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Ma W, Lu Y, Jin X, Lin N, Zhang L, Song Y. Targeting selective autophagy and beyond: From underlying mechanisms to potential therapies. J Adv Res 2024:S2090-1232(24)00199-1. [PMID: 38750694 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2024.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved turnover process for intracellular substances in eukaryotes, relying on lysosomal (in animals) or vacuolar (in yeast and plants) mechanisms. In the past two decades, emerging evidence suggests that, under specific conditions, autophagy can target particular macromolecules or organelles for degradation, a process termed selective autophagy. Recently, accumulating studies have demonstrated that the abnormality of selective autophagy is closely associated with the occurrence and progression of many human diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases, cancers, metabolic diseases, and cardiovascular diseases. AIM OF REVIEW This review aims at systematically and comprehensively introducing selective autophagy and its role in various diseases, while unravelling the molecular mechanisms of selective autophagy. By providing a theoretical basis for the development of related small-molecule drugs as well as treating related human diseases, this review seeks to contribute to the understanding of selective autophagy and its therapeutic potential. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW In this review, we systematically introduce and dissect the major categories of selective autophagy that have been discovered. We also focus on recent advances in understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying both classical and non-classical selective autophagy. Moreover, the current situation of small-molecule drugs targeting different types of selective autophagy is further summarized, providing valuable insights into the discovery of more candidate small-molecule drugs targeting selective autophagy in the future. On the other hand, we also reveal clinically relevant implementations that are potentially related to selective autophagy, such as predictive approaches and treatments tailored to individual patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ma
- Department of Breast Surgery, Department of Ultrasound, Department of Hematology and Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Yingying Lu
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Biomimetic Synthesis of Natural Drugs, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Xin Jin
- Department of Breast Surgery, Department of Ultrasound, Department of Hematology and Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Na Lin
- Department of Breast Surgery, Department of Ultrasound, Department of Hematology and Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China.
| | - Lan Zhang
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Biomimetic Synthesis of Natural Drugs, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China.
| | - Yaowen Song
- Department of Breast Surgery, Department of Ultrasound, Department of Hematology and Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China.
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Solomatina ES, Kovaleva AV, Tvorogova AV, Vorobjev IA, Saidova AA. Effect of Focal Adhesion Kinase and Vinculin Expression on Migration Parameters of Normal and Tumor Epitheliocytes. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2024; 89:474-486. [PMID: 38648767 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297924030088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Focal adhesions (FAs) are mechanosensory structures that transform physical stimuli into chemical signals guiding cell migration. Comprehensive studies postulate correlation between the FA parameters and cell motility metrics for individual migrating cells. However, which properties of the FAs are critical for epithelial cell motility in a monolayer remains poorly elucidated. We used high-throughput microscopy to describe relationship between the FA parameters and cell migration in immortalized epithelial keratinocytes (HaCaT) and lung carcinoma cells (A549) with depleted or inhibited vinculin and focal adhesion kinase (FAK) FA proteins. To evaluate relationship between the FA morphology and cell migration, we used substrates with varying stiffness in the model of wound healing. Cells cultivated on fibronectin had the highest FA area values, migration rate, and upregulated expression of FAK and vinculin mRNAs, while the smallest FA area and slower migration rate to the wound were specific to cells cultivated on glass. Suppression of vinculin expression in both normal and tumor cells caused decrease of the FA size and fluorescence intensity but did not affect cell migration into the wound. In contrast, downregulation or inactivation of FAK did not affect the FA size but significantly slowed down the wound closure rate by both HaCaT and A549 cell lines. We also showed that the FAK knockdown results in the FA lifetime decrease for the cells cultivated both on glass and fibronectin. Our data indicate that the FA lifetime is the most important parameter defining migration of epithelial cells in a monolayer. The observed change in the cell migration rate in a monolayer caused by changes in expression/activation of FAK kinase makes FAK a promising target for anticancer therapy of lung carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgenia S Solomatina
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Department of Biology, Moscow, 119991, Russia
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Anastasia V Kovaleva
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Department of Biology, Moscow, 119991, Russia
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Anna V Tvorogova
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Department of Biology, Moscow, 119991, Russia
- Belozersky Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Ivan A Vorobjev
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Department of Biology, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Aleena A Saidova
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Department of Biology, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia
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Zhang B, Li N, Gao J, Zhao Y, Jiang J, Xie S, Zhang C, Zhang Q, Liu L, Wang Z, Ji D, Wu L, Ren R. Targeting of focal adhesion kinase enhances the immunogenic cell death of PEGylated liposome doxorubicin to optimize therapeutic responses of immune checkpoint blockade. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2024; 43:51. [PMID: 38373953 PMCID: PMC10875809 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-024-02974-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) is widely considered to exert long-term treatment benefits by activating antitumor immunity. However, many cancer patients show poor clinical responses to ICB due in part to the lack of an immunogenic niche. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is frequently amplified and acts as an immune modulator across cancer types. However, evidence illustrates that targeting FAK is most effective in combination therapy rather than in monotherapy. METHODS Here, we used drug screening, in vitro and in vivo assays to filter out that doxorubicin and its liposomal form pegylated liposome doxorubicin (PLD) showed synergistic anti-tumor effects in combination with FAK inhibitor IN10018. We hypothesized that anti-tumor immunity and immunogenic cell death (ICD) may be involved in the treatment outcomes through the data analysis of our clinical trial testing the combination of IN10018 and PLD. We then performed cell-based assays and animal studies to detect whether FAK inhibition by IN10018 can boost the ICD of PLD/doxorubicin and further established syngeneic models to test the antitumor effect of triplet combination of PLD, IN10018, and ICB. RESULTS We demonstrated that the combination of FAK inhibitor IN10018, and PLD/doxorubicin exerted effective antitumor activity. Notably, the doublet combination regimen exhibited response latency and long-lasting treatment effects clinically, outcomes frequently observed in immunotherapy. Our preclinical study confirmed that the 2-drug combination can maximize the ICD of cancer cells. This approach primed the tumor microenvironment, supplementing it with sufficient tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) to activate antitumor immunity. Finally, different animal studies confirmed that the antitumor effects of ICB can be significantly enhanced by this doublet regimen. CONCLUSIONS We confirmed that targeting FAK by IN10018 can enhance the ICD of PLD/doxorubicin, further benefiting the anti-tumor effect of ICB. The animal tests of the triplet regimen warrant further discovery in the real world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoyuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Medical Genomics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Shanghai Institute of HematologyNational Research Center for Translational MedicineRuijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ning Li
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinses Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaming Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Medical Genomics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Shanghai Institute of HematologyNational Research Center for Translational MedicineRuijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuxi Zhao
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinses Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Jiang
- InxMed (Shanghai) Co., Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Shuang Xie
- InxMed (Shanghai) Co., Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Cuiping Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Yantai Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Qingyu Zhang
- Laboratory of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Leo Liu
- InxMed (Shanghai) Co., Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Zaiqi Wang
- InxMed (Shanghai) Co., Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Dongmei Ji
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.
| | - Lingying Wu
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinses Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
| | - Ruibao Ren
- State Key Laboratory for Medical Genomics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Shanghai Institute of HematologyNational Research Center for Translational MedicineRuijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- International Center for Aging and Cancer, Hainan Medical University, Hainan Province, Haikou, China.
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Hu HH, Wang SQ, Shang HL, Lv HF, Chen BB, Gao SG, Chen XB. Roles and inhibitors of FAK in cancer: current advances and future directions. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1274209. [PMID: 38410129 PMCID: PMC10895298 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1274209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase that exhibits high expression in various tumors and is associated with a poor prognosis. FAK activation promotes tumor growth, invasion, metastasis, and angiogenesis via both kinase-dependent and kinase-independent pathways. Moreover, FAK is crucial for sustaining the tumor microenvironment. The inhibition of FAK impedes tumorigenesis, metastasis, and drug resistance in cancer. Therefore, developing targeted inhibitors against FAK presents a promising therapeutic strategy. To date, numerous FAK inhibitors, including IN10018, defactinib, GSK2256098, conteltinib, and APG-2449, have been developed, which have demonstrated positive anti-tumor effects in preclinical studies and are undergoing clinical trials for several types of tumors. Moreover, many novel FAK inhibitors are currently in preclinical studies to advance targeted therapy for tumors with aberrantly activated FAK. The benefits of FAK degraders, especially in terms of their scaffold function, are increasingly evident, holding promising potential for future clinical exploration and breakthroughs. This review aims to clarify FAK's role in cancer, offering a comprehensive overview of the current status and future prospects of FAK-targeted therapy and combination approaches. The goal is to provide valuable insights for advancing anti-cancer treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Hui Hu
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University and Henan Cancer Hospital, Henan Engineering Research Center of Precision Therapy of Gastrointestinal Cancer and Zhengzhou Key Laboratory for Precision Therapy of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Sai-Qi Wang
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University and Henan Cancer Hospital, Henan Engineering Research Center of Precision Therapy of Gastrointestinal Cancer and Zhengzhou Key Laboratory for Precision Therapy of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Zhengzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hai-Li Shang
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University and Henan Cancer Hospital, Henan Engineering Research Center of Precision Therapy of Gastrointestinal Cancer and Zhengzhou Key Laboratory for Precision Therapy of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hui-Fang Lv
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University and Henan Cancer Hospital, Henan Engineering Research Center of Precision Therapy of Gastrointestinal Cancer and Zhengzhou Key Laboratory for Precision Therapy of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Bei-Bei Chen
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University and Henan Cancer Hospital, Henan Engineering Research Center of Precision Therapy of Gastrointestinal Cancer and Zhengzhou Key Laboratory for Precision Therapy of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Zhengzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - She-Gan Gao
- Henan Key Laboratory of Microbiome and Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Henan Key Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Xiao-Bing Chen
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University and Henan Cancer Hospital, Henan Engineering Research Center of Precision Therapy of Gastrointestinal Cancer and Zhengzhou Key Laboratory for Precision Therapy of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Zhengzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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Tan X, Kong D, Tao Z, Cheng F, Zhang B, Wang Z, Mei Q, Chen C, Wu K. Simultaneous inhibition of FAK and ROS1 synergistically repressed triple-negative breast cancer by upregulating p53 signalling. Biomark Res 2024; 12:13. [PMID: 38273343 PMCID: PMC10809663 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-024-00558-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive breast cancer subtype lacking effective targeted therapies, necessitating innovative treatment approaches. While targeting ROS proto-oncogene 1 (ROS1) with crizotinib has shown promise, resistance remains a limitation. Recent evidence links focal adhesion kinase (FAK) to drug resistance, prompting our study to assess the combined impact of FAK inhibitor IN10018 and crizotinib in TNBC and elucidate the underlying mechanisms. METHODS We employed the Timer database to analyze FAK and ROS1 mRNA levels in TNBC and adjacent normal tissues. Furthermore, we investigated the correlation between FAK, ROS1, and TNBC clinical prognosis using the GSE database. We conducted various in vitro assays, including cell viability, colony formation, flow cytometry, EdU assays, and western blotting. Additionally, TNBC xenograft and human TNBC organoid models were established to assess the combined therapy's efficacy. To comprehensively understand the synergistic anti-tumor mechanisms, we utilized multiple techniques, such as RNA sequencing, immunofluorescence, cell flow cytometry, C11-BODIPY staining, MDA assay, and GSH assay. RESULTS The Timer database revealed higher levels of FAK and ROS1 in TNBC tissues compared to normal tissues. Analysis of GEO databases indicated that patients with high FAK and ROS1 expression had the poorest prognosis. Western blotting confirmed increased p-FAK expression in crizotinib-resistant TNBC cells. In vitro experiments showed that the combination therapy down-regulated cyclin B1, p-Cdc2, and Bcl2 while up-regulating BAX, cleaved-Caspase-3, cleaved-Caspase-9, and cleaved PARP. In TNBC xenograft models, the tumor volume in the combination therapy group was 73% smaller compared to the control group (p < 0.0001). Additionally, the combination therapy resulted in a 70% reduction in cell viability in human TNBC organoid models (p < 0.0001). RNA sequencing analysis of TNBC cells and xenograft tumor tissues highlighted enrichment in oxidative stress, glutathione metabolism, and p53 pathways. The combined group displayed a fivefold rise in the reactive oxygen species level, a 69% decrease in the GSH/GSSG ratio, and a sixfold increase in the lipid peroxidation in comparison to the control group. Western blotting demonstrated p53 upregulation and SCL7A11 and GPX4 downregulation in the combination group. The addition of a p53 inhibitor reversed these effects. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrates that the combination of IN10018 and crizotinib shows synergistic antitumor effects in TNBC. Mechanistically, this combination inhibits cell proliferation, enhances apoptosis, and induces ferroptosis, which is associated with increased p53 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ximin Tan
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Deguang Kong
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Ziyang Road, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Zhuoli Tao
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Fangling Cheng
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | | | - Zaiqi Wang
- InxMed (Shanghai) Co. Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Mei
- Cancer Center, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Science, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030032, China.
