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Jiang R, Collins KA, Huffman KM, Hauser ER, Hubal MJ, Johnson JL, Williams RB, Siegler IC, Kraus WE. Genome-Wide Genetic Analysis of Dropout in a Controlled Exercise Intervention in Sedentary Adults With Overweight or Obesity and Cardiometabolic Disease. Ann Behav Med 2024; 58:363-374. [PMID: 38489667 PMCID: PMC11008589 DOI: 10.1093/abm/kaae011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the benefits of exercise, many individuals are unable or unwilling to adopt an exercise intervention. PURPOSE The purpose of this analysis was to identify putative genetic variants associated with dropout from exercise training interventions among individuals in the STRRIDE trials. METHODS We used a genome-wide association study approach to identify genetic variants in 603 participants initiating a supervised exercise intervention. Exercise intervention dropout occurred when a subject withdrew from further participation in the study or was otherwise lost to follow-up. RESULTS Exercise intervention dropout was associated with a cluster of single-nucleotide polymorphisms with the top candidate being rs722069 (T/C, risk allele = C) (unadjusted p = 2.2 × 10-7, odds ratio = 2.23) contained within a linkage disequilibrium block on chromosome 16. In Genotype-Tissue Expression, rs722069 is an expression quantitative trait locus of the EARS2, COG7, and DCTN5 genes in skeletal muscle tissue. In subsets of the STRRIDE genetic cohort with available muscle gene expression (n = 37) and metabolic data (n = 82), at baseline the C allele was associated with lesser muscle expression of EARS2 (p < .002) and COG7 (p = .074) as well as lesser muscle concentrations of C2- and C3-acylcarnitines (p = .026). CONCLUSIONS Our observations imply that exercise intervention dropout is genetically moderated through alterations in gene expression and metabolic pathways in skeletal muscle. Individual genetic traits may allow the development of a biomarker-based approach for identifying individuals who may benefit from more intensive counseling and other interventions to optimize exercise intervention adoption. CLINICAL TRIAL INFORMATION STRRIDE I = NCT00200993; STRRIDE AT/RT = NCT00275145; STRRIDE-PD = NCT00962962.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Jiang
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery & Communication Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Katherine A Collins
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Kim M Huffman
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Elizabeth R Hauser
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Monica J Hubal
- Department of Kinesiology, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Johanna L Johnson
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Redford B Williams
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Ilene C Siegler
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - William E Kraus
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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Hoshi N, Uemura T, Tachibana K, Abe S, Murakami-Nishimagi Y, Okano M, Noda M, Saito K, Kono K, Ohtake T, Waguri S. Endosomal protein expression of γ1-adaptin is associated with tumor growth activity and relapse-free survival in breast cancer. Breast Cancer 2024; 31:305-316. [PMID: 38265632 PMCID: PMC10902087 DOI: 10.1007/s12282-023-01539-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND γ1-Adaptin is a subunit of adaptor protein complex-1 (AP-1), which regulates intracellular transport between the trans-Golgi network (TGN) and endosomes. Since expression levels of AP-1 subunits have been reported to be associated with cell proliferation and cancer malignancy, we investigated the relationships between the immunohistochemical expression of γ1-adaptin and both clinicopathological factors and relapse-free survival (RFS) in breast cancer tissue. MATERIALS AND METHODS SK-BR-3 cell line depleted of γ1-adaptin was used for cell proliferation, migration, and invasion assay. Intracellular localization of γ1-adaptin was examined with immunohistochemistry (IHC) using an antibody against γ1-adaptin, and with double immunohistofluorescence (IHF) microscopy using markers for the TGN and endosome. γ1-Adaptin intensities in IHC samples from 199 primary breast cancer patients were quantified and assessed in relation to clinicopathological factors and RFS. RESULTS Cell growth, migration, and invasion of SK-BR-3 cells were significantly suppressed by the depletion of γ1-adaptin. Although the staining patterns in the cancer tissues varied among cases by IHC, double IHF demonstrated