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Baudat M, Simons SHP, Joosten EAJ. Repetitive neonatal procedural pain affects stress-induced plasma corticosterone increase in young adult females but not in male rats. Dev Psychobiol 2024; 66:e22478. [PMID: 38433425 DOI: 10.1002/dev.22478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Exposure to repetitive painful procedures in the neonatal intensive care unit results in long-lasting effects, especially visible after a "second hit" in adulthood. As the nociceptive system and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis interact and are vulnerable in early life, repetitive painful procedures in neonates may affect later-life HPA axis reactivity. The first aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of repetitive neonatal procedural pain on plasma corticosterone levels after mild acute stress (MAS) in young adult rats. Second, the study examined if MAS acts as a "second hit" and affects mechanical sensitivity. Fifty-two rats were either needle pricked four times a day, disturbed, or left undisturbed during the first neonatal week. At 8 weeks, the animals were subjected to MAS, and plasma was collected before (t0), after MAS (t20), and at recovery (t60). Corticosterone levels were analyzed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and mechanical sensitivity was assessed with von Frey filaments. Results demonstrate that repetitive neonatal procedural pain reduces stress-induced plasma corticosterone increase after MAS only in young adult females and not in males. Furthermore, MAS does not affect mechanical sensitivity in young adult rats. Altogether, the results suggest an age- and sex-dependent effect of repetitive neonatal procedural pain on HPA axis reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Baudat
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Sinno H P Simons
- Deptartment of Neonatal and Pediatric Intensive Care, Division of Neonatology, Erasmus University Medical Centre Rotterdam - Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elbert A J Joosten
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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2
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de Carvalho RC, Generoso LP, da Silva AL, Pereira GS, de Paula DC, Candido NL, Capello MGM, da Silva JRT, da Silva ML. Effects of repetitive pinprick stimulation on preterm offspring: Alterations in nociceptive responses and inflammatory hypersensitivity in adulthood. Behav Brain Res 2023; 454:114633. [PMID: 37597588 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2023.114633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study investigates the effects of repetitive pinprick stimulation on preterm offspring and its impact on nociceptive responses and inflammatory hypersensitivity in adulthood. OBJECTIVES The objective is to shed light on the potential long-term consequences of neonatal pain and prematurity on sensory processing. METHODS Term and preterm rats were subjected to repetitive pinprick (PP) stimulation or control (CC) during the neonatal period. Adult rats received CFA injection to induce inflammatory hypersensitivity, and mechanical hypersensitivity was measured. Gender differences in inflammatory hypersensitivity were also examined. Maternal behavior, litter weight, and offspring growth were monitored to assess any potential influences of the stimulation on these parameters. RESULTS In preterm rats, the PP stimulation did not affect baseline thresholds to mechanical stimuli, but increased mechanical hypersensitivity after CFA injection in adult rats. Females exhibited greater inflammatory hypersensitivity compared to males. Maternal behavior, litter weight, and offspring growth were not influenced by the stimulation. PP stimulation during the neonatal period led to changes in nociceptive responses in adulthood, potentially altering sensory processing. CONCLUSION PP stimulation in preterm rats during the neonatal period resulted in changes in nociceptive responses in adulthood, leading to increased inflammatory hypersensitivity. The study emphasizes how early development can significantly impact sensory processing and further highlights the potential long-term consequences of prematurity and neonatal pain on this processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravena Carolina de Carvalho
- Postgraduate Program in Biosciences Applied to Health (PPGB), UNIFAL, Alfenas, MG, Brazil; Laboratory of Neuroscience, Neuromodulation and Study of Pain (LANNED), UNIFAL-MG, Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | - Laura Pereira Generoso