- Cancer Center, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| | - Chuang Chen
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Ziyang Road, Wuhan, 430060, China.
| | - Kongming Wu
- Cancer Center, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Science, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030032, China.
- Cancer Center, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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Koide E, Mohardt ML, Doctor ZM, Yang A, Hao M, Donovan KA, Kuismi CC, Nelson AJ, Abell K, Aguiar M, Che J, Stokes MP, Zhang T, Aguirre AJ, Fischer ES, Gray NS, Jiang B, Nabet B. Development and Characterization of Selective FAK Inhibitors and PROTACs with In Vivo Activity. Chembiochem 2023; 24:e202300141. [PMID: 37088717 PMCID: PMC10590827 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is an attractive drug target due to its overexpression in cancer. FAK functions as a non-receptor tyrosine kinase and scaffolding protein, coordinating several downstream signaling effectors and cellular processes. While drug discovery efforts have largely focused on targeting FAK kinase activity, FAK inhibitors have failed to show efficacy as single agents in clinical trials. Here, using structure-guided design, we report the development of a selective FAK inhibitor (BSJ-04-175) and degrader (BSJ-04-146) to evaluate the consequences and advantages of abolishing all FAK activity in cancer models. BSJ-04-146 achieves rapid and potent FAK degradation with high proteome-wide specificity in cancer cells and induces durable degradation in mice. Compared to kinase inhibition, targeted degradation of FAK exhibits pronounced improved activity on downstream signaling and cancer cell viability and migration. Together, BSJ-04-175 and BSJ-04-146 are valuable chemical tools to dissect the specific consequences of targeting FAK through small-molecule inhibition or degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eriko Koide
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mikaela L. Mohardt
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zainab M. Doctor
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Annan Yang
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mingfeng Hao
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Katherine A. Donovan
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Jianwei Che
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Tinghu Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Chem-H and Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Andrew J. Aguirre
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Cancer Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Eric S. Fischer
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nathanael S. Gray
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Chem-H and Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Baishan Jiang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Behnam Nabet
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
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Tan X, Yan Y, Song B, Zhu S, Mei Q, Wu K. Focal adhesion kinase: from biological functions to therapeutic strategies. Exp Hematol Oncol 2023; 12:83. [PMID: 37749625 PMCID: PMC10519103 DOI: 10.1186/s40164-023-00446-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK), a nonreceptor cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase, is a vital participant in primary cellular functions, such as proliferation, survival, migration, and invasion. In addition, FAK regulates cancer stem cell activities and contributes to the formation of the tumor microenvironment (TME). Importantly, increased FAK expression and activity are strongly associated with unfavorable clinical outcomes and metastatic characteristics in numerous tumors. In vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated that modulating FAK activity by application of FAK inhibitors alone or in combination treatment regimens could be effective for cancer therapy. Based on these findings, several agents targeting FAK have been exploited in diverse preclinical tumor models. This article briefly describes the structure and function of FAK, as well as research progress on FAK inhibitors in combination therapies. We also discuss the challenges and future directions regarding anti-FAK combination therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ximin Tan
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yuheng Yan
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Bin Song
- Cancer Center, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Science, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030032, China
| | - Shuangli Zhu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Qi Mei
- Cancer Center, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Science, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030032, China.
| | - Kongming Wu
- Cancer Center, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Science, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030032, China.
- Cancer Center, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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Jeon M, Hong S, Cho H, Park H, Lee SM, Ahn S. Targeting FAK/PYK2 with SJP1602 for Anti-Tumor Activity in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:7058-7074. [PMID: 37754230 PMCID: PMC10528299 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45090446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) presents significant challenges due to its aggressive nature and limited treatment options. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) has emerged as a critical factor promoting tumor growth and metastasis in TNBC. Despite encouraging results from preclinical and early clinical trials with various FAK inhibitors, none have yet achieved clinical success in TNBC treatment. This study investigates the therapeutic potential of a novel dual inhibitor of FAK and PYK2, named SJP1602, for TNBC. In vitro experiments demonstrate that SJP1602 effectively inhibits FAK and PYK2 activities, showing potent effects on both kinases. SJP1602 shows concentration-dependent inhibition of cell growth, migration, invasion, and 3D spheroid formation in TNBC cell lines, surpassing the efficacy of other FAK inhibitors. Pharmacokinetic studies in rats indicate favorable bioavailability and sustained plasma concentrations of SJP1602, supporting its potential as a therapeutic agent. Furthermore, in TNBC xenograft models, SJP1602 exhibits significant dose-dependent inhibition of tumor growth. These promising results emphasize the potential of SJP1602 as a potent dual inhibitor of FAK and PYK2, deserving further investigation in clinical trials for TNBC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myeongjin Jeon
- Research Center, Samjin Pharm. Co., Ltd., Seoul 07794, Republic of Korea; (M.J.); (H.C.); (S.-M.L.)
| | - Sungpyo Hong
- Institute for New Drug Development, Division of Life Sciences, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea; (S.H.); (H.P.)
| | - Hyoungmin Cho
- Research Center, Samjin Pharm. Co., Ltd., Seoul 07794, Republic of Korea; (M.J.); (H.C.); (S.-M.L.)
| | - Hanbyeol Park
- Institute for New Drug Development, Division of Life Sciences, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea; (S.H.); (H.P.)
| | - Soo-Min Lee
- Research Center, Samjin Pharm. Co., Ltd., Seoul 07794, Republic of Korea; (M.J.); (H.C.); (S.-M.L.)
| | - Soonkil Ahn
- Institute for New Drug Development, Division of Life Sciences, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea; (S.H.); (H.P.)
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9
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Chawengrum P, Luepongpatthana N, Thongnest S, Sirirak J, Boonsombat J, Lirdprapamongkol K, Keeratichamroen S, Kongwaen P, Montatip P, Kittakoop P, Svasti J, Ruchirawat S. The amide derivative of anticopalic acid induces non-apoptotic cell death in triple-negative breast cancer cells by inhibiting FAK activation. Sci Rep 2023; 13:13456. [PMID: 37596365 PMCID: PMC10439230 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-40669-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Anticopalic acid (ACP), a labdane type diterpenoid obtained from Kaempferia elegans rhizomes, together with 21 semi-synthetic derivatives, were evaluated for their cancer cytotoxic activity. Most derivatives displayed higher cytotoxic activity than the parent compound ACP in a panel of nine cancer cell lines. Among the tested compounds, the amide 4p showed the highest cytotoxic activity toward leukemia cell lines, HL-60 and MOLT-3, with IC50 values of 6.81 ± 1.99 and 3.72 ± 0.26 µM, respectively. More interestingly, the amide derivative 4l exhibited cytotoxic activity with an IC50 of 13.73 ± 0.04 µM against the MDA-MB-231 triple-negative breast cancer cell line, which is the most aggressive type of breast cancer. Mechanistic studies revealed that 4l induced cell death in MDA-MB-231 cells through non-apoptotic regulated cell death. In addition, western blot analysis showed that compound 4l decreased the phosphorylation of FAK protein in a concentration-dependent manner. Molecular docking simulations elucidated that compound 4l could potentially inhibit FAK activation by binding to a pocket of FAK kinase domain. The data suggested that compound 4l could be a potential FAK inhibitor for treating triple-negative breast cancer and worth being further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pornsuda Chawengrum
- Chemical Biology Program, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Natthaorn Luepongpatthana
- Applied Biological Sciences Program, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sanit Thongnest
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology (EHT), Office of the Permanent Secretary (OPS), Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Research and Innovation (MHESI), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jitnapa Sirirak
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Jutatip Boonsombat
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok, Thailand.
- Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology (EHT), Office of the Permanent Secretary (OPS), Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Research and Innovation (MHESI), Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - Kriengsak Lirdprapamongkol
- Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology (EHT), Office of the Permanent Secretary (OPS), Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Research and Innovation (MHESI), Bangkok, Thailand.
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | | | - Patcharin Kongwaen
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Phreeranat Montatip
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Prasat Kittakoop
- Chemical Biology Program, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok, Thailand
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology (EHT), Office of the Permanent Secretary (OPS), Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Research and Innovation (MHESI), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jisnuson Svasti
- Applied Biological Sciences Program, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok, Thailand
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Somsak Ruchirawat
- Chemical Biology Program, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok, Thailand
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology (EHT), Office of the Permanent Secretary (OPS), Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Research and Innovation (MHESI), Bangkok, Thailand
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10
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Maldonado H, Leyton L. CSK-mediated signalling by integrins in cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1214787. [PMID: 37519303 PMCID: PMC10382208 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1214787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer progression and metastasis are processes heavily controlled by the integrin receptor family. Integrins are cell adhesion molecules that constitute the central components of mechanosensing complexes called focal adhesions, which connect the extracellular environment with the cell interior. Focal adhesions act as key players in cancer progression by regulating biological processes, such as cell migration, invasion, proliferation, and survival. Src family kinases (SFKs) can interplay with integrins and their downstream effectors. SFKs also integrate extracellular cues sensed by integrins and growth factor receptors (GFR), transducing them to coordinate metastasis and cell survival in cancer. The non-receptor tyrosine kinase CSK is a well-known SFK member that suppresses SFK activity by phosphorylating its specific negative regulatory loop (C-terminal Y527 residue). Consequently, CSK may play a pivotal role in tumour progression and suppression by inhibiting SFK oncogenic effects in several cancer types. Remarkably, CSK can localise near focal adhesions when SFKs are activated and even interact with focal adhesion components, such as phosphorylated FAK and Paxillin, among others, suggesting that CSK may regulate focal adhesion dynamics and structure. Even though SFK oncogenic signalling has been extensively described before, the specific role of CSK and its crosstalk with integrins in cancer progression, for example, in mechanosensing, remain veiled. Here, we review how CSK, by regulating SFKs, can regulate integrin signalling, and focus on recent discoveries of mechanotransduction. We additionally examine the cross talk of integrins and GFR as well as the membrane availability of these receptors in cancer. We also explore new pharmaceutical approaches to these signalling pathways and analyse them as future therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Horacio Maldonado
- Receptor Dynamics in Cancer Laboratory, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Lisette Leyton
- Cellular Communication Laboratory, Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Center for Studies on Exercise, Metabolism and Cancer (CEMC), Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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11
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Zhang J, Li W, Wang W, Chen Q, Xu Z, Deng M, Zhou L, He G. Dual roles of FAK in tumor angiogenesis: A review focused on pericyte FAK. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 947:175694. [PMID: 36967077 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK), also known as protein tyrosine kinase 2 (PTK2), is a ubiquitously expressed non-receptor tyrosine kinase, that plays a pivotal role in integrin-mediated signal transduction. Endothelial FAK is upregulated in many types of cancer and promotes tumorigenesis and tumor progression. However, recent studies have shown that pericyte FAK has the opposite effect. This review article dissects the mechanisms, by which endothelial cells (ECs) and pericyte FAK regulate angiogenesis, with an emphasis on the Gas6/Axl pathway. In particular, this article discusses the role of pericyte FAK loss on angiogenesis during tumorigenesis and metastasis. In addition, the existing challenges and future application of drug-based anti-FAK targeted therapies will be discussed to provide a theoretical basis for further development and use of FAK inhibitors.
