.Methodology. The bactericidal effect of somatic extract and excretory-secretory products of adult Nippostrongylus brasiliensis on Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, and Klebsiella pneumoniae) bacteria was assessed using growth assays. Minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration assays were performed using excretory-secretory products released from the pathogen.Results. Broad-spectrum in vitro bactericidal activity in excretory-secretory products, but not somatic extract of adult Nippostrongylus brasiliensis was detected. The bactericidal activity of excretory-secretory products was concentration-dependent, maintained after heat treatment, and preserved after repeated freezing and thawing.Conclusion. The results of this study demonstrate that helminths such as Nippostrongylus brasiliensis release molecules via their excretory-secretory pathway that have broad-spectrum bactericidal activity. The mechanisms responsible for this bactericidal activity remain to be determined and further studies aimed at isolating and identifying active bactericidal molecules are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxanne Pillay
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Mangosuthu University of Technology, Umlazi, South Africa
- Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Health Sciences, School of Laboratory Medicine & Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Division of Research Capacity Development, South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Zilungile L Mkhize-Kwitshana
- Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Health Sciences, School of Laboratory Medicine & Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Division of Research Capacity Development, South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - William G C Horsnell
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Department of Pathology, Division of Immunology, Faculty of Health Science, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Christopher Icke
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Ian Henderson
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD4072, Australia
| | - Murray E Selkirk
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Rita Berkachy
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Pragalathan Naidoo
- Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Health Sciences, School of Laboratory Medicine & Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Division of Research Capacity Development, South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Abraham J Niehaus
- Department of Microbiology, Ampath Laboratories, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ravesh Singh
- Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Health Sciences, School of Laboratory Medicine & Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Adam F Cunningham
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Matthew K O'Shea
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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4
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Faustini SE, Cook A, Hill H, Al-Taei S, Heaney J, Efstathiou E, Tanner C, Townsend N, Ahmed Z, Dinally M, Hoque M, Goodall M, Stamataki Z, Plant T, Chapple I, Cunningham AF, Drayson MT, Shields AM, Richter AG. Saliva antiviral antibody levels are detectable but correlate poorly with serum antibody levels following SARS-CoV-2 infection and/or vaccination. J Infect 2023; 87:328-335. [PMID: 37543310 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2023.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
The importance of salivary SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, following infection and vaccination, has not been fully established. 875 healthcare workers were sampled during the first wave in 2020 and 66 longitudinally in response to Pfizer BioNTech 162b2 vaccination. We measured SARS-CoV-2 total IgGAM and individual IgG, IgA and IgM antibodies. IgGAM seroprevalence was 39.9%; however, only 34.1% of seropositive individuals also had salivary antibodies. Infection generated serum IgG antibodies in 51.4% and IgA antibodies in 34.1% of individuals. In contrast, the salivary antibody responses were dominated by IgA (30.9% and 12% generating IgA and IgG antibodies, respectively). Post 2nd vaccination dose, in serum, 100% of infection naïve individuals had IgG and 82.8% had IgA responses; in saliva, 65.5% exhibited IgG and 55.2% IgA antibodies. Prior infection enhanced the vaccine antibody response in serum but no such difference was observed in saliva. Strong neutralisation responses were seen for serum 6 months post 2nd-vaccination dose (median 87.1%) compared to low neutralisation responses in saliva (median 1%). Intramuscular vaccination induces significant serum antibodies and to a lesser extent, salivary antibodies; however, salivary antibodies are typically non-neutralising. This study provides further evidence for the need of mucosal vaccines to elicit nasopharyngeal/oral protection. Although saliva is an attractive non-invasive sero-surveillance tool, due to distinct differences between systemic and oral antibody responses, it cannot be used as a proxy for serum antibody measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siân E Faustini
- University of Birmingham, Clinical Immunology Service, United Kingdom.
| | - Alex Cook
- University of Birmingham, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, United Kingdom; The Binding Site Ltd, United Kingdom
| | - Harriet Hill
- University of Birmingham, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, United Kingdom
| | - Saly Al-Taei
- University of Birmingham, Clinical Immunology Service, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer Heaney
- University of Birmingham, Clinical Immunology Service, United Kingdom
| | - Elena Efstathiou
- University of Birmingham, Clinical Immunology Service, United Kingdom
| | - Chloe Tanner
- University of Birmingham, Clinical Immunology Service, United Kingdom
| | - Neal Townsend
- University of Birmingham, Clinical Immunology Service, United Kingdom
| | - Zahra Ahmed
- University of Birmingham, Clinical Immunology Service, United Kingdom
| | - Mohammad Dinally
- University of Birmingham, Clinical Immunology Service, United Kingdom
| | - Madeeha Hoque
- University of Birmingham, Clinical Immunology Service, United Kingdom
| | - Margaret Goodall
- University of Birmingham, Clinical Immunology Service, United Kingdom
| | - Zania Stamataki
- University of Birmingham, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy Plant
- University of Birmingham, Clinical Immunology Service, United Kingdom
| | - Iain Chapple
- Periodontal Research Group, Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom; University of Birmingham, School of Dentistry, United Kingdom; Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, United Kingdom
| | - Adam F Cunningham
- University of Birmingham, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, United Kingdom
| | - Mark T Drayson
- University of Birmingham, Clinical Immunology Service/QE UHB Hospital Trust, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian M Shields
- University of Birmingham, Clinical Immunology Service/QE UHB Hospital Trust, United Kingdom
| | - Alex G Richter
- University of Birmingham, Clinical Immunology Service/QE UHB Hospital Trust, United Kingdom.
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5
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Ward KE, Steadman L, Karim AR, Reynolds GM, Pugh M, Chua W, Faustini SE, Veenith T, Thwaites RS, Openshaw PJM, Drayson MT, Shields AM, Cunningham AF, Wraith DC, Richter AG. SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with anti-desmoglein 2 autoantibody detection. Clin Exp Immunol 2023; 213:243-251. [PMID: 37095599 PMCID: PMC10651225 DOI: 10.1093/cei/uxad046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Post-acute cardiac sequelae, following SARS-CoV-2 infection, are well recognized as complications of COVID-19. We have previously shown the persistence of autoantibodies against antigens in skin, muscle, and heart in individuals following severe COVID-19; the most common staining on skin tissue displayed an inter-cellular cement pattern consistent with antibodies against desmosomal proteins. Desmosomes play a critical role in maintaining the structural integrity of tissues. For this reason, we analyzed desmosomal protein levels and the presence of anti-desmoglein (DSG) 1, 2, and 3 antibodies in acute and convalescent sera from patients with COVID-19 of differing clinical severity. We find increased levels of DSG2 protein in sera from acute COVID-19 patients. Furthermore, we find that DSG2 autoantibody levels are increased significantly in convalescent sera following severe COVID-19 but not in hospitalized patients recovering from influenza infection or healthy controls. Levels of autoantibody in sera from patients with severe COVID-19 were comparable to levels in patients with non-COVID-19-associated cardiac disease, potentially identifying DSG2 autoantibodies as a novel biomarker for cardiac damage. To determine if there was any association between severe COVID-19 and DSG2, we stained post-mortem cardiac tissue from patients who died from COVID-19 infection. This confirmed DSG2 protein within the intercalated discs and disruption of the intercalated disc between cardiomyocytes in patients who died from COVID-19. Our results reveal the potential for DSG2 protein and autoimmunity to DSG2 to contribute to unexpected pathologies associated with COVID-19 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerensa E Ward
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, West Midlands, UK
| | - Lora Steadman
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, West Midlands, UK
| | - Abid R Karim
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, West Midlands, UK
| | - Gary M Reynolds
- Centre for Liver and Gastrointestinal Research, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, West Midlands, UK
| | - Matthew Pugh
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, West Midlands, UK
| | - Winnie Chua
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, West Midlands, UK
| | - Sian E Faustini
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, West Midlands, UK
| | - Tonny Veenith
- Department of Critical Care, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Ryan S Thwaites
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Mark T Drayson
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, West Midlands, UK
| | - Adrian M Shields
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, West Midlands, UK
- Department of Clinical Immunology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Adam F Cunningham
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - David C Wraith
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, West Midlands, UK
| | - Alex G Richter
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, West Midlands, UK
- Department of Clinical Immunology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
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6
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Beriotto I, Icke C, Sevastsyanovich YR, Rossiter AE, Romagnoli G, Savino S, Hodges FJ, Cole JA, Saul A, MacLennan CA, Cunningham AF, Micoli F, Henderson IR. Efficient Autotransporter-Mediated Extracellular Secretion of a Heterologous Recombinant Protein by Escherichia coli. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0359422. [PMID: 37036352 PMCID: PMC10269718 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03594-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The autotransporter protein secretion system has been used previously to target the secretion of heterologous proteins to the bacterial cell surface and the extracellular milieu at the laboratory scale. The platform is of particular interest for the production of "difficult" recombinant proteins that might cause toxic effects when produced intracellularly. One such protein is IrmA. IrmA is a vaccine candidate that is produced in inclusion bodies requiring refolding. Here, we describe the use and scale-up of the autotransporter system for the secretion of an industrially relevant protein (IrmA). A plasmid expressing IrmA was constructed such that the autotransporter platform could secrete IrmA into the culture supernatant fraction. The autotransporter platform was suitable for the production and purification of IrmA with comparable physical properties to the protein produced in the cytoplasm. The production of IrmA was translated to scale-up protein production conditions resulting in a yield of 29.3 mg/L of IrmA from the culture supernatant, which is consistent with yields of current industrial processes. IMPORTANCE Recombinant protein production is an essential component of the biotechnology sector. Here, we show that the autotransporter platform is a viable method for the recombinant production, secretion, and purification of a "difficult" to produce protein on an industrially relevant scale. Use of the autotransporter platform could reduce the number of downstream processing operations required, thus accelerating the development time and reducing costs for recombinant protein production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Beriotto
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health Srl, Siena, Italy
| | - Christopher Icke
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Amanda E. Rossiter
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | | | - Silvana Savino
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health Srl, Siena, Italy
| | - Freya J. Hodges
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jeffrey A. Cole
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Allan Saul
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health Srl, Siena, Italy
| | - Calman A. MacLennan
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health Srl, Siena, Italy
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Adam F. Cunningham
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Institute for Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ian R. Henderson
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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7
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Ferentinos P, Snape D, Koivula F, Faustini S, Nicholson-Little A, Stacey M, Gifford R, Parsons I, Lamb L, Greeves J, O'Hara J, Cunningham AF, Woods D, Richter A, O'Shea MK. Validation of dried blood spot sampling for detecting SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and total immunoglobulins in a large cohort of asymptomatic young adults. J Immunol Methods 2023; 518:113492. [PMID: 37201783 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2023.113492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Detecting antibody responses following infection with SARS-CoV-2 is necessary for sero-epidemiological studies and assessing the role of specific antibodies in disease, but serum or plasma sampling is not always viable due to logistical challenges. Dried blood spot sampling (DBS) is a cheaper, simpler alternative and samples can be self-collected and returned by post, reducing risk for SARS-CoV-2 exposure from direct patient contact. The value of large-scale DBS sampling for the assessment of serological responses to SARS-CoV-2 has not been assessed in depth and provides a model for examining the logistics of using this approach to other infectious diseases. The ability to measure specific antigens is attractive for remote outbreak situations where testing may be limited or for patients who require sampling after remote consultation. METHODS We compared the performance of SARS-CoV-2 anti-spike and anti-nucleocapsid antibody detection from DBS samples with matched serum collected by venepuncture in a large population of asymptomatic young adults (N = 1070) living and working in congregate settings (military recruits, N = 625); university students, N = 445). We also compared the effect of self-sampling (ssDBS) with investigator-collected samples (labDBS) on assay performance, and the quantitative measurement of total IgA, IgG and IgM between DBS eluates and serum. RESULTS Baseline seropositivity for anti-Spike IgGAM antibody was significantly higher among university students than military recruits. Strong correlations were observed between matched DBS and serum samples in both university students and recruits for the anti-spike IgGAM assay. Minimal differences were found in results by ssDBS and labDBS and serum by Bland Altman and Cohen kappa analyses. LabDBS achieved 82.0% sensitivity and 98.2% specificity and ssDBS samples 86.1% sensitivity and 96.7% specificity for detecting anti-Spike IgGAM antibodies relative to serum samples. For anti-SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid IgG there was qualitatively 100% agreement between serum and DBS samples and weak correlation in ratio measurements. Strong correlations were observed between serum and DBS-derived total IgG, IgA, and IgM. CONCLUSIONS This is the largest validation of DBS against paired serum for SARS-CoV-2 specific antibody measurement and we have shown that DBS retains performance from prior smaller studies. There were no significant differences regarding DBS collection methods, suggesting that self-collected samples are a viable sampling collection method. These data offer confidence that DBS can be employed more widely as an alternative to classical serology.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Ferentinos
- Research Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, UK
| | - D Snape
- Research Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, UK
| | - F Koivula
- Department of Army Health and Performance Research, Andover, Hampshire, UK
| | - S Faustini
- Clinical Immunology Service, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - A Nicholson-Little
- Research Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, UK
| | - M Stacey
- Research Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, UK; Research & Clinical Innovation, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, UK
| | - R Gifford
- Research Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, UK; Research & Clinical Innovation, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, UK
| | - I Parsons
- Research Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, UK; Research & Clinical Innovation, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, UK
| | - L Lamb
- Research & Clinical Innovation, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, UK
| | - J Greeves
- Department of Army Health and Performance Research, Andover, Hampshire, UK
| | - J O'Hara
- Research Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, UK
| | - A F Cunningham
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - D Woods
- Research Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, UK; Research & Clinical Innovation, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, UK
| | - A Richter
- Clinical Immunology Service, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - M K O'Shea
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Research & Clinical Innovation, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, UK.
