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Estevam GO, Linossi EM, Rao J, Macdonald CB, Ravikumar A, Chrispens KM, Capra JA, Coyote-Maestas W, Pimentel H, Collisson EA, Jura N, Fraser JS. Mapping kinase domain resistance mechanisms for the MET receptor tyrosine kinase via deep mutational scanning. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.07.16.603579. [PMID: 39071407 PMCID: PMC11275805 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.16.603579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Mutations in the kinase and juxtamembrane domains of the MET Receptor Tyrosine Kinase are responsible for oncogenesis in various cancers and can drive resistance to MET-directed treatments. Determining the most effective inhibitor for each mutational profile is a major challenge for MET-driven cancer treatment in precision medicine. Here, we used a deep mutational scan (DMS) of ∼5,764 MET kinase domain variants to profile the growth of each mutation against a panel of 11 inhibitors that are reported to target the MET kinase domain. We identified common resistance sites across type I, type II, and type I ½ inhibitors, unveiled unique resistance and sensitizing mutations for each inhibitor, and validated non-cross-resistant sensitivities for type I and type II inhibitor pairs. We augment a protein language model with biophysical and chemical features to improve the predictive performance for inhibitor-treated datasets. Together, our study demonstrates a pooled experimental pipeline for identifying resistance mutations, provides a reference dictionary for mutations that are sensitized to specific therapies, and offers insights for future drug development.
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Estevam GO, Linossi EM, Macdonald CB, Espinoza CA, Michaud JM, Coyote-Maestas W, Collisson EA, Jura N, Fraser JS. Conserved regulatory motifs in the juxtamembrane domain and kinase N-lobe revealed through deep mutational scanning of the MET receptor tyrosine kinase domain. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.08.03.551866. [PMID: 37577651 PMCID: PMC10418267 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.03.551866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
MET is a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) responsible for initiating signaling pathways involved in development and wound repair. MET activation relies on ligand binding to the extracellular receptor, which prompts dimerization, intracellular phosphorylation, and recruitment of associated signaling proteins. Mutations, which are predominantly observed clinically in the intracellular juxtamembrane and kinase domains, can disrupt typical MET regulatory mechanisms. Understanding how juxtamembrane variants, such as exon 14 skipping (METΔEx14), and rare kinase domain mutations can increase signaling, often leading to cancer, remains a challenge. Here, we perform a parallel deep mutational scan (DMS) of the MET intracellular kinase domain in two fusion protein backgrounds: wild type and METΔEx14. Our comparative approach has revealed a critical hydrophobic interaction between a juxtamembrane segment and the kinase αC-helix, pointing to potential differences in regulatory mechanisms between MET and other RTKs. Additionally, we have uncovered a β5 motif that acts as a structural pivot for the kinase domain in MET and other TAM family of kinases. We also describe a number of previously unknown activating mutations, aiding the effort to annotate driver, passenger, and drug resistance mutations in the MET kinase domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella O. Estevam
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco,United States
- Tetrad Graduate Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Edmond M. Linossi
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, United States
| | - Christian B. Macdonald
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco,United States
| | - Carla A. Espinoza
- Tetrad Graduate Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, United States
| | - Jennifer M. Michaud
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco,United States
| | - Willow Coyote-Maestas
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco,United States
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, United States, United States
| | - Eric A. Collisson
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, United States
- Department of Medicine/Hematology and Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, United States
| | - Natalia Jura
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, United States
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, United States, United States
| | - James S. Fraser
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco,United States
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, United States, United States
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Guérin C, Tulasne D. Recording and classifying MET receptor mutations in cancers. eLife 2024; 13:e92762. [PMID: 38652103 PMCID: PMC11042802 DOI: 10.7554/elife.92762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) directed against MET have been recently approved to treat advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) harbouring activating MET mutations. This success is the consequence of a long characterization of MET mutations in cancers, which we propose to outline in this review. MET, a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK), displays in a broad panel of cancers many deregulations liable to promote tumour progression. The first MET mutation was discovered in 1997, in hereditary papillary renal cancer (HPRC), providing the first direct link between MET mutations and cancer development. As in other RTKs, these mutations are located in the kinase domain, leading in most cases to ligand-independent MET activation. In 2014, novel MET mutations were identified in several advanced cancers, including lung cancers. These mutations alter splice sites of exon 14, causing in-frame exon 14 skipping and deletion of a regulatory domain. Because these mutations are not located in the kinase domain, they are original and their mode of action has yet to be fully elucidated. Less than five years after the discovery of such mutations, the efficacy of a MET TKI was evidenced in NSCLC patients displaying MET exon 14 skipping. Yet its use led to a resistance mechanism involving acquisition of novel and already characterized MET mutations. Furthermore, novel somatic MET mutations are constantly being discovered. The challenge is no longer to identify them but to characterize them in order to predict their transforming activity and their sensitivity or resistance to MET TKIs, in order to adapt treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Célia Guérin
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR9020 – UMR1277 - Canther – Cancer Heterogeneity, Plasticity and Resistance to TherapiesLilleFrance
| | - David Tulasne
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR9020 – UMR1277 - Canther – Cancer Heterogeneity, Plasticity and Resistance to TherapiesLilleFrance
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Gu J, Bao S, Akemuhan R, Jia Z, Zhang Y, Huang C. Radiomics Based on Contrast-Enhanced CT for Recognizing c-Met-Positive Hepatocellular Carcinoma: a Noninvasive Approach to Predict the Outcome of Sorafenib Resistance. Mol Imaging Biol 2023; 25:1073-1083. [PMID: 37932610 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-023-01870-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of our project was to investigate the effectiveness of radiomic features based on contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) that can detect the expression of c-Met in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and to validate its efficacy in predicting the outcome of sorafenib resistance. MATERIALS AND METHODS In total, 130 patients (median age, 60 years) with pathologically confirmed HCC who underwent contrast material-enhanced CT from October 2012 to July 2020 were randomly divided into a training set (n = 91) and a test set (n = 39). Radiomic features were extracted from arterial phase (AP), portal venous phase (VP) and delayed phase (DP) images of every participant's enhanced CT images. RESULTS The entire group comprised 39 Met-positive and 91 Met-negative patients. The combined model, which included the clinical factors and the radiomic features, performed well in the training (area under the curve [AUC] = 0.878) and validation (AUC = 0.851) cohorts. The nomogram, which relied on the combined model, fits well in the calibration curves. Decision curve analysis (DCA) further confirmed that the clinical valuation of the nomogram achieved comparable accuracy in c-Met prediction. Among another 20 patients with HCC who had received sorafenib, the predicted high-risk group had shorter overall survival (OS) than the predicted low-risk group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION A multivariate model acquired from three phases (AP, VP and DP) of enhanced CT, HBV-DNA and γ glutamyl transpeptidase isoenzyme II (GGT-II) could be considered a satisfactory preoperative marker of the expression of c-Met in patients with HCC. This approach may help in overcoming sorafenib resistance in advanced HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxiao Gu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, the, People's Republic of China
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Shanlei Bao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | | | - Zhongzheng Jia
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, China.
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China.
| | - Chen Huang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, the, People's Republic of China.
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Guérin C, Vinchent A, Fernandes M, Damour I, Laratte A, Tellier R, Estevam GO, Meneboo JP, Villenet C, Descarpentries C, Fraser JS, Figeac M, Cortot AB, Rouleau E, Tulasne D. MET variants with activating N-lobe mutations identified in hereditary papillary renal cell carcinomas still require ligand stimulation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.03.565283. [PMID: 37965202 PMCID: PMC10635098 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.03.565283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
In hereditary papillary renal cell carcinoma (HPRCC), the MET receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) mutations recorded to date are located in the kinase domain and lead to constitutive MET activation. This contrasts with MET mutations recently identified in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), which lead to exon 14 skipping and deletion of a regulatory domain: in this latter case, the mutated receptor still requires ligand stimulation. Sequencing of MET in samples from 158 HPRCC and 2808 NSCLC patients revealed ten uncharacterized mutations. Four of these, all found in HPRCC and leading to amino acid substitutions in the N-lobe of the MET kinase, proved able to induce cell transformation, further enhanced by HGF stimulation: His1086Leu, Ile1102Thr, Leu1130Ser, and Cis1125Gly. Similar to the variant resulting in MET exon14 skipping, the two N-lobe MET variants His1086Leu, Ile1102Thr further characterized were found to require stimulation by HGF in order to strongly activate downstream signaling pathways and epithelial cell motility. The Ile1102Thr mutation displayed also transforming potential, promoting tumor growth in a xenograft model. In addition, the N-lobe-mutated MET variants were found to trigger a common HGF-stimulation-dependent transcriptional program, consistent with an observed increase in cell motility and invasion. Altogether, this functional characterization revealed that N-lobe variants still require ligand stimulation, in contrast to other RTK variants. This suggests that HGF expression in the tumor microenvironment is important for tumor growth. The sensitivity of these variants to MET TKIs opens the way for use of targeted therapies for patients harboring the corresponding mutations.
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Rusu T, Delion M, Pirot C, Blin A, Rodenas A, Talbot JN, Veran N, Portal C, Montravers F, Cadranel J, Prignon A. Fully automated radiolabeling of [ 68Ga]Ga-EMP100 targeting c-MET for PET-CT clinical imaging. EJNMMI Radiopharm Chem 2023; 8:30. [PMID: 37843660 PMCID: PMC10579204 DOI: 10.1186/s41181-023-00213-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND c-MET is a transmembrane receptor involved in many biological processes and contributes to cell proliferation and migration during cancer invasion process. Its expression is measured by immunehistochemistry on tissue biopsy in clinic, although this technique has its limitations. PET-CT could allow in vivo mapping of lesions expressing c-MET, providing whole-body detection. A number of radiopharmaceuticals are under development for this purpose but are not yet in routine clinical use. EMP100 is a cyclic oligopeptide bound to a DOTA chelator, with nanomolar affinity for c-MET. The aim of this project was to develop an automated method for radiolabelling the radiopharmaceutical [68Ga]Ga-EMP100. RESULTS The main results showed an optimal pH range between 3.25 and 3.75 for the complexation reaction and a stabilisation of the temperature at 90 °C, resulting in an almost complete incorporation of gallium-68 after 10 min of heating. In these experiments, 90 µg of EMP-100 peptide were initially used and then lower amounts (30, 50, 75 µg) were explored to determine the minimum required for sufficient synthesis yield. Radiolysis impurities were identified by radio-HPLC and ascorbic acid and ethanol were used to improve the purity of the compound. Three batches of [68Ga]Ga-EMP100 were then prepared according to the optimised parameters and all met the established specifications. Finally, the stability of [68Ga]Ga-EMP100 was assessed at room temperature over 3 h with satisfactory results in terms of appearance, pH, radiochemical purity and sterility. CONCLUSIONS For the automated synthesis of [68Ga]Ga-EMP100, the parameters of pH, temperature, precursor peptide content and the use of adjuvants for impurity management were efficiently optimised, resulting in the production of three compliant and stable batches according to the principles of good manufacturing practice. [68Ga]Ga-EMP100 was successfully synthesised and is now available for clinical development in PET-CT imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timofei Rusu
- THERANOSCAN Clinical Research Group Sorbonne University, Tenon Hospital AP-HP, Paris, France.
