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Kheshtchin N, Kanannejad Z, Ghahramani Z, Esmaeilzadeh H, Sepahi N. Balancing immune responses: regulatory cells in eosinophilic gastrointestinal disorders. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1372009. [PMID: 39136025 PMCID: PMC11317405 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1372009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Eosinophilic gastrointestinal disorders (EGIDs) are a group of conditions characterized by an abnormal accumulation of eosinophils in the gastrointestinal tract, leading to inflammation and tissue damage. Regulatory cells are a subset of immune cells that are crucial in maintaining the balance of the immune system and preventing the occurrence of autoimmune diseases. In EGIDs, regulatory cells are believed to play a key role in controlling the immune response and overseeing the growth and activation of eosinophils in the gastrointestinal tract. There is evidence indicating that regulatory T cells (Tregs) and regulatory eosinophils may play a role in suppressing the inflammatory response in EGIDs. Regulatory eosinophils are a subgroup of eosinophils that possess an anti-inflammatory role. Recent studies have shown that enhancing the number or effectiveness of regulatory eosinophils can reduce the severity of EGIDs. Regulatory eosinophils dampen inflammation through their regulatory mediators, such as galectin-10 and growth factor beta (TGF-β), which promote Treg expansion and inhibit effector T cell function. Further research on regulatory cells in EGIDs may have significant implications for the advancement of novel therapies for these uncommon and intricate disorders. The aim of this review is to provide complete view of the immune responses connected to EGIDs, examine the regulatory cells that control these responses, and evaluate their potential as therapeutic targets for EGID treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nassim Kheshtchin
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Allergy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Zahra Kanannejad
- Allergy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Zahra Ghahramani
- Hematology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hossein Esmaeilzadeh
- Allergy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Najmeh Sepahi
- Allergy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Parrish KM, Gestal MC. Eosinophils as drivers of bacterial immunomodulation and persistence. Infect Immun 2024:e0017524. [PMID: 39007622 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00175-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Traditionally, eosinophils have been linked to parasitic infections and pathological disease states. However, emerging literature has unveiled a more nuanced and intricate role for these cells, demonstrating their key functions in maintaining mucosal homeostasis. Eosinophils exhibit diverse phenotypes and exert multifaceted effects during infections, ranging from promoting pathogen persistence to triggering allergic reactions. Our investigations primarily focus on Bordetella spp., with particular emphasis on Bordetella bronchiseptica, a natural murine pathogen that induces diseases in mice akin to pertussis in humans. Recent findings from our published work have unveiled a striking interaction between B. bronchiseptica and eosinophils, facilitated by the btrS-mediated mechanism. This interaction serves to enhance pathogen persistence while concurrently delaying adaptive immune responses. Notably, this role of eosinophils is only noted in the absence of a functional btrS signaling pathway, indicating that wild-type B. bronchiseptica, and possibly other Bordetella spp., possess such adeptness in manipulating eosinophils that the true function of these cells remains obscured during infection. In this review, we present the mounting evidence pointing toward eosinophils as targets of bacterial exploitation, facilitating pathogen persistence and fostering chronic infections in diverse mucosal sites, including the lungs, gut, and skin. We underscore the pivotal role of the master regulator of Bordetella pathogenesis, the sigma factor BtrS, in orchestrating eosinophil-dependent immunomodulation within the context of pulmonary infection. These putative convergent strategies of targeting eosinophils offer promising avenues for the development of novel therapeutics targeting respiratory and other mucosal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn M Parrish
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA
| | - Monica C Gestal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA
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3
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Arnold IC, Munitz A. Spatial adaptation of eosinophils and their emerging roles in homeostasis, infection and disease. Nat Rev Immunol 2024:10.1038/s41577-024-01048-y. [PMID: 38982311 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-024-01048-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Eosinophils are bone marrow-derived granulocytes that are traditionally associated with type 2 immune responses, such as those that occur during parasite infections and allergy. Emerging evidence demonstrates the remarkable functional plasticity of this elusive cell type and its pleiotropic functions in diverse settings. Eosinophils broadly contribute to tissue homeostasis, host defence and immune regulation, predominantly at mucosal sites. The scope of their activities primarily reflects the breadth of their portfolio of secreted mediators, which range from cytotoxic cationic proteins and reactive oxygen species to multiple cytokines, chemokines and lipid mediators. Here, we comprehensively review basic eosinophil biology that is directly related to their activities in homeostasis, protective immunity, regeneration and cancer. We examine how dysregulation of these functions contributes to the physiopathology of a broad range of inflammatory diseases. Furthermore, we discuss recent findings regarding the tissue compartmentalization and adaptation of eosinophils, shedding light on the factors that likely drive their functional diversification within tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle C Arnold