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8
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Chetty A, Darby MG, Pillaye J, Taliep A, Cunningham AF, O’Shea MK, Katawa G, Layland LE, Ritter M, Horsnell WGC. Induction of Siglec-F hiCD101 hi eosinophils in the lungs following murine hookworm Nippostrongylus brasiliensis infection. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1170807. [PMID: 37251384 PMCID: PMC10213982 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1170807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Helminth-induced eosinophils accumulate around the parasite at the site of infection, or in parasite-damaged tissues well after the helminth has left the site. The role of helminth-elicited eosinophils in mediating parasite control is complex. While they may contribute to direct parasite-killing and tissue repair, their involvement in long-term immunopathogenesis is a concern. In allergic Siglec-FhiCD101hi, eosinophils are associated with pathology. Research has not shown if equivalent subpopulations of eosinophils are a feature of helminth infection. In this study, we demonstrate that lung migration of rodent hookworm Nippostrongylus brasiliensis (Nb) results in a long-term expansion of distinct Siglec-FhiCD101hi eosinophil subpopulations. Nb-elevated eosinophil populations in the bone marrow and circulation did not present this phenotype. Siglec-FhiCD101hi lung eosinophils exhibited an activated morphology including nuclei hyper-segmentation and cytoplasm degranulation. Recruitment of ST2+ ILC2s and not CD4+ T cells to the lungs was associated with the expansion of Siglec-FhiCD101hi eosinophils. This data identifies a morphologically distinct and persistent subset of Siglec-FhiCD101hi lung eosinophils induced following Nb infection. These eosinophils may contribute to long-term pathology following helminth infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisha Chetty
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Department of Pathology, Division of Immunology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Matthew G. Darby
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Department of Pathology, Division of Immunology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jamie Pillaye
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - A'ishah Taliep
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Department of Pathology, Division of Immunology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Adam F. Cunningham
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew K. O’Shea
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Gnatoulma Katawa
- Unité de Recherche en Immunologie et Immunomodulation (UR2IM)/Laboratoire de Microbiologie et de Contrôle de Qualité des Denrées Alimentaires (LAMICODA), Ecole Supérieure des Techniques Biologiques et Alimentaires, Universite de Lomé, Lomé, Togo
| | - Laura E. Layland
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Neglected Tropical Disease, Partner site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn (UKB), Bonn, Germany
| | - Manuel Ritter
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn (UKB), Bonn, Germany
| | - William G. C. Horsnell
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Department of Pathology, Division of Immunology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Laboratory of Molecular and Experimental Immunology and Neuro-genetics, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-University of Orleans and Le Studium Institute for Advanced Studies, Orléans, France
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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9
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Goodall ECA, Azevedo Antunes C, Möller J, Sangal V, Torres VVL, Gray J, Cunningham AF, Hoskisson PA, Burkovski A, Henderson IR. A multiomic approach to defining the essential genome of the globally important pathogen Corynebacterium diphtheriae. PLoS Genet 2023; 19:e1010737. [PMID: 37099600 PMCID: PMC10166564 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Diphtheria is a respiratory disease caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae. While the toxin-based vaccine has helped control outbreaks of the disease since the mid-20th century there has been an increase in cases in recent years, including systemic infections caused by non-toxigenic C. diphtheriae strains. Here we describe the first study of gene essentiality in C. diphtheriae, providing the most-dense Transposon Directed Insertion Sequencing (TraDIS) library in the phylum Actinobacteriota. This high-density library has allowed the identification of conserved genes across the genus and phylum with essential function and enabled the elucidation of essential domains within the resulting proteins including those involved in cell envelope biogenesis. Validation of these data through protein mass spectrometry identified hypothetical and uncharacterized proteins in the proteome which are also represented in the vaccine. These data are an important benchmark and useful resource for the Corynebacterium, Mycobacterium, Nocardia and Rhodococcus research community. It enables the identification of novel antimicrobial and vaccine targets and provides a basis for future studies of Actinobacterial biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily C A Goodall
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Camila Azevedo Antunes
- Microbiome and Cancer Division, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Microbiology Division, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jens Möller
- Microbiology Division, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Vartul Sangal
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Von Vergel L Torres
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jessica Gray
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Adam F Cunningham
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Paul A Hoskisson
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Burkovski
- Microbiology Division, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ian R Henderson
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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10
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Marcial-Juárez E, Pérez-Toledo M, Nayar S, Pipi E, Alshayea A, Persaud R, Jossi SE, Lamerton R, Barone F, Henderson IR, Cunningham AF. Salmonella infection induces the reorganization of follicular dendritic cell networks concomitant with the failure to generate germinal centers. iScience 2023; 26:106310. [PMID: 36950118 PMCID: PMC10025972 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Germinal centers (GCs) are sites where plasma and memory B cells form to generate high-affinity, Ig class-switched antibodies. Specialized stromal cells called follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) are essential for GC formation. During systemic Salmonella Typhimurium (STm) infection GCs are absent, whereas extensive extrafollicular and switched antibody responses are maintained. The mechanisms that underpin the absence of GC formation are incompletely understood. Here, we demonstrate that STm induces a reversible disruption of niches within the splenic microenvironment, including the T and B cell compartments and the marginal zone. Alongside these effects after infection, mature FDC networks are strikingly absent, whereas immature FDC precursors, including marginal sinus pre-FDCs (MadCAM-1+) and perivascular pre-FDCs (PDGFRβ+) are enriched. As normal FDC networks re-establish, extensive GCs become detectable throughout the spleen. Therefore, the reorganization of FDC networks and the loss of GC responses are key, parallel features of systemic STm infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith Marcial-Juárez
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, West Midlands, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
- Corresponding author
| | - Marisol Pérez-Toledo
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, West Midlands, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Saba Nayar
- Rheumatology Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, West Midlands, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Elena Pipi
- Rheumatology Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, West Midlands, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Areej Alshayea
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, West Midlands, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Ruby Persaud
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, West Midlands, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Sian E. Jossi
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, West Midlands, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Lamerton
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, West Midlands, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Francesca Barone
- Rheumatology Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, West Midlands, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, UK and Sandwell and West Birmingham Trust, Birmingham, West Midlands, B15 2TH, United Kingdom
| | - Ian R. Henderson
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD4072, Australia
| | - Adam F. Cunningham
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, West Midlands, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
- Corresponding author
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11
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Jossi SE, Arcuri M, Alshayea A, Persaud RR, Marcial-Juárez E, Palmieri E, Di Benedetto R, Pérez-Toledo M, Pillaye J, Channell WM, Schager AE, Lamerton RE, Cook CN, Goodall M, Haneda T, Bäumler AJ, Jackson-Jones LH, Toellner KM, MacLennan CA, Henderson IR, Micoli F, Cunningham AF. Vi polysaccharide and conjugated vaccines afford similar early, IgM or IgG-independent control of infection but boosting with conjugated Vi vaccines sustains the efficacy of immune responses. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1139329. [PMID: 37033932 PMCID: PMC10076549 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1139329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Vaccination with Vi capsular polysaccharide (Vi-PS) or protein-Vi typhoid conjugate vaccine (TCV) can protect adults against Salmonella Typhi infections. TCVs offer better protection than Vi-PS in infants and may offer better protection in adults. Potential reasons for why TCV may be superior in adults are not fully understood. Methods and results Here, we immunized wild-type (WT) mice and mice deficient in IgG or IgM with Vi-PS or TCVs (Vi conjugated to tetanus toxoid or CRM197) for up to seven months, with and without subsequent challenge with Vi-expressing Salmonella Typhimurium. Unexpectedly, IgM or IgG alone were similarly able to reduce bacterial burdens in tissues, and this was observed in response to conjugated or unconjugated Vi vaccines and was independent of antibody being of high affinity. Only in the longer-term after immunization (>5 months) were differences observed in tissue bacterial burdens of mice immunized with Vi-PS or TCV. These differences related to the maintenance of antibody responses at higher levels in mice boosted with TCV, with the rate of fall in IgG titres induced to Vi-PS being greater than for TCV. Discussion Therefore, Vi-specific IgM or IgG are independently capable of protecting from infection and any superior protection from vaccination with TCV in adults may relate to responses being able to persist better rather than from differences in the antibody isotypes induced. These findings suggest that enhancing our understanding of how responses to vaccines are maintained may inform on how to maximize protection afforded by conjugate vaccines against encapsulated pathogens such as S. Typhi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siân E. Jossi
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Melissa Arcuri
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health SRL, Siena, Italy
| | - Areej Alshayea
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Ruby R. Persaud
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Edith Marcial-Juárez
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Elena Palmieri
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health SRL, Siena, Italy
| | | | - Marisol Pérez-Toledo
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jamie Pillaye
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Will M. Channell
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Anna E. Schager
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel E. Lamerton
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte N. Cook
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Margaret Goodall
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Takeshi Haneda
- Laboratory of Microbiology, School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Andreas J. Bäumler
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Lucy H. Jackson-Jones
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - Kai-Michael Toellner
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Calman A. MacLennan
- Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, London, United Kingdom
- Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ian R. Henderson
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Adam F. Cunningham
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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12
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Gutishvili G, Bavro VN, Cunningham AF, Gumbart JC. Linking the outer membrane composition of salmonella to protective antibody responses. Biophys J 2023; 122:447a. [PMID: 36784295 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2022.11.2410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Vassiliy N Bavro
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom
| | - Adam F Cunningham
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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13
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Abstract
Type I secretion systems (T1SS) are versatile molecular machines for protein transport across the Gram-negative cell envelope. The archetypal Type I system mediates secretion of the Escherichia coli hemolysin, HlyA. This system has remained the pre-eminent model of T1SS research since its discovery. The classic description of a T1SS is composed of three proteins: an inner membrane ABC transporter, a periplasmic adaptor protein and an outer membrane factor. According to this model, these components assemble to form a continuous channel across the cell envelope, an unfolded substrate molecule is then transported in a one-step mechanism, directly from the cytosol to the extracellular milieu. However, this model does not encapsulate the diversity of T1SS that have been characterized to date. In this review, we provide an updated definition of a T1SS, and propose the subdivision of this system into five subgroups. These subgroups are categorized as T1SSa for RTX proteins, T1SSb for non-RTX Ca2+-binding proteins, T1SSc for non-RTX proteins, T1SSd for class II microcins, and T1SSe for lipoprotein secretion. Although often overlooked in the literature, these alternative mechanisms of Type I protein secretion offer many avenues for biotechnological discovery and application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freya J Hodges
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Von Vergel L Torres
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Adam F Cunningham
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Ian R Henderson
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
| | - Christopher Icke
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
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14
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Khan AO, Reyat JS, Hill H, Bourne JH, Colicchia M, Newby ML, Allen JD, Crispin M, Youd E, Murray PG, Taylor G, Stamataki Z, Richter AG, Cunningham AF, Pugh M, Rayes J. Preferential uptake of SARS-CoV-2 by pericytes potentiates vascular damage and permeability in an organoid model of the microvasculature. Cardiovasc Res 2022; 118:3085-3096. [PMID: 35709328 PMCID: PMC9214165 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvac097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Thrombotic complications and vasculopathy have been extensively associated with severe COVID-19 infection; however, the mechanisms inducing endotheliitis and the disruption of endothelial integrity in the microcirculation are poorly understood. We hypothesized that within the vessel wall, pericytes preferentially take up viral particles and mediate the subsequent loss of vascular integrity. METHODS AND RESULTS Immunofluorescence of post-mortem patient sections was used to assess pathophysiological aspects of COVID-19 infection. The effects of COVID-19 on the microvasculature were assessed using a vascular organoid model exposed to live viral particles or recombinant viral antigens. We find increased expression of the viral entry receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 on pericytes when compared to vascular endothelium and a reduction in the expression of the junctional protein CD144, as well as increased cell death, upon treatment with both live virus and/or viral antigens. We observe a dysregulation of genes implicated in vascular permeability, including Notch receptor 3, angiopoietin-2, and TEK. Activation of vascular organoids with interleukin-1β did not have an additive effect on vascular permeability. Spike antigen was detected in some patients' lung pericytes, which was associated with a decrease in CD144 expression and increased platelet recruitment and von Willebrand factor (VWF) deposition in the capillaries of these patients, with thrombi in large vessels rich in VWF and fibrin. CONCLUSION Together, our data indicate that direct viral exposure to the microvasculature modelled by organoid infection and viral antigen treatment results in pericyte infection, detachment, damage, and cell death, disrupting pericyte-endothelial cell crosstalk and increasing microvascular endothelial permeability, which can promote thrombotic and bleeding complications in the microcirculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah O Khan
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Jasmeet S Reyat
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Harriet Hill
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Joshua H Bourne
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Martina Colicchia
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Maddy L Newby
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Joel D Allen
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Max Crispin
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Esther Youd
- Forensic Medicine and Science, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Paul G Murray
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
- Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Graham Taylor
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Zania Stamataki
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Alex G Richter
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Adam F Cunningham
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Matthew Pugh
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Julie Rayes
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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15
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Krysko O, Bourne JH, Kondakova E, Galova EA, Whitworth K, Newby ML, Bachert C, Hill H, Crispin M, Stamataki Z, Cunningham AF, Pugh M, Khan AO, Rayes J, Vedunova M, Krysko DV, Brill A. Severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with high numbers of alveolar mast cells and their degranulation. Front Immunol 2022; 13:968981. [PMID: 36225927 PMCID: PMC9548604 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.968981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The systemic inflammatory response post-SARS-CoV-2 infection increases pro-inflammatory cytokine production, multi-organ damage, and mortality rates. Mast cells (MC) modulate thrombo-inflammatory disease progression (e.g., deep vein thrombosis) and the inflammatory response post-infection. Objective To enhance our understanding of the contribution of MC and their proteases in SARS-CoV-2 infection and the pathogenesis of the disease, which might help to identify novel therapeutic targets. Methods MC proteases chymase (CMA1), carboxypeptidase A3 (CPA3), and tryptase beta 2 (TPSB2), as well as cytokine levels, were measured in the serum of 60 patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection (30 moderate and 30 severe; severity of the disease assessed by chest CT) and 17 healthy controls by ELISA. MC number and degranulation were quantified by immunofluorescent staining for tryptase in lung autopsies of patients deceased from either SARS-CoV-2 infection or unrelated reasons (control). Immortalized human FcεR1+c-Kit+ LUVA MC were infected with SARS-CoV-2, or treated with its viral proteins, to assess direct MC activation by flow cytometry. Results The levels of all three proteases were increased in the serum of patients with COVID-19, and strongly correlated with clinical severity. The density of degranulated MC in COVID-19 lung autopsies was increased compared to control lungs. The total number of released granules and the number of granules per each MC were elevated and positively correlated with von Willebrand factor levels in the lung. SARS-CoV-2 or its viral proteins spike and nucleocapsid did not induce activation or degranulation of LUVA MC in vitro. Conclusion In this study, we demonstrate that SARS-CoV-2 is strongly associated with activation of MC, which likely occurs indirectly, driven by the inflammatory response. The results suggest that plasma MC protease levels could predict the disease course, and that severe COVID-19 patients might benefit from including MC-stabilizing drugs in the treatment scheme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Krysko
- Upper Airways Research Laboratory, Department of Head and Skin, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Joshua H. Bourne
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Elena Kondakova
- Institute of Biology and Biomedicine, Department of Basic and Medical Genetics, National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhniy Novgorod, Nizhniy Novgorod, Russia
| | - Elena A. Galova
- University Clinic of Privolzhsky Research Medical University, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Katharine Whitworth
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Maddy L. Newby
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Claus Bachert
- Upper Airways Research Laboratory, Department of Head and Skin, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Harriet Hill
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Max Crispin
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Zania Stamataki
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Adam F. Cunningham
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Pugh
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Abdullah O. Khan
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Julie Rayes
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Vedunova
- Institute of Biology and Biomedicine, Department of Basic and Medical Genetics, National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhniy Novgorod, Nizhniy Novgorod, Russia
| | - Dmitri V. Krysko