- Positron Molecular Imaging Laboratory (LIMP) UMS28 Small Animal Phenotyping, Sorbonne University, Paris, France.
- Nuclear Medicine Imaging Department and Radiopharmacy, Tenon Hospital AP-HP, Paris, France.
- Radiopharmacist - Hôpital Tenon Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France.
| | - Matthieu Delion
- Nuclear Medicine Imaging Department and Radiopharmacy, Tenon Hospital AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Charlotte Pirot
- Nuclear Medicine Imaging Department and Radiopharmacy, Tenon Hospital AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Amaury Blin
- Nuclear Medicine Imaging Department and Radiopharmacy, Tenon Hospital AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Anita Rodenas
- THERANOSCAN Clinical Research Group Sorbonne University, Tenon Hospital AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Noël Talbot
- Institut National des Sciences et Techniques Nucléaires (INSTN), Saclay, France
| | - Nicolas Veran
- CHRU de Nancy Pôle Pharmacie : Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Nancy Pôle Pharmacie, Nancy, France
| | | | - Françoise Montravers
- Nuclear Medicine Imaging Department and Radiopharmacy, Tenon Hospital AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Jacques Cadranel
- THERANOSCAN Clinical Research Group Sorbonne University, Tenon Hospital AP-HP, Paris, France
- Service de Pneumologie et Oncologie Thoracique, APHP - Hôpital Tenon and Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Aurélie Prignon
- THERANOSCAN Clinical Research Group Sorbonne University, Tenon Hospital AP-HP, Paris, France
- Positron Molecular Imaging Laboratory (LIMP) UMS28 Small Animal Phenotyping, Sorbonne University, Paris, France
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Fernandes M, Paget S, Kherrouche Z, Truong MJ, Vinchent A, Meneboo JP, Sebda S, Werkmeister E, Descarpentries C, Figeac M, Cortot AB, Tulasne D. Transforming properties of MET receptor exon 14 skipping can be recapitulated by loss of the CBL ubiquitin ligase binding site. FEBS Lett 2023; 597:2301-2315. [PMID: 37468447 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
MET is a receptor tyrosine kinase that is activated in many cancers through various mechanisms. MET exon 14 (Ex14) skipping occurs in 3% of nonsmall cell lung tumors. However, the contribution of the regulatory sites lost upon this skipping, which include a phosphorylated serine (S985) and a binding site for the E3 ubiquitin ligase CBL (Y1003), remains elusive. Sequencing of 2808 lung tumors revealed 71 mutations leading to MET exon 14 skipping and three mutations affecting Y1003 or S985. In addition, MET exon 14 skipping and MET Y1003F induced similar transcriptional programs, increased the activation of downstream signaling pathways, and increased cell mobility. Therefore, the MET Y1003F mutation is able to fully recapitulate responses induced by MET exon 14 skipping, suggesting that loss of the CBL binding site is the main contributor of cell transformation induced by MET Ex14 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Fernandes
- CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR9020 - UMR1277 - Canther - Cancer Heterogeneity, Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, Univ. Lille, France
| | - Sonia Paget
- CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR9020 - UMR1277 - Canther - Cancer Heterogeneity, Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, Univ. Lille, France
| | - Zoulika Kherrouche
- CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR9020 - UMR1277 - Canther - Cancer Heterogeneity, Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, Univ. Lille, France
| | - Marie-José Truong
- CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR9020 - UMR1277 - Canther - Cancer Heterogeneity, Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, Univ. Lille, France
| | - Audrey Vinchent
- CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR9020 - UMR1277 - Canther - Cancer Heterogeneity, Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, Univ. Lille, France
| | - Jean-Pascal Meneboo
- Plateau de Génomique Fonctionnelle et Structurale, CHU Lille, Univ. Lille, France
| | - Shéhérazade Sebda
- Plateau de Génomique Fonctionnelle et Structurale, CHU Lille, Univ. Lille, France
| | - Elisabeth Werkmeister
- CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, US41 - UMS2014 - PLBS, Univ. Lille, France
- CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR9017 - CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Univ. Lille, France
| | | | - Martin Figeac
- Plateau de Génomique Fonctionnelle et Structurale, CHU Lille, Univ. Lille, France
| | - Alexis B Cortot
- CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR9020 - UMR1277 - Canther - Cancer Heterogeneity, Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, Univ. Lille, France
- Thoracic Oncology Department, CHU Lille, Univ. Lille, France
| | - David Tulasne
- CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR9020 - UMR1277 - Canther - Cancer Heterogeneity, Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, Univ. Lille, France
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Gu L, Zhao Y, Wen F, Zhang D, Cai J, Chen Z. A durable response to savolitinib in a patient with lung adenocarcinoma harboring two novel MET exon 14 skipping sites. Anticancer Drugs 2023; 34:949-953. [PMID: 36846984 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000001495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
MET exon 14 ( METex14 ) skipping variants are oncogenic drivers in non-small-cell lung cancer. Several METex14 skipping alterations have been identified, but different mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET) exon splicing variants tend to present different clinical outcomes. Here, we reported that a patient with lung adenocarcinoma harbored two novel METex14 skipping mutations (c.2888-35_2888-16del and c.2888-4T>G) identified by the tissue-based next-generation sequencing (NGS) and received savolitinib treatment after chemotherapy failed with brain metastasis. The patient responded well to savolitinib until disease progression in brain lesions and achieved a progress-free survival (PFS) of over 19.7 months. Considering the durable response for extracranial lesions and the same METex14 skipping sites identified by circulating tumor DNA-based NGS, the patient was still given savolitinib combined with stereotactic body radiation therapy for brain lesions. An extracranial PFS of 28 months was achieved. This is the first report of a patient with lung adenocarcinoma harboring two novel METex14 skipping mutations that responded to the MET inhibitor savolitinib. Our case may provide evidence for the treatment of patients with two novel METex14 skipping variants and offer a therapy regimen for those with intracranial progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linping Gu
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Lung Cancer Center, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai
| | - Yi Zhao
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Lung Cancer Center, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai
| | - Fengcai Wen
- The Medical Department, 3D Medicines Inc., Shanghai, China
| | - Ding Zhang
- The Medical Department, 3D Medicines Inc., Shanghai, China
| | - Jinping Cai
- The Medical Department, 3D Medicines Inc., Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiwei Chen
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Lung Cancer Center, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai
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Babey H, Jamme P, Curcio H, Assié JB, Veillon R, Doubre H, Pérol M, Guisier F, Huchot E, Decroisette C, Falchero L, Corre R, Cortot A, Chouaïd C, Descourt R. Real-World Treatment Outcomes of MET Exon14 Skipping in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer: GFPC 03-18 Study. Target Oncol 2023:10.1007/s11523-023-00976-4. [PMID: 37310660 DOI: 10.1007/s11523-023-00976-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND MET-targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) demonstrated efficacy in advanced non-small cell lung cancer (aNSCLC) with MET exon14 skipping mutations (METexon14); yet, data on the management of these patients in clinical practice is sparse. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to describe the management of METexon14 aNSCLC patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS This real-life, retrospective study analyzed the management of METexon14 aNSCLC. The primary endpoint was the median overall survival (mOS). Secondary endpoints were to assess investigator-progression-free survival (PFS) and mOS in different subgroups: patients treated with (a) crizotinib, regardless of treatment line; (b) anti-MET TKIs (crizotinib, tepotinib, capmatinib); and (c) immunotherapy. RESULTS A total of 118 patients were included between December 2015 and January 1, 2020 in 13 centers. Median age was 73 years, 62.7% were female, 83.9% had adenocarcinoma, 92.4% at stage IV, and 27% had more than three metastatic sites. The majority of the patients (106, 89.8%) received at least one systemic treatment; 73% received at least one anti-MET TKI: crizotinib (68.6%), tepotinib (16%), capmatinib (10%). Only 10% received two anti-MET TKIs in their treatment sequences. With a median follow-up of 16 months (95% CI 13.6-29.7), mOS was 27.1 months (95% CI 18-31.4). There was no significant difference between mOS of patients treated and never treated with crizotinib, 19.7 (95% CI 13.6-29.7) and 28 (95% CI 16.4-NR) months, respectively (p = 0.16); mOS of the TKI cohort and of the TKI-naïve patient cohort were 27.1 (95% CI 18-29.7) and 35.6 (95% CI 8.6-NR) months respectively, with no significant difference (p = 0.7). CONCLUSIONS In this real-life study, there was no evidence of benefit in mOS with anti-MET TKIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Babey
- Institut de Cancérologie, Hôpital Morvan, CHU de Brest, Brest, France
| | | | | | - Jean Baptiste Assié
- Service de Pneumologie, Pneumologie, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal, CHI Créteil, 40, avenue de Verdun, 94010, Créteil Cedex, France
| | - Remi Veillon
- Oncologie thoracique, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | | | | | | | - Eric Huchot
- CHU Saint Pierre de La Réunion, Saint-Pierre, La Réunion, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Christos Chouaïd
- Service de Pneumologie, Pneumologie, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal, CHI Créteil, 40, avenue de Verdun, 94010, Créteil Cedex, France.