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Ariel Munitz
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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Chen J, Oshima T, Tomita T, Fukui H, Shinzaki S. Regulatory T cells Are Increased and Correlate With Mast Cells in Eosinophilic Esophagitis. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2024; 30:29-37. [PMID: 38173156 PMCID: PMC10774801 DOI: 10.5056/jnm23040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims The incidence of eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) has been increasing recently. The role of regulatory T cells (Tregs) and correlations with other inflammatory cells in EoE remain unknown. We aim to clarify the role of Tregs and their correlations with inflammatory cells in EoE patients. Methods Biopsies from controls and EoE patients before and after treatments were analyzed. Eosinophil infiltration was evaluated by hematoxylin and eosin staining. Immunohistochemical staining was performed to examine infiltration of T cells, Tregs, and mast cells. Gene expressions of chemokines were evaluated by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Results Tregs and mast cells were increased in the esophageal epithelial layers of EoE patients. After treatments, Tregs and mast cells were decreased when histologic remission was achieved. Infiltration of Tregs correlated significantly with numbers of eosinophils and mast cells. Filaggrin mRNA was decreased in patients with EoE before treatment and upregulated after treatment, even when histologic remission was not achieved. Conclusions Tregs were increased in esophageal epithelium of patients with EoE, and correlated with mast cell infiltration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junji Chen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Tadayuki Oshima
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Tomita
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Fukui
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Shinzaki
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya, Japan
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Kurihara S, Suzuki K, Yokota M, Ito T, Hayashi Y, Kikuchi R, Kageyama T, Meguro K, Tanaka S, Iwata A, Goto Y, Suto A, Nakajima H. Eosinophils Contribute to Oral Tolerance via Induction of RORγt-Positive Antigen-Presenting Cells and RORγt-Positive Regulatory T Cells. Biomolecules 2024; 14:89. [PMID: 38254689 PMCID: PMC10813120 DOI: 10.3390/biom14010089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Oral tolerance has been defined as the specific suppression of immune responses to an antigen by prior oral administration of the antigen. It has been thought to serve to suppress food allergy. Previous studies have shown that dendritic cells (DCs) and regulatory T cells (Tregs) are involved in the induction of oral tolerance. However, the detailed mechanisms of Treg induction in oral tolerance remain largely unknown. Eosinophils have been recognized as effector cells in allergic diseases, but in recent years, the diverse functions of tissue-resident eosinophils have been reported. Eosinophils in the intestine have been reported to induce Tregs by releasing TGF-β, but the role of eosinophils in oral tolerance is still controversial. In this study, we analyzed the roles of eosinophils in oral tolerance using eosinophil-deficient ΔdblGATA mice (mice lacking a high-affinity GATA-binding site in the GATA1 promoter). ΔdblGATA mice showed impaired antigen-induced oral tolerance compared to wild-type mice. The induction of RORγt+ Tregs in mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) by oral tolerance induction was impaired in ΔdblGATA mice compared to wild-type mice. An increase in RORγt+ antigen-presenting cells (APCs), which are involved in RORγt+ Treg differentiation, in the intestine and MLNs was not seen in ΔdblGATA mice. Notably, the expansion of group 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3s), a subset of RORγt+ APCs, by oral tolerance induction was seen in wild-type mice but not ΔdblGATA mice. These results suggest that eosinophils are crucial in the induction of oral tolerance, possibly via the induction of RORγt+ APCs and RORγt+ Tregs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunjiro Kurihara
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; (S.K.); (T.I.); (R.K.); (T.K.); (K.M.); (S.T.); (A.I.); (A.S.)
| | - Kotaro Suzuki
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; (S.K.); (T.I.); (R.K.); (T.K.); (K.M.); (S.T.); (A.I.); (A.S.)
| | - Masaya Yokota
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; (S.K.); (T.I.); (R.K.); (T.K.); (K.M.); (S.T.); (A.I.); (A.S.)
| | - Takashi Ito
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; (S.K.); (T.I.); (R.K.); (T.K.); (K.M.); (S.T.); (A.I.); (A.S.)