- Postgraduate Program in Biosciences Applied to Health (PPGB), UNIFAL, Alfenas, MG, Brazil; Laboratory of Neuroscience, Neuromodulation and Study of Pain (LANNED), UNIFAL-MG, Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | - Ana Laura da Silva
- Graduation in Physiotherapy at the Motricity Sciences Institute, UNIFAL, Alfenas, MG, Brazil; Laboratory of Neuroscience, Neuromodulation and Study of Pain (LANNED), UNIFAL-MG, Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | - Gabrielly Santos Pereira
- Graduation in Physiotherapy at the Motricity Sciences Institute, UNIFAL, Alfenas, MG, Brazil; Laboratory of Neuroscience, Neuromodulation and Study of Pain (LANNED), UNIFAL-MG, Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | - Danielle Cavalcante de Paula
- Graduation in Physiotherapy at the Motricity Sciences Institute, UNIFAL, Alfenas, MG, Brazil; Laboratory of Neuroscience, Neuromodulation and Study of Pain (LANNED), UNIFAL-MG, Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | - Natalie Lange Candido
- Postgraduate Program in Biosciences Applied to Health (PPGB), UNIFAL, Alfenas, MG, Brazil; Laboratory of Neuroscience, Neuromodulation and Study of Pain (LANNED), UNIFAL-MG, Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | - Maria Gabriela Maziero Capello
- Postgraduate Program in Biosciences Applied to Health (PPGB), UNIFAL, Alfenas, MG, Brazil; Laboratory of Neuroscience, Neuromodulation and Study of Pain (LANNED), UNIFAL-MG, Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Marcelo Lourenço da Silva
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Neuromodulation and Study of Pain (LANNED), UNIFAL-MG, Alfenas, MG, Brazil.
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Drwencke AM, Adcock SJJ, Tucker CB. Wound healing and pain sensitivity following caustic paste disbudding in dairy calves. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:6375-6387. [PMID: 37268589 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-23238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Caustic paste disbudding is increasing in popularity on commercial dairy farms in the United States, but little research has explored the pain and welfare implications beyond the acute period of this procedure. In contrast, researchers have reported it takes 7 to 9 wk, on average, for hot-iron disbudding wounds to re-epithelialize in dairy calves. Our objective was to describe wound healing and sensitivity following caustic paste disbudding. Jersey and Holstein female calves were disbudded using caustic paste (H. W. Naylor Company Inc.) at 3 d of age (n = 18), and control calves received a sham procedure (n = 15). Before disbudding, calves received a local block and a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug. Calves ≥34 kg and <34 kg at birth had 0.3 or 0.25 mL of paste applied per unshaved horn bud, respectively. Following disbudding, wounds were scored 2×/wk for the presence or absence of 8 tissue categories, including the final stages: new epithelium and fully healed. Control calves were removed from the experiment after 6 wk to be hot-iron disbudded. Mechanical nociceptive threshold (MNT) measures were collected weekly to evaluate wound sensitivity until calves were removed from the study or healed. Wounds were slow to re-epithelialize (16.2 ± 5.7 wk, mean ± SD; range: 6.2-32.5 wk) and contract to be considered fully healed (18.8 ± 6 wk, mean ± SD; range: 8.7-34.1 wk). Compared with non-disbudded controls, paste calves exhibited lower MNT values for all 6 wk (mean ± SE; control: 1.46 ± 0.16; paste: 1.18 ± 0.12 N). These data indicate that wounds from caustic paste disbudding are more sensitive than undamaged tissue for at least 6 wk and take twice as long to heal compared with cautery methods described in the literature. In conclusion, caustic paste disbudding wounds took 18.8 wk to fully heal and were more sensitive than intact horn buds for 6 wk. Future work should examine whether aspects of paste application (e.g., amount used, time rubbed in, calf age, pain mitigation) could improve healing time and sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alycia M Drwencke
- Center for Animal Welfare, Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616; Animal Behavior Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Sarah J J Adcock
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Cassandra B Tucker
- Center for Animal Welfare, Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616.