| | - Renaud Descourt
- Institut de Cancérologie, Hôpital Morvan, CHU de Brest, Brest, France
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Heydt C, Ihle MA, Merkelbach-Bruse S. Overview of Molecular Detection Technologies for MET in Lung Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15112932. [PMID: 37296895 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15112932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
MET tyrosine kinase receptor pathway activation has become an important actionable target in solid tumors. Aberrations in the MET proto-oncogene, including MET overexpression, the activation of MET mutations, MET mutations that lead to MET exon 14 skipping, MET gene amplifications, and MET fusions, are known to be primary and secondary oncogenic drivers in cancer; these aberrations have evolved as predictive biomarkers in clinical diagnostics. Thus, the detection of all known MET aberrations in daily clinical care is essential. In this review, current molecular technologies for the detection of the different MET aberrations are highlighted, including the benefits and drawbacks. In the future, another focus will be on the standardization of detection technologies for the delivery of reliable, quick, and affordable tests in clinical molecular diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Heydt
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Michaela Angelika Ihle
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Sabine Merkelbach-Bruse
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany
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11
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Martinelli I, Modica C, Chiriaco C, Basilico C, Hughes JM, Corso S, Giordano S, Comoglio PM, Vigna E. hOA-DN30: a highly effective humanized single-arm MET antibody inducing remission of ‘MET-addicted’ cancers. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2022; 41:112. [PMID: 35351166 PMCID: PMC8962049 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-022-02320-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The tyrosine kinase receptor encoded by the MET oncogene is a major player in cancer. When MET is responsible for the onset and progression of the transformed phenotype (MET-addicted cancers), an efficient block of its oncogenic activation results in potent tumor growth inhibition. Methods Here we describe a molecular engineered MET antibody (hOA-DN30) and validate its pharmacological activity in MET-addicted cancer models in vitro and in vivo. Pharmacokinetics and safety profile in non-human primates have also been assessed. Results hOA-DN30 efficiently impaired MET activation and the intracellular signalling cascade by dose and time dependent removal of the receptor from the cell surface (shedding). In vitro, the antibody suppressed cell growth by blocking cell proliferation and by concomitantly inducing cell death in multiple MET-addicted human tumor cell lines. In mice xenografts, hOA-DN30 induced an impressive reduction of tumor masses, with a wide therapeutic window. Moreover, the antibody showed high therapeutic efficacy against patient-derived xenografts generated from MET-addicted gastric tumors, leading to complete tumor regression and long-lasting effects after treatment discontinuation. Finally, hOA-DN30 showed a highly favorable pharmacokinetic profile and substantial tolerability in Cynomolgus monkeys. Conclusions hOA-DN30 unique ability to simultaneously erase cell surface MET and release the ‘decoy’ receptor extracellular region results in a paramount MET blocking action. Its remarkable efficacy in a large number of pre-clinical models, as well as its pharmacological features and safety profile in non-human primates, strongly envisage a successful clinical application of this novel single-arm MET therapeutic antibody for the therapy of MET-addicted cancers. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13046-022-02320-6.
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Chiriaco C, Donini C, Cortese M, Ughetto S, Modica C, Martinelli I, Proment A, Vitali L, Fontani L, Casucci M, Comoglio PM, Giordano S, Sangiolo D, Leuci V, Vigna E. Efficacy of CAR-T immunotherapy in MET overexpressing tumors not eligible for anti-MET targeted therapy. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2022; 41:309. [PMID: 36271379 PMCID: PMC9585715 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-022-02479-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Background Aberrant activation of the MET receptor in cancer is sustained by genetic alterations or, more frequently, by transcriptional upregulations. A fraction of MET-amplified or mutated tumors are sensible to MET targeting agents, but their responsiveness is typically short-lasting, as secondary resistance eventually occurs. Since in the absence of genetic alterations MET is usually not a tumor driver, MET overexpressing tumors are not/poorly responsive to MET targeted therapies. Consequently, the vast majority of tumors exhibiting MET activation still represent an unmet medical need. Methods Here we propose an immunotherapy strategy based on T lymphocytes expressing a Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) targeting MET overexpressing tumors of different histotypes. We engineered two different MET-CAR constructs and tested MET-CAR-T cell cytotoxic activity against different MET overexpressing models, including tumor cell lines, primary cancer cells, organoids, and xenografts in immune-deficient mice. Results We proved that MET-CAR-T exerted a specific cytotoxic activity against MET expressing cells. Cell killing was proportional to the level of MET expressed on the cell surface. While CAR-T cytotoxicity was minimal versus cells carrying MET at physiological levels, essentially sparing normal cells, the activity versus MET overexpressing tumors was robust, significantly controlling tumor cell growth in vitro and in vivo. Notably, MET-CAR-T cells were also able to brake acquired resistance to MET targeting agents in MET amplified cancer cells carrying secondary mutations in downstream signal transducers. Conclusions We set and validated at the pre-clinical level a MET-CAR immunotherapy strategy potentially beneficial for cancers not eligible for MET targeted therapy with inhibitory molecules, including those exhibiting primary or secondary resistance. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13046-022-02479-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Chiriaco
- grid.419555.90000 0004 1759 7675Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Strada Provinciale 142, 10060 Candiolo, TO Italy ,Present address: Anemocyte S.r.l., 21040 Gerenzano, VA Italy
| | - Chiara Donini
- grid.419555.90000 0004 1759 7675Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Strada Provinciale 142, 10060 Candiolo, TO Italy ,grid.7605.40000 0001 2336 6580Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Marco Cortese
- grid.419555.90000 0004 1759 7675Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Strada Provinciale 142, 10060 Candiolo, TO Italy ,grid.7605.40000 0001 2336 6580Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Stefano Ughetto
- grid.419555.90000 0004 1759 7675Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Strada Provinciale 142, 10060 Candiolo, TO Italy ,grid.7605.40000 0001 2336 6580Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy ,Present address: Bios-Therapy, Physiological System for Health S.p.A, 52037 Sansepolcro, AR Italy
| | - Chiara Modica
- grid.419555.90000 0004 1759 7675Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Strada Provinciale 142, 10060 Candiolo, TO Italy ,grid.10776.370000 0004 1762 5517Present address: Department of Surgical, Oncological and Stomatological Sciences (DICHIRONS), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Ilaria Martinelli
- grid.419555.90000 0004 1759 7675Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Strada Provinciale 142, 10060 Candiolo, TO Italy
| | - Alessia Proment
- grid.419555.90000 0004 1759 7675Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Strada Provinciale 142, 10060 Candiolo, TO Italy ,grid.7605.40000 0001 2336 6580Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Letizia Vitali
- grid.419555.90000 0004 1759 7675Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Strada Provinciale 142, 10060 Candiolo, TO Italy ,grid.7605.40000 0001 2336 6580Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Lara Fontani
- grid.419555.90000 0004 1759 7675Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Strada Provinciale 142, 10060 Candiolo, TO Italy
| | - Monica Casucci
- grid.18887.3e0000000417581884Innovative Immunotherapies Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Maria Comoglio
- grid.7678.e0000 0004 1757 7797IFOM-FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Giordano
- grid.419555.90000 0004 1759 7675Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Strada Provinciale 142, 10060 Candiolo, TO Italy ,grid.7605.40000 0001 2336 6580Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Dario Sangiolo
- grid.419555.90000 0004 1759 7675Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Strada Provinciale 142, 10060 Candiolo, TO Italy ,grid.7605.40000 0001 2336 6580Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Valeria Leuci
- grid.419555.90000 0004 1759 7675Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Strada Provinciale 142, 10060 Candiolo, TO Italy
| | - Elisa Vigna
- grid.419555.90000 0004 1759 7675Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Strada Provinciale 142, 10060 Candiolo, TO Italy ,grid.7605.40000 0001 2336 6580Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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Deciphering signal transduction networks in the liver by mechanistic mathematical modelling. Biochem J 2022; 479:1361-1374. [PMID: 35748700 PMCID: PMC9246346 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20210548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In health and disease, liver cells are continuously exposed to cytokines and growth factors. While individual signal transduction pathways induced by these factors were studied in great detail, the cellular responses induced by repeated or combined stimulations are complex and less understood. Growth factor receptors on the cell surface of hepatocytes were shown to be regulated by receptor interactions, receptor trafficking and feedback regulation. Here, we exemplify how mechanistic mathematical modelling based on quantitative data can be employed to disentangle these interactions at the molecular level. Crucial is the analysis at a mechanistic level based on quantitative longitudinal data within a mathematical framework. In such multi-layered information, step-wise mathematical modelling using submodules is of advantage, which is fostered by sharing of standardized experimental data and mathematical models. Integration of signal transduction with metabolic regulation in the liver and mechanistic links to translational approaches promise to provide predictive tools for biology and personalized medicine.
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To KKW, Cho WCS. Mesenchymal Epithelial Transition Factor (MET): A Key Player in Chemotherapy Resistance and an Emerging Target for Potentiating Cancer Immunotherapy. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2022; 22:269-285. [PMID: 35255791 DOI: 10.2174/1568009622666220307105107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The MET protein is a cell surface receptor tyrosine kinase predominately expressed in epithelial cells. Upon binding of its only known ligand, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), MET homodimerizes, phosphorylates, and stimulates intracellular signalling to drive cell proliferation. Amplification or hyperactivation of MET is frequently observed in various cancer types and it is associated with poor response to conventional and targeted chemotherapy. More recently, emerging evidence also suggests that MET/HGF signalling may play an immunosuppressive role and it could confer resistance to cancer immunotherapy. In this review, we summarized the preclinical and clinical evidence of MET's role in drug resistance to conventional chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy. Previous clinical trials investigating MET-targeted therapy in unselected or MET-overexpressing cancers yielded mostly unfavourable results. More recent clinical studies focusing on MET exon 14 alterations and MET amplification have produced encouraging treatment responses to MET inhibitor therapy. The translational relevance of MET inhibitor therapy to overcome drug resistance in cancer patients is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth K W To
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - William C S Cho
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China
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15
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c-Met and EPHA7 Receptor Tyrosine Kinases Are Related to Prognosis in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma: Focusing on the Association with Myoferlin Expression. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14041095. [PMID: 35205843 PMCID: PMC8870418 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14041095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are important targets for clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) treatment. Myoferlin is a strong regulator of RTKs. To identify myoferlin-associated RTKs and their prognostic implications in ccRCC, we investigated the expression of RTKs and myoferlin using proteome-based evaluation and immunohistochemical staining in tissue microarray. Multivariate Cox analysis adjusted for TNM stage and WHO grade was performed (n = 410 and 506). Proteomic analysis suggested c-Met and EPHA7 as novel candidates for myoferlin-associated RTKs. We immunohistochemically validated the positive association between c-Met and myoferlin expression. High c-Met expression was independently associated with overall (hazard ratio (HR) = 1.153-2.919) and cancer-specific survival (HR = 1.150-3.389). The prognostic effect of high c-Met expression was also determined in an independent cohort (overall survival, HR = 1.503-3.771). Although expression of EPHA7 and myoferlin was not correlated, EPHA7 expression was independently associated with progression-free (HR = 1.237-4.319) and cancer-specific survival (HR = 1.214-4.558). In addition, network-based prioritization showed co-functional enrichment of c-Met and myoferlin, suggesting a novel regulatory function of myoferlin in c-Met signaling. This study indicates that c-Met and EPHA7 might be useful prognostic biomarkers, and the presumed myoferlin/c-Met pathway could be a novel therapeutic target in ccRCC.