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12
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Seo J, Park M, Ko D, Kim S, Park JM, Park S, Nam KD, Farrand L, Yang J, Seok C, Jung E, Kim YJ, Kim JY, Seo JH. Ebastine impairs metastatic spread in triple-negative breast cancer by targeting focal adhesion kinase. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:132. [PMID: 37185776 PMCID: PMC10130003 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04760-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
We sought to investigate the utility of ebastine (EBA), a second-generation antihistamine with potent anti-metastatic properties, in the context of breast cancer stem cell (BCSC)-suppression in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). EBA binds to the tyrosine kinase domain of focal adhesion kinase (FAK), blocking phosphorylation at the Y397 and Y576/577 residues. FAK-mediated JAK2/STAT3 and MEK/ERK signaling was attenuated after EBA challenge in vitro and in vivo. EBA treatment induced apoptosis and a sharp decline in the expression of the BCSC markers ALDH1, CD44 and CD49f, suggesting that EBA targets BCSC-like cell populations while reducing tumor bulk. EBA administration significantly impeded BCSC-enriched tumor burden, angiogenesis and distant metastasis while reducing MMP-2/-9 levels in circulating blood in vivo. Our findings suggest that EBA may represent an effective therapeutic for the simultaneous targeting of JAK2/STAT3 and MEK/ERK for the treatment of molecularly heterogeneous TNBC with divergent profiles. Further investigation of EBA as an anti-metastatic agent for the treatment of TNBC is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juyeon Seo
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
- Brain Korea 21 Program for Biomedical Science, Korea University College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Research Center, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University, Seoul, 08308, Republic of Korea
| | - Minsu Park
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
- Brain Korea 21 Program for Biomedical Science, Korea University College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Research Center, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University, Seoul, 08308, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongmi Ko
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
- Brain Korea 21 Program for Biomedical Science, Korea University College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Research Center, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University, Seoul, 08308, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongjae Kim
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
- Brain Korea 21 Program for Biomedical Science, Korea University College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Research Center, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University, Seoul, 08308, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Min Park
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
- Brain Korea 21 Program for Biomedical Science, Korea University College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Research Center, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University, Seoul, 08308, Republic of Korea
| | - Soeun Park
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
- Brain Korea 21 Program for Biomedical Science, Korea University College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Research Center, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University, Seoul, 08308, Republic of Korea
| | - Kee Dal Nam
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Research Center, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University, Seoul, 08308, Republic of Korea
| | - Lee Farrand
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Jinsol Yang
- Galux Inc, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul, 08738, Republic of Korea
| | - Chaok Seok
- Galux Inc, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul, 08738, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunsun Jung
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Biomedical Research Center, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University, Seoul, 08308, Republic of Korea.
- Guro Hospital Campus, Korea University, 97 Gurodong-Gil, Guro-Guu, Seoul, 08308, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yoon-Jae Kim
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
- Brain Korea 21 Program for Biomedical Science, Korea University College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Biomedical Research Center, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University, Seoul, 08308, Republic of Korea.
- Guro Hospital Campus, Korea University, 97 Gurodong-Gil, Guro-Guu, Seoul, 08308, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ji Young Kim
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Biomedical Research Center, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University, Seoul, 08308, Republic of Korea.
- Guro Hospital Campus, Korea University, 97 Gurodong-Gil, Guro-Guu, Seoul, 08308, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae Hong Seo
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
- Brain Korea 21 Program for Biomedical Science, Korea University College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Biomedical Research Center, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University, Seoul, 08308, Republic of Korea.
- Guro Hospital Campus, Korea University, 97 Gurodong-Gil, Guro-Guu, Seoul, 08308, Republic of Korea.
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13
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Rizza S, Di Leo L, Pecorari C, Giglio P, Faienza F, Montagna C, Maiani E, Puglia M, Bosisio FM, Petersen TS, Lin L, Rissler V, Viloria JS, Luo Y, Papaleo E, De Zio D, Blagoev B, Filomeni G. GSNOR deficiency promotes tumor growth via FAK1 S-nitrosylation. Cell Rep 2023; 42:111997. [PMID: 36656716 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.111997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) production in the tumor microenvironment is a common element in cancer. S-nitrosylation, the post-translational modification of cysteines by NO, is emerging as a key transduction mechanism sustaining tumorigenesis. However, most oncoproteins that are regulated by S-nitrosylation are still unknown. Here we show that S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR), the enzyme that deactivates S-nitrosylation, is hypo-expressed in several human malignancies. Using multiple tumor models, we demonstrate that GSNOR deficiency induces S-nitrosylation of focal adhesion kinase 1 (FAK1) at C658. This event enhances FAK1 autophosphorylation and sustains tumorigenicity by providing cancer cells with the ability to survive in suspension (evade anoikis). In line with these results, GSNOR-deficient tumor models are highly susceptible to treatment with FAK1 inhibitors. Altogether, our findings advance our understanding of the oncogenic role of S-nitrosylation, define GSNOR as a tumor suppressor, and point to GSNOR hypo-expression as a therapeutically exploitable vulnerability in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Rizza
- Redox Biology, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Luca Di Leo
- Melanoma Research Team, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Chiara Pecorari
- Redox Biology, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Paola Giglio
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Fiorella Faienza
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Costanza Montagna
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", 00133 Rome, Italy; UniCamillus-Saint Camillus, University of Health Sciences, 00131 Rome, Italy
| | - Emiliano Maiani
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", 00133 Rome, Italy; UniCamillus-Saint Camillus, University of Health Sciences, 00131 Rome, Italy
| | - Michele Puglia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Francesca M Bosisio
- Lab of Translational Cell and Tissue Research, University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Lin Lin
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Vendela Rissler
- Cancer Structural Biology, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Juan Salamanca Viloria
- Cancer Structural Biology, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yonglun Luo
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark; Lars Bolund Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Qingdao-Europe Advanced Institute for Life Sciences, BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Elena Papaleo
- Cancer Structural Biology, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; Cancer Systems Biology, Section for Bioinformatics, Department of Health and Technology, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Daniela De Zio
- Melanoma Research Team, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen University, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Blagoy Blagoev
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Giuseppe Filomeni
- Redox Biology, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", 00133 Rome, Italy; Center for Healthy Aging, Copenhagen University, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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14
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Proteomics-Based Identification of Dysregulated Proteins in Breast Cancer. Proteomes 2022; 10:proteomes10040035. [PMID: 36278695 PMCID: PMC9590004 DOI: 10.3390/proteomes10040035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is still widely used as a morphology-based assay for in situ analysis of target proteins as specific tumor antigens. However, as a very heterogeneous collection of neoplastic diseases, breast cancer (BC) requires an accurate identification and characterization of larger panels of candidate biomarkers, beyond ER, PR, and HER2 proteins, for diagnosis and personalized treatment, without the limited availability of antibodies that are required to identify specific proteins. Top-down, middle-down, and bottom-up mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics approaches complement traditional histopathological tissue analysis to examine expression, modification, and interaction of hundreds to thousands of proteins simultaneously. In this review, we discuss the proteomics-based identification of dysregulated proteins in BC that are essential for the following issues: discovery and validation of new biomarkers by analysis of solid and liquid/non-invasive biopsies, cell lines, organoids and xenograft models; identification of panels of biomarkers for early detection and accurate discrimination between cancer, benign and normal tissues; identification of subtype-specific and stage-specific protein expression profiles in BC grading and measurement of disease progression; characterization of new subtypes of BC; characterization and quantitation of post-translational modifications (PTMs) and aberrant protein-protein interactions (PPI) involved in tumor development; characterization of the global remodeling of BC tissue homeostasis, diagnosis and prognostic information; and deciphering of molecular functions, biological processes and mechanisms through which the dysregulated proteins cause tumor initiation, invasion, and treatment resistance.
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15
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Yu G, Xu M, Zhou L, Zheng K, Zhu X, Sui J, Xin C, Chang W, Zhang W, Cao F. High expression of phosphorylated focal adhesion kinase predicts a poor prognosis in human colorectal cancer. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:989999. [PMID: 36176444 PMCID: PMC9513477 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.989999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Phosphorylated Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) has been reported to be intimately involved in various malignant tumors. The effect of p-FAK on colorectal cancer (CRC) is still disputable. The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of p-FAK in the prognosis of colorectal cancer. Methods: The clinical significance of p-FAK expression in CRC was evaluated by immunohistochemistry in a large cohort, including carcinoma and para-carcinoma tissues from 908 patients, and normal tissues, adenoma, and metastasis tissues. The correlation between p-FAK expression and CRC occurrence was investigated in tumor and other tissues. Factors contributing to prognosis were evaluated using Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and Cox regression model. Results: p-FAK is apparently overexpressed in CRC and metastasis tissues. Compared with low p-FAK expression, patients with high p-FAK expression had shorter overall survival [hazard ratio (HR), 2.200; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.265–3.452; p < 0.01] and disease-free survival (HR, 2.004; 95% CI 1.262–3.382; p < 0.01) in multivariate Cox analysis after adjusting other prognostic factors. High p-FAK expression was also related to a worse chemotherapeutic response in patients who achieved adjuvant chemotherapy (p < 0.01). Conclusion: Expression level of p-FAK is an independent risk factor and can serve as a prognostic biomarker for CRC. High p-FAK expression predicts an unfavorable prognosis of CRC as well as poor chemotherapeutic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanyu Yu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengnan Xu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Leqi Zhou
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kuo Zheng
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoming Zhu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinke Sui
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng Xin
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenjun Chang
- Department of Environmental Health, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Wenjun Chang, ; Wei Zhang, ; Fuao Cao,
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Wenjun Chang, ; Wei Zhang, ; Fuao Cao,
| | - Fuao Cao
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Wenjun Chang, ; Wei Zhang, ; Fuao Cao,
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16
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Focal adhesion kinase priming in pancreatic cancer, altering biomechanics to improve chemotherapy. Biochem Soc Trans 2022; 50:1129-1141. [PMID: 35929603 PMCID: PMC9444069 DOI: 10.1042/bst20220162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The dense desmoplastic and fibrotic stroma is a characteristic feature of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), regulating disease progression, metastasis and response to treatment. Reciprocal interactions between the tumour and stroma are mediated by bidirectional integrin-mediated signalling, in particular by Focal Adhesion Kinase (FAK). FAK is often hyperactivated and overexpressed in aggressive cancers, promoting stromal remodelling and inducing tissue stiffness which can accelerate cancer cell proliferation, survival and chemoresistance. Therapeutic targeting of the PDAC stroma is an evolving area of interest for pre-clinical and clinical research, where a subtle reshaping of the stromal architecture prior to chemotherapy may prove promising in the clinical management of disease and overall patient survival. Here, we describe how transient stromal manipulation (or ‘priming’) via short-term FAK inhibition, rather than chronic treatment, can render PDAC cells exquisitely vulnerable to subsequent standard-of-care chemotherapy. We assess how our priming publication fits with the recent literature and describe in this perspective how this could impact future cancer treatment. This highlights the significance of treatment timing and warrants further consideration of anti-fibrotic therapies in the clinical management of PDAC and other fibrotic diseases.
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17
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Wu X, Wang J, Liang Q, Tong R, Huang J, Yang X, Xu Y, Wang W, Sun M, Shi J. Recent progress on FAK inhibitors with dual targeting capabilities for cancer treatment. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 151:113116. [PMID: 35598365 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK, also known as PTK2) is a tyrosine kinase that regulates integrin and growth factor signaling pathways and is involved in the migration, proliferation and survival of cancer cells. FAK is a promising target for cancer treatment. Many small molecule FAK inhibitors have been identified and proven in both preclinical and clinical studies to be effective inhibitors of tumor growth and metastasis. There are many signaling pathways, such as those involving FAK, Src, AKT, MAPK, PI3K, and EGFR/HER-2, that provide survival signals in cancer cells. Dual inhibitors that simultaneously block FAK and another factor can significantly improve efficacy and overcome some of the shortcomings of single-target inhibitors, including drug resistance. In this review, the antitumor mechanisms and research status of dual inhibitors of FAK and other targets, such as Pyk2, IGF-IR, ALK, VEGFR-3, JAK2, EGFR, S6K1, and HDAC2, are summarized, providing new ideas for the development of effective FAK dual-target preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianbo Wu
- School of Sports Medicine and Health, Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou 550002, China
| | - Qi Liang
- College of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610031, China
| | - Rongsheng Tong
- Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, China
| | - Jianli Huang
- Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou 550002, China
| | - Xinwei Yang
- School of Sports Medicine and Health, Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Yihua Xu
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137, China
| | - Wenjing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Minghan Sun
- Central of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
| | - Jianyou Shi
- Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, China.
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18
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Pomella S, Cassandri M, Braghini MR, Marampon F, Alisi A, Rota R. New Insights on the Nuclear Functions and Targeting of FAK in Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23041998. [PMID: 35216114 PMCID: PMC8874710 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23041998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase over-expressed and activated in both adult and pediatric cancers, where it plays important roles in the regulation of pathogenesis and progression of the malignant phenotype. FAK exerts its functions in cancer by two different ways: a kinase activity in the cytoplasm, mainly dependent on the integrin signaling, and a scaffolding activity into the nucleus by networking with different gene expression regulators. For this reason, FAK has to be considered a target with high therapeutic values. Indeed, evidence suggests that FAK targeting could be effective, either alone or in combination, with other already available treatments. Here, we propose an overview of the novel insights about FAK’s structure and nuclear functions, with a special focus on the recent findings concerning the roles of this protein in cancer. Additionally, we provide a recent update on FAK inhibitors that are currently in clinical trials for patients with cancer, and discuss the challenge and future directions of drug-based anti-FAK targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Pomella
- Department of Oncohematology, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy; (S.P.); (M.C.)
| | - Matteo Cassandri
- Department of Oncohematology, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy; (S.P.); (M.C.)