- Institute of Biology and Biomedicine, Department of Basic and Medical Genetics, National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhniy Novgorod, Nizhniy Novgorod, Russia
- Department of Pathophysiology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
- Cell Death Investigation and Therapy Laboratory, Department of Human Structure and Repair, Ghent University and Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium
| | - Alexander Brill
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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16
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Goodall ECA, Morris FC, McKeand SA, Sullivan R, Warner IA, Sheehan E, Boelter G, Icke C, Cunningham AF, Cole JA, Banzhaf M, Bryant JA, Henderson IR. LI-Detector: a Method for Curating Ordered Gene-Replacement Libraries. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0083322. [PMID: 35856675 PMCID: PMC9431181 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00833-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years the availability of genome sequence information has grown logarithmically resulting in the identification of a plethora of uncharacterized genes. To address this gap in functional annotation, many high-throughput screens have been devised to uncover novel gene functions. Gene-replacement libraries are one such tool that can be screened in a high-throughput way to link genotype and phenotype and are key community resources. However, for a phenotype to be attributed to a specific gene, there needs to be confidence in the genotype. Construction of large libraries can be laborious and occasionally errors will arise. Here, we present a rapid and accurate method for the validation of any ordered library where a gene has been replaced or disrupted by a uniform linear insertion (LI). We applied our method (LI-detector) to the well-known Keio library of Escherichia coli gene-deletion mutants. Our method identified 3,718 constructed mutants out of a total of 3,728 confirmed isolates, with a success rate of 99.7% for identifying the correct kanamycin cassette position. This data set provides a benchmark for the purity of the Keio mutants and a screening method for mapping the position of any linear insertion, such as an antibiotic resistance cassette in any ordered library. IMPORTANCE The construction of ordered gene replacement libraries requires significant investment of time and resources to create a valuable community resource. During construction, technical errors may result in a limited number of incorrect mutants being made. Such mutants may confound the output of subsequent experiments. Here, using the remarkable E. coli Keio knockout library, we describe a method to rapidly validate the construction of every mutant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily C. A. Goodall
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Faye C. Morris
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Samantha A. McKeand
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Rudi Sullivan
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Isabel A. Warner
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Emma Sheehan
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Gabriela Boelter
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Icke
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Adam F. Cunningham
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jeffrey A. Cole
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Manuel Banzhaf
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jack A. Bryant
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Ian R. Henderson
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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17
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Lamerton RE, Marcial-Juarez E, Faustini SE, Perez-Toledo M, Goodall M, Jossi SE, Newby ML, Chapple I, Dietrich T, Veenith T, Shields AM, Harper L, Henderson IR, Rayes J, Wraith DC, Watson SP, Crispin M, Drayson MT, Richter AG, Cunningham AF. SARS-CoV-2 Spike- and Nucleoprotein-Specific Antibodies Induced After Vaccination or Infection Promote Classical Complement Activation. Front Immunol 2022; 13:838780. [PMID: 35860286 PMCID: PMC9289266 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.838780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies specific for the spike glycoprotein (S) and nucleocapsid (N) SARS-CoV-2 proteins are typically present during severe COVID-19, and induced to S after vaccination. The binding of viral antigens by antibody can initiate the classical complement pathway. Since complement could play pathological or protective roles at distinct times during SARS-CoV-2 infection we determined levels of antibody-dependent complement activation along the complement cascade. Here, we used an ELISA assay to assess complement protein binding (C1q) and the deposition of C4b, C3b, and C5b to S and N antigens in the presence of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 from different test groups: non-infected, single and double vaccinees, non-hospitalised convalescent (NHC) COVID-19 patients and convalescent hospitalised (ITU-CONV) COVID-19 patients. C1q binding correlates strongly with antibody responses, especially IgG1 levels. However, detection of downstream complement components, C4b, C3b and C5b shows some variability associated with the subject group from whom the sera were obtained. In the ITU-CONV, detection of C3b-C5b to S was observed consistently, but this was not the case in the NHC group. This is in contrast to responses to N, where median levels of complement deposition did not differ between the NHC and ITU-CONV groups. Moreover, for S but not N, downstream complement components were only detected in sera with higher IgG1 levels. Therefore, the classical pathway is activated by antibodies to multiple SARS-CoV-2 antigens, but the downstream effects of this activation may differ depending the disease status of the subject and on the specific antigen targeted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E. Lamerton
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Edith Marcial-Juarez
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Sian E. Faustini
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Marisol Perez-Toledo
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Margaret Goodall
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Siân E. Jossi
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Maddy L. Newby
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Iain Chapple
- Periodontal Research Group, School of Dentistry, Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, and Birmingham Community Healthcare National Health Service Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Dietrich
- Periodontal Research Group, School of Dentistry, Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, and Birmingham Community Healthcare National Health Service Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Tonny Veenith
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University Hospitals Birmingham National Health Service (NHS) Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian M. Shields
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Lorraine Harper
- Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Ian R. Henderson
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Julie Rayes
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - David C. Wraith
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Steve P. Watson
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Max Crispin
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Mark T. Drayson
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Alex G. Richter
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Adam F. Cunningham
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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18
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Chawla H, Jossi SE, Faustini SE, Samsudin F, Allen JD, Watanabe Y, Newby ML, Marcial-Juárez E, Lamerton RE, McLellan JS, Bond PJ, Richter AG, Cunningham AF, Crispin M. Glycosylation and Serological Reactivity of an Expression-enhanced SARS-CoV-2 Viral Spike Mimetic. J Mol Biol 2022; 434:167332. [PMID: 34717971 PMCID: PMC8550889 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2021.167332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Extensive glycosylation of viral glycoproteins is a key feature of the antigenic surface of viruses and yet glycan processing can also be influenced by the manner of their recombinant production. The low yields of the soluble form of the trimeric spike (S) glycoprotein from SARS-CoV-2 has prompted advances in protein engineering that have greatly enhanced the stability and yields of the glycoprotein. The latest expression-enhanced version of the spike incorporates six proline substitutions to stabilize the prefusion conformation (termed SARS-CoV-2 S HexaPro). Although the substitutions greatly enhanced expression whilst not compromising protein structure, the influence of these substitutions on glycan processing has not been explored. Here, we show that the site-specific N-linked glycosylation of the expression-enhanced HexaPro resembles that of an earlier version containing two proline substitutions (2P), and that both capture features of native viral glycosylation. However, there are site-specific differences in glycosylation of HexaPro when compared to 2P. Despite these discrepancies, analysis of the serological reactivity of clinical samples from infected individuals confirmed that both HexaPro and 2P protein are equally able to detect IgG, IgA, and IgM responses in all sera analysed. Moreover, we extend this observation to include an analysis of glycan engineered S protein, whereby all N-linked glycans were converted to oligomannose-type and conclude that serological activity is not impacted by large scale changes in glycosylation. These observations suggest that variations in glycan processing will not impact the serological assessments currently being performed across the globe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himanshi Chawla
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Sian E Jossi
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Sian E Faustini
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Firdaus Samsudin
- Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138671, Singapore
| | - Joel D Allen
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Yasunori Watanabe
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK; Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Maddy L Newby
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Edith Marcial-Juárez
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Rachel E Lamerton
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Jason S McLellan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Peter J Bond
- Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138671, Singapore; Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Alex G Richter
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Adam F Cunningham
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Max Crispin
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.
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19
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Wittner J, Schulz SR, Steinmetz TD, Berges J, Hauke M, Channell WM, Cunningham AF, Hauser AE, Hutloff A, Mielenz D, Jäck HM, Schuh W. Krüppel-like factor 2 controls IgA plasma cell compartmentalization and IgA responses. Mucosal Immunol 2022; 15:668-682. [PMID: 35347229 PMCID: PMC9259478 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-022-00503-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Krüppel-like factor 2 (KLF2) is a potent regulator of lymphocyte differentiation, activation and migration. However, its functional role in adaptive and humoral immunity remains elusive. Therefore, by using mice with a B cell-specific deletion of KLF2, we investigated plasma cell differentiation and antibody responses. We revealed that the deletion of KLF2 resulted in perturbed IgA plasma cell compartmentalization, characterized by the absence of IgA plasma cells in the bone marrow, their reductions in the spleen, the blood and the lamina propria of the colon and the small intestine, concomitant with their accumulation and retention in mesenteric lymph nodes and Peyer's patches. Most intriguingly, secretory IgA in the intestinal lumen was almost absent, dimeric serum IgA was drastically reduced and antigen-specific IgA responses to soluble Salmonella flagellin were blunted in KLF2-deficient mice. Perturbance of IgA plasma cell localization was caused by deregulation of CCR9, Integrin chains αM, α4, β7, and sphingosine-1-phosphate receptors. Hence, KLF2 not only orchestrates the localization of IgA plasma cells by fine-tuning chemokine receptors and adhesion molecules but also controls IgA responses to Salmonella flagellin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Wittner
- grid.411668.c0000 0000 9935 6525Division of Molecular Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine 3, Nikolaus-Fiebiger Center, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sebastian R. Schulz
- grid.411668.c0000 0000 9935 6525Division of Molecular Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine 3, Nikolaus-Fiebiger Center, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tobit D. Steinmetz
- grid.411668.c0000 0000 9935 6525Division of Molecular Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine 3, Nikolaus-Fiebiger Center, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Johannes Berges
- grid.411668.c0000 0000 9935 6525Division of Molecular Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine 3, Nikolaus-Fiebiger Center, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Manuela Hauke
- grid.411668.c0000 0000 9935 6525Division of Molecular Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine 3, Nikolaus-Fiebiger Center, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - William M. Channell
- grid.6572.60000 0004 1936 7486Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Adam F. Cunningham
- grid.6572.60000 0004 1936 7486Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Anja E. Hauser
- grid.6363.00000 0001 2218 4662Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany ,grid.418217.90000 0000 9323 8675Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), a Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Hutloff
- grid.412468.d0000 0004 0646 2097Institute of Immunology and Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Dirk Mielenz
- grid.411668.c0000 0000 9935 6525Division of Molecular Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine 3, Nikolaus-Fiebiger Center, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hans-Martin Jäck
- grid.411668.c0000 0000 9935 6525Division of Molecular Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine 3, Nikolaus-Fiebiger Center, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schuh
- grid.411668.c0000 0000 9935 6525Division of Molecular Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine 3, Nikolaus-Fiebiger Center, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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20
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Goodall ECA, Isom GL, Rooke JL, Pullela K, Icke C, Yang Z, Boelter G, Jones A, Warner I, Da Costa R, Zhang B, Rae J, Tan WB, Winkle M, Delhaye A, Heinz E, Collet JF, Cunningham AF, Blaskovich MA, Parton RG, Cole JA, Banzhaf M, Chng SS, Vollmer W, Bryant JA, Henderson IR. Loss of YhcB results in dysregulation of coordinated peptidoglycan, LPS and phospholipid synthesis during Escherichia coli cell growth. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009586. [PMID: 34941903 PMCID: PMC8741058 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell envelope is essential for viability in all domains of life. It retains enzymes and substrates within a confined space while providing a protective barrier to the external environment. Destabilising the envelope of bacterial pathogens is a common strategy employed by antimicrobial treatment. However, even in one of the best studied organisms, Escherichia coli, there remain gaps in our understanding of how the synthesis of the successive layers of the cell envelope are coordinated during growth and cell division. Here, we used a whole-genome phenotypic screen to identify mutants with a defective cell envelope. We report that loss of yhcB, a conserved gene of unknown function, results in loss of envelope stability, increased cell permeability and dysregulated control of cell size. Using whole genome transposon mutagenesis strategies, we report the comprehensive genetic interaction network of yhcB, revealing all genes with a synthetic negative and a synthetic positive relationship. These genes include those previously reported to have a role in cell envelope biogenesis. Surprisingly, we identified genes previously annotated as essential that became non-essential in a ΔyhcB background. Subsequent analyses suggest that YhcB functions at the junction of several envelope biosynthetic pathways coordinating the spatiotemporal growth of the cell, highlighting YhcB as an as yet unexplored antimicrobial target. All life depends on a cell envelope to enclose the chemical reactions that make life possible. But how do cell envelopes grow? How each component of the cell envelope is incorporated into the envelope at the correct amount, in the correct place, and at the correct time, to prevent cell death, has been a long-standing question in bacteriology. Using a unique combination of high throughput chemical genetic screens we identified yhcB, a conserved gene of unknown function, required for the maintenance of cell envelope integrity in Escherichia coli. Loss of YhcB results in aberrant cell size driven by the production of excess membrane phospholipids. Subsequent molecular and biochemical analyses suggest YhcB influences the spatiotemporal biogenesis of LPS, peptidoglycan and membrane phospholipids. Our data indicate YhcB is a key regulator of cell envelope growth in Gram-negative bacteria playing a crucial role in coordinating cell width, elongation, and division to maintain cell envelope integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily C. A. Goodall
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
- * E-mail: (ECAG); (IRH)
| | - Georgia L. Isom
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica L. Rooke
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
| | - Karthik Pullela
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
| | - Christopher Icke
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
| | - Zihao Yang
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
| | - Gabriela Boelter
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Alun Jones
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
| | - Isabel Warner
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
| | - Rochelle Da Costa
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
| | - Bing Zhang
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
| | - James Rae
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
| | - Wee Boon Tan
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Matthias Winkle
- Centre for Bacterial Cell Biology, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Antoine Delhaye
- de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Eva Heinz
- Departments of Vector Biology and Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | | | - Adam F. Cunningham
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Mark A. Blaskovich
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
| | - Robert G. Parton
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
- Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
| | - Jeff A. Cole
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Manuel Banzhaf
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Shu-Sin Chng
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Waldemar Vollmer
- Centre for Bacterial Cell Biology, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Jack A. Bryant
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Ian R. Henderson
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
- * E-mail: (ECAG); (IRH)
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21
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Burel JG, Singhania A, Dubelko P, Muller J, Tanner R, Parizotto E, Dedicoat M, Fletcher TE, Dunbar J, Cunningham AF, Lindestam Arlehamn CS, Catanzaro DG, Catanzaro A, Rodwell T, McShane H, O'Shea MK, Peters B. Distinct blood transcriptomic signature of treatment in latent tuberculosis infected individuals at risk of developing active disease. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2021; 131:102127. [PMID: 34555657 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2021.102127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Although only a small fraction will ever develop the active form of tuberculosis (ATB) disease, chemoprophylaxis treatment in latent TB infected (LTBI) individuals is an effective strategy to control pathogen transmission. Characterizing immune responses in LTBI upon chemoprophylactic treatment is important to facilitate treatment monitoring, and thus improve TB control strategies. Here, we studied changes in the blood transcriptome in a cohort of 42 LTBI and 8 ATB participants who received anti-TB therapy. Based on the expression of previously published gene signatures of progression to ATB, we stratified the LTBI cohort in two groups and examined if individuals deemed to be at elevated risk of developing ATB before treatment (LTBI-Risk) differed from others (LTBI-Other). We found that LTBI-Risk and LTBI-Other groups were associated with two distinct transcriptomic treatment signatures, with the LTBI-Risk signature resembling that of treated ATB patients. Notably, overlapping genes between LTBI-Risk and ATB treatment signatures were associated with risk of progression to ATB and interferon (IFN) signaling, and were selectively downregulated upon treatment in the LTBI-Risk but not the LTBI-Other group. Our results suggest that transcriptomic reprogramming following treatment of LTBI is heterogeneous and can be used to distinguish LTBI-Risk individuals from the LTBI cohort at large.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie G Burel
- Vaccine Discovery Division, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Akul Singhania
- Vaccine Discovery Division, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Paige Dubelko
- Vaccine Discovery Division, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Julius Muller
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Rachel Tanner
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Martin Dedicoat
- University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Thomas E Fletcher
- Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Joint Medical Command, Birmingham, UK; Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - James Dunbar
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Friarage Hospital, Northallerton, UK
| | - Adam F Cunningham
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | | | | | | | - Timothy Rodwell
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Helen McShane
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Matthew K O'Shea
- University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK; Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Joint Medical Command, Birmingham, UK; Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
| | - Bjoern Peters
- Vaccine Discovery Division, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, CA, USA.