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Xu J, Wang Y, Zuo Y, Lv S, Li D. Repeated neonatal Needle-pricking stimulation alter neurodevelopment in adolescent rats. Brain Dev 2023; 45:413-421. [PMID: 37121792 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2023.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the repeated pain stimulation in neonatal rats affects their cognitive and memory abilities during puberty, and the proliferation expression of hippocampal neurons. METHODS Postnatal 1 day (P1) SD rats were randomly divided into two groups, and the skin of the needle group was pricked for seven days consecutively while the skin of the control group was stroked for the same period of time. The rats in both groups were weighed every week, and the Morris water maze experiment was performed from P44 to P49 to test the cognitive and memory abilities of the rats. On P50, the hippocampal tissue was extracted for observation of pathological features and the expressions of Ki-67 and caspase 3 were determined. RESULTS With the increase of the days, the body weight of the rats in the needle group increased slightly slower than that of the control group. The escape latency of the needle group was significantly higher than that of the control group in the water maze test at P45 and P48, and the number of times the rats crossing the platform in the needle group was lower than that of the control group. The HE staining of the hippocampal tissue showed that the cells in the needle group were disorganized, with irregular morphology. Under the electron microscope, the structure of neuron cells and organelles is changed in the hippocampal CA1 region of rats. It showed a decrease in the Ki-67 expression and an increase in caspase 3 in the needle group. CONCLUSION Repeated experience of needle-pricking stimulation in neonatal rats can cause cognitive impairment and memory loss in puberty, disrupt hippocampal organization, and diminish neuronal proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xu
- Department of Neonatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Youhui Wang
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Yu Zuo
- Department of Neonatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Shuai Lv
- Department of Neonatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Dong Li
- Department of Neonatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China; Department of Neonatology, Dalian Women and Children's Medical Group, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China.
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5
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Bella A, Diego AM, Finn DP, Roche M. Stress-induced changes in nociceptive responding post-surgery in preclinical rodent models. FRONTIERS IN PAIN RESEARCH (LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 3:1106143. [PMID: 36703943 PMCID: PMC9871907 DOI: 10.3389/fpain.2022.1106143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Chronic post-surgical pain affects up to 85% of individuals depending on the type of surgery, the extent of inflammation, tissue and/or nerve damage. Pre-surgical stress is associated with greater pain intensity, prolonged recovery and is one of the main risk factors for the development of chronic post-surgical pain. Clinically valid animal models provide an important means of examining the mechanisms underlying the effects of stress on post-surgical pain and identifying potential novel therapeutic targets. This review discusses the current data from preclinical animal studies examining the effect of stress on post-surgical pain, the potential underlying mechanisms and gaps in the knowledge that require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariadni Bella
- Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland,Centre for Pain Research, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland,Galway Neuroscience Centre, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Alba M. Diego
- Centre for Pain Research, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland,Galway Neuroscience Centre, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland,Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - David P. Finn
- Centre for Pain Research, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland,Galway Neuroscience Centre, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland,Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Michelle Roche
- Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland,Centre for Pain Research, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland,Galway Neuroscience Centre, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland,Correspondence: Michelle Roche
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6
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PRG-1 prevents neonatal stimuli-induced persistent hyperalgesia and memory dysfunction via NSF/Glu/GluR2 signaling. iScience 2022; 25:104989. [PMID: 36093041 PMCID: PMC9460187 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Neonatal repetitive noxious stimuli (RNS) has been shown to cause long-term harmful effects on nociceptive processing, learning, and memory which persist until adulthood. Plasticity-related gene 1 (PRG-1) regulates synaptic plasticity and functional reorganization in the brain during neuronal development. In this study, neonatal RNS rats were established by repetitive needle pricks to neonatal rats on all four feet to model repetitive pain exposure in infants. Neonatal RNS caused thermal hyperalgesia, mechanical allodynia, learning, and memory impairments which manifested in young rats and persisted until adulthood. Hippocampal PRG-1/N-ethylmaleimide sensitive fusion protein (NSF) interaction was determined to be responsible for the RNS-induced impairment via enhanced extracellular glutamate release and AMPAR GluR2 trafficking deficiency in a cell-autonomous manner. These pathways likely act synergistically to cause changes in dendritic spine density. Our findings suggest that PRG-1 prevents the RNS-induced hyperalgesia, learning, and memory impairment by regulating synaptic plasticity via NSF/Glu/GluR2 signaling. Neonatal RNS induced hyperalgesia, learning, and memory impairment until adulthood. PRG-1 attenuated RNS-induced impairments by dendritic spine regulation. PRG-1 prevents RNS-induced impairments via NSF/Glu/GluR2 signaling.