- Department of Radiotherapy, Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Maria Rita Braghini
- Unit of Molecular Genetics of Complex Phenotypes, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy;
| | - Francesco Marampon
- Department of Radiotherapy, Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Anna Alisi
- Unit of Molecular Genetics of Complex Phenotypes, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy;
- Correspondence: (A.A.); (R.R.); Tel.: +39-06-68592186 (A.A.); +39-06-68592648 (R.R.)
| | - Rossella Rota
- Department of Oncohematology, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy; (S.P.); (M.C.)
- Correspondence: (A.A.); (R.R.); Tel.: +39-06-68592186 (A.A.); +39-06-68592648 (R.R.)
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19
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FAK in Cancer: From Mechanisms to Therapeutic Strategies. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031726. [PMID: 35163650 PMCID: PMC8836199 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK), a non-receptor tyrosine kinase, is overexpressed and activated in many cancer types. FAK regulates diverse cellular processes, including growth factor signaling, cell cycle progression, cell survival, cell motility, angiogenesis, and the establishment of immunosuppressive tumor microenvironments through kinase-dependent and kinase-independent scaffolding functions in the cytoplasm and nucleus. Mounting evidence has indicated that targeting FAK, either alone or in combination with other agents, may represent a promising therapeutic strategy for various cancers. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms underlying FAK-mediated signaling networks during tumor development. We also summarize the recent progress of FAK-targeted small-molecule compounds for anticancer activity from preclinical and clinical evidence.
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20
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Lu J, Linares B, Xu Z, Rui YN. Mechanisms of FA-Phagy, a New Form of Selective Autophagy/Organellophagy. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:799123. [PMID: 34950664 PMCID: PMC8689057 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.799123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Focal adhesions (FAs) are adhesive organelles that attach cells to the extracellular matrix and can mediate various biological functions in response to different environmental cues. Reduced FAs are often associated with enhanced cell migration and cancer metastasis. In addition, because FAs are essential for preserving vascular integrity, the loss of FAs leads to hemorrhages and is frequently observed in many vascular diseases such as intracranial aneurysms. For these reasons, FAs are an attractive therapeutic target for treating cancer or vascular diseases, two leading causes of death world-wide. FAs are controlled by both their formation and turnover. In comparison to the large body of literature detailing FA formation, the mechanisms of FA turnover are poorly understood. Recently, autophagy has emerged as a major mechanism to degrade FAs and stabilizing FAs by inhibiting autophagy has a beneficial effect on breast cancer metastasis, suggesting autophagy-mediated FA turnover is a promising drug target. Intriguingly, autophagy-mediated FA turnover is a selective process and the cargo receptors for recognizing FAs in this process are context-dependent, which ensures the degradation of specific cargo. This paper mainly reviews the cargo recognition mechanisms of FA-phagy (selective autophagy-mediated FA turnover) and its disease relevance. We seek to outline some new points of understanding that will facilitate further study of FA-phagy and precise therapeutic strategies for related diseases associated with aberrant FA functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Bernard Linares
- Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Zhen Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Yan-Ning Rui
- Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
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21
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Quispe PA, Lavecchia MJ, León IE. Focal adhesion kinase inhibitors in the treatment of solid tumors: Preclinical and clinical evidence. Drug Discov Today 2021; 27:664-674. [PMID: 34856395 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2021.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Focal Adhesion Kinase (FAK) is a 125-kDa cytoplasmic protein kinase that is implicated in several cellular functions. This protein is an attractive molecular target for cancer therapy because a wide variety of studies have demonstrated associations between the activation or elevated expression of FAK and tumor progression, invasion, and drug resistance in malignant tumors. Here, we review the strategies used to inhibit FAK activity in solid tumors. We also include an overview of the preclinical (in vitro and in vivo) and clinical studies on FAK inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia A Quispe
- Centro de Química Inorgánica (CEQUINOR, CONICET-UNLP), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Bv 120 1465, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
| | - Martin J Lavecchia
- Centro de Química Inorgánica (CEQUINOR, CONICET-UNLP), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Bv 120 1465, 1900 La Plata, Argentina.
| | - Ignacio E León
- Centro de Química Inorgánica (CEQUINOR, CONICET-UNLP), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Bv 120 1465, 1900 La Plata, Argentina.
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22
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Wu Y, Li N, Ye C, Jiang X, Luo H, Zhang B, Zhang Y, Zhang Q. Focal adhesion kinase inhibitors, a heavy punch to cancer. Discov Oncol 2021; 12:52. [PMID: 35201485 PMCID: PMC8777493 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-021-00449-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Kinases are the ideal druggable targets for diseases and especially were highlighted on cancer therapy. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase and its aberrant signaling extensively implicates in the progression of most cancer types, involving in cancer cell growth, adhesion, migration, and tumor microenvironment (TME) remodeling. FAK is commonly overexpressed and activated in a variety of cancers and plays as a targetable kinase in cancer therapy. FAK inhibitors already exhibited promising performance in preclinical and early-stage clinical trials. Moreover, substantial evidence has implied that targeting FAK is more effective in combination strategy, thereby reversing the failure of chemotherapies or targeted therapies in solid tumors. In the current review, we summarized the drug development progress, chemotherapy strategy, and perspective view for FAK inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueling Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, China
- Graduate School of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524023, China
| | - Ning Li
- Graduate School of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524023, China
| | - Chengfeng Ye
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, China
- Graduate School of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524023, China
| | - Xingmei Jiang
- Graduate School of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524023, China
- The Marine Biomedical Research Institute, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524023, China
| | - Hui Luo
- The Marine Biomedical Research Institute, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524023, China
| | - Baoyuan Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory for Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, China.
| | - Qingyu Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, China.
- The Marine Biomedical Research Institute, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524023, China.
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López-Cortés R, Vázquez-Estévez S, Fernández JÁ, Núñez C. Proteomics as a Complementary Technique to Characterize Bladder Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13215537. [PMID: 34771699 PMCID: PMC8582709 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13215537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Although immunohistochemistry is a routine technique in clinics, and genomics has been rapidly incorporated, proteomics is a step behind. This general situation is also the norm in bladder cancer research. This review shows the contributions of proteomics to the molecular classification of bladder cancer, and to the study of histopathology due to tissue insults caused by tumors. Furthermore, the importance of proteomics for understanding the cellular and molecular changes as a consequence of the therapy of bladder cancer cannot be neglected. Abstract Bladder cancer (BC) is the most common tumor of the urinary tract and is conventionally classified as either non-muscle invasive or muscle invasive. In addition, histological variants exist, as organized by the WHO-2016 classification. However, innovations in next-generation sequencing have led to molecular classifications of BC. These innovations have also allowed for the tracing of major tumorigenic pathways and, therefore, are positioned as strong supporters of precision medicine. In parallel, immunohistochemistry is still the clinical reference to discriminate histological layers and to stage BC. Key contributions have been made to enlarge the panel of protein immunomarkers. Moreover, the analysis of proteins in liquid biopsy has also provided potential markers. Notwithstanding, their clinical adoption is still low, with very few approved tests. In this context, mass spectrometry-based proteomics has remained a step behind; hence, we aimed to develop them in the community. Herein, the authors introduce the epidemiology and the conventional classifications to review the molecular classification of BC, highlighting the contributions of proteomics. Then, the advances in mass spectrometry techniques focusing on maintaining the integrity of the biological structures are presented, a milestone for the emergence of histoproteomics. Within this field, the review then discusses selected proteins for the comprehension of the pathophysiological mechanisms of BC. Finally, because there is still insufficient knowledge, this review considers proteomics as an important source for the development of BC therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén López-Cortés
- Research Unit, Hospital Universitario Lucus Augusti (HULA), Servizo Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), 27002 Lugo, Spain;
| | - Sergio Vázquez-Estévez
- Oncology Division, Hospital Universitario Lucus Augusti (HULA), Servizo Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), 27002 Lugo, Spain; (S.V.-E.); (J.Á.F.)
| | - Javier Álvarez Fernández
- Oncology Division, Hospital Universitario Lucus Augusti (HULA), Servizo Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), 27002 Lugo, Spain; (S.V.-E.); (J.Á.F.)
| | - Cristina Núñez
- Research Unit, Hospital Universitario Lucus Augusti (HULA), Servizo Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), 27002 Lugo, Spain;
- Correspondence:
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Mohapatra PK, Srivastava R, Varshney KK, Babu SH. Formulation and Evaluation of Isradipine Nanosuspension and Exploring its Role as a Potential Anticancer Drug by Computational Approach. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2021; 22:1984-2001. [PMID: 34353274 DOI: 10.2174/1871520621666210805125426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND T-type calcium channels are aberrantly expressed in different human cancers and regulate cell cycle progression, proliferation, migration, and survival. FAK-1 can promote tumor protein degradation (p53) through ubiquitination, leading to cancer cell growth and proliferation. Similar findings are obtained regarding protease inhibitors' effect on cytokine-induced neutrophil activation that suppresses Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating-factor (GM-CSF) TNF-α-induced O2 release and adherence in human neutrophils without affecting phosphorylation of Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and p38. Nanosuspensions are carrier-free, submicron colloidal dispersions which consist of pure drugs and stabilizers. Incorporating drug loaded in nanosuspensions possessed great advantages of passive drug targeting with improved solubility, stability, and bioavailability, as well as lower systemic toxicity. OBJECTIVE The present investigation objective was to establish a molecular association of Protease and Focal Adhesion Kinase 1 as cancer targets for isradipine a calcium channel blocker (CCB). Furthermore, the study also aimed to formulate its optimized nanosuspension and how the physical, morphological, and dissolution properties of isradipine impact nanosuspension stability. MATERIAL AND METHOD Five different molecular targets, namely Cysteine Proteases (Cathepsin B), Serine Proteases (Matriptase), Aspartate Proteases, Matrix Metalloproteases (MMP), and FAK-1 were obtained from RCSB-PDB, which has some leading associations with the inhibition in cancer pathogenesis. Molecular interactions of these targets with CCB isradipine were identified and established by the molecular simulation docking studies. Isradipine-loaded nanosuspension was prepared by precipitation technique by employing a 23 factorial design. PVP K-30, poloxamer 188, and sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) were used as polymer, co-polymer, and surfactant. The nanosuspension particles are characterized for particle size, zeta potential, viscosity, polydispersity index (PDI), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), In-vitro drug release kinetics, and short-term stability study. RESULT It was found to show considerable interaction with Cysteine, Serine, Aspartate, Threonine, and Matrix metalloproteases with the binding energy of -3.91, -6.7, -3.48, -8.42, respectively. Furthermore, the interaction of isradipine with FAK-1 was compared with 7 native ligands and was found to show significant interaction with a binding energy of -8.62, -7.27, -7.69, -5.67, -5.41, -7.44, -8.21. The optimized nanosuspension was evaluated and exhibited the particle size of 754.9 nm, zeta potential of 32.5 mV, the viscosity of 1.287 cp, and PDI of 1.000. The in-vitro dissolution of the optimized formulation (F8) was higher (96.57%). CONCLUSION Isradipine could act as a potential inhibitor of different proteases and FAK-1 associated with tumor growth initiation, progression, and metastasis. Furthermore, isradipine-loaded nanosuspension with optimized release could be utilized to deliver the anticancer drug in a more targeted way as emerging cancer nanotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasanta Kumar Mohapatra
- Moradabad Educational Trust Group of Institutions Faculty of Pharmacy, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh. India
| | - Rajnish Srivastava
- Moradabad Educational Trust Group of Institutions Faculty of Pharmacy, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh. India
| | - Krishna Kumar Varshney
- Moradabad Institute of Technology (MIT) College of Pharmacy, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh. India
| | - S Haresh Babu
- Lydia College of Pharmacy, Ravulapalem, Andhra Pradesh. India
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FAK inhibitors as promising anticancer targets: present and future directions. Future Med Chem 2021; 13:1559-1590. [PMID: 34340532 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2021-0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
FAK, a nonreceptor tyrosine kinase, has been recognized as a novel target class for the development of targeted anticancer agents. Overexpression of FAK is a common occurrence in several solid tumors, in which the kinase has been implicated in promoting metastases. Consequently, designing and developing potent FAK inhibitors is becoming an attractive goal, and FAK inhibitors are being recognized as a promising tool in our armamentarium for treating diverse cancers. This review comprehensively summarizes the different classes of synthetically derived compounds that have been reported as potent FAK inhibitors in the last three decades. Finally, the future of FAK-targeting smart drugs that are designed to slow down the emergence of drug resistance is discussed.