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22
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Banham GD, Godlee A, Faustini SE, Cunningham AF, Richter A, Harper L. Hemodialysis Patients Make Long-Lived Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 that May Be Associated with Reduced Reinfection. J Am Soc Nephrol 2021; 32:2140-2142. [PMID: 34341181 PMCID: PMC8729838 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2021020188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gemma D. Banham
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom,University Hospitals Birmingham National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandra Godlee
- University Hospitals Birmingham National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom,Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Sian E. Faustini
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Adam F. Cunningham
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Alex Richter
- University Hospitals Birmingham National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom,Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Lorraine Harper
- University Hospitals Birmingham National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom,Institute of Applied Health Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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23
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Faustini SE, Jossi SE, Perez‐Toledo M, Shields AM, Allen JD, Watanabe Y, Newby ML, Cook A, Willcox CR, Salim M, Goodall M, Heaney JL, Marcial‐Juarez E, Morley GL, Torlinska B, Wraith DC, Veenith TV, Harding S, Jolles S, Ponsford MJ, Plant T, Huissoon A, O'Shea MK, Willcox BE, Drayson MT, Crispin M, Cunningham AF, Richter AG. Development of a high-sensitivity ELISA detecting IgG, IgA and IgM antibodies to the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein in serum and saliva. Immunology 2021; 164:135-147. [PMID: 33932228 PMCID: PMC8242512 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Detecting antibody responses during and after SARS-CoV-2 infection is essential in determining the seroepidemiology of the virus and the potential role of antibody in disease. Scalable, sensitive and specific serological assays are essential to this process. The detection of antibody in hospitalized patients with severe disease has proven relatively straightforward; detecting responses in subjects with mild disease and asymptomatic infections has proven less reliable. We hypothesized that the suboptimal sensitivity of antibody assays and the compartmentalization of the antibody response may contribute to this effect. We systematically developed an ELISA, optimizing different antigens and amplification steps, in serum and saliva from non-hospitalized SARS-CoV-2-infected subjects. Using trimeric spike glycoprotein, rather than nucleocapsid, enabled detection of responses in individuals with low antibody responses. IgG1 and IgG3 predominate to both antigens, but more anti-spike IgG1 than IgG3 was detectable. All antigens were effective for detecting responses in hospitalized patients. Anti-spike IgG, IgA and IgM antibody responses were readily detectable in saliva from a minority of RT-PCR confirmed, non-hospitalized symptomatic individuals, and these were mostly subjects who had the highest levels of anti-spike serum antibodies. Therefore, detecting antibody responses in both saliva and serum can contribute to determining virus exposure and understanding immune responses after SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sian E. Faustini
- Institute of Immunology and ImmunotherapyUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Sian E. Jossi
- Institute of Immunology and ImmunotherapyUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | | | - Adrian M. Shields
- Institute of Immunology and ImmunotherapyUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Joel D. Allen
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonUK
| | - Yasunori Watanabe
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonUK
- Department of BiochemistryOxford Glycobiology InstituteUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Maddy L. Newby
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonUK
| | | | - Carrie R. Willcox
- Institute of Immunology and ImmunotherapyUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Mahboob Salim
- Institute of Immunology and ImmunotherapyUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Margaret Goodall
- Institute of Immunology and ImmunotherapyUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Jennifer L. Heaney
- Institute of Immunology and ImmunotherapyUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | | | | | - Barbara Torlinska
- Institute of Applied Health ResearchUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - David C. Wraith
- Institute of Immunology and ImmunotherapyUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Tonny V. Veenith
- Department of Critical Care MedicineUniversity Hospitals Birmingham NHS TrustBirminghamUK
| | | | | | | | - Tim Plant
- Institute of Immunology and ImmunotherapyUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Aarnoud Huissoon
- Institute of Immunology and ImmunotherapyUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
- Department of ImmunologyUniversity Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation TrustBirminghamUK
| | - Matthew K. O'Shea
- Institute of Microbiology and InfectionUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Benjamin E. Willcox
- Institute of Immunology and ImmunotherapyUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Mark T. Drayson
- Institute of Immunology and ImmunotherapyUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Max Crispin
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonUK
| | - Adam F. Cunningham
- Institute of Immunology and ImmunotherapyUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Alex G. Richter
- Institute of Immunology and ImmunotherapyUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
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24
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Shields AM, Faustini SE, Perez-Toledo M, Jossi S, Allen JD, Al-Taei S, Backhouse C, Dunbar LA, Ebanks D, Emmanuel B, Faniyi AA, Garvey M, Grinbergs A, McGinnell G, O'Neill J, Watanabe Y, Crispin M, Wraith DC, Cunningham AF, Drayson MT, Richter AG. Serological responses to SARS-CoV-2 following non-hospitalised infection: clinical and ethnodemographic features associated with the magnitude of the antibody response. BMJ Open Respir Res 2021; 8:e000872. [PMID: 34561239 PMCID: PMC8474079 DOI: 10.1136/bmjresp-2020-000872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine clinical and ethnodemographic correlates of serological responses against the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein following mild-to-moderate COVID-19. DESIGN A retrospective cohort study of healthcare workers who had self-isolated due to COVID-19. SETTING University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, UK (UHBFT). PARTICIPANTS 956 healthcare workers were recruited by open invitation via UHBFT trust email and social media between 27 April 2020 and the 8 June 2020. INTERVENTION Participants volunteered a venous blood sample that was tested for the presence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein antibodies. Results were interpreted in the context of the symptoms of their original illness and ethnodemographic variables. RESULTS Using an assay that simultaneously measures the combined IgG, IgA and IgM response against the spike glycoprotein (IgGAM), the overall seroprevalence within this cohort was 46.2% (n=442/956). The seroprevalence of immunoglobulin isotypes was 36.3%, 18.7% and 8.1% for IgG, IgA and IgM, respectively. IgGAM identified serological responses in 40.6% (n=52/128) of symptomatic individuals who reported a negative SARS-CoV-2 PCR test. Increasing age, non-white ethnicity and obesity were independently associated with greater IgG antibody response against the spike glycoprotein. Self-reported fever and fatigue were associated with greater IgG and IgA responses against the spike glycoprotein. The combination of fever and/or cough and/or anosmia had a positive predictive value of 92.3% for seropositivity in self-isolating individuals a time when Wuhan strain SARS-CoV-2 was predominant. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Assays employing combined antibody detection demonstrate enhanced seroepidemiological sensitivity and can detect prior viral exposure even when PCR swabs have been negative. We demonstrate an association between known ethnodemographic risk factors associated with mortality from COVID-19 and the magnitude of serological responses in mild-to-moderate disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian M Shields
- Department of Clinical Immunology Service, University of Birmingham College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Birmingham, UK
| | - Sian E Faustini
- Department of Clinical Immunology Service, University of Birmingham College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Birmingham, UK
| | - Marisol Perez-Toledo
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Sian Jossi
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Joel D Allen
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Saly Al-Taei
- Department of Clinical Immunology Service, University of Birmingham College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Birmingham, UK
| | - Claire Backhouse
- Department of Clinical Immunology Service, University of Birmingham College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Birmingham, UK
| | - Lynsey A Dunbar
- Department of Clinical Immunology Service, University of Birmingham College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Birmingham, UK
| | - Daniel Ebanks
- Department of Clinical Immunology Service, University of Birmingham College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Birmingham, UK
| | - Beena Emmanuel
- Department of Clinical Immunology Service, University of Birmingham College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Birmingham, UK
| | - Aduragbemi A Faniyi
- Birmingham Acute Care Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Mark Garvey
- University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Annabel Grinbergs
- University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Golaleh McGinnell
- University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Joanne O'Neill
- University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Yasunori Watanabe
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Max Crispin
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - David C Wraith
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Adam F Cunningham
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Mark T Drayson
- Department of Clinical Immunology Service, University of Birmingham College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Birmingham, UK
| | - Alex G Richter
- Department of Clinical Immunology Service, University of Birmingham College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Birmingham, UK
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25
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Richter AG, Shields AM, Karim A, Birch D, Faustini SE, Steadman L, Ward K, Plant T, Reynolds G, Veenith T, Cunningham AF, Drayson MT, Wraith DC. Establishing the prevalence of common tissue-specific autoantibodies following severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection. Clin Exp Immunol 2021; 205:99-105. [PMID: 34082475 PMCID: PMC8239842 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus 19 (COVID-19) has been associated with both transient and persistent systemic symptoms that do not appear to be a direct consequence of viral infection. The generation of autoantibodies has been proposed as a mechanism to explain these symptoms. To understand the prevalence of autoantibodies associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, we investigated the frequency and specificity of clinically relevant autoantibodies in 84 individuals previously infected with SARS-CoV-2, suffering from COVID-19 of varying severity in both the acute and convalescent setting. These were compared with results from 32 individuals who were on the intensive therapy unit (ITU) for non-COVID reasons. We demonstrate a higher frequency of autoantibodies in the COVID-19 ITU group compared with non-COVID-19 ITU disease control patients and that autoantibodies were also found in the serum 3-5 months post-COVID-19 infection. Non-COVID patients displayed a diverse pattern of autoantibodies; in contrast, the COVID-19 groups had a more restricted panel of autoantibodies including skin, skeletal muscle and cardiac antibodies. Our results demonstrate that respiratory viral infection with SARS-CoV-2 is associated with the detection of a limited profile of tissue-specific autoantibodies, detectable using routine clinical immunology assays. Further studies are required to determine whether these autoantibodies are specific to SARS-CoV-2 or a phenomenon arising from severe viral infections and to determine the clinical significance of these autoantibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex G. Richter
- Clinical Immunology ServiceInstitute for Immunology and ImmunotherapyUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Adrian M. Shields
- Clinical Immunology ServiceInstitute for Immunology and ImmunotherapyUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Abid Karim
- Clinical Immunology ServiceInstitute for Immunology and ImmunotherapyUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - David Birch
- Clinical Immunology ServiceInstitute for Immunology and ImmunotherapyUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Sian E. Faustini
- Clinical Immunology ServiceInstitute for Immunology and ImmunotherapyUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Lora Steadman
- Institute of Immunology and ImmunotherapyUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Kerensa Ward
- Clinical Immunology ServiceInstitute for Immunology and ImmunotherapyUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Timothy Plant
- Clinical Immunology ServiceInstitute for Immunology and ImmunotherapyUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Gary Reynolds
- Institute of Immunology and ImmunotherapyUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Tonny Veenith
- Department of Critical Care MedicineUniversity Hospitals Birmingham NHS TrustBirminghamUK
| | - Adam F. Cunningham
- Institute of Immunology and ImmunotherapyUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Mark T. Drayson
- Clinical Immunology ServiceInstitute for Immunology and ImmunotherapyUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - David C. Wraith
- Institute of Immunology and ImmunotherapyUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
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26
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Perez‐Toledo M, Faustini SE, Jossi SE, Shields AM, Marcial‐Juarez E, Kanthimathinathan HK, Allen JD, Watanabe Y, Goodall M, Willcox BE, Willcox CR, Salim M, Wraith DC, Veenith TV, Syrimi E, Drayson MT, Jyothish D, Al‐Abadi E, Chikermane A, Welch SB, Masilamani K, Hackett S, Crispin M, Scholefield BR, Cunningham AF, Richter AG. SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG1/IgG3 but not IgM in children with Pediatric Inflammatory Multi-System Syndrome. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2021; 32:1125-1129. [PMID: 33724541 PMCID: PMC8250256 DOI: 10.1111/pai.13504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sian E. Faustini
- Institute of Immunology and ImmunotherapyUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Sian E. Jossi
- Institute of Immunology and ImmunotherapyUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Adrian M. Shields
- Institute of Immunology and ImmunotherapyUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | | | - Hari Krishnan Kanthimathinathan
- Birmingham Clinical Trials UnitUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
- Paediatric Intensive Care UnitBirmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation TrustBirminghamUK
| | - Joel D. Allen
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonUK
| | - Yasunori Watanabe
- Oxford Glycobiology InstituteDepartment of BiochemistryUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Margaret Goodall
- Institute of Immunology and ImmunotherapyUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Benjamin E. Willcox
- Institute of Immunology and ImmunotherapyUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Carrie R. Willcox
- Institute of Immunology and ImmunotherapyUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Mahboob Salim
- Institute of Immunology and ImmunotherapyUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - David C. Wraith
- Institute of Immunology and ImmunotherapyUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Tonny V. Veenith
- Department of Critical Care MedicineUniversity Hospitals Birmingham NHS TrustBirminghamUK
| | - Eleni Syrimi
- Institute of Immunology and ImmunotherapyUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Mark T. Drayson
- Institute of Immunology and ImmunotherapyUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Deepthi Jyothish
- Department of General PaediatricsBirmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation TrustBirminghamUK
| | - Eslam Al‐Abadi
- Birmingham Clinical Trials UnitUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
- Childhood Arthritis and Rheumatic Diseases UnitBirmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation TrustBirminghamUK
| | - Ashish Chikermane
- Department of CardiologyBirmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation TrustBirminghamUK
| | - Steven B. Welch
- Department of PaediatricsBirmingham Chest Clinic and Heartlands HospitalUniversity Hospitals BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Kavitha Masilamani
- Department of General PaediatricsBirmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation TrustBirminghamUK
| | - Scott Hackett
- West Midlands Immunodeficiency CentreHeartlands HospitalUniversity Hospitals BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Max Crispin
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonUK
| | - Barnaby R. Scholefield
- Paediatric Intensive Care UnitBirmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation TrustBirminghamUK
- Institute of Inflammation and AgeingUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Adam F. Cunningham
- Institute of Immunology and ImmunotherapyUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Alex G. Richter
- Institute of Immunology and ImmunotherapyUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
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27
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Chetty A, Darby MG, Vornewald PM, Martín-Alonso M, Filz A, Ritter M, McSorley HJ, Masson L, Smith K, Brombacher F, O'Shea MK, Cunningham AF, Ryffel B, Oudhoff MJ, Dewals BG, Layland LE, Horsnell WGC. Il4ra-independent vaginal eosinophil accumulation following helminth infection exacerbates epithelial ulcerative pathology of HSV-2 infection. Cell Host Microbe 2021; 29:579-593.e5. [PMID: 33857419 PMCID: PMC8062792 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2021.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
How helminths influence the pathogenesis of sexually transmitted viral infections is not comprehensively understood. Here, we show that an acute helminth infection (Nippostrongylus brasiliensis [Nb]) induced a type 2 immune profile in the female genital tract (FGT). This leads to heightened epithelial ulceration and pathology in subsequent herpes simplex virus (HSV)-2 infection. This was IL-5-dependent but IL-4 receptor alpha (Il4ra) independent, associated with increased FGT eosinophils, raised vaginal IL-33, and enhanced epithelial necrosis. Vaginal eosinophil accumulation was promoted by IL-33 induction following targeted vaginal epithelium damage from a papain challenge. Inhibition of IL-33 protected against Nb-exacerbated HSV-2 pathology. Eosinophil depletion reduced IL-33 release and HSV-2 ulceration in Nb-infected mice. These findings demonstrate that Nb-initiated FGT eosinophil recruitment promotes an eosinophil, IL-33, and IL-5 inflammatory circuit that enhances vaginal epithelial necrosis and pathology following HSV-2 infection. These findings identify a mechanistic framework as to how helminth infections can exacerbate viral-induced vaginal pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisha Chetty
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa (CIDRI-Africa), Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Department of Pathology, Division of Immunology, Faculty of Health Science, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Matthew G Darby
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa (CIDRI-Africa), Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Department of Pathology, Division of Immunology, Faculty of Health Science, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Pia M Vornewald
- CEMIR - Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Mara Martín-Alonso
- CEMIR - Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Anna Filz
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn (UKB), 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Manuel Ritter
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn (UKB), 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Henry J McSorley
- Division of Cell Signaling and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Wellcome Trust Building, Dow St, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Lindi Masson
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban, South Africa; Life Sciences Discipline, Burnet Institute, Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Katherine Smith
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, University of Cardiff, Cardiff CF14 3XN, UK
| | - Frank Brombacher
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa (CIDRI-Africa), Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Department of Pathology, Division of Immunology, Faculty of Health Science, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Matthew K O'Shea
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Adam F Cunningham
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Bernhard Ryffel
- Laboratory of Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics (INEM), UMR 7355 CNRS-University of Orléans, 45000 Orléans, France
| | - Menno J Oudhoff
- CEMIR - Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Benjamin G Dewals
- Fundamental and Applied Research in Animals and Health (FARAH), Immunology-Vaccinology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine (B43b), University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Laura E Layland
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn (UKB), 53105 Bonn, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site, Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany.