- Synergy Institute for Futuristic Mucosal Vaccine Research and Development (cSIMVa), Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan;
| | - Yuki Hayashi
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; (S.K.); (T.I.); (R.K.); (T.K.); (K.M.); (S.T.); (A.I.); (A.S.)
| | - Ryo Kikuchi
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; (S.K.); (T.I.); (R.K.); (T.K.); (K.M.); (S.T.); (A.I.); (A.S.)
| | - Takahiro Kageyama
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; (S.K.); (T.I.); (R.K.); (T.K.); (K.M.); (S.T.); (A.I.); (A.S.)
| | - Kazuyuki Meguro
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; (S.K.); (T.I.); (R.K.); (T.K.); (K.M.); (S.T.); (A.I.); (A.S.)
| | - Shigeru Tanaka
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; (S.K.); (T.I.); (R.K.); (T.K.); (K.M.); (S.T.); (A.I.); (A.S.)
| | - Arifumi Iwata
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; (S.K.); (T.I.); (R.K.); (T.K.); (K.M.); (S.T.); (A.I.); (A.S.)
| | - Yoshiyuki Goto
- Synergy Institute for Futuristic Mucosal Vaccine Research and Development (cSIMVa), Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan;
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
- Division of Pandemic and Post-Disaster Infectious Diseases, Research Institute of Disaster Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
- Division of Infectious Disease Vaccine R&D, Research Institute of Disaster Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Akira Suto
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; (S.K.); (T.I.); (R.K.); (T.K.); (K.M.); (S.T.); (A.I.); (A.S.)
| | - Hiroshi Nakajima
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; (S.K.); (T.I.); (R.K.); (T.K.); (K.M.); (S.T.); (A.I.); (A.S.)
- Synergy Institute for Futuristic Mucosal Vaccine Research and Development (cSIMVa), Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan;
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Maseda D, Manfredo-Vieira S, Payne AS. T cell and bacterial microbiota interaction at intestinal and skin epithelial interfaces. DISCOVERY IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 2:kyad024. [PMID: 38567051 PMCID: PMC10917213 DOI: 10.1093/discim/kyad024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Graphical Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian Maseda
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Silvio Manfredo-Vieira
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Aimee S Payne
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Ramanan D, Pratama A, Zhu Y, Venezia O, Sassone-Corsi M, Chowdhary K, Galván-Peña S, Sefik E, Brown C, Gélineau A, Mathis D, Benoist C. Regulatory T cells in the face of the intestinal microbiota. Nat Rev Immunol 2023; 23:749-762. [PMID: 37316560 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-023-00890-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Treg cells) are key players in ensuring a peaceful coexistence with microorganisms and food antigens at intestinal borders. Startling new information has appeared in recent years on their diversity, the importance of the transcription factor FOXP3, how T cell receptors influence their fate and the unexpected and varied cellular partners that influence Treg cell homeostatic setpoints. We also revisit some tenets, maintained by the echo chambers of Reviews, that rest on uncertain foundations or are a subject of debate.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alvin Pratama
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yangyang Zhu
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Olivia Venezia
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Esen Sefik
- Department of Immunology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Chrysothemis Brown
- Immuno-Oncology, Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Paediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Medicine Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Diane Mathis
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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López-Fandiño R, Molina E, Lozano-Ojalvo D. Intestinal factors promoting the development of RORγt + cells and oral tolerance. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1294292. [PMID: 37936708 PMCID: PMC10626553 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1294292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract has to harmonize the two seemingly opposite functions of fulfilling nutritional needs and avoiding the entry of pathogens, toxins and agents that can cause physical damage. This balance requires a constant adjustment of absorptive and defending functions by sensing environmental changes or noxious substances and initiating adaptive or protective mechanisms against them through a complex network of receptors integrated with the central nervous system that communicate with cells of the innate and adaptive immune system. Effective homeostatic processes at barrier sites take the responsibility for oral tolerance, which protects from adverse reactions to food that cause allergic diseases. During a very specific time interval in early life, the establishment of a stable microbiota