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Zhang B, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Liu P, Jiao B, Wang Z, Ren R. Focal Adhesion Kinase (FAK) Inhibition Synergizes with KRAS G12C Inhibitors in Treating Cancer through the Regulation of the FAK-YAP Signaling. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:e2100250. [PMID: 34151545 PMCID: PMC8373085 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202100250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
KRAS mutation is one of the most prevalent genetic drivers of cancer development, yet KRAS mutations are until very recently considered undruggable. There are ongoing trials of drugs that target the KRAS G12C mutation, yet acquired drug resistance from the extended use has already become a major concern. Here, it is demonstrated that KRAS G12C inhibition induces sustained activation of focal adhesive kinase (FAK) and show that a combination therapy comprising KRAS G12C inhibition and a FAK inhibitor (IN10018) achieves synergistic anticancer effects. It can simultaneously reduce the extent of drug resistance. Diverse CDX and PDX models of KRAS G12C mutant cancer are examined and synergistic benefits from the combination therapy are consistently observed. Mechanistically, it is found that both aberrant FAK-YAP signaling and FAK-related fibrogenesis impact on the development of KRAS G12C inhibitor resistance. This study thus illustrates the mechanism of resistance of cancer to the treatment of KRAS G12C inhibitor, as well as an innovative combination therapy to improve treatment outcomes for KRAS G12C mutant cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoyuan Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of HematologyState Key Laboratory for Medical GenomicsNational Research Center for Translational MedicineInternational Center for Aging and CancerCollaborative Innovation Center of HematologyRuijin HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai200025China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of HematologyState Key Laboratory for Medical GenomicsNational Research Center for Translational MedicineInternational Center for Aging and CancerCollaborative Innovation Center of HematologyRuijin HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai200025China
| | | | - Ping Liu
- Shanghai Institute of HematologyState Key Laboratory for Medical GenomicsNational Research Center for Translational MedicineInternational Center for Aging and CancerCollaborative Innovation Center of HematologyRuijin HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai200025China
| | - Bo Jiao
- Shanghai Institute of HematologyState Key Laboratory for Medical GenomicsNational Research Center for Translational MedicineInternational Center for Aging and CancerCollaborative Innovation Center of HematologyRuijin HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai200025China
| | - Zaiqi Wang
- InxMed (Shanghai) Co., LtdShanghai201202China
| | - Ruibao Ren
- Shanghai Institute of HematologyState Key Laboratory for Medical GenomicsNational Research Center for Translational MedicineInternational Center for Aging and CancerCollaborative Innovation Center of HematologyRuijin HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai200025China
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Han C, Shen K, Wang S, Wang Z, Su F, Wu X, Hu X, Li M, Han J, Wu L. Discovery of Novel 2,4-Dianilinopyrimidine Derivatives Containing 4-(Morpholinomethyl)phenyl and N-Substituted Benzamides as Potential FAK Inhibitors and Anticancer Agents. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26144187. [PMID: 34299462 PMCID: PMC8304610 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26144187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is responsible for the development and progression of various malignancies. With the aim to explore novel FAK inhibitors as anticancer agents, a series of 2,4-dianilinopyrimidine derivatives 8a–8i and 9a–9g containing 4-(morpholinomethyl)phenyl and N-substituted benzamides have been designed and synthesized. Among them, compound 8a displayed potent anti-FAK activity (IC50 = 0.047 ± 0.006 μM) and selective antiproliferative effects against H1975 (IC50 = 0.044 ± 0.011 μM) and A431 cells (IC50 = 0.119 ± 0.036 μM). Furthermore, compound 8a also induced apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner, arresting the cells in S/G2 phase and inhibiting the migration of H1975 cells, all of which were superior to those of TAE226. The docking analysis of compound 8a was performed to elucidate its possible binding modes with FAK. These results established 8a as our lead compound to be further investigated as a potential FAK inhibitor and anticancer agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Han
- Department of Chemistry, Changzhi University, Changzhi 046011, China; (C.H.); (S.W.); (Z.W.); (F.S.); (X.W.); (X.H.); (M.L.)
| | - Kemin Shen
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi 046011, China;
| | - Shijun Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Changzhi University, Changzhi 046011, China; (C.H.); (S.W.); (Z.W.); (F.S.); (X.W.); (X.H.); (M.L.)
| | - Zhijun Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Changzhi University, Changzhi 046011, China; (C.H.); (S.W.); (Z.W.); (F.S.); (X.W.); (X.H.); (M.L.)
| | - Feng Su
- Department of Chemistry, Changzhi University, Changzhi 046011, China; (C.H.); (S.W.); (Z.W.); (F.S.); (X.W.); (X.H.); (M.L.)
| | - Xi Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Changzhi University, Changzhi 046011, China; (C.H.); (S.W.); (Z.W.); (F.S.); (X.W.); (X.H.); (M.L.)
| | - Xiaoqin Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Changzhi University, Changzhi 046011, China; (C.H.); (S.W.); (Z.W.); (F.S.); (X.W.); (X.H.); (M.L.)
| | - Mengyao Li
- Department of Chemistry, Changzhi University, Changzhi 046011, China; (C.H.); (S.W.); (Z.W.); (F.S.); (X.W.); (X.H.); (M.L.)
| | - Jing Han
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China
- Correspondence: (J.H.); (L.W.); Tel.: +86-516-8340-3166 (J.H.); +86-355-217-8113 (L.W.)
| | - Lintao Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Changzhi University, Changzhi 046011, China; (C.H.); (S.W.); (Z.W.); (F.S.); (X.W.); (X.H.); (M.L.)
- Correspondence: (J.H.); (L.W.); Tel.: +86-516-8340-3166 (J.H.); +86-355-217-8113 (L.W.)
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Brullo C, Tasso B. New Insights on Fak and Fak Inhibitors. Curr Med Chem 2021; 28:3318-3338. [PMID: 33143618 DOI: 10.2174/0929867327666201103162239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Focal adhesion kinase (Fak) is a cytoplasmic protein tyrosine kinase overexpressed and activated in different solid cancers; it has shown an important role in metastasis formation, cell migration, invasion and angiogenesis and consequently it has been proposed as a potential target in cancer therapy, particularly in a metastatic phase. In recent years, different investigations have highlighted the importance of new Fak inhibitors as potential anti-cancer drugs, but other studies evidenced its role in different pathologies related to the cardiac function or viral infection. METHODS An extensive bibliographic research (104 references) has been done concerning the structure of Fak, its importance in tumor development, but also in other pathologies currently under study. The compounds currently subjected to clinical studies were therefore treated using the appropriate databases. Finally, the main chemical scaffolds currently under preclinical investigation were analyzed, focusing on their molecular structures and on the activity structure relationships (SAR). RESULTS At the moment, only a few reversible ATP-competitive inhibitors are under investigation in pre-clinical studies and clinical trials. Other compounds, with different chemical scaffolds, are investigated to obtain more active and selective Fak inhibitors. This mini-review is a summary of different Fak functions in cancer and other pathologies; the compounds today in clinical trials and the recent chemical scaffolds (also included in patents) giving the most interesting results are investigated. In addition, PROTAC molecules are reported. CONCLUSION All reported results evidenced that additional studies are necessary to design and synthesize new selective and more active compounds, although promising information has been obtained from associations between Fak inhibitors and other different anti- cancer drugs. In addition, the other important roles evidenced, both at the nuclear level and in non-cancerous cells, make this protein an increasingly important target in pharmaceutical chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Brullo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 3-I16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Bruno Tasso
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 3-I16132 Genova, Italy
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Rigiracciolo DC, Cirillo F, Talia M, Muglia L, Gutkind JS, Maggiolini M, Lappano R. Focal Adhesion Kinase Fine Tunes Multifaced Signals toward Breast Cancer Progression. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:645. [PMID: 33562737 PMCID: PMC7915897 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13040645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer represents the most common diagnosed malignancy and the main leading cause of tumor-related death among women worldwide. Therefore, several efforts have been made in order to identify valuable molecular biomarkers for the prognosis and prediction of therapeutic responses in breast tumor patients. In this context, emerging discoveries have indicated that focal adhesion kinase (FAK), a non-receptor tyrosine kinase, might represent a promising target involved in breast tumorigenesis. Of note, high FAK expression and activity have been tightly correlated with a poor clinical outcome and metastatic features in several tumors, including breast cancer. Recently, a role for the integrin-FAK signaling in mechanotransduction has been suggested and the function of FAK within the breast tumor microenvironment has been ascertained toward tumor angiogenesis and vascular permeability. FAK has been also involved in cancer stem cells (CSCs)-mediated initiation, maintenance and therapeutic responses of breast tumors. In addition, the potential of FAK to elicit breast tumor-promoting effects has been even associated with the capability to modulate immune responses. On the basis of these findings, several agents targeting FAK have been exploited in diverse preclinical tumor models. Here, we recapitulate the multifaceted action exerted by FAK and its prognostic significance in breast cancer. Moreover, we highlight the recent clinical evidence regarding the usefulness of FAK inhibitors in the treatment of breast tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damiano Cosimo Rigiracciolo
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy; (F.C.); (M.T.); (L.M.); (R.L.)
| | - Francesca Cirillo
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy; (F.C.); (M.T.); (L.M.); (R.L.)
| | - Marianna Talia
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy; (F.C.); (M.T.); (L.M.); (R.L.)
| | - Lucia Muglia
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy; (F.C.); (M.T.); (L.M.); (R.L.)
| | - Jorge Silvio Gutkind
- Department of Pharmacology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA;
| | - Marcello Maggiolini
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy; (F.C.); (M.T.); (L.M.); (R.L.)
| | - Rosamaria Lappano
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy; (F.C.); (M.T.); (L.M.); (R.L.)