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Fogli S, Tabbò F, Capuano A, Re MD, Passiglia F, Cucchiara F, Scavone C, Gori V, Novello S, Schmidinger M, Danesi R. The expanding family of c-Met inhibitors in solid tumors: a comparative analysis of their pharmacologic and clinical differences. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2022; 172:103602. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2022.103602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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Stanislovas J, Kermorgant S. c-Met-integrin cooperation: Mechanisms, tumorigenic effects, and therapeutic relevance. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:994528. [PMID: 36330337 PMCID: PMC9624249 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.994528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
c-Met is a receptor tyrosine kinase which upon activation by its ligand, the hepatocyte growth factor, mediates many important signalling pathways that regulate cellular functions such as survival, proliferation, and migration. Its oncogenic and tumorigenic signalling mechanisms, greatly contributing to cancer development and progression, are well documented. Integrins, heterogeneous adhesion receptors which facilitate cell-extracellular matrix interactions, are important in biomechanically sensitive cell adhesion and motility but also modulate diverse cell behaviour. Here we review the studies which reported cooperation between c-Met and several integrins, particularly β1 and β4, in various cell models including many tumour cell types. From the various experimental models and results analysed, we propose that c-Met-integrin cooperation occurs via inside-out or outside-in signalling. Thus, either c-Met activation triggers integrin activation and cell adhesion or integrin adhesion to its extracellular ligand triggers c-Met activation. These two modes of cooperation require the adhesive function of integrins and mostly lead to cell migration and invasion. In a third, less conventional, mode of cooperation, the integrin plays the role of a signalling adaptor for c-Met, independently from its adhesive property, leading to anchorage independent survival. Recent studies have revealed the influence of endocytic trafficking in c-Met-integrin cooperation including the adaptor function of integrin occurring on endomembranes, triggering an inside-in signalling, believed to promote survival of metastatic cells. We present the evidence of the cooperation in vivo and in human tissues and highlight its therapeutic relevance. A better understanding of the mechanisms regulating c-Met-integrin cooperation in cancer progression could lead to the design of new therapies targeting this cooperation, providing more effective therapeutic approaches than c-Met or integrin inhibitors as monotherapies used in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justas Stanislovas
- Spatial Signalling Group, John Vane Science Centre, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stéphanie Kermorgant
- Spatial Signalling Group, John Vane Science Centre, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
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Taghehchian N, Moghbeli M, Mashkani B, Abbaszadegan MR. The Level of Mesenchymal-Epithelial Transition Autophosphorylation is Correlated with Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Migration. IRANIAN BIOMEDICAL JOURNAL 2021; 25:243-54. [PMID: 34217156 PMCID: PMC8334392 DOI: 10.52547/ibj.25.4.243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Background The MET receptor is a critical member of cancer-associated receptor tyrosine kinases and plays an important role in different biological activities, including differentiation, migration, and cell proliferation. Methods In this study, novel MET inhibitors were introduced and applied on esophageal squamous carcinoma cell line KYSE-30, and the level of proliferation and migration, as well as the activated form of MET receptor protein were assessed in the examined cells. The human KYSE-30 cell line was cultured according to ATCC recommendations. The mRNA level of the MET gene was measured in the examined cell line using the quantitative RT-PCR assay. Cytotoxicity evaluation test was performed at different concentrations of heterocyclic anti-MET compounds (i.e. D1, D2, D5, D6, D7, and D8). Finally, the capability of these compounds in MET receptor inhibition was evaluated using the migration assay and Western blot. All experiments were performed in triplicate and repeated three times with similar results. Results Cell growth and proliferation were significantly inhibited (p ≤ 0.05) by all the above-mentioned compounds. Moreover, the majority of compounds significantly prevented the cell migration (p ≤ 0.05) and inhibited MET autophosphorylation. Interestingly, the level of phosphorylated MET was significantly correlated with KYSE-30 cell migration. Conclusion The obtained data introduced and confirmed the biological activities of the mentioned novel compounds in KYSE-30 cells and proposed that the therapeutic inhibition of MET with these compounds may be a powerful approach for inhibiting cancer cell migration and proliferation although some structural optimizations are needed to improve their inhibitory functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Negin Taghehchian
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Meysam Moghbeli
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Baratali Mashkani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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When the MET receptor kicks in to resist targeted therapies. Oncogene 2021; 40:4061-4078. [PMID: 34031544 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-01835-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Although targeted therapies have increased the life expectancy of patients with druggable molecular alterations directly involved in tumor development, the efficacy of these therapies is limited by acquired resistances leading to treatment failure. Most targeted therapies, including ones exploiting therapeutic antibodies and kinase inhibitors, are directed against receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) or major signaling hubs. Resistances to these therapies arise when inhibition of these targets is bypassed through activation of alternative signaling pathways. In recent years, activation of the receptor tyrosine kinase MET has been shown to promote resistance to various targeted therapies. This casts MET as important actor in resistance. In this review, we describe how the MET receptor triggers resistance to targeted therapies against RTKs such as EGFR, VEGFR, and HER2 and against signaling hubs such as BRAF. We also describe how MET can be its own resistance factor, as illustrated by on-target resistance of lung tumors harboring activating mutations causing MET exon 14 skipping. Interestingly, investigation of all these situations reveals functional physiological relationships between MET and the target of the therapy to which the cancer becomes resistant, suggesting that resistance stems from preexisting mechanisms. Identification of MET as a resistance factor opens the way to co-treatment strategies that are being tested in current clinical trials.
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20
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State of the structure address on MET receptor activation by HGF. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 49:645-661. [PMID: 33860789 DOI: 10.1042/bst20200394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The MET receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) and its cognate ligand hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) comprise a signaling axis essential for development, wound healing and tissue homeostasis. Aberrant HGF/MET signaling is a driver of many cancers and contributes to drug resistance to several approved therapeutics targeting other RTKs, making MET itself an important drug target. In RTKs, homeostatic receptor signaling is dependent on autoinhibition in the absence of ligand binding and orchestrated set of conformational changes induced by ligand-mediated receptor dimerization that result in activation of the intracellular kinase domains. A fundamental understanding of these mechanisms in the MET receptor remains incomplete, despite decades of research. This is due in part to the complex structure of the HGF ligand, which remains unknown in its full-length form, and a lack of high-resolution structures of the complete MET extracellular portion in an apo or ligand-bound state. A current view of HGF-dependent MET activation has evolved from biochemical and structural studies of HGF and MET fragments and here we review what these findings have thus far revealed.
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21
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Jiao Y, Fang C, Yang Y, Shao L, Huang Y, Sun Q, Dong Y. Rapid Disease Progression in a Patient with Advanced NSCLC Harboring a Germline MET Exon 14 Skipping Mutation: A Case Report. Onco Targets Ther 2021; 14:2417-2421. [PMID: 33854337 PMCID: PMC8039198 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s295542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
MET exon 14 skipping variants have been identified as a novel type of oncogenic driver mutations in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), while the germline MET mutation, especially germline MET exon 14 skipping mutation rarely occurred in NSCLC. Herein, we present the first case of a 33-year-old NSCLC patient with a germline MET exon 14 skipping mutation, who also harbored a somatic EGFR exon 20 insertion. The patient was initially diagnosed with a stage IIB adenosquamous carcinoma. He underwent a thoracoscopic radical resection followed by four cycles of adjuvant chemotherapy but relapsed 2 months after completing the chemotherapy. Afatinib was then prescribed but disease progressed immediately. Subsequently, he received anlotinib but did not respond and died a month later with an overall survival of 9 months. Our case may provide an evidence for the pathogenicity of germline MET exon 14 skipping mutation in NSCLC and suggest it as an adverse prognostic factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Jiao
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Changhai Hospital, The Naval Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Fang
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Changhai Hospital, The Naval Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuchen Yang
- Burning Rock Biotech, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Shao
- Burning Rock Biotech, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Huang
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Changhai Hospital, The Naval Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Qinying Sun
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Changhai Hospital, The Naval Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuchao Dong
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Changhai Hospital, The Naval Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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Liu C, Jiang W, Zhang L, Hargest R, Martin TA. SIPA1 Is a Modulator of HGF/MET Induced Tumour Metastasis via the Regulation of Tight Junction-Based Cell to Cell Barrier Function. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:1747. [PMID: 33917539 PMCID: PMC8038768 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13071747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death. SIPA1 is a mitogen induced GTPase activating protein (GAP) and may hamper cell cycle progression. SIPA1 has been shown to be involved in MET signaling and may contribute to tight junction (TJ) function and cancer metastasis. METHODS Human lung tumour cohorts were analyzed. In vitro cell function assays were performed after knock down of SIPA1 in lung cancer cells with/without treatment. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and western blotting were performed to analyze expression of HGF (hepatocyte growth factor), MET, and their downstream markers. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) and immunofluorescence (IFC) staining were performed. RESULTS Higher expression of SIPA1 in lung tumours was associated with a poorer prognosis. Knockdown of SIPA1 decreased invasiveness and proliferation of in vitro cell lines, and the SIPA1 knockdown cells demonstrated leaky barriers. Knockdown of SIPA1 decreased tight junction-based barrier function by downregulating MET at the protein but not the transcript level, through silencing of Grb2, SOCS, and PKCμ (Protein kinase Cµ), reducing the internalization and recycling of MET. Elevated levels of SIPA1 protein are correlated with receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), especially HGF/MET and TJs. The regulation of HGF on barrier function and invasion required the presence of SIPA1. CONCLUSIONS SIPA1 plays an essential role in lung tumourigenesis and metastasis. SIPA1 may be a diagnostic and prognostic predictive biomarker. SIPA1 may also be a potential therapeutic target for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients with aberrant MET expression and drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liu
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK; (C.L.); (W.J.)
| | - Wenguo Jiang
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK; (C.L.); (W.J.)
| | - Lijian Zhang
- Peking University School of Oncology and Peking University Cancer Hospital, Fucheng Road, Beijing 100142, China;
| | - Rachel Hargest
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK; (C.L.); (W.J.)
| | - Tracey A. Martin
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK; (C.L.); (W.J.)