| | - William G C Horsnell
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa (CIDRI-Africa), Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Department of Pathology, Division of Immunology, Faculty of Health Science, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; Laboratory of Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics (INEM), UMR 7355 CNRS-University of Orléans, 45000 Orléans, France; Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
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28
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Icke C, Hodges FJ, Pullela K, McKeand SA, Bryant JA, Cunningham AF, Cole JA, Henderson IR. Glycine acylation and trafficking of a new class of bacterial lipoprotein by a composite secretion system. eLife 2021; 10:63762. [PMID: 33625358 PMCID: PMC7943197 DOI: 10.7554/elife.63762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein acylation is critical for many cellular functions across all domains of life. In bacteria, lipoproteins have important roles in virulence and are targets for the development of antimicrobials and vaccines. Bacterial lipoproteins are secreted from the cytosol via the Sec pathway and acylated on an N-terminal cysteine residue through the action of three enzymes. In Gram-negative bacteria, the Lol pathway transports lipoproteins to the outer membrane. Here, we demonstrate that the Aat secretion system is a composite system sharing similarity with elements of a type I secretion systems and the Lol pathway. During secretion, the AatD subunit acylates the substrate CexE on a highly conserved N-terminal glycine residue. Mutations disrupting glycine acylation interfere with membrane incorporation and trafficking. Our data reveal CexE as the first member of a new class of glycine-acylated lipoprotein, while Aat represents a new secretion system that displays the substrate lipoprotein on the cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Icke
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Freya J Hodges
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Karthik Pullela
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | | | - Adam F Cunningham
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jeff A Cole
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Ian R Henderson
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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Rooke JL, Icke C, Wells TJ, Rossiter AE, Browning DF, Morris FC, Leo JC, Schütz MS, Autenrieth IB, Cunningham AF, Linke D, Henderson IR. BamA and BamD Are Essential for the Secretion of Trimeric Autotransporter Adhesins. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:628879. [PMID: 33708185 PMCID: PMC7940764 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.628879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The BAM complex in Escherichia coli is composed of five proteins, BamA-E. BamA and BamD are essential for cell viability and are required for the assembly of β-barrel outer membrane proteins. Consequently, BamA and BamD are indispensable for secretion via the classical autotransporter pathway (Type 5a secretion). In contrast, BamB, BamC, and BamE are not required for the biogenesis of classical autotransporters. Recently, we demonstrated that TamA, a homologue of BamA, and its partner protein TamB, were required for efficient secretion of proteins via the classical autotransporter pathway. The trimeric autotransporters are a subset of the Type 5-secreted proteins. Unlike the classical autotransporters, they are composed of three identical polypeptide chains which must be assembled together to allow secretion of their cognate passenger domains. In contrast to the classical autotransporters, the role of the Bam and Tam complex components in the biogenesis of the trimeric autotransporters has not been investigated fully. Here, using the Salmonella enterica trimeric autotransporter SadA and the structurally similar YadA protein of Yersinia spp., we identify the importance of BamA and BamD in the biogenesis of the trimeric autotransporters and reveal that BamB, BamC, BamE, TamA and TamB are not required for secretion of functional passenger domain on the cell surface. Importance The secretion of trimeric autotransporters (TAA's) has yet to be fully understood. Here we show that efficient secretion of TAAs requires the BamA and D proteins, but does not require BamB, C or E. In contrast to classical autotransporter secretion, neither trimeric autotransporter tested required TamA or B proteins to be functionally secreted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Rooke
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia.,Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Icke
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia.,Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy J Wells
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia.,The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Amanda E Rossiter
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Douglas F Browning
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Faye C Morris
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jack C Leo
- Department of Biosciences, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom.,Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Monika S Schütz
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ingo B Autenrieth
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Adam F Cunningham
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Dirk Linke
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ian R Henderson
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia.,Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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30
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Bryant JA, Morris FC, Knowles TJ, Maderbocus R, Heinz E, Boelter G, Alodaini D, Colyer A, Wotherspoon PJ, Staunton KA, Jeeves M, Browning DF, Sevastsyanovich YR, Wells TJ, Rossiter AE, Bavro VN, Sridhar P, Ward DG, Chong ZS, Goodall EC, Icke C, Teo AC, Chng SS, Roper DI, Lithgow T, Cunningham AF, Banzhaf M, Overduin M, Henderson IR. Structure of dual BON-domain protein DolP identifies phospholipid binding as a new mechanism for protein localisation. eLife 2020; 9:62614. [PMID: 33315009 PMCID: PMC7806268 DOI: 10.7554/elife.62614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Gram-negative outer-membrane envelops the bacterium and functions as a permeability barrier against antibiotics, detergents, and environmental stresses. Some virulence factors serve to maintain the integrity of the outer membrane, including DolP (formerly YraP) a protein of unresolved structure and function. Here, we reveal DolP is a lipoprotein functionally conserved amongst Gram-negative bacteria and that loss of DolP increases membrane fluidity. We present the NMR solution structure for Escherichia coli DolP, which is composed of two BON domains that form an interconnected opposing pair. The C-terminal BON domain binds anionic phospholipids through an extensive membrane:protein interface. This interaction is essential for DolP function and is required for sub-cellular localisation of the protein to the cell division site, providing evidence of subcellular localisation of these phospholipids within the outer membrane. The structure of DolP provides a new target for developing therapies that disrupt the integrity of the bacterial cell envelope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Alfred Bryant
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, United Kingdom
| | - Faye C Morris
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy J Knowles
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, United Kingdom.,School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, United Kingdom
| | - Riyaz Maderbocus
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, United Kingdom.,Institute for Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, United Kingdom
| | - Eva Heinz
- Infection & Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Gabriela Boelter
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, United Kingdom
| | - Dema Alodaini
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, United Kingdom
| | - Adam Colyer
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, United Kingdom
| | - Peter J Wotherspoon
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, United Kingdom
| | - Kara A Staunton
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Jeeves
- Institute for Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, United Kingdom
| | - Douglas F Browning
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, United Kingdom
| | | | - Timothy J Wells
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, United Kingdom
| | - Amanda E Rossiter
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, United Kingdom
| | - Vassiliy N Bavro
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, United Kingdom
| | - Pooja Sridhar
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, United Kingdom
| | - Douglas G Ward
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, United Kingdom
| | - Zhi-Soon Chong
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Emily Ca Goodall
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, United Kingdom.,Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
| | - Christopher Icke
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, United Kingdom.,Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
| | - Alvin Ck Teo
- School of Life Sciences, The University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Shu-Sin Chng
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,School of Life Sciences, The University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - David I Roper
- School of Life Sciences, The University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Trevor Lithgow
- Infection & Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Adam F Cunningham
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, United Kingdom.,Institute of Inflammation and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, United Kingdom
| | - Manuel Banzhaf
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Overduin
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, United Kingdom.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Ian R Henderson
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, United Kingdom.,Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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Shields A, Faustini SE, Perez-Toledo M, Jossi S, Aldera E, Allen JD, Al-Taei S, Backhouse C, Bosworth A, Dunbar LA, Ebanks D, Emmanuel B, Garvey M, Gray J, Kidd IM, McGinnell G, McLoughlin DE, Morley G, O'Neill J, Papakonstantinou D, Pickles O, Poxon C, Richter M, Walker EM, Wanigasooriya K, Watanabe Y, Whalley C, Zielinska AE, Crispin M, Wraith DC, Beggs AD, Cunningham AF, Drayson MT, Richter AG. SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence and asymptomatic viral carriage in healthcare workers: a cross-sectional study. Thorax 2020; 75:1089-1094. [PMID: 32917840 PMCID: PMC7462045 DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2020-215414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the rates of asymptomatic viral carriage and seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in healthcare workers. DESIGN A cross-sectional study of asymptomatic healthcare workers undertaken on 24/25 April 2020. SETTING University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust (UHBFT), UK. PARTICIPANTS 545 asymptomatic healthcare workers were recruited while at work. Participants were invited to participate via the UHBFT social media. Exclusion criteria included current symptoms consistent with COVID-19. No potential participants were excluded. INTERVENTION Participants volunteered a nasopharyngeal swab and a venous blood sample that were tested for SARS-CoV-2 RNA and anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein antibodies, respectively. Results were interpreted in the context of prior illnesses and the hospital departments in which participants worked. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Proportion of participants demonstrating infection and positive SARS-CoV-2 serology. RESULTS The point prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 viral carriage was 2.4% (n=13/545). The overall seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies was 24.4% (n=126/516). Participants who reported prior symptomatic illness had higher seroprevalence (37.5% vs 17.1%, χ2=21.1034, p<0.0001) and quantitatively greater antibody responses than those who had remained asymptomatic. Seroprevalence was greatest among those working in housekeeping (34.5%), acute medicine (33.3%) and general internal medicine (30.3%), with lower rates observed in participants working in intensive care (14.8%). BAME (Black, Asian and minority ethnic) ethnicity was associated with a significantly increased risk of seropositivity (OR: 1.92, 95% CI 1.14 to 3.23, p=0.01). Working on the intensive care unit was associated with a significantly lower risk of seropositivity compared with working in other areas of the hospital (OR: 0.28, 95% CI 0.09 to 0.78, p=0.02). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE We identify differences in the occupational risk of exposure to SARS-CoV-2 between hospital departments and confirm asymptomatic seroconversion occurs in healthcare workers. Further investigation of these observations is required to inform future infection control and occupational health practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Shields
- Clinical Immunology Service, University of Birmingham College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Birmingham, UK
- University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Sian E Faustini
- Clinical Immunology Service, University of Birmingham College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Birmingham, UK
| | - Marisol Perez-Toledo
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Sian Jossi
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Erin Aldera
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Joel D Allen
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Saly Al-Taei
- Clinical Immunology Service, University of Birmingham College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Birmingham, UK
| | - Claire Backhouse
- Clinical Immunology Service, University of Birmingham College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Birmingham, UK
| | - Andrew Bosworth
- University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Lyndsey A Dunbar
- Clinical Immunology Service, University of Birmingham College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Birmingham, UK
| | - Daniel Ebanks
- Clinical Immunology Service, University of Birmingham College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Birmingham, UK
| | - Beena Emmanuel
- Clinical Immunology Service, University of Birmingham College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Birmingham, UK
| | - Mark Garvey
- University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Joanna Gray
- University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - I Michael Kidd
- Public Health England Midlands and East Region, Birmingham, UK
| | - Golaleh McGinnell
- University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Dee E McLoughlin
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Gabriella Morley
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Joanna O'Neill
- University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Oliver Pickles
- Surgical Research Laboratory, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Charlotte Poxon
- Surgical Research Laboratory, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Megan Richter
- Clinical Immunology Service, University of Birmingham College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Birmingham, UK
| | - Eloise M Walker
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Kasun Wanigasooriya
- Surgical Research Laboratory, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Yasunori Watanabe
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Celina Whalley
- Surgical Research Laboratory, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Max Crispin
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - David C Wraith
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and University of Birmingham, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Birmingham, UK
| | - Andrew D Beggs
- Surgical Research Laboratory, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Adam F Cunningham
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Mark T Drayson
- Clinical Immunology Service, University of Birmingham College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Birmingham, UK
- University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and University of Birmingham, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Birmingham, UK
| | - Alex G Richter
- Clinical Immunology Service, University of Birmingham College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Birmingham, UK
- University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
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32
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Shields AM, Faustini SE, Perez-Toledo M, Jossi S, Allen JD, Al-Taei S, Backhouse C, Dunbar L, Ebanks D, Emmanuel B, Faniyi AA, Garvey MI, Grinbergs A, McGinnell G, O'Neill J, Watanabe Y, Crispin M, Wraith DC, Cunningham AF, Drayson MT, Richter AG. Serological responses to SARS-CoV-2 following non-hospitalised infection: clinical and ethnodemographic features associated with the magnitude of the antibody response. medRxiv 2020:2020.11.12.20230763. [PMID: 33236029 PMCID: PMC7685342 DOI: 10.1101/2020.11.12.20230763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine clinical and ethnodemographic correlates of serological responses against the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein following mild-to-moderate COVID-19. DESIGN A retrospective cohort study of healthcare workers who had self-isolated due to COVID-19. SETTING University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, UK (UHBFT). PARTICIPANTS 956 health care workers were recruited by open invitation via UHBFT trust email and social media. INTERVENTION Participants volunteered a venous blood sample that was tested for the presence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein antibodies. Results were interpreted in the context of the symptoms of their original illness and ethnodemographic variables. RESULTS Using an assay that simultaneously measures the combined IgG, IgA and IgM response against the spike glycoprotein (IgGAM), the overall seroprevalence within this cohort was 46.2% (n=442/956). The seroprevalence of immunoglobulin isotypes was 36.3%, 18.7% and 8.1% for IgG, IgA and IgM respectively. IgGAM identified serological responses in 40.6% (n=52/128) of symptomatic individuals who reported a negative SARS-CoV-2 PCR test. Increasing age, non-white ethnicity and obesity were independently associated with greater IgG antibody response against the spike glycoprotein. Self-reported fever and fatigue were associated with greater IgG and IgA responses against the spike glycoprotein. The combination of fever and/or cough and/or anosmia had a positive predictive value of 92.3% for seropositivity. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Assays employing combined antibody detection demonstrate enhanced seroepidemiological sensitivity and can detect prior viral exposure even when PCR swabs have been negative. We demonstrate an association between known ethnodemographic risk factors associated with mortality from COVID-19 and the magnitude of serological responses in mild-to-moderate disease. The combination of cough, and/or fever and/or anosmia identifies the majority of individuals who should self-isolate for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian M Shields
- Clinical Immunology Service, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
- University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, B15 2TH, UK
| | - Sian E Faustini
- Clinical Immunology Service, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Marisol Perez-Toledo
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Sian Jossi
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Joel D Allen
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Saly Al-Taei
- Clinical Immunology Service, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Claire Backhouse
- Clinical Immunology Service, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Lynsey Dunbar
- Clinical Immunology Service, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Daniel Ebanks
- Clinical Immunology Service, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Beena Emmanuel
- Clinical Immunology Service, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Aduragbemi A Faniyi
- Birmingham Acute Care Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Mark I Garvey
- University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, B15 2TH, UK
| | - Annabel Grinbergs
- University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, B15 2TH, UK
| | - Golaleh McGinnell
- University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, B15 2TH, UK
| | - Joanne O'Neill
- University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, B15 2TH, UK
| | - Yasunori Watanabe
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Max Crispin
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - David C Wraith
- University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, B15 2TH, UK
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
- NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and University of Birmingham, UK
| | - Adam F Cunningham
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Mark T Drayson
- Clinical Immunology Service, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
- University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, B15 2TH, UK
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
- NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and University of Birmingham, UK
| | - Alex G Richter
- Clinical Immunology Service, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
- University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, B15 2TH, UK
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33
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Morley GL, Taylor S, Jossi S, Perez-Toledo M, Faustini SE, Marcial-Juarez E, Shields AM, Goodall M, Allen JD, Watanabe Y, Newby ML, Crispin M, Drayson MT, Cunningham AF, Richter AG, O’Shea MK. Sensitive Detection of SARS-CoV-2-Specific Antibodies in Dried Blood Spot Samples. Emerg Infect Dis 2020; 26:2970-2973. [PMID: 32969788 PMCID: PMC7706975 DOI: 10.3201/eid2612.203309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Dried blood spot (DBS) samples can be used for the detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 spike antibodies. DBS sampling is comparable to matched serum samples with a relative 98.1% sensitivity and 100% specificity. Thus, DBS sampling offers an alternative for population-wide serologic testing in the coronavirus pandemic.