in the large intestine is sufficient to prevent pathological events in adulthood towards a much larger bacterial community and provide tolerance towards diverse food antigens encountered later in life. The beneficial effects of the microbiome are mainly exerted by innate and adaptive cells that express the transcription factor RORγt, in whose generation, mediated by different bacterial metabolites, retinoic acid signalling plays a predominant role. In addition, recent investigations indicate that food antigens also contribute, analogously to microbial-derived signals, to educating innate immune cells and instructing the development and function of RORγt+ cells in the small intestine, complementing and expanding the tolerogenic effect of the microbiome in the colon. This review addresses the mechanisms through which microbiota-produced metabolites and dietary antigens maintain intestinal homeostasis, highlighting the complementarity and redundancy between their functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosina López-Fandiño
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL), CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
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9
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Gurtner A, Crepaz D, Arnold IC. Emerging functions of tissue-resident eosinophils. J Exp Med 2023; 220:e20221435. [PMID: 37326974 PMCID: PMC10276195 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20221435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils are typically considered tissue-damaging effector cells in type 2 immune-related diseases. However, they are also increasingly recognized as important modulators of various homeostatic processes, suggesting they retain the ability to adapt their function to different tissue contexts. In this review, we discuss recent progress in our understanding of eosinophil activities within tissues, with particular emphasis on the gastrointestinal tract, where a large population of these cells resides under non-inflammatory conditions. We further examine evidence of their transcriptional and functional heterogeneity and highlight environmental signals emerging as key regulators of their activities, beyond classical type 2 cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Gurtner
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich , Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Crepaz
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich , Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Isabelle C Arnold
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich , Zürich, Switzerland
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10
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Ghelichli M, Mohtasham N, Mohajertehran F, Farshbaf A, Anvari K, Taghipour A, Pakfetrat A, Ansari AH. Associations between RORγt and T-bet Expressions, clinicopathological indices and survival rate in oral Squamous cell carcinoma patients. Cytokine 2023; 163:156116. [PMID: 36621309 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2022.156116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral cancers are the sixth most common cancers around the world. According to the pivotal role of immune cells in the pathogenesis of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), as the frequent form of malignant epithelial neoplasm in the oral cavity, we investigated the association between the expression of RORγt and T-bet genes as two transcription factors, clinicopathologic indices, and survival rate. METHODS AND MATERIALS Forty-two OSCC paraffin embded-blocks tissue samples and their surgical healthy margins (as a control group) were collected. Demographic information like age and gender, and medical history including tumor stage/grade, and following-up time were registered. The RORγt and T-bet expression were assessed by qPCR. The overall survival (OS) and disease free survival (DFS) were analyzed by SPSS V.23 software. RESULTS The expression of RORγt and T-bet genes in OSCC patients were significantly higher than in surgical healthy margins (P < 0.001). Both expression demonstrated a significant difference between surgical healthy margins and tumor tissues related to gender and clinicopathological indices including stage and grade (P < 0.05). The expression of both genes in stage I patients was significant compared to stage IV (P < 0.05). The relation between expressions, OS, and DFS with clinical stage and histological grade of tumors was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION Overexpression of RORγt and T-bet in OSCC patients with higher grade and stage in compare to surgical healthy margin highlighted their critical role in OSCC pathogenesis including oral epithelial cell differentiation, tumorigenesis process, and malignant transformation. Moreover, both mentioned genes can apply as prognostic biomarkers in OSCC patients. We suggest surgical healthy margin be considered as valuable biological area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Ghelichli
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Dentistry, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran.