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Moosavi F, Giovannetti E, Peters GJ, Firuzi O. Combination of HGF/MET-targeting agents and other therapeutic strategies in cancer. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2021; 160:103234. [PMID: 33497758 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2021.103234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
MET receptor has emerged as a druggable target across several human cancers. Agents targeting MET and its ligand hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) including small molecules such as crizotinib, tivantinib and cabozantinib or antibodies including rilotumumab and onartuzumab have proven their values in different tumors. Recently, capmatinib was approved for treatment of metastatic lung cancer with MET exon 14 skipping. In this review, we critically examine the current evidence on how HGF/MET combination therapies may take advantage of synergistic effects, overcome primary or acquired drug resistance, target tumor microenvironment, modulate drug metabolism or tackle pharmacokinetic issues. Preclinical and clinical studies on the combination of HGF/MET-targeted agents with conventional chemotherapeutics or molecularly targeted treatments (including EGFR, VEGFR, HER2, RAF/MEK, and PI3K/Akt targeting agents) and also the value of biomarkers are examined. Our deeper understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying successful pharmacological combinations is crucial to find the best personalized treatment regimens for cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Moosavi
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Elisa Giovannetti
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, VU University Medical Center (VUmc), Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Cancer Pharmacology Lab, AIRC Start Up Unit, Fondazione Pisana per la Scienza, Pisa, Italy
| | - Godefridus J Peters
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, VU University Medical Center (VUmc), Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Omidreza Firuzi
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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Aguado C, Teixido C, Román R, Reyes R, Giménez-Capitán A, Marin E, Cabrera C, Viñolas N, Castillo S, Muñoz S, Arcocha A, López-Vilaró L, Sullivan I, Aldeguer E, Rodríguez S, Moya I, Viteri S, Cardona AF, Palmero R, Sainz C, Mesa-Guzmán M, Lozano MD, Aguilar-Hernández A, Martínez-Bueno A, González-Cao M, Gonzalvo E, Leenders WPJ, Rosell R, Montuenga LM, Prat A, Molina-Vila MA, Reguart N. Multiplex RNA-based detection of clinically relevant MET alterations in advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Mol Oncol 2020; 15:350-363. [PMID: 33236532 PMCID: PMC7858100 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
MET inhibitors have shown activity in non‐small‐cell lung cancer patients (NSCLC) with MET amplification and exon 14 skipping (METΔex14). However, patient stratification is imperfect, and thus, response rates have varied widely. Here, we studied MET alterations in 474 advanced NSCLC patients by nCounter, an RNA‐based technique, together with next‐generation sequencing (NGS), fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), immunohistochemistry (IHC), and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT–PCR), exploring correlation with clinical benefit. Of the 474 samples analyzed, 422 (89%) yielded valid results by nCounter, which identified 13 patients (3%) with METΔex14 and 15 patients (3.5%) with very‐high MET mRNA expression. These two subgroups were mutually exclusive, displayed distinct phenotypes and did not generally coexist with other drivers. For METΔex14, 3/8 (37.5%) samples positive by nCounter tested negative by NGS. Regarding patients with very‐high MET mRNA, 92% had MET amplification by FISH and/or NGS. However, FISH failed to identify three patients (30%) with very‐high MET RNA expression, among which one received MET tyrosine kinase inhibitor treatment deriving clinical benefit. Our results indicate that quantitative mRNA‐based techniques can improve the selection of patients for MET‐targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Aguado
- Laboratory of Oncology, Pangaea Oncology, Quirón Dexeus University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Teixido
- Thoracic Oncology Unit, Department of Pathology, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain.,Translational Genomics and Targeted Therapeutics in Solid Tumors, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ruth Román
- Laboratory of Oncology, Pangaea Oncology, Quirón Dexeus University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roxana Reyes
- Thoracic Oncology Unit, Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Giménez-Capitán
- Laboratory of Oncology, Pangaea Oncology, Quirón Dexeus University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elba Marin
- Translational Genomics and Targeted Therapeutics in Solid Tumors, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Thoracic Oncology Unit, Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos Cabrera
- Dr Rosell Oncology Institute, Dexeus University Hospital Quiron Salud Group, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nuria Viñolas
- Thoracic Oncology Unit, Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergi Castillo
- Division of Medical Oncology, Hospital General de Granollers, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Silvia Muñoz
- Division of Medical Oncology, Hospital General de Granollers, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ainara Arcocha
- Thoracic Oncology Unit, Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura López-Vilaró
- Department of Pathology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ivana Sullivan
- Division of Medical Oncology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Erika Aldeguer
- Laboratory of Oncology, Pangaea Oncology, Quirón Dexeus University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sonia Rodríguez
- Laboratory of Oncology, Pangaea Oncology, Quirón Dexeus University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Irene Moya
- Dr Rosell Oncology Institute, Dexeus University Hospital Quiron Salud Group, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Santiago Viteri
- Dr Rosell Oncology Institute, Dexeus University Hospital Quiron Salud Group, Barcelona, Spain.,Dr Rosell Oncology Institute, Teknon Medical Center, Quiron Salud Group, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrés Felipe Cardona
- Foundation for Clinical and Applied Cancer Research-FICMAC, Bogotá, Colombia.,Clinical and Translational Oncology Group, Institute of Oncology, Clínica del Country, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Ramon Palmero
- Division of Medical Oncology, Catalan Institute of Oncology, L'Hospitalet, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Sainz
- Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Spain.,CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Maria D Lozano
- CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain.,IDISNA, Pamplona, Spain.,Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | | | | | - María González-Cao
- Dr Rosell Oncology Institute, Dexeus University Hospital Quiron Salud Group, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elena Gonzalvo
- Thoracic Oncology Unit, Department of Pathology, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - William P J Leenders
- Department of Biochemistry, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Rafael Rosell
- Dr Rosell Oncology Institute, Dexeus University Hospital Quiron Salud Group, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain.,Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Luis M Montuenga
- Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Spain.,CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain.,IDISNA, Pamplona, Spain.,Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Aleix Prat
- Translational Genomics and Targeted Therapeutics in Solid Tumors, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Thoracic Oncology Unit, Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miguel A Molina-Vila
- Laboratory of Oncology, Pangaea Oncology, Quirón Dexeus University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Noemi Reguart
- Translational Genomics and Targeted Therapeutics in Solid Tumors, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Thoracic Oncology Unit, Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
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25
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Strickland MR, Jänne PA. Devil in the detail: MET overexpression fails as surrogate marker for MET exon 14 splice site mutations in NSCLC. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2020; 8:1612. [PMID: 33437811 PMCID: PMC7791198 DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-4253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Pasi A Jänne
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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26
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Yao HP, Hudson R, Wang MH. Progress and challenge in development of biotherapeutics targeting MET receptor for treatment of advanced cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2020; 1874:188425. [PMID: 32961258 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2020.188425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Advanced epithelial cancers such as gastric, lung, and pancreatic tumors are featured by invasive proliferation, distant metastasis, acquired chemoresistance, and tumorigenic stemness. For the last decade, molecular-targeted therapies using therapeutic antibodies, small molecule kinase inhibitors and immune-checkpoint blockades have been applied for these diseases with significant clinical benefits. Nevertheless, there is still a large gap to achieve curative outcomes. MET (mesenchymal-epithelial transition protein), a receptor tyrosine kinase, is a tumorigenic determinant that regulates epithelial cancer initiation, progression, and malignancy. Increased MET expression also has prognostic value for cancer progression and patient survival. These features provide the rationale to target MET for cancer treatment. In this review, we discuss the importance of MET in epithelial tumorigenesis and the development of antibody-based biotherapeutics, including bispecific antibodies and antibody-drug conjugates, for clinical application. The findings from both preclinical and clinical studies highlight the potential of MET-targeted biotherapeutics for cancer therapy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang-Ping Yao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Rachel Hudson
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, USA
| | - Ming-Hai Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Cancer Biology Research Center, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, USA.
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27
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Blanc-Durand F, Alameddine R, Iafrate AJ, Tran-Thanh D, Lo YC, Blais N, Routy B, Tehfé M, Leduc C, Romeo P, Stephenson P, Florescu M. Tepotinib Efficacy in a Patient with Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer with Brain Metastasis Harboring an HLA-DRB1-MET Gene Fusion. Oncologist 2020; 25:916-920. [PMID: 32716573 DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2020-0502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations in c-MET, a tyrosine kinase receptor encoded by the MET gene, have been reported in approximately 3% of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cases and carry important treatment implications. The best studied genetic alterations are exon 14 skipping and gene amplification; however, gene rearrangement has also been described, and multiple fusion partners have been reported. Recently, in METex14-mutated NSCLC, multitarget tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), such as crizotinib and cabozantinib, as well as MET-selective TKIs, such as tepotinib and capmatinib, have demonstrated durable responses. In this study, we present the case of a 41-year-old woman with advanced NSCLC harboring an HLA-DRB1-MET gene fusion. The patient was offered successively two different MET multikinase inhibitors, crizotinib and cabozantinib, and the selective inhibitor tepotinib. Each time, including under tepotinib, the patient experienced rapid and complete responses associated with a tremendous improvement in her physical function. KEY POINTS: To our knowledge, this is the first report of a patient with non-small cell lung cancer harboring an HLA-DRB1-MET gene fusion demonstrating a clinical response to multiple MET inhibitors, including tepotinib. This finding illustrates the efficacy and rationale to targeting MET regardless of fusion partner and gives insight to pooling of patients with different MET fusion products in trials assessing safety and efficacy of novel molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Félix Blanc-Durand
- Thoracic Oncology Unit, Le Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Raafat Alameddine
- Thoracic Oncology Unit, Le Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Anthony J Iafrate
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Danh Tran-Thanh
- Pathology Department, Le Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Ying-Chun Lo
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Normand Blais
- Thoracic Oncology Unit, Le Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Bertrand Routy
- Thoracic Oncology Unit, Le Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Mustapha Tehfé
- Thoracic Oncology Unit, Le Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Charles Leduc
- Pathology Department, Le Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Phillipe Romeo
- Pathology Department, Le Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Phillipe Stephenson
- Pathology Department, Le Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Marie Florescu
- Thoracic Oncology Unit, Le Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
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28
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Jin W. The Role of Tyrosine Kinases as a Critical Prognostic Parameter and Its Targeted Therapies in Ewing Sarcoma. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:613. [PMID: 32754598 PMCID: PMC7381324 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ewing sarcoma (ES) is a rare, highly aggressive, bone, or soft tissue-associated tumor. Although this sarcoma often responds well to initial chemotherapy, 40% of the patients develop a lethal recurrence of the disease, with death recorded in 75-80% of patients with metastatic ES within 5 years, despite receiving high-dose chemotherapy. ES is genetically well-characterized, as indicated by the EWS-FLI1 fusion protein encoded as a result of chromosomal translocation in 80-90% of patients with ES, as well as in ES-related cancer cell lines. Recently, tyrosine kinases have been identified in the pathogenesis of ES. These tyrosine kinases, acting as oncoproteins, are associated with the clinical pathogenesis, metastasis, acquisition of self-renewal traits, and chemoresistance of ES, through the activation of various intracellular signaling pathways. This review describes the recent progress related to cellular and molecular functional roles of tyrosine kinases in the progression of ES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wook Jin
- Laboratory of Molecular Disease and Cell Regulation, Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea
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29
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Deng H, Wang L, Chen X, Zhang S, Yi F, Wei Y, Zhang W. Erlotinib plus tivantinib versus erlotinib alone in patients with previously treated stage IIIb/IV non-small-cell lung cancer: A meta-analysis based on randomized controlled trials. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e20596. [PMID: 32569187 PMCID: PMC7313549 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000020596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whether erlotinib plus tivantinib (ET) can achieve better clinical benefits than erlotinib plus placebo (EP) among participants with previously treated advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is still disputed. We conducted a meta-analysis to evaluate the anticancer efficacy and safety of both regimens. MATERIALS AND METHODS We searched for pertinent trials at PubMed, ScienceDirect, The Cochrane Library, Scopus, Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Endpoints mainly included progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), objective response rate (ORR), disease control rate (DCR), and adverse events (AEs). RESULTS We included 1522 patients who previously received ≥1 systemic anti-cancer regimen that included platinum-based chemotherapy. Although ET failed to improve OS (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.91, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.75-1.10, P = .35), the ET group had better PFS (HR = 0.73, 95% CI: 0.67-0.80, P < .00001), higher ORR (HR = 1.50, 95% CI: 1.06-2.12, P = .02), and better DCR (HR = 1.38, 95% CI: 1.20-1.59, P < .00001). Our subanalysis suggested that the ET group may have had better OS among patients with high Mesenchymal to epithelial transition factor (MET) expression (HR = 0.76, 95% CI: 0.58-0.99, P = .04) and good VeriStrat (HR = 0.88, 95% CI: 0.83-0.93, P < .0001). AEs were roughly similar except for specific hematological toxicities: more neutropenia and febrile neutropenia were observed in the ET group, both of which should not be overlooked. CONCLUSIONS ET appears to be superior to EP due to better PFS and higher response rates, especially for patients with high MET expression and good VeriStrat. The greater hematological toxicity in the ET regimen is non-negligible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Deng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University
- Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University
- Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University
| | - Xinling Chen
- Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University
- Department of Oncology, The second affiliated hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Shujuan Zhang
- Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University
- Department of Oncology, The second affiliated hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Fengming Yi
- Department of Oncology, The second affiliated hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yiping Wei
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University
| | - Wenxiong Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University
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30
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Detection of MET Alterations Using Cell Free DNA and Circulating Tumor Cells from Cancer Patients. Cells 2020; 9:cells9020522. [PMID: 32102486 PMCID: PMC7072825 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
MET alterations may provide a potential biomarker to evaluate patients who will benefit from treatment with MET inhibitors. Therefore, the purpose of the present study is to investigate the utility of a liquid biopsy-based strategy to assess MET alterations in cancer patients. We analyzed MET amplification in circulating free DNA (cfDNA) from 174 patients with cancer and 49 healthy controls and demonstrated the accuracy of the analysis to detect its alteration in patients. Importantly, a significant correlation between cfDNA concentration and MET copy number (CN) in cancer patients (r = 0.57, p <10−10) was determined. Furthermore, we evaluated two approaches to detect the presence of MET on circulating tumor cells (CTCs), using the CellSearch® and Parsortix systems and monitored patients under anti-EGFR treatment (n = 30) combining both cfDNA and CTCs analyses. This follow-up provides evidence for the potential of MET CN assessment when patients develop resistance to anti-EGFR therapy and a significant association between the presence of CTCs MET+ and the Overall Survival (OS) in head and neck cancer patients (P = 0.05; HR = 6.66). In conclusion, we develop specific and noninvasive assays to monitor MET status in cfDNA/CTCs and demonstrate the utility of plasma MET CN determination as a biomarker for monitoring the appearance of resistance to anti-EGFR therapy.