that γ1-adaptin was mainly localized in EEA1-positive endosomes, but not in the TGN. γ1-Adaptin intensity was significantly higher in the tumor regions than in non-tumor regions. It was also higher in patients with Ki-67 (high), ER (-), PgR (-), and HER2 (+). Among subtypes of breast cancer, γ1-adaptin intensity was higher in HER2 than in luminal A or luminal B. The results of the survival analysis indicated that high γ1-adaptin intensity was significantly associated with worse RFS, and this association was also observed in group with ER (+), PgR (+), HER2 (-), Ki-67 (high), or luminal B. In addition, the Cox proportional hazards model showed that high γ1-adaptin intensity was an independent prognostic factor. CONCLUSION These results suggest that the endosomal expression of γ1-adaptin is positively correlated with breast cancer malignancy and could be a novel prognostic marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhiro Hoshi
- Department of Breast Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Takefumi Uemura
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Kazunoshin Tachibana
- Department of Breast Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Sadahiko Abe
- Department of Breast Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Yuko Murakami-Nishimagi
- Department of Breast Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Maiko Okano
- Department of Breast Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Masaru Noda
- Department of Breast Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Katsuharu Saito
- Department of Gastrointestinal Tract Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Koji Kono
- Department of Gastrointestinal Tract Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Tohru Ohtake
- Department of Breast Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Satoshi Waguri
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan.
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Huang HN, Hung PF, Chen YP, Lee CH. Leucine Zipper Downregulated in Cancer-1 Interacts with Clathrin Adaptors to Control Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) Internalization and Gefitinib Response in EGFR-Mutated Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1374. [PMID: 38338651 PMCID: PMC10855387 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a common driver of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Clathrin-mediated internalization (CMI) sustains EGFR signaling. AXL is associated with resistance to EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) in EGFR-mutated (EGFRM) NSCLC. We investigated the effects of Leucine zipper downregulated in cancer-1 (LDOC1) on EGFR CMI and NSCLC treatment. Coimmunoprecipitation, double immunofluorescence staining, confocal microscopy analysis, cell surface labelling assays, and immunohistochemistry studies were conducted. We revealed that LDOC1 interacts with clathrin adaptors through binding motifs. LDOC1 depletion promotes internalization and plasma membrane recycling of EGFR in EGFRM NSCLC PC9 and HCC827 cells. Membranous and cytoplasmic EGFR decreased and increased, respectively, in LDOC1 (-) NSCLC tumors. LDOC1 depletion enhanced and sustained activation of EGFR, AXL, and HER2 and enhanced activation of HER3 in PC9 and HCC827 cells. Sensitivity to first-generation EGFR-TKIs (gefitinib and erlotinib) was significantly reduced in LDOC1-depleted PC9 and HCC827 cells. Moreover, LDOC1 downregulation was significantly associated (p < 0.001) with poor overall survival in patients with EGFRM NSCLC receiving gefitinib (n = 100). In conclusion, LDOC1 may regulate the efficacy of first-generation EGFR-TKIs by participating in the CMI of EGFR. Accordingly, LDOC1 may function as a prognostic biomarker for EGFRM NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsien-Neng Huang
- Department of Pathology, National Taiwan University Hospital Hsin-Chu Branch, No. 25, Ln. 442, Section 1, Jingguo Road, North Dist., Hsinchu 300195, Taiwan;
- Department and Graduate Institute of Pathology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1 Jen Ai Road Section 1, Taipei 100225, Taiwan
| | - Pin-Feng Hung
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, No. 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan 350401, Taiwan; (P.-F.H.); (Y.-P.C.)
| | - Yai-Ping Chen
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, No. 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan 350401, Taiwan; (P.-F.H.); (Y.-P.C.)
| | - Chia-Huei Lee
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, No. 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan 350401, Taiwan; (P.-F.H.); (Y.-P.C.)