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Groendyke BJ, Nabet B, Mohardt ML, Zhang H, Peng K, Koide E, Coffey CR, Che J, Scott DA, Bass AJ, Gray NS. Discovery of a Pyrimidothiazolodiazepinone as a Potent and Selective Focal Adhesion Kinase (FAK) Inhibitor. ACS Med Chem Lett 2021; 12:30-38. [PMID: 33488961 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.0c00338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a tyrosine kinase with prominent roles in protein scaffolding, migration, angiogenesis, and anchorage-independent cell survival and is an attractive target for the development of cancer therapeutics. However, current FAK inhibitors display dual kinase inhibition and/or significant activity on several kinases. Although multitargeted activity is at times therapeutically advantageous, such behavior can also lead to toxicity and confound chemical-biology studies. We report a novel series of small molecules based on a tricyclic pyrimidothiazolodiazepinone core that displays both high potency and selectivity for FAK. Structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies explored modifications to the thiazole, diazepinone, and aniline "tail," which identified lead compound BJG-03-025. BJG-03-025 displays potent biochemical FAK inhibition (IC50 = 20 nM), excellent kinome selectivity, activity in 3D-culture breast and gastric cancer models, and favorable pharmacokinetic properties in mice. BJG-03-025 is a valuable chemical probe for evaluation of FAK-dependent biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J. Groendyke
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Behnam Nabet
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Mikaela L. Mohardt
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Haisheng Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 510515 Guangzhou, China
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Ke Peng
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Eriko Koide
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Calvin R. Coffey
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Jianwei Che
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - David A. Scott
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Adam J. Bass
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Nathanael S. Gray
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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Osipov A, Blair AB, Liberto J, Wang J, Li K, Herbst B, Xu Y, Li S, Niu N, Rashid R, Ding D, Liu Y, Wang Z, Wolfgang CL, Burkhart RA, Laheru D, Zheng L. Inhibition of focal adhesion kinase enhances antitumor response of radiation therapy in pancreatic cancer through CD8+ T cells. Cancer Biol Med 2021; 18:206-214. [PMID: 33628595 PMCID: PMC7877172 DOI: 10.20892/j.issn.2095-3941.2020.0273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a deadly malignancy, due in large part to its resistance to conventional therapies, including radiotherapy (RT). Despite RT exerting a modest antitumor response, it has also been shown to promote an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Previous studies demonstrated that focal adhesion kinase inhibitors (FAKi) in clinical development inhibit the infiltration of suppressive myeloid cells and T regulatory (T regs) cells, and subsequently enhance effector T cell infiltration. FAK inhibitors in clinical development have not been investigated in combination with RT in preclinical murine models or clinical studies. Thus, we investigated the impact of FAK inhibition on RT, its potential as an RT sensitizer and immunomodulator in a murine model of PDAC. Methods: We used a syngeneic orthotopic murine model to study the effect of FAKi on hypofractionated RT. Results: In this study we showed that IN10018, a small molecular FAKi, enhanced antitumor response to RT. Antitumor activity of the combination of FAKi and RT is T cell dependent. FAKi in combination with RT enhanced CD8+ T cell infiltration significantly in comparison to the radiation or FAKi treatment alone (P < 0.05). FAKi in combination with radiation inhibited the infiltration of granulocytes but enhanced the infiltration of macrophages and T regs in comparison with the radiation or FAKi treatment alone (P < 0.01). Conclusions: These results support the clinical development of FAKi as a radiosensitizer for PDAC and combining FAKi with RT to prime the tumor microenvironment of PDAC for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arsen Osipov
- The Sydney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore 21287, MD, USA.,The Pancreatic Cancer Precision Medicine Center of Excellence Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore 21287, MD, USA.,Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore 21287, MD, USA
| | - Alex B Blair
- The Sydney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore 21287, MD, USA.,The Pancreatic Cancer Precision Medicine Center of Excellence Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore 21287, MD, USA.,Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore 21287, MD, USA
| | - Juliane Liberto
- The Sydney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore 21287, MD, USA.,The Pancreatic Cancer Precision Medicine Center of Excellence Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore 21287, MD, USA.,Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore 21287, MD, USA
| | - Jianxin Wang
- The Sydney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore 21287, MD, USA.,The Pancreatic Cancer Precision Medicine Center of Excellence Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore 21287, MD, USA.,Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore 21287, MD, USA
| | - Keyu Li
- The Sydney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore 21287, MD, USA.,The Pancreatic Cancer Precision Medicine Center of Excellence Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore 21287, MD, USA.,Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore 21287, MD, USA
| | - Brian Herbst
- The Sydney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore 21287, MD, USA.,The Pancreatic Cancer Precision Medicine Center of Excellence Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore 21287, MD, USA.,Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore 21287, MD, USA
| | - Yao Xu
- The Sydney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore 21287, MD, USA.,The Pancreatic Cancer Precision Medicine Center of Excellence Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore 21287, MD, USA.,Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore 21287, MD, USA
| | - Shiqi Li
- The Sydney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore 21287, MD, USA.,The Pancreatic Cancer Precision Medicine Center of Excellence Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore 21287, MD, USA.,Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore 21287, MD, USA
| | - Nan Niu
- The Sydney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore 21287, MD, USA.,The Pancreatic Cancer Precision Medicine Center of Excellence Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore 21287, MD, USA.,Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore 21287, MD, USA
| | - Rufiaat Rashid
- The Sydney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore 21287, MD, USA.,The Pancreatic Cancer Precision Medicine Center of Excellence Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore 21287, MD, USA.,Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore 21287, MD, USA
| | - Ding Ding
- The Sydney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore 21287, MD, USA.,The Pancreatic Cancer Precision Medicine Center of Excellence Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore 21287, MD, USA.,Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore 21287, MD, USA
| | - Yanan Liu
- InxMed Shanghai, Shanghai 201202, China
| | | | - Christopher L Wolfgang
- The Sydney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore 21287, MD, USA.,The Pancreatic Cancer Precision Medicine Center of Excellence Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore 21287, MD, USA.,Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore 21287, MD, USA.,Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore 21287, MD, USA
| | - Richard A Burkhart
- The Sydney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore 21287, MD, USA.,The Pancreatic Cancer Precision Medicine Center of Excellence Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore 21287, MD, USA.,Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore 21287, MD, USA.,Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore 21287, MD, USA
| | - Daniel Laheru
- The Sydney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore 21287, MD, USA.,The Pancreatic Cancer Precision Medicine Center of Excellence Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore 21287, MD, USA.,Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore 21287, MD, USA.,Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore 21287, MD, USA
| | - Lei Zheng
- The Sydney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore 21287, MD, USA.,The Pancreatic Cancer Precision Medicine Center of Excellence Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore 21287, MD, USA.,Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore 21287, MD, USA.,Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore 21287, MD, USA
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32
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Chauhan A, Khan T. Focal adhesion kinase—An emerging viable target in cancer and development of focal adhesion kinase inhibitors. Chem Biol Drug Des 2020; 97:774-794. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akshita Chauhan
- Department of Quality Assurance Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy Mumbai India
| | - Tabassum Khan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Quality Assurance Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy Mumbai India
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33
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Lu Y, Sun H. Progress in the Development of Small Molecular Inhibitors of Focal Adhesion Kinase (FAK). J Med Chem 2020; 63:14382-14403. [PMID: 33058670 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a nonreceptor intracellular tyrosine kinase that plays an essential role in cancer cell adhesion, survival, proliferation, and migration through both its enzymatic activities and scaffolding functions. Overexpression of FAK has been found in many human cancer cells from different origins, which promotes tumor progression and influences clinical outcomes in different classes of human tumors. Therefore, FAK has been considered as a promising target for small molecule anticancer drug development. Many FAK inhibitors targeting different domains of FAK with various mechanisms of functions have been reported, including kinase domain inhibitors, FERM domain inhibitors, and FAT domain inhibitors. In addition, FAK-targeting PROTACs, which can induce the degradation of FAK, have also been developed. In this Perspective, we summarized the progress in the development of small molecular FAK inhibitors and proposed the perspectives for the future development of agents targeting FAK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Haiying Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, China
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34
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Zhang Y, Liu S, Zhou S, Yu D, Gu J, Qin Q, Cheng Y, Sun X. Focal adhesion kinase: Insight into its roles and therapeutic potential in oesophageal cancer. Cancer Lett 2020; 496:93-103. [PMID: 33038490 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Oesophageal cancer is associated with high morbidity and mortality rates because it is highly invasive and prone to recurrence and metastasis, with a five-year survival rate of <20%. Therefore, there is an urgent need for new methods aimed at improving therapeutic intervention. Several studies have shown that targeted therapy may be effective for the treatment of oesophageal cancer. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK), a non-receptor tyrosine kinase with kinase activity and scaffolding function, could be overexpressed in a variety of solid tumours, including oesophageal cancer. FAK participates in survival, proliferation, progression, adhesion, invasion, migration, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, angiogenesis, DNA damage repair, and other biological processes through multiple signalling pathways in cancer cells. It plays an important role in the occurrence and development of tumours and has been linked to the prognosis of oesophageal cancer. FAK has been suggested as a potential therapeutic target in oesophageal cancer; thus, the combination of FAK inhibitors with chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy is expected to prolong the survival of patients. This paper presents a brief overview of the structure of FAK and its potential role in oesophageal cancer, providing a rationale for the future application of FAK inhibitors in the treatment of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumeng Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu province, China; The First School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu province, China
| | - Shu Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu province, China
| | - Shu Zhou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu province, China
| | - Dandan Yu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu province, China
| | - Junjie Gu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu province, China; The First School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu province, China
| | - Qin Qin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu province, China
| | - Yu Cheng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu province, China; The First School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu province, China
| | - Xinchen Sun
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu province, China.
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Roy-Luzarraga M, Abdel-Fatah T, Reynolds LE, Clear A, Taylor JG, Gribben JG, Chan S, Jones L, Hodivala-Dilke K. Association of Low Tumor Endothelial Cell pY397-Focal Adhesion Kinase Expression With Survival in Patients With Neoadjuvant-Treated Locally Advanced Breast Cancer. JAMA Netw Open 2020; 3:e2019304. [PMID: 33107920 PMCID: PMC7592032 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.19304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Determining the risk of relapse after neoadjuvant chemotherapy in patients with locally advanced breast cancer is required to offer alternative therapeutic strategies. OBJECTIVE To examine whether endothelial cell phosphorylated-focal adhesion kinase (EC-pY397-FAK) expression in patients with treatment-naive locally advanced breast cancer is a biomarker for chemotherapy sensitivity and is associated with survival after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS In this prognostic study, expression levels of EC-pY397-FAK and tumor cell (TC)-pY397-FAK were determined by immunohistochemistry in prechemotherapy core biopsies from 82 female patients with locally advanced breast cancer treated with anthracycline-based combination neoadjuvant chemotherapy at Nottingham City Hospital in Nottingham, UK. Median follow-up time was 67 months. The study was conducted from December 1, 2010, to September 28, 2019, and data analysis was performed from October 2, 2019, to March 31, 2020. EXPOSURES All women underwent surgery followed by adjuvant radiotherapy and, if tumors were estrogen receptor-positive, 5-year tamoxifen treatment. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Outcomes were pathologic complete response and 5-year relapse-free survival examined using Kaplan-Meier, univariable logistic, multivariable logistic, and Cox proportional hazards models. RESULTS A total of 82 women (age, 29-76 years) with locally advanced breast cancer (stage IIA-IIIC) were included. Of these, 21 women (26%) had high EC-pY397-FAK expression that was associated with estrogen receptor positivity (71% vs 46%; P = .04), progesterone receptor positivity (67% vs 39%; P = .03), high Ki67 (86% vs 41%; P < .001), 4-immunohistochemically stained luminal-B (52% vs 8%; P < .001), higher tumor category (T3/T4 category: 90% vs 59%; P = .01), high lymph node category (N2-3 category: 43% vs 5%; P < .001), and high tumor node metastasis stage (IIIA-IIIC: 90% vs 66%; P = .03). Of 21 patients with high EC-pY397-FAK expression levels, none showed pathologic complete response, compared with 11 of 61 patients with low EC-pY397-FAK expression levels who showed pathologic complete response (odds ratio, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.61-0.82; P = .04). High EC-pY397-FAK expression levels and high blood vessel density (BVD) were associated with shorter 5-year relapse-free survival compared with those with low EC-pY397-FAK expression levels (hazard ratio [HR], 2.21; 95% CI, 1.17-4.20; P = .01) and low BVD (HR, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.15-4.35; P = .02). High TC-pY397-FAK expression levels in 15 of 82 women (18%) were not associated significantly with pathologic complete response or 5-year relapse-free survival. A multivariable Cox regression model for 5-year relapse-free survival indicated that high EC-pY397-FAK expression levels was an independent poor prognostic factor after controlling for other validated prognostic factors (HR, 3.91; 95% CI, 1.42-10.74; P = .01). Combined analysis of EC-pY397-FAK expression levels, TC-pY397-FAK expression levels, and BVD improved prognostic significance over individually tested features. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The findings of this study suggest that low EC-pY397-FAK expression levels are associated with chemotherapy sensitivity and improved 5-year relapse-free survival after systemic therapy. Combined analysis of high EC-pY397-FAK expression levels, high TC-pY397-FAK expression levels, and high BVD appeared to identify a high-risk population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Roy-Luzarraga
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tarek Abdel-Fatah
- Department of Clinical Oncology, University of Nottingham and Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- Pathology Department, National Liver Institute, Minoufyia University, Al Minufiyah, Egypt
| | - Louise E. Reynolds
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Clear
- Centre for Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, London, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph G. Taylor
- Centre for Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, London, United Kingdom
| | - John G. Gribben
- Centre for Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Chan
- Department of Clinical Oncology, University of Nottingham and Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Louise Jones