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31
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Duplaquet L, Leroy C, Vinchent A, Paget S, Lefebvre J, Vanden Abeele F, Lancel S, Giffard F, Paumelle R, Bidaux G, Heliot L, Poulain L, Furlan A, Tulasne D. Control of cell death/survival balance by the MET dependence receptor. eLife 2020; 9:50041. [PMID: 32091387 PMCID: PMC7039684 DOI: 10.7554/elife.50041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Control of cell death/survival balance is an important feature to maintain tissue homeostasis. Dependence receptors are able to induce either survival or cell death in presence or absence of their ligand, respectively. However, their precise mechanism of action and their physiological importance are still elusive for most of them including the MET receptor. We evidence that pro-apoptotic fragment generated by caspase cleavage of MET localizes to the mitochondria-associated membrane region. This fragment triggers a calcium transfer from endoplasmic reticulum to mitochondria, which is instrumental for the apoptotic action of the receptor. Knock-in mice bearing a mutation of MET caspase cleavage site highlighted that p40MET production is important for FAS-driven hepatocyte apoptosis, and demonstrate that MET acts as a dependence receptor in vivo. Our data shed light on new signaling mechanisms for dependence receptors’ control of cell survival/death balance, which may offer new clues for the pathophysiology of epithelial structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie Duplaquet
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR 8161 - M3T - Mechanisms of Tumorigenesis and Targeted Therapies, Lille, France
| | - Catherine Leroy
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR 8161 - M3T - Mechanisms of Tumorigenesis and Targeted Therapies, Lille, France
| | - Audrey Vinchent
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR 8161 - M3T - Mechanisms of Tumorigenesis and Targeted Therapies, Lille, France
| | - Sonia Paget
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR 8161 - M3T - Mechanisms of Tumorigenesis and Targeted Therapies, Lille, France
| | - Jonathan Lefebvre
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR 8161 - M3T - Mechanisms of Tumorigenesis and Targeted Therapies, Lille, France
| | | | - Steve Lancel
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011 - EGID, Lille, France
| | - Florence Giffard
- Normandie Université, UNICAEN, INSERM U1086 ANTICIPE, UNICANCER, Cancer Centre F. Baclesse, Caen, France
| | - Réjane Paumelle
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011 - EGID, Lille, France
| | - Gabriel Bidaux
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR8523 - PhLAM - laboratoire de Physique des Lasers, Atomes et Molécules, Lille, France
| | - Laurent Heliot
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR8523 - PhLAM - laboratoire de Physique des Lasers, Atomes et Molécules, Lille, France
| | - Laurent Poulain
- Normandie Université, UNICAEN, INSERM U1086 ANTICIPE, UNICANCER, Cancer Centre F. Baclesse, Caen, France
| | - Alessandro Furlan
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR 8161 - M3T - Mechanisms of Tumorigenesis and Targeted Therapies, Lille, France.,Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR8523 - PhLAM - laboratoire de Physique des Lasers, Atomes et Molécules, Lille, France
| | - David Tulasne
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR 8161 - M3T - Mechanisms of Tumorigenesis and Targeted Therapies, Lille, France
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32
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Chen HD, Huang CS, Xu QC, Li F, Huang XT, Wang JQ, Li SJ, Zhao W, Yin XY. Therapeutic Targeting of CDK7 Suppresses Tumor Progression in Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma. Int J Biol Sci 2020; 16:1207-1217. [PMID: 32174795 PMCID: PMC7053328 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.39779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) is a lethal malignancy with high mortality and lack of effective therapeutic targets. Here, we found that expression of cyclin-dependent kinase 7 (CDK7) was significantly associated with higher tumor grade and worse prognosis in 96 ICC specimens. Depletion of CDK7 significantly inhibited cell growth, induced a G2/M cell cycle arrest, and reduced the migratory and invasive potential in ICC cells. Subsequent experiments demonstrated that ICC cells were highly sensitive to the CDK7 inhibitor THZ1. A low concentration of THZ1 markedly inhibited cell growth, cell cycle, migration, and invasion in ICC cell lines. RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis revealed that THZ1 treatment decreased the levels of massive oncogene transcripts, particularly those associated with cell cycle and cell migration. Quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis confirmed that transcription of oncogenes involved in cell cycle regulation (AURKA, AURKB, CDC25B, CDK1, CCNA2, and MKI67) and the c-Met pathway (c-Met, AKT1, PTK2, CRK, PDPK1, and ARF6) was selectively repressed by THZ1. In addition, THZ1 exhibited significant anti-tumor activity in a patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model of ICC, without causing detectable side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Dong Chen
- Department of Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.,Department of Pediatric Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Chen-Song Huang
- Department of Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Qiong-Cong Xu
- Department of Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Fuxi Li
- RNA Biomedical Institute, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China.,Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering (Sun Yat-Sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xi-Tai Huang
- Department of Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jie-Qin Wang
- Department of Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Shi-Jin Li
- Department of Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- RNA Biomedical Institute, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China.,Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering (Sun Yat-Sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Yin
- Department of Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
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33
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Yoshimura K, Inoue Y, Tsuchiya K, Karayama M, Yamada H, Iwashita Y, Kawase A, Tanahashi M, Ogawa H, Inui N, Funai K, Shinmura K, Niwa H, Suda T, Sugimura H. Elucidation of the relationships of MET protein expression and gene copy number status with PD-L1 expression and the immune microenvironment in non-small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer 2020; 141:21-31. [PMID: 31931443 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2020.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Alterations in the MET gene, such as mutations and high-level amplification, are important drivers of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in lung cancer with MET abnormalities is unclear. We evaluate the potential relationship between MET alterations and the tumor immune microenvironment and PD-1/PD-L1 axis. MATERIAL AND METHODS MET and phospho-MET protein expression were assessed in 622 resected NSCLC specimens. MET amplification was assessed by fluorescence in-situ hybridization in 272 tumors. PD-L1 expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. CD8+, Foxp3+, CD45RO, and PD-1+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in the tumor nest and surrounding stroma were profiled. Associations with MET alterations were explored. RESULTS The cohort comprised 425 male patients (68.3 %), 184 never-smokers (29.6 %), and 408 adenocarcinoma (ADC) patients (65.6 %). Median age was 68 years. MET alteration was observed mainly in ADCs (18.9 % MET-positive, 3.9 % phospho-MET-positive, and 15.1 % with MET amplification). PD-L1 expression was significantly increased in MET-altered ADCs (P < 0.001 for MET; P = 0.002 for phospho-MET; P = 0.019 for MET amplification). Most TIL subset numbers in the tumor nest were significantly increased in MET-altered tumors. Only MET amplification was independently associated with tumoral CD8 + TILs. Three of the six patients responded to ICI treatment; two of them showed MET overexpression and an increase in MET copy number. CONCLUSION MET-altered tumors showed significantly stronger PD-L1 expression and more abundant tumoral TILs than non-MET-altered tumors. Among the MET alterations assessed, MET amplification was particularly implicated in the inflamed microenvironment, suggesting that MET-amplified tumors might respond to ICIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhiro Yoshimura
- Second Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan; Department of Tumor Pathology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Yusuke Inoue
- Second Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan; Department of Tumor Pathology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Kazuo Tsuchiya
- Second Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan; Department of Tumor Pathology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Masato Karayama
- Second Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Yamada
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Yuji Iwashita
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Akikazu Kawase
- First Department of Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Masayuki Tanahashi
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Respiratory Disease Center, Seirei Mikatahara General Hospital, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ogawa
- Department of Pathology, Seirei Mikatahara General Hospital, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Naoki Inui
- Second Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan; Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Kazuhito Funai
- First Department of Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Kazuya Shinmura
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Niwa
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Respiratory Disease Center, Seirei Mikatahara General Hospital, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Takafumi Suda
- Second Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Sugimura
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan.