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Perez-Toledo M, Beristain-Covarrubias N, Channell WM, Hitchcock JR, Cook CN, Coughlan RE, Bobat S, Jones ND, Nakamura K, Ross EA, Rossiter AE, Rooke J, Garcia-Gimenez A, Jossi S, Persaud RR, Marcial-Juarez E, Flores-Langarica A, Henderson IR, Withers DR, Watson SP, Cunningham AF. Mice Deficient in T-bet Form Inducible NO Synthase-Positive Granulomas That Fail to Constrain Salmonella. J Immunol 2020; 205:708-719. [PMID: 32591391 PMCID: PMC7372318 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Clearance of intracellular infections caused by Salmonella Typhimurium (STm) requires IFN-γ and the Th1-associated transcription factor T-bet. Nevertheless, whereas IFN-γ-/- mice succumb rapidly to STm infections, T-bet-/- mice do not. In this study, we assess the anatomy of immune responses and the relationship with bacterial localization in the spleens and livers of STm-infected IFN-γ-/- and T-bet-/- mice. In IFN-γ-/- mice, there is deficient granuloma formation and inducible NO synthase (iNOS) induction, increased dissemination of bacteria throughout the organs, and rapid death. The provision of a source of IFN-γ reverses this, coincident with subsequent granuloma formation and substantially extends survival when compared with mice deficient in all sources of IFN-γ. T-bet-/- mice induce significant levels of IFN-γ- after challenge. Moreover, T-bet-/- mice have augmented IL-17 and neutrophil numbers, and neutralizing IL-17 reduces the neutrophilia but does not affect numbers of bacteria detected. Surprisingly, T-bet-/- mice exhibit surprisingly wild-type-like immune cell organization postinfection, including extensive iNOS+ granuloma formation. In wild-type mice, most bacteria are within iNOS+ granulomas, but in T-bet-/- mice, most bacteria are outside these sites. Therefore, Th1 cells act to restrict bacteria within IFN-γ-dependent iNOS+ granulomas and prevent dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisol Perez-Toledo
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom;
| | - Nonantzin Beristain-Covarrubias
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - William M Channell
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica R Hitchcock
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte N Cook
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth E Coughlan
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Saeeda Bobat
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas D Jones
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Kyoko Nakamura
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Ewan A Ross
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Amanda E Rossiter
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica Rooke
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Alicia Garcia-Gimenez
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Sian Jossi
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Ruby R Persaud
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Edith Marcial-Juarez
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Research and Advanced Studies, The National Polytechnic Institute, Mexico City 07360, Mexico
| | - Adriana Flores-Langarica
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Ian R Henderson
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia; and
| | - David R Withers
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Steve P Watson
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Adam F Cunningham
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom;
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Faustini SE, Jossi SE, Perez-Toledo M, Shields AM, Allen JD, Watanabe Y, Newby ML, Cook A, Willcox CR, Salim M, Goodall M, Heaney JL, Marcial-Juarez E, Morley GL, Torlinska B, Wraith DC, Veenith TV, Harding S, Jolles S, Ponsford MJ, Plant T, Huissoon A, O'Shea MK, Willcox BE, Drayson MT, Crispin M, Cunningham AF, Richter AG. Detection of antibodies to the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein in both serum and saliva enhances detection of infection. medRxiv 2020:2020.06.16.20133025. [PMID: 32588002 PMCID: PMC7310662 DOI: 10.1101/2020.06.16.20133025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Detecting antibody responses during and after SARS-CoV-2 infection is essential in determining the seroepidemiology of the virus and the potential role of antibody in disease. Scalable, sensitive and specific serological assays are essential to this process. The detection of antibody in hospitalized patients with severe disease has proven straightforward; detecting responses in subjects with mild disease and asymptomatic infections has proven less reliable. We hypothesized that the suboptimal sensitivity of antibody assays and the compartmentalization of the antibody response may contribute to this effect. METHODS We systemically developed an ELISA assay, optimising different antigens and amplification steps, in serum and saliva from symptomatic and asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2-infected subjects. RESULTS Using trimeric spike glycoprotein, rather than nucleocapsid enabled detection of responses in individuals with low antibody responses. IgG1 and IgG3 predominate to both antigens, but more anti-spike IgG1 than IgG3 was detectable. All antigens were effective for detecting responses in hospitalized patients. Anti-spike, but not nucleocapsid, IgG, IgA and IgM antibody responses were readily detectable in saliva from non-hospitalized symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals. Antibody responses in saliva and serum were largely independent of each other and symptom reporting. CONCLUSIONS Detecting antibody responses in both saliva and serum is optimal for determining virus exposure and understanding immune responses after SARS-CoV-2 infection. FUNDING This work was funded by the University of Birmingham, the National Institute for Health Research (UK), the NIH National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and the University of Southampton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sian E Faustini
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Sian E Jossi
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Marisol Perez-Toledo
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Adrian M Shields
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Joel D Allen
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K
| | - Yasunori Watanabe
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, U.K
| | - Maddy L Newby
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K
| | - Alex Cook
- Binding Site Group Ltd, Birmingham, U.K
| | - Carrie R Willcox
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Mahboob Salim
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Margaret Goodall
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Jennifer L Heaney
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Edith Marcial-Juarez
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Gabriella L Morley
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Barbara Torlinska
- Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
| | - David C Wraith
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Tonny V Veenith
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Trust, Birmingham, B15 2TH, U.K
| | | | | | | | - Tim Plant
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Aarnoud Huissoon
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, U.K
- Department of Immunology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, U.K
| | - Matthew K O'Shea
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Benjamin E Willcox
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Mark T Drayson
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Max Crispin
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K
| | - Adam F Cunningham
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Alex G Richter
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, U.K
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Perez-Toledo M, Faustini SE, Jossi SE, Shields AM, Kanthimathinathan HK, Allen JD, Watanabe Y, Goodall M, Wraith DC, Veenith TV, Drayson MT, Jyothish D, Al-Abadi E, Chikermane A, Welch SB, Masilamani K, Hackett S, Crispin M, Scholefield BR, Cunningham AF, Richter AG. Serology confirms SARS-CoV-2 infection in PCR-negative children presenting with Paediatric Inflammatory Multi-System Syndrome. medRxiv 2020. [PMID: 32577677 PMCID: PMC7302282 DOI: 10.1101/2020.06.05.20123117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Background During the COVID-19 outbreak, reports have surfaced of children who present with features of a multisystem inflammatory syndrome with overlapping features of Kawasaki disease and toxic shock syndrome - Paediatric Inflammatory Multisystem Syndrome- temporally associated with SARS-CoV-2 pandemic (PIMS-TS). Initial reports find that many of the children are PCR-negative for SARS-CoV-2, so it is difficult to confirm whether this syndrome is a late complication of viral infection in an age group largely spared the worst consequences of this infection, or if this syndrome reflects enhanced surveillance. Methods Children hospitalised for symptoms consistent with PIMS-TS between 28 April and 8 May 2020, and who were PCR-negative for SARS-CoV-2, were tested for antibodies to viral spike glycoprotein using an ELISA test. Results Eight patients (age range 7-14 years, 63% male) fulfilled case-definition for PIMS-TS during the study period. Six of the eight patients required admission to intensive care. All patients exhibited significant IgG and IgA responses to viral spike glycoprotein. Further assessment showed that the IgG isotypes detected in children with PIMS-TS were of the IgG1 and IgG3 subclasses, a distribution similar to that observed in samples from hospitalised adult COVID-19 patients. In contrast, IgG2 and IgG4 were not detected in children or adults. IgM was not detected in children, which contrasts with adult hospitalised adult COVID-19 patients of whom all had positive IgM responses. Conclusions Strong IgG antibody responses can be detected in PCR-negative children with PIMS-TS. The low detection rate of IgM in these patients is consistent with infection having occurred weeks previously and that the syndrome onset occurs well after the control of SARS-CoV-2 viral load. This implies that the disease is largely immune-mediated. Lastly, this indicates that serology can be an appropriate diagnostic tool in select patient groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisol Perez-Toledo
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Sian E Faustini
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Sian E Jossi
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Adrian M Shields
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Hari Krishnan Kanthimathinathan
- Birmingham Clinical Trials Unit, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, U.K.,Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, B4 6NH, U.K
| | - Joel D Allen
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K
| | - Yasunori Watanabe
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K.,Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, U.K
| | - Margaret Goodall
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, U.K
| | - David C Wraith
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Tonny V Veenith
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Trust, Birmingham, B15 2TH, UK
| | - Mark T Drayson
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Deepthi Jyothish
- Department of General Paediatrics, Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, B4 6NH, U.K
| | - Eslam Al-Abadi
- Birmingham Clinical Trials Unit, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, U.K.,Childhood Arthritis and Rheumatic Diseases Unit, Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, B4 6NH, U.K
| | - Ashish Chikermane
- Department of Cardiology, Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, B4 6NH, U.K
| | - Steven B Welch
- Department of Paediatrics, Birmingham Chest Clinic and Heartlands Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham, Birmingham, B9 5SS, U.K
| | - Kavitha Masilamani
- Department of General Paediatrics, Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, B4 6NH, U.K
| | - Scott Hackett
- West Midlands Immunodeficiency Centre, Heartlands Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham, Birmingham, B9 5SS, U.K
| | - Max Crispin
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K
| | - Barnaby R Scholefield
- Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, B4 6NH, U.K.,Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Adam F Cunningham
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Alex G Richter
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, U.K
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Wittner J, Schulz SR, Steinmetz T, Hutloff AR, Cunningham AF, Jäck HM, Schuh W. Krüppel-Like-Factor 2, a new player in mucosal IgA homeostasis. The Journal of Immunology 2020. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.204.supp.235.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Krüppel-Like-Factor 2 (KLF2) is a transcription factor that controls organ development, differentiation and trafficking of cells. In the immune system, KLF2 fosters the egress of T lymphocytes from the thymus via S1PR1 and promotes quiescent states of B lymphocytes as well as homing of antigen-specific IgG plasmablasts (PB) and plasma cells (PC) to the bone marrow (BM) via the α4β7 receptor.
To investigate the PC-specific role of KLF2, we analyzed CD138+/TACI+ PB/PC subpopulations and isotype changes in various organs such as spleen (SP), BM, gut associated lymphoid tissues (GALT) and blood of KLF2-deficient mice in comparison to their mb1cre+ KLF2wt/wt controls. Therefore, FACS and Elispot analyses showed a striking reduction of IgA+ PB/PC in SP, BM and blood of non-immunized mice. Elisa and multiplex data revealed a strong reduction in serum IgA as well as (s)IgA in the feces of KLF2-deficient mice. However, frequencies of IgA+ PB/PC were not changed in GALT but total PB/PC accumulated in mesenteric lymph nodes (mLN) and Peyer’s Patches. In addition, IgA secretion of these cells was not effected.
Based on these data, we conclude that the observed IgA-deficiency in KLF2-deficient mice can in part be explained by impaired egress of class switched PB/PC from their organ of generation to survival niches in the bone marrow and gut by controlling the expression of integrins.