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Shaldam MA, Khalil AF, Almahli H, Jaballah MY, Angeli A, Khaleel EF, Badi RM, Elkaeed EB, Supuran CT, Eldehna WM, Tawfik HO. Identification of 3-(5-cyano-6-oxo-pyridin-2-yl)benzenesulfonamides as novel anticancer agents endowed with EGFR inhibitory activity. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2024; 357:e2300449. [PMID: 37828544 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202300449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
New 5-cyano-6-oxo-pyridine-based sulfonamides (6a-m and 8a-d) were designed and synthesized to potentially inhibit both the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and carbonic anhydrase (CA), with anticancer properties. First, the in vitro anticancer activity of each target substance was tested using Henrietta Lacks cancer cell line and M.D. anderson metastasis breast cancer cell line cells. Then, the possible CA inhibition against the human CA isoforms I, II, and IX was investigated, together with the EGFR inhibitory activity, with the most powerful derivatives. The neighboring methoxy group may have had a steric effect on the target sulfonamides, which prevented them from effectively inhibiting the CA isoforms while effectively inhibiting the EGFR. The effects of the 5-cyanopyridine derivatives 6e and 6l on cell-cycle disruption and the apoptotic potential were then investigated. To investigate the binding mechanism and stability of the target molecules, thorough molecular modeling assessments, including docking and dynamic simulation, were performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moataz A Shaldam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Ahmed F Khalil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Hadia Almahli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Maiy Y Jaballah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Abbassia, Egypt
| | - Andrea Angeli
- Department of NEUROFARBA, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Polo Scientifico, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Eman F Khaleel
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rehab Mustafa Badi
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eslam B Elkaeed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, AlMaarefa University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- Department of NEUROFARBA, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Polo Scientifico, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Wagdy M Eldehna
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
- School of Biotechnology, Badr University in Cairo, Badr City, Egypt
| | - Haytham O Tawfik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
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Wang J, Zhu G. A precise prognostic signature in CTNNB1-mutant hepatocellular carcinoma: Prognosis prediction and precision treatment exploration. Heliyon 2023; 9:e22382. [PMID: 38125518 PMCID: PMC10730442 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background CTNNB1 mutates in most hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) which is the most familiar form of liver cancer with high heterogeneity. It is critical to create a specific prognostication methodology and to investigate additional treatment options for CTNNB1-mutant HCCs. Methods A total of 926 samples in five independent cohorts were enrolled in this study, including 127 CTNNB1-mutant samples and 75 estimated CTNNB1-mutant samples. The prognostic signature was constructed by LASSO-Cox regression and evaluated by bioinformatics analyses. The selection of possible drug targets and agents was produced based on the expression profiles and drug sensitivity data of cancer cell lines in two databases. Results A prognostic signature based on 15 genes categorized the CTNNB1-mutant HCCs into two groups with different risks. Compared to low-risk patients, high-risk patients had significantly inferior prognoses. ROC curve and multivariate analysis also indicated the superior performance of our signature on the prognosis estimation, particularly in CTNNB1-mutant HCCs. Besides, the nomogram was constructed according to the prognostic signature with excellent predictive performance confirmed by the calibration curve. Subsequently, we suggested that AT-7519 and PHA-793887 might be potential drug agents for high-risk patients. Conclusion We established a 15-gene prognostic model, particularly in HCCs with CTNNB1 mutations with good predictive efficiency. Besides, we explored the potential drug targets and agents for patients with high risk. Our findings offered a fresh idea for personalized prognosis management in HCCs with CTNNB1 mutations and threw new insight for precise treatment in HCCs as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junying Wang
- Department of Interventional and Vascular Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Jiangsu, 210009, China
| | - Guangyu Zhu
- Department of Interventional and Vascular Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Jiangsu, 210009, China
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Jeong J, Hwang YE, Lee M, Keum S, Song S, Kim JW, Choi JH, Rhee S. Downregulation of AP1S1 causes the lysosomal degradation of EGFR in non-small cell lung cancer. J Cell Physiol 2023; 238:2335-2347. [PMID: 37659097 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.31112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023]
Abstract