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7
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de Kort AR, Joosten EAJ, Patijn J, Tibboel D, van den Hoogen NJ. The development of descending serotonergic modulation of the spinal nociceptive network: a life span perspective. Pediatr Res 2022; 91:1361-1369. [PMID: 34257402 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-021-01638-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The nociceptive network, responsible for transmission of nociceptive signals that generate the pain experience, is not fully developed at birth. Descending serotonergic modulation of spinal nociception, an important part of the pain network, undergoes substantial postnatal maturation and is suggested to be involved in the altered pain response observed in human newborns. This review summarizes preclinical data of the development of descending serotonergic modulation of the spinal nociceptive network across the life span, providing a comprehensive background to understand human newborn pain experience and treatment. Sprouting of descending serotonergic axons, originating from the rostroventral medulla, as well as changes in receptor function and expression take place in the first postnatal weeks of rodents, corresponding to human neonates in early infancy. Descending serotonergic modulation switches from facilitation in early life to bimodal control in adulthood, masking an already functional 5-HT inhibitory system at early ages. Specifically the 5-HT3 and 5-HT7 receptors seem distinctly important for pain facilitation at neonatal and early infancy, while the 5-HT1a, 5-HT1b, and 5-HT2 receptors mediate inhibitory effects at all ages. Analgesic therapy that considers the neurodevelopmental phase is likely to result in a more targeted treatment of neonatal pain and may improve both short- and long-term effects. IMPACT: The descending serotonergic system undergoes anatomical changes from birth to early infancy, as its sprouts and descending projections increase and the dorsal horn innervation pattern changes. Descending serotonergic modulation from the rostral ventral medulla switches from facilitation in early life via the 5-HT3 and 5-HT7 receptors to bimodal control in adulthood. A functional inhibitory serotonergic system mainly via 5-HT1a, 5-HT1b, and 5-HT2a receptors at the spinal level exists already at the neonatal phase but is masked by descending facilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne R de Kort
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, the Netherlands. .,Department of Translational Neuroscience, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
| | - Elbert A J Joosten
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, the Netherlands.,Department of Translational Neuroscience, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Jacob Patijn
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, the Netherlands.,Department of Translational Neuroscience, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Dick Tibboel
- Intensive Care and Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Nynke J van den Hoogen
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, the Netherlands.,Department of Translational Neuroscience, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.,Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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8
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de Kort AR, Joosten EA, Patijn J, Tibboel D, van den Hoogen NJ. Selective Targeting of Serotonin 5-HT1a and 5-HT3 Receptors Attenuates Acute and Long-Term Hypersensitivity Associated With Neonatal Procedural Pain. FRONTIERS IN PAIN RESEARCH 2022; 3:872587. [PMID: 35571143 PMCID: PMC9091564 DOI: 10.3389/fpain.2022.872587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neonatal painful procedures causes acute pain and trigger long-term changes in nociceptive processing and anxiety behavior, highlighting the need for adequate analgesia during this critical time. Spinal serotonergic receptors 5-HT1a and 5-HT3 play an important role in modulating incoming nociceptive signals in neonates. The current study aims to attenuate acute and long-term hypersensitivity associated with neonatal procedural pain using ondansetron (a 5-HT3 antagonist) and buspirone (a 5-HT1a agonist) in a well-established rat model of repetitive needle pricking. Sprague-Dawley rat pups of both sexes received ondansetron (3 mg/kg), buspirone (3 mg/kg) or saline prior to repetitive needle pricks into the left hind-paw from postnatal day 0-7. Control animals received tactile stimulation or were left undisturbed. Acute, long-term, and post-operative mechanical sensitivity as well as adult anxiety were assessed. Neonatal 5-HT1a receptor agonism completely reverses acute hypersensitivity from P0-7. The increased duration of postoperative hypersensitivity after re-injury in adulthood is abolished by 5-HT3 receptor antagonism during neonatal repetitive needle pricking, without affecting baseline sensitivity. Moreover, 5-HT1a and 5-HT3 receptor modulation decreases adult state anxiety. Altogether, our data suggests that targeted pharmacological treatment based on the modulation of spinal serotonergic network via the 5-HT1a and 5-HT3 receptors in neonates may be of use in treatment of neonatal procedural pain and its long-term consequences. This may result in a new mechanism-based therapeutic venue in treatment of procedural pain in human neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne R. de Kort