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kairbaan Hodivala-Dilke
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, London, United Kingdom
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Blücher C, Iberl S, Schwagarus N, Müller S, Liebisch G, Höring M, Hidrobo MS, Ecker J, Spindler N, Dietrich A, Burkhardt R, Stadler SC. Secreted Factors from Adipose Tissue Reprogram Tumor Lipid Metabolism and Induce Motility by Modulating PPARα/ANGPTL4 and FAK. Mol Cancer Res 2020; 18:1849-1862. [DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-19-1223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Mukherjee S, Biswas D, Gadre R, Jain P, Syed N, Stylianou J, Zeng Q, Mahadevan A, Epari S, Shetty P, Moiyadi A, Roy Ball G, Srivastava S. Comprehending Meningioma Signaling Cascades Using Multipronged Proteomics Approaches & Targeted Validation of Potential Markers. Front Oncol 2020; 10:1600. [PMID: 32974197 PMCID: PMC7482667 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Meningiomas are one of the most prevalent primary brain tumors. Our study aims to obtain mechanistic insights of meningioma pathobiology using mass spectrometry-based label-free quantitative proteome analysis to identifying druggable targets and perturbed pathways for therapeutic intervention. Label-free based proteomics study was done from peptide samples of 21 patients and 8 non-tumor controls which were followed up with Phosphoproteomics to identify the kinases and phosphorylated components of the perturbed pathways. In silico approaches revealed perturbations in extracellular matrix remodeling and associated cascades. To assess the extent of influence of Integrin and PI3K-Akt pathways, we used an Integrin Linked Kinase inhibitor on patient-derived meningioma cell line and performed a transcriptomic analysis of the components. Furthermore, we designed a Targeted proteomics assay which to the best of our knowledge for very first-time enables identification of peptides from 54 meningioma patients via SRM assay to validate the key proteins emerging from our study. This resulted in the identification of peptides from CLIC1, ES8L2, and AHNK many of which are receptors and kinases and are difficult to be characterized using conventional approaches. Furthermore, we were also able to monitor transitions for proteins like NEK9 and CKAP4 which have been reported to be associated with meningioma pathobiology. We believe, this study can aid in designing peptide-based validation assays for meningioma patients as well as IHC studies for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuvolina Mukherjee
- Proteomics Lab, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, IIT Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Deeptarup Biswas
- Proteomics Lab, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, IIT Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Rucha Gadre
- Proteomics Lab, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, IIT Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Pooja Jain
- Centre for Integrative Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nelofer Syed
- Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Julianna Stylianou
- Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Qingyu Zeng
- Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anita Mahadevan
- Department of Neuropathology, Human Brain Tissue Repository (Brain Bank), NIMHANS, Bengaluru, India
| | - Sridhar Epari
- Department of Pathology, Tata Memorial Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - Prakash Shetty
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tata Memorial Centre, Mumbai, India
| | | | - Graham Roy Ball
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Sanjeeva Srivastava
- Proteomics Lab, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, IIT Bombay, Mumbai, India
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38
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PROteolysis TArgetting Chimeras (PROTACs) Strategy Applied to Kinases: Recent Advances. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202000148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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39
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Lorusso G, Rüegg C, Kuonen F. Targeting the Extra-Cellular Matrix-Tumor Cell Crosstalk for Anti-Cancer Therapy: Emerging Alternatives to Integrin Inhibitors. Front Oncol 2020; 10:1231. [PMID: 32793493 PMCID: PMC7387567 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a complex network composed of a multitude of different macromolecules. ECM components typically provide a supportive structure to the tissue and engender positional information and crosstalk with neighboring cells in a dynamic reciprocal manner, thereby regulating tissue development and homeostasis. During tumor progression, tumor cells commonly modify and hijack the surrounding ECM to sustain anchorage-dependent growth and survival, guide migration, store pro-tumorigenic cell-derived molecules and present them to enhance receptor activation. Thereby, ECM potentially supports tumor progression at various steps from initiation, to local growth, invasion, and systemic dissemination and ECM-tumor cells interactions have long been considered promising targets for cancer therapy. Integrins represent key surface receptors for the tumor cell to sense and interact with the ECM. Yet, attempts to therapeutically impinge on these interactions using integrin inhibitors have failed to deliver anticipated results, and integrin inhibitors are still missing in the emerging arsenal of drugs for targeted therapies. This paradox situation should urge the field to reconsider the role of integrins in cancer and their targeting, but also to envisage alternative strategies. Here, we review the therapeutic targets implicated in tumor cell adhesion to the ECM, whose inhibitors are currently in clinical trials and may offer alternatives to integrin inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Girieca Lorusso
- Experimental and Translational Oncology, Department of Oncology Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Curzio Rüegg
- Experimental and Translational Oncology, Department of Oncology Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - François Kuonen
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Hôpital de Beaumont, Lausanne University Hospital Center, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Kariri YA, Aleskandarany MA, Joseph C, Kurozumi S, Mohammed OJ, Toss MS, Green AR, Rakha EA. Molecular Complexity of Lymphovascular Invasion: The Role of Cell Migration in Breast Cancer as a Prototype. Pathobiology 2020; 87:218-231. [PMID: 32645698 DOI: 10.1159/000508337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphovascular invasion (LVI) is associated with poor outcome in breast cancer (BC); however, its underlying mechanisms remain ill-defined. LVI in BC develops through complex molecular pathways involving not only the interplay with the surrounding microenvironment along with endothelial cells lining the lymphovascular spaces but also changes in the malignant epithelial cells with the acquisition of more invasive and migration abilities. In this review, we focus on the key features that enable tumour cell detachment from the primary niche, their migration and interaction with the surrounding microenvironment as well as the crosstalk with the vascular endothelial cells, which eventually lead to intravasation of tumour cells and LVI. Intravascular tumour cell survival and migration, their distant site extravasation, stromal invasion and growth are part of the metastatic cascade. Cancer cell migration commences with loss of tumour cells' cohesion initiating the invasion and migration processes which are usually accompanied by the accumulation of specific cellular and molecular changes that enable tumour cells to overcome the blockades of the extracellular matrix, spread into surrounding tissues and interact with stromal cells and immune cells. Thereafter, tumour cells migrate further via interacting with lymphovascular endothelial cells to penetrate the vessel wall leading ultimately to intravasation of cancer cells. Exploring the potential factors influencing cell migration in LVI can help in understanding the underlying mechanisms of LVI to identify targeted therapy in BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousif A Kariri
- Nottingham Breast Cancer Research Centre, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom.,Faculty of Applied Medical Science, Shaqra University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Nottingham Breast Cancer Research Centre, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Mohammed A Aleskandarany
- Nottingham Breast Cancer Research Centre, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Chitra Joseph
- Nottingham Breast Cancer Research Centre, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Sasagu Kurozumi
- Nottingham Breast Cancer Research Centre, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Omar J Mohammed
- Nottingham Breast Cancer Research Centre, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Michael S Toss
- Nottingham Breast Cancer Research Centre, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew R Green
- Nottingham Breast Cancer Research Centre, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom.,Nottingham Breast Cancer Research Centre, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Emad A Rakha
- Nottingham Breast Cancer Research Centre, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom,
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Mohanty A, Pharaon RR, Nam A, Salgia S, Kulkarni P, Massarelli E. FAK-targeted and combination therapies for the treatment of cancer: an overview of phase I and II clinical trials. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2020; 29:399-409. [DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2020.1740680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Atish Mohanty
- Department of Medical Oncology & Therapeutics Research, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Rebecca R Pharaon
- Department of Medical Oncology & Therapeutics Research, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Arin Nam
- Department of Medical Oncology & Therapeutics Research, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Sabrina Salgia
- Department of Medical Oncology & Therapeutics Research, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Prakash Kulkarni
- Department of Medical Oncology & Therapeutics Research, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Erminia Massarelli
- Department of Medical Oncology & Therapeutics Research, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
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Di Maggio F, El-Shakankery KH. Desmoplasia and Biophysics in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma: Can We Learn From Breast Cancer? Pancreas 2020; 49:313-325. [PMID: 32168249 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0000000000001504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) treatments have historically focused on targeting tumor cells directly. However, in pancreatic masses, the stroma encasing the malignant epithelial cells constitutes up to 80% to 90% of the tumor bulk. This extracellular matrix, which was previously neglected when designing cancer therapies, is now considered fundamental for tumor progression and drug delivery. Desmoplastic tissue is extensively cross-linked, resulting in tremendous tensile strength. This key pathological feature is procarcinogenic, linking PDAC and breast cancer (BC). Physical forces exerted onto cellular surfaces are detected intracellularly and transduced via biochemical messengers in a process called mechanotransduction. Mechanotransduction and tensional homeostasis are linked, with an integral role in influencing tumor growth, metastasis, and interactions with the immune system. It is essential to enhance our knowledge of these integral elements of parenchymal tumors. We aim to review the topic, with a special emphasis on desmoplastic processes and their importance in pancreatic and BC development and treatments, mindful that innovative diagnostic and therapeutic strategies cannot focus on biochemical pathways alone. We then focus on common therapeutic targets identified in both PDAC and BC models and/or patients, aiming to understand these treatments and draw similarities between the two tumors.
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de Jonge MJA, Steeghs N, Lolkema MP, Hotte SJ, Hirte HW, van der Biessen DAJ, Abdul Razak AR, De Vos FYFL, Verheijen RB, Schnell D, Pronk LC, Jansen M, Siu LL. Phase I Study of BI 853520, an Inhibitor of Focal Adhesion Kinase, in Patients with Advanced or Metastatic Nonhematologic Malignancies. Target Oncol 2020; 14:43-55. [PMID: 30756308 PMCID: PMC6407740 DOI: 10.1007/s11523-018-00617-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Overexpression/activation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) in human malignancies has led to its evaluation as a therapeutic target. We report the first-in-human phase I study of BI 853520, a novel, potent, highly selective FAK inhibitor. OBJECTIVE Our objectives were to identify the maximum tolerated dose (MTD), and to evaluate safety, pharmacokinetics (PK), pharmacodynamics (PD), biomarker expression, and preliminary activity. PATIENTS AND METHODS The study comprised a standard 3 + 3 dose-escalation phase followed by an expansion phase in patients with selected advanced, nonhematologic malignancies. RESULTS Thirty-three patients received BI 853520 in the dose-escalation phase; the MTD was 200 mg once daily (QD). Dose-limiting toxicities included proteinuria and fatigue, both of which were grade 3. Preliminary PK data supported QD dosing. In the expansion cohort, 63 patients received BI 853520 200 mg QD. Drug-related adverse events (AEs) in > 10% of patients included proteinuria (57%), nausea (57%), fatigue (51%), diarrhea (48%), vomiting (40%), decreased appetite (19%), and peripheral edema (16%). Most AEs were grade 1-2; grade 3 proteinuria, reported in 13 patients (21%), was generally reversible upon treatment interruption. Nineteen patients underwent dose reduction due to AEs, and three drug-related serious AEs were reported, none of which were fatal. Preliminary PD analysis indicated target engagement. Of 63 patients, 49 were evaluable; 17 (27%) achieved a best response of stable disease (4 with 150 + days), and 32 (51%) patients had progressive disease. CONCLUSIONS BI 853520 has a manageable and acceptable safety profile, favorable PK, and modest antitumor activity at an MTD of 200 mg QD in patients with selected advanced nonhematologic malignancies. CLINICALTRIALS. GOV IDENTIFIER NCT01335269.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja J A de Jonge
- Department of Internal Oncology, Erasmus Medical Centre Cancer Institute, Dr. Molenwaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Neeltje Steeghs
- Department of Medical Oncology and Clinical Pharmacology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 12, 11066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn P Lolkema
- Department of Internal Oncology, Erasmus Medical Centre Cancer Institute, Dr. Molenwaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht Cancer Center, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sebastien J Hotte
- Division of Medical Oncology, Juravinski Cancer Centre, 3rd Floor, 699 Concession Street, Hamilton, ON, L8V 5C2, Canada
| | - Hal W Hirte
- Division of Medical Oncology, Juravinski Cancer Centre, 3rd Floor, 699 Concession Street, Hamilton, ON, L8V 5C2, Canada
| | - Diane A J van der Biessen
- Department of Internal Oncology, Erasmus Medical Centre Cancer Institute, Dr. Molenwaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Albiruni R Abdul Razak
- Division of Medical Oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, 610 University Avenue, Suite 5-718, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Filip Y F L De Vos
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht Cancer Center, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Remy B Verheijen
- Department of Medical Oncology and Clinical Pharmacology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 12, 11066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - David Schnell
- Department of Translational Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Str 65, 88397, Biberach, Germany
| | - Linda C Pronk
- Clinical Development Oncology, Boehringer Ingelheim España S.A., Parque Empresarial Alvento, Via de los Poblados, 1 Planta Baja-Edif. B Ofic. A y C, 28033, Madrid, Spain
| | - Monique Jansen
- Medical Department, Boehringer Ingelheim BV, Comeniusstraat 6, 1817 MS Alkmaar, PO Box 8037, 1802 KA, Aklmaar, The Netherlands
| | - Lillian L Siu
- Division of Medical Oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, 610 University Avenue, Suite 5-718, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M9, Canada
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Phase I Study of the Focal Adhesion Kinase Inhibitor BI 853520 in Japanese and Taiwanese Patients with Advanced or Metastatic Solid Tumors. Target Oncol 2020; 14:57-65. [PMID: 30725402 PMCID: PMC6407737 DOI: 10.1007/s11523-019-00620-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) inhibitors have demonstrated anti-tumor activity preclinically and are currently being evaluated in humans. A first-in-human study evaluating the novel FAK inhibitor BI 853520 in a predominantly Caucasian population with advanced or metastatic non-hematologic malignancies demonstrated acceptable tolerability and favorable pharmacokinetics. OBJECTIVE This study was undertaken to investigate the safety, tolerability, and maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of BI 853520 in Japanese and Taiwanese patients with advanced solid tumors. PATIENTS AND METHODS In this open-label, phase I, dose-finding study, BI 853520 was administered once daily (QD) in a continuous daily dosing regimen with 28-day cycles and escalating doses to sequential cohorts of patients. Twenty-one patients (62% male; median age 65 years) were treated at two sites in Japan and Taiwan. RESULTS The median duration of treatment was 1.2 months (range 0.2-7.7). As no dose-limiting toxicities were observed during cycle 1 in the 50, 100, or 200 mg cohorts, the MTD of BI 853520 was determined to be 200 mg QD. Drug-related adverse events were reported in 19 patients (90%), and all except one were of grade 1 or 2. Pharmacokinetic parameters were supportive of a once-daily dosing schedule. A confirmed objective response rate of 5% and disease control rate of 29% were achieved; median duration of disease control was 3.7 months. CONCLUSIONS This trial demonstrated a manageable and acceptable safety profile, favorable pharmacokinetics, and potential anti-tumor activity of BI 853520 in pretreated Japanese and Taiwanese patients with advanced or metastatic solid tumors. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION NCT01905111.