To address the consequences of a dysregulated PB/PC migration during infection, we are analyzing a GALT-dependent immunization with recombinant Flagellin which is known to trigger a systemic IgG as well as an mucosal IgA response. Furthermore, we are identifying KLF2 target genes that control PC egress and trafficking by RNAseq of IgA+ PB/PC from the mLN of KLF2-deficient mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Wittner
- 1Division of Molecular Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine 3, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center, Germany
| | - Sebastian R Schulz
- 1Division of Molecular Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine 3, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center, Germany
| | - Tobit Steinmetz
- 1Division of Molecular Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine 3, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center, Germany
| | - Andreas R Hutloff
- 2Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts University Kiel and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany, Germany
- 3Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel, Germany, Germany
| | - Adam F Cunningham
- 4Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Bermingham, United Kingdom
| | - Hans-Martin Jäck
- 1Division of Molecular Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine 3, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schuh
- 1Division of Molecular Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine 3, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center, Germany
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38
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Domínguez-Medina CC, Pérez-Toledo M, Schager AE, Marshall JL, Cook CN, Bobat S, Hwang H, Chun BJ, Logan E, Bryant JA, Channell WM, Morris FC, Jossi SE, Alshayea A, Rossiter AE, Barrow PA, Horsnell WG, MacLennan CA, Henderson IR, Lakey JH, Gumbart JC, López-Macías C, Bavro VN, Cunningham AF. Outer membrane protein size and LPS O-antigen define protective antibody targeting to the Salmonella surface. Nat Commun 2020; 11:851. [PMID: 32051408 PMCID: PMC7015928 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14655-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) O-antigen (O-Ag) is known to limit antibody binding to surface antigens, although the relationship between antibody, O-Ag and other outer-membrane antigens is poorly understood. Here we report, immunization with the trimeric porin OmpD from Salmonella Typhimurium (STmOmpD) protects against infection. Atomistic molecular dynamics simulations indicate this is because OmpD trimers generate footprints within the O-Ag layer sufficiently sized for a single IgG Fab to access. While STmOmpD differs from its orthologue in S. Enteritidis (SEn) by a single amino-acid residue, immunization with STmOmpD confers minimal protection to SEn. This is due to the OmpD-O-Ag interplay restricting IgG binding, with the pairing of OmpD with its native O-Ag being essential for optimal protection after immunization. Thus, both the chemical and physical structure of O-Ag are key for the presentation of specific epitopes within proteinaceous surface-antigens. This enhances combinatorial antigenic diversity in Gram-negative bacteria, while reducing associated fitness costs. The O-antigen of LPS is known to limit the binding of antibody to bacterial surface antigens. Here the AUs show that the chemical and physical structure of the O-antigen are central factors in limiting the exposure of surface antigens to antibodies during Salmonella infection, thus defining their protective qualities.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Coral Domínguez-Medina
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.,Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Marisol Pérez-Toledo
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.,Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.,Medical Research Unit on Immunochemistry, Specialties Hospital, National Medical Centre "Siglo XXI" Mexican Institute for Social Security, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Anna E Schager
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.,Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Jennifer L Marshall
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Charlotte N Cook
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.,Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Saeeda Bobat
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.,Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Hyea Hwang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta GA, 30332, USA
| | - Byeong Jae Chun
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta GA, 30332, USA
| | - Erin Logan
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Cape Town, Western Cape, 7925, South Africa
| | - Jack A Bryant
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Will M Channell
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Faye C Morris
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Sian E Jossi
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Areej Alshayea
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Amanda E Rossiter
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Paul A Barrow
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - William G Horsnell
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Cape Town, Western Cape, 7925, South Africa
| | - Calman A MacLennan
- Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Ian R Henderson
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Jeremy H Lakey
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - James C Gumbart
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Constantino López-Macías
- Medical Research Unit on Immunochemistry, Specialties Hospital, National Medical Centre "Siglo XXI" Mexican Institute for Social Security, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Vassiliy N Bavro
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, CO4 3SQ, UK.
| | - Adam F Cunningham
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK. .,Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
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39
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Beristain-Covarrubias N, Perez-Toledo M, Thomas MR, Henderson IR, Watson SP, Cunningham AF. Understanding Infection-Induced Thrombosis: Lessons Learned From Animal Models. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2569. [PMID: 31749809 PMCID: PMC6848062 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Thrombosis is a common consequence of infection that is associated with poor patient outcome. Nevertheless, the mechanisms by which infection-associated thrombosis is induced, maintained and resolved are poorly understood, as is the contribution thrombosis makes to host control of infection and pathogen spread. The key difference between infection-associated thrombosis and thrombosis in other circumstances is a stronger inflammation-mediated component caused by the presence of the pathogen and its products. This inflammation triggers the activation of platelets, which may accompany damage to the endothelium, resulting in fibrin deposition and thrombus formation. This process is often referred to as thrombo-inflammation. Strikingly, despite its clinical importance and despite thrombi being induced to many different pathogens, it is still unclear whether the mechanisms underlying this process are conserved and how we can best understand this process. This review summarizes thrombosis in a variety of models, including single antigen models such as LPS, and infection models using viruses and bacteria. We provide a specific focus on Salmonella Typhimurium infection as a useful model to address all stages of thrombosis during infection. We highlight how this model has helped us identify how thrombosis can appear in different organs at different times and thrombi be detected for weeks after infection in one site, yet largely be resolved within 24 h in another. Furthermore, we discuss the observation that thrombi induced to Salmonella Typhimurium are largely devoid of bacteria. Finally, we discuss the value of different therapeutic approaches to target thrombosis, the potential importance of timing in their administration and the necessity to maintain normal hemostasis after treatment. Improvements in our understanding of these processes can be used to better target infection-mediated mechanisms of thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nonantzin Beristain-Covarrubias
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Marisol Perez-Toledo
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Mark R Thomas
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Ian R Henderson
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Steve P Watson
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors, Universities of Birmingham and Nottingham, Midlands, United Kingdom
| | - Adam F Cunningham
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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40
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Benedikz EK, Bailey D, Cook CNL, Gonçalves-Carneiro D, Buckner MMC, Blair JMA, Wells TJ, Fletcher NF, Goodall M, Flores-Langarica A, Kingsley RA, Madsen J, Teeling J, Johnston SL, MacLennan CA, Balfe P, Henderson IR, Piddock LJV, Cunningham AF, McKeating JA. Bacterial flagellin promotes viral entry via an NF-kB and Toll Like Receptor 5 dependent pathway. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7903. [PMID: 31133714 PMCID: PMC6536546 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44263-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses and bacteria colonize hosts by invading epithelial barriers. Recent studies have shown that interactions between the microbiota, pathogens and the host can potentiate infection through poorly understood mechanisms. Here, we investigated whether diverse bacterial species could modulate virus internalization into host cells, often a rate-limiting step in establishing infections. Lentiviral pseudoviruses expressing influenza, measles, Ebola, Lassa or vesicular stomatitis virus envelope glycoproteins enabled us to study entry of viruses that exploit diverse internalization pathways. Salmonella Typhimurium, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa significantly increased viral uptake, even at low bacterial frequencies. This did not require bacterial contact with or invasion of host cells. Studies determined that the bacterial antigen responsible for this pro-viral activity was the Toll-Like Receptor 5 (TLR5) agonist flagellin. Exposure to flagellin increased virus attachment to epithelial cells in a temperature-dependent manner via TLR5-dependent activation of NF-ΚB. Importantly, this phenotype was both long lasting and detectable at low multiplicities of infection. Flagellin is shed from bacteria and our studies uncover a new bystander role for this protein in regulating virus entry. This highlights a new aspect of viral-bacterial interplay with significant implications for our understanding of polymicrobial-associated pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth K Benedikz
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Dalan Bailey
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,The Pirbright Institute, Guildford, Surrey, UK
| | - Charlotte N L Cook
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Michelle M C Buckner
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Jessica M A Blair
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Timothy J Wells
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Nicola F Fletcher
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Margaret Goodall
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | | | | | - Jens Madsen
- Department of Child Health, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Jessica Teeling
- Biological Sciences, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | | | - Calman A MacLennan
- Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Peter Balfe
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Ian R Henderson
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Laura J V Piddock
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Adam F Cunningham
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Jane A McKeating
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK. .,Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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41
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Darby MG, Chetty A, Mrjden D, Rolot M, Smith K, Mackowiak C, Sedda D, Nyangahu D, Jaspan H, Toellner KM, Waisman A, Quesniaux V, Ryffel B, Cunningham AF, Dewals BG, Brombacher F, Horsnell WGC. Pre-conception maternal helminth infection transfers via nursing long-lasting cellular immunity against helminths to offspring. Sci Adv 2019; 5:eaav3058. [PMID: 31236458 PMCID: PMC6587632 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aav3058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Maternal immune transfer is the most significant source of protection from early-life infection, but whether maternal transfer of immunity by nursing permanently alters offspring immunity is poorly understood. Here, we identify maternal immune imprinting of offspring nursed by mothers who had a pre-conception helminth infection. Nursing of pups by helminth-exposed mothers transferred protective cellular immunity to these offspring against helminth infection. Enhanced control of infection was not dependent on maternal antibody. Protection associated with systemic development of protective type 2 immunity in T helper 2 (TH2) impaired IL-4Rα-/- offspring. This maternally acquired immunity was maintained into maturity and required transfer (via nursing) to the offspring of maternally derived TH2-competent CD4 T cells. Our data therefore reveal that maternal exposure to a globally prevalent source of infection before pregnancy provides long-term nursing-acquired immune benefits to offspring mediated by maternally derived pathogen-experienced lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G. Darby
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Division of Immunology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Alisha Chetty
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Division of Immunology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Dunja Mrjden
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Division of Immunology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Marion Rolot
- Fundamental and Applied Research in Animals and Health (FARAH), Immunology-Vaccinology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine (B43b), University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Katherine Smith
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Division of Immunology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, University of Cardiff, Cardiff, UK
| | - Claire Mackowiak
- Laboratory of Molecular and Experimental Immunology and Neuro-genetics, UMR 7355, CNRS-University of Orleans and Le Studium Institute for Advanced Studies, Rue Dupanloup, 45000 Orléans, France
| | - Delphine Sedda
- Laboratory of Molecular and Experimental Immunology and Neuro-genetics, UMR 7355, CNRS-University of Orleans and Le Studium Institute for Advanced Studies, Rue Dupanloup, 45000 Orléans, France
| | - Donald Nyangahu
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Division of Immunology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Heather Jaspan
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Division of Immunology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute and Departments of Paediatrics and Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kai-Michael Toellner
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy and School of Immunity and Infection, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT Birmingham, UK
| | - Ari Waisman
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Valerie Quesniaux
- Laboratory of Molecular and Experimental Immunology and Neuro-genetics, UMR 7355, CNRS-University of Orleans and Le Studium Institute for Advanced Studies, Rue Dupanloup, 45000 Orléans, France
| | - Bernhard Ryffel
- Laboratory of Molecular and Experimental Immunology and Neuro-genetics, UMR 7355, CNRS-University of Orleans and Le Studium Institute for Advanced Studies, Rue Dupanloup, 45000 Orléans, France
| | - Adam F. Cunningham
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy and School of Immunity and Infection, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT Birmingham, UK
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT Birmingham, UK
| | - Benjamin G. Dewals
- Fundamental and Applied Research in Animals and Health (FARAH), Immunology-Vaccinology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine (B43b), University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Frank Brombacher
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Division of Immunology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - William G. C. Horsnell
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Division of Immunology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
- Laboratory of Molecular and Experimental Immunology and Neuro-genetics, UMR 7355, CNRS-University of Orleans and Le Studium Institute for Advanced Studies, Rue Dupanloup, 45000 Orléans, France
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT Birmingham, UK
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42
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O'Shea MK, Fletcher TE, Muller J, Tanner R, Matsumiya M, Bailey JW, Jones J, Smith SG, Koh G, Horsnell WG, Beeching NJ, Dunbar J, Wilson D, Cunningham AF, McShane H. Human Hookworm Infection Enhances Mycobacterial Growth Inhibition and Associates With Reduced Risk of Tuberculosis Infection. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2893. [PMID: 30619265 PMCID: PMC6302045 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Soil-transmitted helminths and Mycobacterium tuberculosis frequently coincide geographically and it is hypothesized that gastrointestinal helminth infection may exacerbate tuberculosis (TB) disease by suppression of Th1 and Th17 responses. However, few studies have focused on latent TB infection (LTBI), which predominates globally. We performed a large observational study of healthy adults migrating from Nepal to the UK (n = 645). Individuals were screened for LTBI and gastrointestinal parasite infections. A significant negative association between hookworm and LTBI-positivity was seen (OR = 0.221; p = 0.039). Hookworm infection treatment did not affect LTBI conversions. Blood from individuals with hookworm had a significantly greater ability to control virulent mycobacterial growth in vitro than from those without, which was lost following hookworm treatment. There was a significant negative relationship between mycobacterial growth and eosinophil counts. Eosinophil-associated differential gene expression characterized the whole blood transcriptome of hookworm infection and correlated with improved mycobacterial control. These data provide a potential alternative explanation for the reduced prevalence of LTBI among individuals with hookworm infection, and possibly an anti-mycobacterial role for helminth-induced eosinophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew K. O'Shea
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Joint Medical Command, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas E. Fletcher
- Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Joint Medical Command, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Julius Muller
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Tanner
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Magali Matsumiya
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - J. Wendi Bailey
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Jayne Jones
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Steven G. Smith
- Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin Koh
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Northwick Park Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - William G. Horsnell
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Division of Immunology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Nicholas J. Beeching
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - James Dunbar
- Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Joint Medical Command, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Friarage Hospital, Northallerton, United Kingdom
| | - Duncan Wilson
- Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Joint Medical Command, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Adam F. Cunningham
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Helen McShane
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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43
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Bravo-Blas A, Utriainen L, Clay SL, Kästele V, Cerovic V, Cunningham AF, Henderson IR, Wall DM, Milling SWF. Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Travels to Mesenteric Lymph Nodes Both with Host Cells and Autonomously. J Immunol 2018; 202:260-267. [PMID: 30487173 PMCID: PMC6305795 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella infection is a globally important cause of gastroenteritis and systemic disease and is a useful tool to study immune responses in the intestine. Although mechanisms leading to immune responses against Salmonella have been extensively studied, questions remain about how bacteria travel from the intestinal mucosa to the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN), a key site for Ag presentation. In this study, we used a mouse model of infection with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (STM) to identify changes in intestinal immune cells induced during early infection. We then used fluorescently labeled STM to identify interactions with immune cells from the site of infection through migration in lymph to the MLN. We show that viable STM can be carried in the lymph by any subset of migrating dendritic cells but not by macrophages. Moreover, approximately half of the STM in lymph are not associated with cells at all and travel autonomously. Within the MLN, STM associates with dendritic cells and B cells but predominantly with MLN-resident macrophages. In conclusion, we describe the routes used by STM to spread systemically in the period immediately postinfection. This deeper understanding of the infection process could open new avenues for controlling it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Bravo-Blas
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, United Kingdom;
| | - Lotta Utriainen
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, United Kingdom
| | - Slater L Clay
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, United Kingdom
| | - Verena Kästele
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, United Kingdom
| | - Vuk Cerovic
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, United Kingdom
| | - Adam F Cunningham
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; and
| | - Ian R Henderson
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel M Wall
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, United Kingdom
| | - Simon W F Milling
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, United Kingdom
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44