Matrix stiffness has been shown to play a critical role in cancer progression by influencing various cellular processes, including epidermal growth factor (EGF) signaling. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms are not fully understood. Here, we investigated the role of adaptor-related protein complex 1 subunit sigma 1 (AP1S1), a component of adaptor protein complex-1, in the regulation of EGF receptor (EGFR) intracellular trafficking during cancer cell progression. We found that AP1S1 expression was upregulated under stiff matrix conditions, resulting in the regulation of EGFR trafficking in non-small cell lung adenocarcinoma cells. Knockout of AP1S1 caused the lysosomal degradation of EGFR, leading to suppressed EGF-induced anaplastic lymphoma receptor tyrosine kinase phosphorylation. In addition, the downregulation of AP1S1 increased the sensitivity of H1975 cancer cells, which are resistant to tyrosine kinase inhibitors, to erlotinib. Collectively, our results suggest that AP1S1 could regulate EGFR recycling under stiff matrix conditions, and AP1S1 inhibition could be a novel strategy for treating cancer cells resistant to EGFR-targeted anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jangho Jeong
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye Eun Hwang
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Minwoo Lee
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seula Keum
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongeun Song
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Woong Kim
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee-Hye Choi
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangmyung Rhee
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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The clathrin adaptor complex-1 and Rab12 regulate post-golgi trafficking of WT epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). J Biol Chem 2023; 299:102979. [PMID: 36739948 PMCID: PMC10017364 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.102979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) plays important roles in cancer progression and is one of the major drug targets for targeted cancer therapy. Although fundamentally important, how newly synthesized EGFR is delivered to the cell surface to perform its cellular functions remains to be further investigated. In this study, we found using the approaches of gene knockout, siRNA knockdown, streptavidin pull-down, and co-immunoprecipitation assays that the clathrin adaptor complex-1 (AP-1) and Rab12 interact with EGFR and regulate the export of EGFR out of the trans-Golgi network (TGN). In addition, the tyrosine residue at the 998 position on human EGFR is critical to bind to AP-1, and this residue is important for TGN export of EGFR. We demonstrate that AP-1 and Rab12 are important for epidermal growth factor-induced phosphorylation of EGFR, cell elongation, and proliferation, suggesting that AP-1-mediated and Rab12-mediated post-Golgi trafficking is important for EGFR signaling. Moreover, TGN export of the constitutively activated mutant form of EGFR (EGFRL858R) is independent of AP-1 and Rab12. Our results reveal insights into the molecular mechanisms that mediate the TGN-to-cell surface delivery of EGFR and indicate that TGN export of WT EGFR and EGFRL858R depends on different cellular factors.
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Takahashi JI, Nakamura S, Onuma I, Zhou Y, Yokoyama S, Sakurai H. Synchronous intracellular delivery of EGFR-targeted antibody-drug conjugates by p38-mediated non-canonical endocytosis. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11561. [PMID: 35798841 PMCID: PMC9262980 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15838-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies targeting the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), including cetuximab and panitumumab, have been used in clinic settings to treat cancer. They have also recently been applied to antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs); however, their clinical efficacy is limited by several issues, including lower internalization efficiency. The binding of cetuximab to the extracellular domain of EGFR suppresses ligand-induced events; therefore, we focus on ligand-independent non-canonical EGFR endocytosis for the delivery of ADCs into cells. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) strongly induces the endocytosis of the cetuximab-EGFR complex within 15 min via the p38 phosphorylation of EGFR in a tyrosine kinase-independent manner. A secondary antibody conjugated with saporin, a ribosome-inactivating protein, also undergoes internalization with the complex and enhances its anti-proliferative activity. Anti-cancer agents, including cisplatin and temozolomide, also induce the p38-mediated internalization. The results of the present study demonstrate that synchronous non-canonical EGFR endocytosis may be a feasible strategy for promoting the therapeutic efficacy of EGFR-targeting ADCs in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ichiro Takahashi
- Department of Cancer Cell Biology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Shiori Nakamura
- Department of Cancer Cell Biology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Iimi Onuma
- Department of Cancer Cell Biology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Yue Zhou
- Department of Cancer Cell Biology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Satoru Yokoyama
- Department of Cancer Cell Biology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Sakurai
- Department of Cancer Cell Biology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan.
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Duncan MC. New directions for the clathrin adaptor AP-1 in cell biology and human disease. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2022; 76:102079. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2022.102079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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