| | - Nooshin Mohtasham
- Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Farnaz Mohajertehran
- Dental Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Dentistry, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Alieh Farshbaf
- Dental Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Kazem Anvari
- Department of Radiotherapy Oncology and Cancer Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Ali Taghipour
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Atessa Pakfetrat
- Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Amir Houshang Ansari
- Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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11
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Malviya V, Yshii L, Junius S, Garg AD, Humblet-Baron S, Schlenner SM. Regulatory T-cell stability and functional plasticity in health and disease. Immunol Cell Biol 2023; 101:112-129. [PMID: 36479949 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
FOXP3-expressing regulatory T cells (Treg ) are indispensable for immune homeostasis and tolerance, and in addition tissue-resident Treg have been found to perform noncanonical, tissue-specific functions. For optimal tolerogenic function during inflammatory disease, Treg are equipped with mechanisms that assure lineage stability. Treg lineage stability is closely linked to the installation and maintenance of a lineage-specific epigenetic landscape, specifically a Treg -specific DNA demethylation pattern. At the same time, for local and directed immune regulation Treg must possess a level of functional plasticity that requires them to partially acquire T helper cell (TH ) transcriptional programs-then referred to as TH -like Treg . Unleashing TH programs in Treg , however, is not without risk and may threaten the epigenetic stability of Treg with consequently pathogenic ex-Treg contributing to (auto-) inflammatory conditions. Here, we review how the Treg -stabilizing epigenetic landscape is installed and maintained, and further discuss the development, necessity and lineage instability risks of TH 1-, TH 2-, TH 17-like Treg and follicular Treg .
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanshika Malviya
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lidia Yshii
- Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Steffie Junius
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Abhishek D Garg
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stephanie Humblet-Baron
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Susan M Schlenner
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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12
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Fuchs S, Gong R, Gerhard M, Mejías-Luque R. Immune Biology and Persistence of Helicobacter pylori in Gastric Diseases. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2023; 444:83-115. [PMID: 38231216 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-47331-9_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is a prevalent pathogen, which affects more than 40% of the global population. It colonizes the human stomach and persists in its host for several decades or even a lifetime, if left untreated. The persistent infection has been linked to various gastric diseases, including gastritis, peptic ulcers, and an increased risk for gastric cancer. H. pylori infection triggers a strong immune response directed against the bacterium associated with the infiltration of innate phagocytotic immune cells and the induction of a Th1/Th17 response. Even though certain immune cells seem to be capable of controlling the infection, the host is unable to eliminate the bacteria as H. pylori has developed remarkable immune evasion strategies. The bacterium avoids its killing through innate recognition mechanisms and manipulates gastric epithelial cells and immune cells to support its persistence. This chapter focuses on the innate and adaptive immune response induced by H. pylori infection, and immune evasion strategies employed by the bacterium to enable persistent infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Fuchs
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, TUM School of Medicine and Health, Department Preclinical Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Trogerstraße 30, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Ruolan Gong
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, TUM School of Medicine and Health, Department Preclinical Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Trogerstraße 30, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Gerhard
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, TUM School of Medicine and Health, Department Preclinical Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Trogerstraße 30, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Raquel Mejías-Luque
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, TUM School of Medicine and Health, Department Preclinical Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Trogerstraße 30, 81675, Munich, Germany.
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Grisaru-Tal S, Rothenberg ME, Munitz A. Eosinophil-lymphocyte interactions in the tumor microenvironment and cancer immunotherapy. Nat Immunol 2022; 23:1309-1316. [PMID: 36002647 PMCID: PMC9554620 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-022-01291-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Eosinophils are important effector cells and therapeutic targets in allergic diseases. Emerging data indicate that eosinophils infiltrate a variety of solid tumor types and have pleiotropic activities by at least two non-mutually exclusive mechanisms: direct interactions with tumor cells, and intricate cross-talk with lymphocytes. In light of the immune checkpoint inhibition revolution in cancer therapy, we review eosinophil-lymphocyte interactions in the tumor microenvironment. We also analyze potential interactions between eosinophils and lymphocyte subsets, including T cells, natural killer cells and innate lymphoid cells. We provide perspectives on the consequences of these interactions and how eosinophils are accessory cells that can affect the response to various forms of T cell-mediated immunotherapies and might be therapeutically targeted to improve cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Grisaru-Tal
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Marc E Rothenberg
- Division of Allergy/Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Ariel Munitz
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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14
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Arnold IC. Adapting to their new home: Eosinophils remodel the gut architecture. J Exp Med 2022; 219:e20220146. [PMID: 35315912 PMCID: PMC8943835 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20220146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this issue of JEM, Diny et al. (2022. J. Exp. Med.https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20210970) identify the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) as a key orchestrator of eosinophil tissue adaptation in the small intestine, controlling their lifespan, degranulation, and tissue-remodeling activities.
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