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Tsai CL, Chang JS, Yu MC, Lee CH, Chen TC, Chuang WY, Kuo WL, Lin CC, Lin SM, Hsieh SY. Functional Genomics Identifies Hepatitis-Induced STAT3-TYRO3-STAT3 Signaling as a Potential Therapeutic Target of Hepatoma. Clin Cancer Res 2019; 26:1185-1197. [PMID: 31831556 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-3531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Hepatitis promotes the development and recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK) play critical roles in the development of many cancers. We explored the potential roles of RTKs in hepatitis-related liver cancers. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We conducted loss-of-function screening to elucidate the roles of RTKs in the development of HCC in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS Many RTKs were coexpressed in HCC and were involved in tumor development and growth. Of these, TYRO3 promoted tumor growth and was clinically associated with hepatitis activity and poor prognosis. In mice, chemical-induced hepatitis transcriptionally activated Tyro3 expression via IL-6/IL6R-STAT3 signaling. Moreover, hepatitis-associated apoptotic cells facilitated the presentation of GAS6, a TYRO3 ligand, to further activate TYRO3-mediated signaling. Furthermore, TYRO3 activation elicited intracellular SRC- and STAT3 signaling. In mice, hepatitis and Tyro3 synergistically promoted HCC development. Silencing TYRO3 expression or inhibiting its kinase activity suppressed xenograft HCC growth in nude mice. CONCLUSIONS Many RTKs are simultaneously involved in HCC development. Hepatitis exerts dual effects on the activation of TYRO3-mediated signaling in HCC cells, which further elicits the "TYRO3-STAT3-TYRO3" signaling loop to facilitate tumor growth. Our findings unveil a previously unrecognized link between RTKs and hepatitis-associated HCC and suggest TYRO3 as a marker and therapeutic target for the HCCs with higher hepatitis activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Liang Tsai
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Jeng-Shou Chang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chin Yu
- Department of General Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chern-Horng Lee
- Department of General Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Tse-Ching Chen
- Department of Pathology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Yu Chuang
- Department of Pathology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Liang Kuo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Chun Lin
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Shi-Ming Lin
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Sen-Yung Hsieh
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan. .,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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Yokokawa M, Morita KI, Oikawa Y, Kayamori K, Sakamoto K, Ikeda T, Harada H. Co-expression of EGFR and MET has a synergistic effect on the prognosis of patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma. J Oral Pathol Med 2019; 49:235-242. [PMID: 31762177 DOI: 10.1111/jop.12977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to elucidate the correlation between gene amplification, protein expression of receptor tyrosine kinase, and prognosis of patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) using immunohistochemistry (IHC) and next-generation sequencing data. METHODS We evaluated data pertaining to 208 patients with OSCC using IHC for epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor (MET). RESULTS High expressions of EGFR and MET were detected in 60 and 41 patients, respectively. We evaluated the association of clinicopathological variables with high expressions of EGFR and/or MET. Distant metastasis was found in 9 of 41 patients (22.0%) and 6 of 15 patients (40.0%) with high expression of MET and high co-expressions of EGFR and MET, respectively; statistically significant differences were detected in both high expression of MET (P = .003) and high co-expressions of EGFR and MET (P = 3.41 × 10-5 ). The cumulative 5-year survival rate of patients with high and low expressions of EGFR or MET was approximately 65% and 85%, respectively. Conversely, among cases with high expressions of EGFR or MET, there was no additional decrease in the survival rate of patients harboring TP53 mutations. Moreover, the survival rate of patients with high co-expression of both EGFR and MET was very poor (22.0%) (P < 1.0 × 10-9 ). CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that evaluation of protein expressions of EGFR and MET may facilitate prognostic assessment of patients with OSCC; in addition, patients with OSCC should be screened for enrollment in clinical trials of combination therapy with EGFR and MET inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misaki Yokokawa
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kei-Ichi Morita
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.,Bioresource Research Center, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yu Oikawa
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kou Kayamori
- Department of Oral Pathology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kei Sakamoto
- Department of Oral Pathology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tohru Ikeda
- Department of Oral Pathology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Harada
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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Baldacci S, Figeac M, Antoine M, Descarpentries C, Kherrouche Z, Jamme P, Copin MC, Tulasne D, Nanni I, Beau-Faller M, Melaabi S, Levallet G, Quoix E, Moro-Sibilot D, Friard S, Missy P, Barlesi F, Cadranel J, Cortot AB. High MET Overexpression Does Not Predict the presence of MET exon 14 Splice Mutations in NSCLC: Results From the IFCT PREDICT.amm study. J Thorac Oncol 2019; 15:120-124. [PMID: 31605799 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtho.2019.09.196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION MET proto-oncogene (MET) exon 14 splice site (METex14) mutations were recently described in NSCLC and has been reported to correlate with efficacy of MET tyrosine kinase inhibitors. High diversity of these alterations makes them hard to detect by DNA sequencing in clinical practice. Because METex14 mutations induce increased stabilization of the MET receptor, it is anticipated that these mutations are associated with MET overexpression. We aim to determine whether NSCLC with high MET overexpression could define a subset of patients with a high rate of METex14 mutations. METHODS From The French Cooperative Thoracic Intergroup PREDICT.amm cohort of 843 consecutive patients with a treatment-naive advanced NSCLC who were eligible for a first-line therapy, 108 NSCLC samples with high MET overexpression defined by an immunochemistry score 3+ were tested for METex14 mutations using fragment length analysis combined with optimized targeted next-generation sequencing. MET copy number analysis was also derived from the sequencing data. RESULTS METex14 mutations were detected in two patients (2.2%) who also displayed a TP53 mutation and a PIK3CA mutation, respectively. An MET gene copy number increase was observed in seven additional patients (7.7%). Next-generation sequencing analysis revealed inactivating mutations in TP53 (52.7%) and PTEN (1.1%), and oncogenic mutations in KRAS (28.6%), EGFR (7.7%), PIK3CA (4.4%), BRAF (4.4%), NRAS (2.2%), GNAS (1.1%), and IDH1 (1.1%). CONCLUSIONS The rate of METex14 mutations in NSCLC with high MET overexpression was similar to that found in unselected NSCLC. Moreover, we observed a high frequency of driver alterations in other oncogenes. Consequently these findings do not support the use of MET immunohistochemistry as a surrogate marker for METex14 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Baldacci
- Lille University Hospital, CHU Lille, Thoracic Oncology Department, Lille, France
| | - Martin Figeac
- University Lille, Functional and Structural Platform, CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | - Martine Antoine
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Tenon, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Clotilde Descarpentries
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hormonology Metabolism Nutrition Oncology, CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | - Zoulika Kherrouche
- University Lille, CNRS, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR 8161 - M3T - Mechanisms of Tumorigenesis and Targeted Therapies, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Philippe Jamme
- University Lille, CNRS, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR 8161 - M3T - Mechanisms of Tumorigenesis and Targeted Therapies, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Marie-Christine Copin
- University Lille, CHU Lille, Institute of Pathology, UMR8161 CNRS, Institute of Biology of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - David Tulasne
- University Lille, CNRS, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR 8161 - M3T - Mechanisms of Tumorigenesis and Targeted Therapies, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Isabelle Nanni
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Michèle Beau-Faller
- Department of Molecular Biology, Strasbourg University Hospital, Strasbourg, France
| | - Samia Melaabi
- Unit of Pharmacogenomics, Department of Genetics, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | | | - Elisabeth Quoix
- Department of Pneumology, Nouvel Hôpital Civil, University Hospital, Strasbourg, France
| | - Denis Moro-Sibilot
- Department of Pneumology, Grenoble University Hospital, Grenoble, France
| | - Sylvie Friard
- Pneumology Department, Foch Hospital, Suresnes, France
| | - Pascale Missy
- Clinical Research Unit, French Cooperative Thoracic Intergroup (IFCT), Paris, France
| | - Fabrice Barlesi
- Aix Marseille University, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, Multidisciplinary Oncology & Therapeutic Innovations Department, Marseille, France
| | - Jacques Cadranel
- Chest Department-Thoracic Oncology Expert Center, AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier HUEP, Hopital Tenon, Paris, France, and Sorbonne University, Paris, France
| | - Alexis B Cortot
- Lille University Hospital, CHU Lille, Thoracic Oncology Department, Lille, France.
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37
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Sarmento-Ribeiro AB, Scorilas A, Gonçalves AC, Efferth T, Trougakos IP. The emergence of drug resistance to targeted cancer therapies: Clinical evidence. Drug Resist Updat 2019; 47:100646. [PMID: 31733611 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2019.100646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
For many decades classical anti-tumor therapies included chemotherapy, radiation and surgery; however, in the last two decades, following the identification of the genomic drivers and main hallmarks of cancer, the introduction of therapies that target specific tumor-promoting oncogenic or non-oncogenic pathways, has revolutionized cancer therapeutics. Despite the significant progress in cancer therapy, clinical oncologists are often facing the primary impediment of anticancer drug resistance, as many cancer patients display either intrinsic chemoresistance from the very beginning of the therapy or after initial responses and upon repeated drug treatment cycles, acquired drug resistance develops and thus relapse emerges, resulting in increased mortality. Our attempts to understand the molecular basis underlying these drug resistance phenotypes in pre-clinical models and patient specimens revealed the extreme plasticity and adaptive pathways employed by tumor cells, being under sustained stress and extensive genomic/proteomic instability due to the applied therapeutic regimens. Subsequent efforts have yielded more effective inhibitors and combinatorial approaches (e.g. the use of specific pharmacologic inhibitors with immunotherapy) that exhibit synergistic effects against tumor cells, hence enhancing therapeutic indices. Furthermore, new advanced methodologies that allow for the early detection of genetic/epigenetic alterations that lead to drug chemoresistance and prospective validation of biomarkers which identify patients that will benefit from certain drug classes, have started to improve the clinical outcome. This review discusses emerging principles of drug resistance to cancer therapies targeting a wide array of oncogenic kinases, along with hedgehog pathway and the proteasome and apoptotic inducers, as well as epigenetic and metabolic modulators. We further discuss mechanisms of resistance to monoclonal antibodies, immunomodulators and immune checkpoint inhibitors, potential biomarkers of drug response/drug resistance, along with possible new therapeutic avenues for the clinicians to combat devastating drug resistant malignancies. It is foreseen that these topics will be major areas of focused multidisciplinary translational research in the years to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Bela Sarmento-Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Oncobiology and Hematology and University Clinic of Hematology and Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research - Group of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (iCBR/CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra (FMUC), Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Coimbra, Portugal; Hematology Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra (CHUC), Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Andreas Scorilas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Ana Cristina Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Oncobiology and Hematology and University Clinic of Hematology and Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research - Group of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (iCBR/CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra (FMUC), Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Thomas Efferth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ioannis P Trougakos
- Department of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece.