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Elbert A. Joosten
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Jacob Patijn
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Dick Tibboel
- Intensive Care and Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Nynke J. van den Hoogen
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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9
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de Kort AR, Joosten EA, Versantvoort EM, Patijn J, Tibboel D, van den Hoogen NJ. Anatomical changes in descending serotonergic projections from the rostral ventromedial medulla to the spinal dorsal horn following repetitive neonatal painful procedures. Int J Dev Neurosci 2022; 82:361-371. [PMID: 35393725 DOI: 10.1002/jdn.10185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive noxious stimulation during the critical neonatal period impacts the nociceptive network lasting into adulthood. As descending serotonergic projections from the rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM) to the spinal dorsal horn develop postnatally, this study aims to investigate the long-term effect of repetitive neonatal procedural pain on the descending serotonergic RVM-spinal dorsal horn network. A well-established rat model of repetitive noxious procedures is used in which neonatal rats received four noxious needle pricks or tactile stimulation with a cotton swab per day in the left hind paw from day of birth to postnatal day 7. Control animals were left undisturbed. When animals reached adulthood, tissue was collected for quantitative immunohistochemical analysis of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) in the RVM and spinal dorsal horn. Both repetitive noxious and tactile procedures in the neonate decreased the 5-HT staining intensity in the adult ipsilateral, but not contralateral spinal dorsal horn. Repetitive neonatal noxious procedures resulted in an increased area covered with 5-HT staining in the adult RVM ipsilateral to the side of injury, whereas repetitive neonatal tactile stimulation resulted in increased 5-HT staining intensity in both the ipsi- and contralateral RVM. The number of 5-HT cells in adult RVM is unaffected by neonatal conditions. This detailed anatomical study shows that not only neonatal noxious procedures, but also repetitive tactile procedures result in long-lasting anatomical changes of the descending serotonergic system within the RVM and spinal dorsal horn. Future studies should investigate whether these anatomical changes translate to functional differences in descending serotonergic modulation after neonatal adverse experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne R de Kort
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, the Netherlands.,Department of Translational Neuroscience, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Elbert A Joosten
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, the Netherlands.,Department of Translational Neuroscience, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Eline M Versantvoort
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Jacob Patijn
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, the Netherlands.,Department of Translational Neuroscience, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Dick Tibboel
- Intensive Care and Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Nynke J van den Hoogen
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, the Netherlands.,Department of Translational Neuroscience, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.,Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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10
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Adcock SJJ. Early Life Painful Procedures: Long-Term Consequences and Implications for Farm Animal Welfare. FRONTIERS IN ANIMAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fanim.2021.759522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Farm animals routinely undergo painful husbandry procedures early in life, including disbudding and castration in calves and goat kids, tail docking and castration in piglets and lambs, and beak trimming in chicks. In rodents, inflammatory events soon after birth, when physiological systems are developing and sensitive to perturbation, can profoundly alter phenotypic outcomes later in life. This review summarizes the current state of research on long-term phenotypic consequences of neonatal painful procedures in rodents and farm animals, and discusses the implications for farm animal welfare. Rodents exposed to early life inflammation show a hypo-/hyper-responsive profile to pain-, fear-, and anxiety-inducing stimuli, manifesting as an initial attenuation in responses that transitions into hyperresponsivity with increasing age or cumulative stress. Neonatal inflammation also predisposes rodents to cognitive, social, and reproductive deficits, and there is some evidence that adverse effects may be passed to offspring. The outcomes of neonatal inflammation are modulated by injury etiology, age at the time of injury and time of testing, sex, pain management, and rearing environment. Equivalent research examining long-term phenotypic consequences of early life painful procedures in farm animals is greatly lacking, despite obvious implications for welfare and performance. Improved understanding of how these procedures shape phenotypes will inform efforts to mitigate negative outcomes through reduction, replacement, and refinement of current practices.