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Flores-Langarica A, Cook C, Müller Luda K, Persson EK, Marshall JL, Beristain-Covarrubias N, Yam-Puc JC, Dahlgren M, Persson JJ, Uematsu S, Akira S, Henderson IR, Lindbom BJ, Agace W, Cunningham AF. Intestinal CD103 +CD11b + cDC2 Conventional Dendritic Cells Are Required for Primary CD4 + T and B Cell Responses to Soluble Flagellin. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2409. [PMID: 30386346 PMCID: PMC6199373 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic immunization with soluble flagellin (sFliC) from Salmonella Typhimurium induces mucosal responses, offering potential as an adjuvant platform for vaccines. Moreover, this engagement of mucosal immunity is necessary for optimal systemic immunity, demonstrating an interaction between these two semi-autonomous immune systems. Although TLR5 and CD103+CD11b+ cDC2 contribute to this process, the relationship between these is unclear in the early activation of CD4+ T cells and the development of antigen-specific B cell responses. In this work, we use TLR5-deficient mice and CD11c-cre.Irf4 fl/fl mice (which have reduced numbers of cDC2, particularly intestinal CD103+CD11b+ cDCs), to address these points by studying the responses concurrently in the spleen and the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN). We show that CD103+CD11b+ cDC2 respond rapidly and accumulate in the MLN after immunization with sFliC in a TLR5-dependent manner. Furthermore, we identify that whilst CD103+CD11b+ cDC2 are essential for the induction of primary T and B cell responses in the mucosa, they do not play such a central role for the induction of these responses in the spleen. Additionally, we show the involvement of CD103+CD11b+ cDC2 in the induction of Th2-associated responses. CD11c-cre.Irf4 fl/fl mice showed a reduced primary FliC-specific Th2-associated IgG1 responses, but enhanced Th1-associated IgG2c responses. These data expand our current understanding of the mucosal immune responses promoted by sFliC and highlights the potential of this adjuvant for vaccine usage by taking advantage of the functionality of mucosal CD103+CD11b+ cDC2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Flores-Langarica
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte Cook
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Katarzyna Müller Luda
- Immunology Section, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Emma K Persson
- VIB-Ugent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jennifer L Marshall
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Nonantzin Beristain-Covarrubias
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Juan Carlos Yam-Puc
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Madelene Dahlgren
- Immunology Section, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jenny J Persson
- Immunology Section, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Satoshi Uematsu
- International Research and Development Centre for Mucosal Vaccine, Institute for Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Immunology and Genomics, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shizuo Akira
- World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Centre, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Ian R Henderson
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Bengt Johansson Lindbom
- Immunology Section, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Section of Biology and Chemistry, Department for Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - William Agace
- Immunology Section, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Section of Biology and Chemistry, Department for Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Adam F Cunningham
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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45
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O'Shea MK, Tanner R, Müller J, Harris SA, Wright D, Stockdale L, Stylianou E, Satti I, Smith SG, Dunbar J, Fletcher TE, Dedicoat M, Cunningham AF, McShane H. Immunological correlates of mycobacterial growth inhibition describe a spectrum of tuberculosis infection. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14480. [PMID: 30262883 PMCID: PMC6160428 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32755-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A major contribution to the burden of Tuberculosis (TB) comes from latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections (LTBI) becoming clinically active. TB and LTBI probably exist as a spectrum and currently there are no correlates available to identify individuals with LTBI most at risk of developing active disease. We set out to identify immune parameters associated with ex vivo mycobacterial growth control among individuals with active TB disease or LTBI to define the spectrum of TB infection. We used a whole blood mycobacterial growth inhibition assay to generate a functional profile of growth control among individuals with TB, LTBI or uninfected controls. We subsequently used a multi-platform approach to identify an immune signature associated with this profile. We show, for the first time, that patients with active disease had the greatest control of mycobacterial growth, whilst there was a continuum of responses among latently infected patients, likely related to the degree of immune activation in response to bacillary load. Control correlated with multiple factors including inflammatory monocytes, activated and atypical memory B cells, IgG1 responses to TB-specific antigens and serum cytokines/chemokines. Our findings offer a method to stratify subclinical TB infections and the future potential to identify individuals most at risk of progressing to active disease and benefit from chemoprophylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew K O'Shea
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
| | - Rachel Tanner
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Julius Müller
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Stephanie A Harris
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Danny Wright
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lisa Stockdale
- Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Elena Stylianou
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Iman Satti
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Steven G Smith
- Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - James Dunbar
- The Friarage Hospital, Northallerton, Yorkshire, UK
| | | | | | - Adam F Cunningham
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Helen McShane
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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46
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Logan E, Luabeya AKK, Mulenga H, Mrdjen D, Ontong C, Cunningham AF, Tameris M, McShane H, Scriba TJ, Horsnell WGC, Hatherill M. Elevated IgG Responses in Infants Are Associated With Reduced Prevalence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1529. [PMID: 30013573 PMCID: PMC6036805 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It is unclear whether antibodies can prevent Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection. In this study, we examined the relationship between total plasma IgG levels, IgG elicited by childhood vaccines and soil-transmitted helminths, and Mtb infection prevalence, defined by positive QuantiFERON (QFT) test. Methods We studied 100 Mtb uninfected infants, aged 4–6 months. Ten infants (10%) converted to positive QFT test (QFT+) within 2 years of follow-up for Mtb infection. Antibody responses in plasma samples acquired at baseline and tuberculosis investigation were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and ImmunoCAP® assay. Results QFT− infants displayed a significant increase in total IgG titers when re-tested, compared to IgG titers at baseline, which was not observed in QFT+ infants. Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine-specific IgG2 and live-attenuated measles vaccine-specific IgG were raised in QFT− infants, and infants who acquired an Mtb infection did not appear to launch a BCG-specific IgG2 response. IgG titers against the endemic helminth Ascaris lumbricoides increased from baseline to QFT re-testing in all infants. Conclusion These data show raised IgG associates with a QFT-status. Importantly, this effect was also associated with a trend showing raised IgG titers to BCG and measles vaccine. Our data suggest a possible protective association between raised antibody titers and acquisition of Mtb infection, potentially mediated by exposure to antigens both related and unrelated to Mtb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Logan
- Division of Immunology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Angelique Kany Kany Luabeya
- Division of Immunology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative (SATVI), Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Disease, Molecular Medicine and University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Humphrey Mulenga
- Division of Immunology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative (SATVI), Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Disease, Molecular Medicine and University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Dunja Mrdjen
- Division of Immunology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Cynthia Ontong
- Division of Immunology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative (SATVI), Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Disease, Molecular Medicine and University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Adam F Cunningham
- Institutes of Immunology and Immunotherapy and Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Michele Tameris
- Division of Immunology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative (SATVI), Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Disease, Molecular Medicine and University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Helen McShane
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas J Scriba
- Division of Immunology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative (SATVI), Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Disease, Molecular Medicine and University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - William G C Horsnell
- Division of Immunology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Institutes of Immunology and Immunotherapy and Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,Laboratory of Molecular and Experimental Immunology and Neurogenetics, UMR 7355, Le Studium Institute for Advanced Studies, CNRS-University of Orléans, Orléans, France
| | - Mark Hatherill
- Division of Immunology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative (SATVI), Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Disease, Molecular Medicine and University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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47
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Flores-Langarica A, Müller Luda K, Persson EK, Cook CN, Bobat S, Marshall JL, Dahlgren MW, Hägerbrand K, Toellner KM, Goodall MD, Withers DR, Henderson IR, Johansson Lindbom B, Cunningham AF, Agace WW. CD103 +CD11b + mucosal classical dendritic cells initiate long-term switched antibody responses to flagellin. Mucosal Immunol 2018; 11:681-692. [PMID: 29346347 PMCID: PMC5912514 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2017.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Antibody responses induced at mucosal and nonmucosal sites demonstrate a significant level of autonomy. Here, we demonstrate a key role for mucosal interferon regulatory factor-4 (IRF4)-dependent CD103+CD11b+ (DP), classical dendritic cells (cDCs) in the induction of T-dependent immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin A (IgA) responses in the mesenteric lymph node (MLN) following systemic immunization with soluble flagellin (sFliC). In contrast, IRF8-dependent CD103+CD11b- (SP) are not required for these responses. The lack of this response correlated with a complete absence of sFliC-specific plasma cells in the MLN, small intestinal lamina propria, and surprisingly also the bone marrow (BM). Many sFliC-specific plasma cells accumulating in the BM of immunized wild-type mice expressed α4β7+, suggesting a mucosal origin. Collectively, these results suggest that mucosal DP cDC contribute to the generation of the sFliC-specific plasma cell pool in the BM and thus serve as a bridge linking the mucosal and systemic immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Flores-Langarica
- Institute of Immunology & Immunotherapy, College of Medical & Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - K Müller Luda
- Immunology Section, Lund University, BMC D14 Sölvegatan 19, S-221 84. Lund 22184, Sweden
| | - E K Persson
- Immunology Section, Lund University, BMC D14 Sölvegatan 19, S-221 84. Lund 22184, Sweden
| | - C N Cook
- Institute of Immunology & Immunotherapy, College of Medical & Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - S Bobat
- Institute of Immunology & Immunotherapy, College of Medical & Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - J L Marshall
- Institute of Immunology & Immunotherapy, College of Medical & Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - M W Dahlgren
- Immunology Section, Lund University, BMC D14 Sölvegatan 19, S-221 84. Lund 22184, Sweden
| | - K Hägerbrand
- Immunology Section, Lund University, BMC D14 Sölvegatan 19, S-221 84. Lund 22184, Sweden
| | - K M Toellner
- Institute of Immunology & Immunotherapy, College of Medical & Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - M D Goodall
- Institute of Immunology & Immunotherapy, College of Medical & Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - D R Withers
- Institute of Immunology & Immunotherapy, College of Medical & Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - I R Henderson
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, College of Medical & Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - B Johansson Lindbom
- Immunology Section, Lund University, BMC D14 Sölvegatan 19, S-221 84. Lund 22184, Sweden
- Division of Immunology and Vaccinology, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark (DTU). Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - A F Cunningham
- Institute of Immunology & Immunotherapy, College of Medical & Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, College of Medical & Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - W W Agace
- Immunology Section, Lund University, BMC D14 Sölvegatan 19, S-221 84. Lund 22184, Sweden
- Division of Immunology and Vaccinology, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark (DTU). Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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48
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Zhang Y, Dominguez-Medina C, Cumley NJ, Heath JN, Essex SJ, Bobat S, Schager A, Goodall M, Kracker S, Buckley CD, May RC, Kingsley RA, MacLennan CA, López-Macías C, Cunningham AF, Toellner KM. IgG1 Is Required for Optimal Protection after Immunization with the Purified Porin OmpD from Salmonella Typhimurium. J Immunol 2017; 199:4103-4109. [PMID: 29127147 PMCID: PMC5713499 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In mice, the IgG subclass induced after Ag encounter can reflect the nature of the Ag. Th2 Ags such as alum-precipitated proteins and helminths induce IgG1, whereas Th1 Ags, such as Salmonella Typhimurium, predominantly induce IgG2a. The contribution of different IgG isotypes to protection against bacteria such as S. Typhimurium is unclear, although as IgG2a is induced by natural infection, it is assumed this isotype is important. Previously, we have shown that purified S. Typhimurium porins including outer membrane protein OmpD, which induce both IgG1 and IgG2a in mice, provide protection to S. Typhimurium infection via Ab. In this study we report the unexpected finding that mice lacking IgG1, but not IgG2a, are substantially less protected after porin immunization than wild-type controls. IgG1-deficient mice produce more porin-specific IgG2a, resulting in total IgG levels that are similar to wild-type mice. The decreased protection in IgG1-deficient mice correlates with less efficient bacterial opsonization and uptake by macrophages, and this reflects the low binding of outer membrane protein OmpD–specific IgG2a to the bacterial surface. Thus, the Th2-associated isotype IgG1 can play a role in protection against Th1-associated organisms such as S. Typhimurium. Therefore, individual IgG subclasses to a single Ag can provide different levels of protection and the IgG isotype induced may need to be a consideration when designing vaccines and immunization strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Coral Dominguez-Medina
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola J Cumley
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer N Heath
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah J Essex
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Saeeda Bobat
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Schager
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Margaret Goodall
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Sven Kracker
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - Christopher D Buckley
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Robin C May
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | | | - Calman A MacLennan
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Constantino López-Macías
- Medical Research Unit on Immunochemistry, Specialties Hospital, National Medical Centre Siglo XXI, Mexican Social Security Institute, 06720 México, DF, Mexico; and
| | - Adam F Cunningham
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; .,Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Kai-Michael Toellner
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom;
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49
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Isom GL, Davies NJ, Chong ZS, Bryant JA, Jamshad M, Sharif M, Cunningham AF, Knowles TJ, Chng SS, Cole JA, Henderson IR. MCE domain proteins: conserved inner membrane lipid-binding proteins required for outer membrane homeostasis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8608. [PMID: 28819315 PMCID: PMC5561183 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09111-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial proteins with MCE domains were first described as being important for Mammalian Cell Entry. More recent evidence suggests they are components of lipid ABC transporters. In Escherichia coli, the single-domain protein MlaD is known to be part of an inner membrane transporter that is important for maintenance of outer membrane lipid asymmetry. Here we describe two multi MCE domain-containing proteins in Escherichia coli, PqiB and YebT, the latter of which is an orthologue of MAM-7 that was previously reported to be an outer membrane protein. We show that all three MCE domain-containing proteins localise to the inner membrane. Bioinformatic analyses revealed that MCE domains are widely distributed across bacterial phyla but multi MCE domain-containing proteins evolved in Proteobacteria from single-domain proteins. Mutants defective in mlaD, pqiAB and yebST were shown to have distinct but partially overlapping phenotypes, but the primary functions of PqiB and YebT differ from MlaD. Complementing our previous findings that all three proteins bind phospholipids, results presented here indicate that multi-domain proteins evolved in Proteobacteria for specific functions in maintaining cell envelope homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia L Isom
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Nathaniel J Davies
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Zhi-Soon Chong
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jack A Bryant
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Mohammed Jamshad
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Sharif
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Adam F Cunningham
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy J Knowles
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Shu-Sin Chng
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jeffrey A Cole
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Ian R Henderson
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
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50
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Newman R, Ahlfors H, Saveliev A, Galloway A, Hodson DJ, Williams R, Besra GS, Cook CN, Cunningham AF, Bell SE, Turner M. Maintenance of the marginal-zone B cell compartment specifically requires the RNA-binding protein ZFP36L1. Nat Immunol 2017; 18:683-693. [PMID: 28394372 PMCID: PMC5438597 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
RNA-binding proteins of the ZFP36 family are best known for inhibiting the expression of cytokines through binding to AU-rich elements in the 3' untranslated region and promoting mRNA decay. Here we identified an indispensable role for ZFP36L1 as the regulator of a post-transcriptional hub that determined the identity of marginal-zone B cells by promoting their proper localization and survival. ZFP36L1 controlled a gene-expression program related to signaling, cell adhesion and locomotion; it achieved this in part by limiting expression of the transcription factors KLF2 and IRF8, which are known to enforce the follicular B cell phenotype. These mechanisms emphasize the importance of integrating transcriptional and post-transcriptional processes by RNA-binding proteins for maintaining cellular identity among closely related cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Newman
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, The Babraham
Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, United Kingdom
- Immune Receptor Activation Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute,
1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, United Kingdom
| | - Helena Ahlfors
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, The Babraham
Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander Saveliev
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, The Babraham
Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - Alison Galloway
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, The Babraham
Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel J Hodson
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, The Clifford
Allbutt Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0AH,
United Kingdom
| | - Robert Williams
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, The Babraham
Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - Gurdyal S. Besra
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15
2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte N Cook
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, School of Immunity and Infection,
University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Adam F Cunningham
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, School of Immunity and Infection,
University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah E Bell
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, The Babraham
Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Turner
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, The Babraham
Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, United Kingdom
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