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Moosavi F, Giovannetti E, Saso L, Firuzi O. HGF/MET pathway aberrations as diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive biomarkers in human cancers. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2019; 56:533-566. [PMID: 31512514 DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2019.1653821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is a major cause of death worldwide. MET tyrosine kinase receptor [MET, c-MET, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) receptor] pathway activation is associated with the appearance of several hallmarks of cancer. The HGF/MET pathway has emerged as an important actionable target across many solid tumors; therefore, biomarker discovery becomes essential in order to guide clinical intervention and patient stratification with the aim of moving towards personalized medicine. The focus of this review is on how the aberrant activation of the HGF/MET pathway in tumor tissue or the circulation can provide diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers and predictive biomarkers of drug response. Many meta-analyses have shown that aberrant activation of the MET pathway in tumor tissue, including MET gene overexpression, gene amplification, exon 14 skipping and other activating mutations, is almost invariably associated with shorter survival and poor prognosis. Most meta-analyses have been performed in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), breast, head and neck cancers as well as colorectal, gastric, pancreatic and other gastrointestinal cancers. Furthermore, several studies have shown the predictive value of MET biomarkers in the identification of patients who gain the most benefit from HGF/MET targeted therapies administered as single or combination therapies. The highest predictive values have been observed for response to foretinib and savolitinib in renal cancer, as well as tivantinib in NSCLC and colorectal cancer. However, some studies, especially those based on MET expression, have failed to show much value in these stratifications. This may be rooted in lack of standardization of methodologies, in particular in scoring systems applied in immunohistochemistry determinations or absence of oncogenic addiction of cancer cells to the MET pathway, despite detection of overexpression. Measurements of amplification and mutation aberrations are less likely to suffer from these pitfalls. Increased levels of MET soluble ectodomain (sMET) in circulation have also been associated with poor prognosis; however, the evidence is not as strong as it is with tissue-based biomarkers. As a diagnostic biomarker, sMET has shown its value in distinguishing cancer patients from healthy individuals in prostate and bladder cancers and in melanoma. On the other hand, increased circulating HGF has also been presented as a valuable prognostic and diagnostic biomarker in many cancers; however, there is controversy on the predictive value of HGF as a biomarker. Other biomarkers such as circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) and tumor HGF levels have also been briefly covered. In conclusion, HGF/MET aberrations can provide valuable diagnostic, prognostic and predictive biomarkers and represent vital assets for personalized cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Moosavi
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz , Iran
| | - Elisa Giovannetti
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, VU University Medical Center (VUmc) , Amsterdam , The Netherlands.,Cancer Pharmacology Lab, AIRC Start Up Unit, Fondazione Pisana per la Scienza Onlus , Pisa , Italy
| | - Luciano Saso
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, "Vittorio Erspamer," Sapienza University , Rome , Italy
| | - Omidreza Firuzi
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz , Iran
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Fernandes M, Duplaquet L, Tulasne D. Proteolytic cleavages of MET: the divide-and-conquer strategy of a receptor tyrosine kinase. BMB Rep 2019. [PMID: 30670153 PMCID: PMC6507848 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2019.52.4.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane-anchored full-length MET stimulated by its ligand HGF/SF induces various biological responses, including survival, growth, and invasion. This panel of responses, referred to invasive growth, is required for embryogenesis and tissue regeneration in adults. On the contrary, MET deregulation is associated with tumorigenesis in many kinds of cancer. In addition to its well-documented ligand-stimulated downstream signaling, the receptor can be cleaved by proteases such as secretases, caspases, and calpains. These cleavages are involved either in MET receptor inactivation or, more interestingly, in generating active fragments that can modify cell fate. For instance, MET fragments can promote cell death or invasion. Given a large number of proteases capable of cleaving MET, this receptor appears as a prototype of proteolytic-cleavage-regulated receptor tyrosine kinase. In this review, we describe and discuss the mechanisms and consequences, both physiological and pathological, of MET proteolytic cleavages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Fernandes
- University of Lille, CNRS, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR 8161 - M3T - Mechanisms of Tumorigenesis and Target Therapies, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Leslie Duplaquet
- University of Lille, CNRS, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR 8161 - M3T - Mechanisms of Tumorigenesis and Target Therapies, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - David Tulasne
- University of Lille, CNRS, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR 8161 - M3T - Mechanisms of Tumorigenesis and Target Therapies, F-59000 Lille, France
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40
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Duplaquet L, Figeac M, Leprêtre F, Frandemiche C, Villenet C, Sebda S, Sarafan-Vasseur N, Bénozène M, Vinchent A, Goormachtigh G, Wicquart L, Rousseau N, Beaussire L, Truant S, Michel P, Sabourin JC, Galateau-Sallé F, Copin MC, Zalcman G, De Launoit Y, Fafeur V, Tulasne D. Functional Analysis of Somatic Mutations Affecting Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Family in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2019; 18:1137-1148. [PMID: 30926633 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-18-0582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Besides the detection of somatic receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK) mutations in tumor samples, the current challenge is to interpret their biological relevance to give patients effective targeted treatment. By high-throughput sequencing of the 58 RTK exons of healthy tissues, colorectal tumors, and hepatic metastases from 30 patients, 38 different somatic mutations in RTKs were identified. The mutations in the kinase domains and present in both tumors and metastases were reconstituted to perform an unbiased functional study. Among eight variants found in seven RTKs (EPHA4-Met726Ile, EPHB2-Val621Ile, ERBB4-Thr731Met, FGFR4-Ala585Thr, VEGFR3-Leu1014Phe, KIT-Pro875Leu, TRKB-Leu584Val, and NTRK2-Lys618Thr), none displayed significantly increased tyrosine kinase activity. Consistently, none of them induced transformation of NIH3T3 fibroblasts. On the contrary, two RTK variants (FGFR4-Ala585Thr and FLT4-Leu1014Phe) caused drastic inhibition of their kinase activity. These findings indicate that these RTK variants are not suitable targets and highlight the importance of functional studies to validate RTK mutations as potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie Duplaquet
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR 8161 - M3T, Lille, France
| | - Martin Figeac
- Univ. Lille, Plateau de génomique fonctionnelle et structurale, CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | - Frédéric Leprêtre
- Univ. Lille, Plateau de génomique fonctionnelle et structurale, CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | - Charline Frandemiche
- TCBN - Tumorothèque Caen Basse-Normandie, Caen, France.,Réseau Régional de Cancérologie, OncoBasseNormandie, Caen, France
| | - Céline Villenet
- Univ. Lille, Plateau de génomique fonctionnelle et structurale, CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | - Shéhérazade Sebda
- Univ. Lille, Plateau de génomique fonctionnelle et structurale, CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | - Nasrin Sarafan-Vasseur
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245, IRON group, Rouen University Hospital, Normandy Centre for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France
| | - Mélanie Bénozène
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR 8161 - M3T, Lille, France
| | - Audrey Vinchent
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR 8161 - M3T, Lille, France
| | | | | | | | - Ludivine Beaussire
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245, IRON group, Rouen University Hospital, Normandy Centre for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France
| | - Stéphanie Truant
- Department of Digestive Surgery and Transplantation, CHU Lille, Univ Lille, Lille Cedex, France
| | - Pierre Michel
- Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Rouen University Hospital, Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245, IRON group, Rouen, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Sabourin
- Department of Pathology, Normandy University, INSERM 1245, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
| | | | - Marie-Christine Copin
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR 8161 - M3T, Lille, France.,Tumorothèque du C2RC de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Gérard Zalcman
- Thoracic Oncology Department, CIC1425/CLIP2 Paris-Nord, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Paris, France
| | - Yvan De Launoit
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR 8161 - M3T, Lille, France
| | - Véronique Fafeur
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR 8161 - M3T, Lille, France
| | - David Tulasne
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR 8161 - M3T, Lille, France.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION The receptor tyrosine kinase c-Met is involved in the formation, metastasis and invasion of various malignant tumors thus it has been an attractive target for anti-tumor drug designing. Many compositions targeting c-Met have been developed in pharmaceutical industry for cancer therapy and some of them are in clinical study now. Among them, Crizotinib was the first small molecular inhibitor approved by FDA in 2011. AREAS COVERED This review briefly summarizes the signal transduction pathway about c-Met, its role in oncogenesis, most recent patents of small-molecule inhibitors and antibodies of c-Met from 2014 to 2017. EXPERT OPINION To date, some c-Met inhibitors have been launched in the market. In addition, their clinical performances have shown encouraging value in cancer therapy. Many potential agents are still in preclinical or clinical study now and achieve some promising progressions. Some patients have developed resistance to c-Met inhibitors which results in the need to develop inhibitors with novel structures. Development of several potent drugs also tends to be pharmacodynamically active against multiple targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Wen Zhang
- a Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , P. R. China
| | - Zi-Dan Ye
- a Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , P. R. China
| | - Lei Shi
- a Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , P. R. China
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Hypoxia leads to decreased autophosphorylation of the MET receptor but promotes its resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Oncotarget 2018; 9:27039-27058. [PMID: 29930749 PMCID: PMC6007473 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The receptor tyrosine kinase MET and its ligand, the Hepatocyte Growth Factor/Scattor Factor (HGF/SF), are essential to the migration, morphogenesis, and survival of epithelial cells. In addition, dysregulation of MET signaling has been shown to promote tumor progression and invasion in many cancers. Therefore, HGF/SF and MET are major targets for chemotherapies. Improvement of targeted therapies requires a perfect understanding of tumor microenvironment that strongly modifies half-life, bio-accessibility and thus, efficacy of treatments. In particular, hypoxia is a crucial microenvironmental phenomenon promoting invasion and resistance to treatments. Under hypoxia, MET auto-phosphorylation resulting from ligand stimulation or from receptor overexpression is drastically decreased within minutes of oxygen deprivation but is quickly reversible upon return to normoxia. Besides a decreased phosphorylation of its proximal adaptor GAB1 under hypoxia, activation of the downstream kinases Erk and Akt is maintained, while still being dependent on MET receptor. Consistently, several cellular responses induced by HGF/SF, including motility, morphogenesis, and survival are effectively induced under hypoxia. Interestingly, using a semi-synthetic ligand, we show that HGF/SF binding to MET is strongly impaired during hypoxia but can be quickly restored upon reoxygenation. Finally, we show that two MET-targeting tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are less efficient on MET signalling under hypoxia. Like MET loss of phosphorylation, this hypoxia-induced resistance to TKIs is reversible under normoxia. Thus, although hypoxia does not affect downstream signaling or cellular responses induced by MET, it causes immediate resistance to TKIs. These results may prove useful when designing and evaluation of MET-targeted therapies against cancer.
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