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Pan MR, Wu CC, Kan JY, Li QL, Chang SJ, Wu CC, Li CL, Ou-Yang F, Hou MF, Yip HK, Luo CW. Impact of FAK Expression on the Cytotoxic Effects of CIK Therapy in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 12:cancers12010094. [PMID: 31905966 PMCID: PMC7017032 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12010094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a special subtype of breast cancer in which several common diagnostic biomarkers are lost. Due to the loss of expression of receptors, treatment options for TNBC are limited. Therefore, finding safe and effective treatments for patients with TNBC is a major objective for clinicians. Previous studies suggested that cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells may be beneficial for patients with a variety of tumor types. However, CIK therapy is not effective for all patients. In this study, we found that focal adhesion kinase (FAK), a non-receptor protein tyrosine kinase that regulates several cellular functions in different cells, has the potential to regulate tumor cells sensitized to CIK cells. Knockdown of FAK expression in TNBC cells or the treatment of TNBC cells with a FAK inhibitor followed by coculture with CIK cells increases death of TNBC cells, suggesting that FAK plays important roles in sensitizing tumor cells to CIK cells. This phenomenon could be regulated by a FAK-programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1)-related mechanism. Overall, our findings provide new insights into the cytotoxic effect of CIK cell therapy in TNBC treatment, and show that CIK cell therapy combined with FAK inhibitors may be a novel therapeutic strategy for patients with TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Ren Pan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan; (M.-R.P.); (Q.-L.L.); (M.-F.H.)
- Drug Development and Value Creation Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan; (C.-C.W.); (F.O.-Y.)
| | - Cheng-Che Wu
- Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan; (C.-C.W.); (J.-Y.K.); (C.-L.L.)
- Division of Breast Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan
| | - Jung-Yu Kan
- Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan; (C.-C.W.); (J.-Y.K.); (C.-L.L.)
- Division of Breast Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan
| | - Qiao-Lin Li
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan; (M.-R.P.); (Q.-L.L.); (M.-F.H.)
| | - Shu-Jyuan Chang
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan;
| | - Chun-Chieh Wu
- Drug Development and Value Creation Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan; (C.-C.W.); (F.O.-Y.)
- Department of Pathology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Liang Li
- Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan; (C.-C.W.); (J.-Y.K.); (C.-L.L.)
- Division of Breast Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan
| | - Fu Ou-Yang
- Drug Development and Value Creation Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan; (C.-C.W.); (F.O.-Y.)
- Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan; (C.-C.W.); (J.-Y.K.); (C.-L.L.)
- Division of Breast Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Feng Hou
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan; (M.-R.P.); (Q.-L.L.); (M.-F.H.)
- Drug Development and Value Creation Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan; (C.-C.W.); (F.O.-Y.)
- Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan; (C.-C.W.); (J.-Y.K.); (C.-L.L.)
- Division of Breast Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan;
| | - Hon-Kan Yip
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan;
- Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Wen Luo
- Drug Development and Value Creation Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan; (C.-C.W.); (F.O.-Y.)
- Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan; (C.-C.W.); (J.-Y.K.); (C.-L.L.)
- Division of Breast Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +886-7-312-1101 (ext. 2260); Fax: +886-7-316-5011
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Aboubakar Nana F, Vanderputten M, Ocak S. Role of Focal Adhesion Kinase in Small-Cell Lung Cancer and Its Potential as a Therapeutic Target. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1683. [PMID: 31671774 PMCID: PMC6895835 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11111683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) represents 15% of all lung cancers and it is clinically the most aggressive type, being characterized by a tendency for early metastasis, with two-thirds of the patients diagnosed with an extensive stage (ES) disease and a five-year overall survival (OS) as low as 5%. There are still no effective targeted therapies in SCLC despite improved understanding of the molecular steps leading to SCLC development and progression these last years. After four decades, the only modest improvement in OS of patients suffering from ES-SCLC has recently been shown in a trial combining atezolizumab, an anti-PD-L1 immune checkpoint inhibitor, with carboplatin and etoposide, chemotherapy agents. This highlights the need to pursue research efforts in this field. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a non-receptor protein tyrosine kinase that is overexpressed and activated in several cancers, including SCLC, and contributing to cancer progression and metastasis through its important role in cell proliferation, survival, adhesion, spreading, migration, and invasion. FAK also plays a role in tumor immune evasion, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, DNA damage repair, radioresistance, and regulation of cancer stem cells. FAK is of particular interest in SCLC, being known for its aggressiveness. The inhibition of FAK in SCLC cell lines demonstrated significative decrease in cell proliferation, invasion, and migration, and induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. In this review, we will focus on the role of FAK in cancer cells and their microenvironment, and its potential as a therapeutic target in SCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Aboubakar Nana
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Pôle de Pneumologie, ORL et Dermatologie (PNEU), Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), 1200 Brussels, Belgium.
- Division of Pneumology, Cliniques Universitaires St-Luc, UCL, 1200 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Marie Vanderputten
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Pôle de Pneumologie, ORL et Dermatologie (PNEU), Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), 1200 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Sebahat Ocak
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Pôle de Pneumologie, ORL et Dermatologie (PNEU), Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), 1200 Brussels, Belgium.
- Division of Pneumology, CHU UCL Namur (Godinne Site), UCL, 5530 Yvoir, Belgium.
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Kim YH, Kim HK, Kim HY, Gawk H, Bae SH, Sim HW, Kang EK, Seoh JY, Jang H, Hong KM. FAK-Copy-Gain Is a Predictive Marker for Sensitivity to FAK Inhibition in Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1288. [PMID: 31480645 PMCID: PMC6769494 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11091288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancers with copy-gain drug-target genes are excellent candidates for targeted therapy. In order to search for new predictive marker genes, we investigated the correlation between sensitivity to targeted drugs and the copy gain of candidate target genes in NCI-60 cells. METHODS For eight candidate genes showing copy gains in NCI-60 cells identified in our previous study, sensitivity to corresponding target drugs was tested on cells showing copy gains of the candidate genes. RESULTS Breast cancer cells with Focal Adhesion Kinase (FAK)-copy-gain showed a significantly higher sensitivity to the target inhibitor, FAK inhibitor 14 (F14). In addition, treatment of F14 or FAK-knockdown showed a specific apoptotic effect only in breast cancer cells showing FAK-copy-gain. Expression-profiling analyses on inducible FAK shRNA-transfected cells showed that FAK/AKT signaling might be important to the apoptotic effect by target inhibition. An animal experiment employing a mouse xenograft model also showed a significant growth-inhibitory effect of F14 on breast cancer cells showing FAK-copy-gain, but not on those without FAK-copy-gain. CONCLUSION FAK-copy-gain may be a predictive marker for FAK inhibition therapy in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Ho Kim
- Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Korea
| | - Hyun-Kyoung Kim
- Department of Pharmacology and New Drug Development Research Institute, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju 54689, Korea
| | - Hee Yeon Kim
- Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Korea
| | - HyeRan Gawk
- Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Korea
| | - Seung-Hyun Bae
- Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Korea
- Department of Cancer Biomedical Science, National Cancer Center Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, Goyang 10408, Korea
| | - Hye Won Sim
- Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Korea
- Department of Cancer Biomedical Science, National Cancer Center Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, Goyang 10408, Korea
| | - Eun-Kyung Kang
- Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Korea
| | - Ju-Young Seoh
- Departments of Microbiology, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Ewha Medical Research Center, Seoul 07804, Korea
| | - Hyonchol Jang
- Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Korea.
- Department of Cancer Biomedical Science, National Cancer Center Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, Goyang 10408, Korea.
| | - Kyeong-Man Hong
- Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Korea.
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Zhou J, Zhu J, Jiang G, Feng J, Wang Q. Downregulation of microRNA-4324 promotes the EMT of esophageal squamous-cell carcinoma cells via upregulating FAK. Onco Targets Ther 2019; 12:4595-4604. [PMID: 31354293 PMCID: PMC6572774 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s198333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Esophageal squamous-cell carcinoma (ESCC) metastasis is the major cause of death of this severe and common malignancy. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is one of the key components of the focal adhesion complex, which is a multi-protein structure that controls cell adhesion, migration and invasion and regulates tumor metastasis. Purpose: To identify the roles and mechanisms of FAK in the regulation of Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of ESCC cells. Methods: The expression of FAK and miR-4324 in both ESCC tissues and cells were evaluated by qRT-PCR and Immunohistochemistry analysis. Dual luciferase assays were performed for the confirmation of miR-4324's specific binding to 3'UTR of FAK mRNA. Besides, the trans-well assays and wound healing assays were employed to evaluate the effects of FAK /miR-4324 axis on the EMT regulation of ESCC cells. Furthermore, the relationship between miR-4374/FAK expression and clinical pathologic parameters & patient survival were also statistically analyzed. Results: In this study, we identified the upregulation of FAK and downregulation of miR-4324 in both ESCC cells and tissues. Overexpression of miR-4324 mimic, which significantly decreased cellular FAK levels, can impair the invasion potential and migration ability of ESCC cells. Besides, co-transfection of FAK can attenuate the function of miR-4324 mimic. Further experimental results demonstrated that miR-4324 mimic remarkably downregulated epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) phenotype, which can also be effectively prevented by overexpressing FAK in ESCC cells. What's more, low miR-4324 and high FAK tissue levels have significant association with poor cell differentiation, tumor size and invasion depth as well as overall number of metastatic lymph nodes. Patients with high miR-4324 and low FAK levels in tumoral tissues lived longer than their counterparts, respectively. Conclusions: In conclusion, miR-4324/FAK axis could be a promising therapeutic target and potential prognostic biomarker for ESCC, which deserves further investigation in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhou
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Affiliated Yixing Hospital of Jiangsu University, Yixing, Jiangsu Province, 214200, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiangtao Zhu
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Affiliated Yixing Hospital of Jiangsu University, Yixing, Jiangsu Province, 214200, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guojun Jiang
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Affiliated Yixing Hospital of Jiangsu University, Yixing, Jiangsu Province, 214200, People’s Republic of China
| | - Juncheng Feng
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Affiliated Yixing Hospital of Jiangsu University, Yixing, Jiangsu Province, 214200, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qianqian Wang
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Yixing Hospital of Jiangsu University, Yixing, Jiangsu Province, 214200, People’s Republic of China
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Zhou J, Yi Q, Tang L. The roles of nuclear focal adhesion kinase (FAK) on Cancer: a focused review. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2019; 38:250. [PMID: 31186061 PMCID: PMC6560741 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-019-1265-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
FAK is a tyrosine kinase overexpressed in cancer cells and plays an important role in the progression of tumors to a malignant phenotype. Except for its typical role as a cytoplasmic kinase downstream of integrin and growth factor receptor signaling, related studies have shown new aspects of the roles of FAK in the nucleus. FAK can promote p53 degradation through ubiquitination, leading to cancer cell growth and proliferation. FAK can also regulate GATA4 and IL-33 expression, resulting in reduced inflammatory responses and immune escape. These findings establish a new model of FAK from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. Activated FAK binds to transcription factors and regulates gene expression. Inactive FAK synergizes with different E3 ligases to promote the turnover of transcription factors by enhancing ubiquitination. In the tumor microenvironment, nuclear FAK can regulate the formation of new blood vessels, affecting the tumor blood supply. This article reviews the roles of nuclear FAK in regulating gene expression. In addition, the use of FAK inhibitors to target nuclear FAK functions will also be emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Qian Yi
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China.
| | - Liling Tang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China.
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Popow J, Arnhof H, Bader G, Berger H, Ciulli A, Covini D, Dank C, Gmaschitz T, Greb P, Karolyi-Özguer J, Koegl M, McConnell DB, Pearson M, Rieger M, Rinnenthal J, Roessler V, Schrenk A, Spina M, Steurer S, Trainor N, Traxler E, Wieshofer C, Zoephel A, Ettmayer P. Highly Selective PTK2 Proteolysis Targeting Chimeras to Probe Focal Adhesion Kinase Scaffolding Functions. J Med Chem 2019; 62:2508-2520. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Popow
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, 1221 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Gerd Bader
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, 1221 Vienna, Austria
| | - Helmut Berger
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, 1221 Vienna, Austria
| | - Alessio Ciulli
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, James Black Centre, University of Dundee, Dow Street, DD1 5EH Dundee, Scotland, U.K
| | - David Covini
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, 1221 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Dank
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, 1221 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Peter Greb
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, 1221 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Manfred Koegl
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, 1221 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Mark Pearson
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, 1221 Vienna, Austria
| | - Maria Rieger
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, 1221 Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | | - Markus Spina
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, 1221 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Nicole Trainor
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, James Black Centre, University of Dundee, Dow Street, DD1 5EH Dundee, Scotland, U.K
| | | | | | | | - Peter Ettmayer
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, 1221 Vienna, Austria
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