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11
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de Kort AR, Joosten EA, Patijn J, Tibboel D, van den Hoogen NJ. Neonatal procedural pain affects state, but not trait anxiety behavior in adult rats. Dev Psychobiol 2021; 63:e22210. [PMID: 34813103 PMCID: PMC9298691 DOI: 10.1002/dev.22210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The influence of neonatal experiences upon later-life affective behavior is increasingly recognized, but the reported effects on anxiety are often contradictory. The observed effect may depend upon the type of anxiety (state or trait) affected. The current study aims to investigate whether neonatal repetitive needle pricking alters anxiety behavior in adulthood, by assessing both state and trait anxiety in rats. Sprague-Dawley rat pups received four unilateral needle pricks per day, while controls received four tactile stimuli or were left completely undisturbed during the first postnatal week. Mechanical sensitivity was assessed in the neonatal phase and throughout the development. State anxiety was assessed in the open field test and trait anxiety in the elevated zero maze. The results show that repetitive needle pricking leads to acute mechanical hypersensitivity, but does not affect baseline mechanical sensitivity throughout development. In adulthood, animals previously exposed to neonatal procedural pain (including repetitive handling and removal from litter) showed lower state anxiety but did not differ in trait anxiety, as compared with the undisturbed controls. These findings indicate that early-life procedural pain decreases state but not trait anxiety behavior in later life in a rodent model of repetitive needle pricking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne R de Kort
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Translational Neuroscience, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Elbert A Joosten
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Translational Neuroscience, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jacob Patijn
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Translational Neuroscience, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Dick Tibboel
- Intensive Care and Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nynke J van den Hoogen
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Translational Neuroscience, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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12
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Davis SM, Burman MA. Maternal separation with neonatal pain influences later-life fear conditioning and somatosenation in male and female rats. Stress 2021; 24:504-513. [PMID: 33043804 PMCID: PMC8039057 DOI: 10.1080/10253890.2020.1825674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Early life adversity, including that which occurs in a medical setting, has been increasingly shown to have lasting consequences on both physical and mental health. In order to understand the lasting effects of early-life adversity, such as that might occur in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), several rodent models have been developed including maternal separation, neonatal handling, and repeated needle prick pain. However, in the clinical scenario, these stressors are often combined. Thus, the current study seeks to observe the lasting impacts of both neonatal pain and maternal separation in a rodent model. Rats were separated from their dam for 6 h per day during the first 7 days of life, during which they were subjected to repeated needle prick pain or handling. A separate group was left undisturbed. All rats were subsequently tested for threat processing using a 3-day Pavlovian fear conditioning model and for somatosensation using measures of mechanical and thermal thresholds. Results indicated that rats subjected to maternal separation and pain had enhanced fear conditioning in adolescence as well as displaying a modest age-independent tactile hypersensitivity compared to undisturbed controls. These data show that experiencing combined neonatal pain and maternal separation may create a latent vulnerability to subsequent stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth M. Davis
- Department of Psychology, University of New England
- Center for Excellence in the Neurosciences, University of
New England
| | - Michael A. Burman
- Department of Psychology, University of New England
- Center for Excellence in the Neurosciences, University of
New England
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13
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Helou AY, Martins DO, Arruda BP, de Souza MC, Cruz-Ochoa NA, Nogueira MI, Chacur M. Neonatal anoxia increases nociceptive response in rats: Sex differences and lumbar spinal cord and insula alterations. Int J Dev Neurosci 2021; 81:686-697. [PMID: 34342028 DOI: 10.1002/jdn.10145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Neonatal anoxia is a well-known world health problem that results in neurodevelopmental deficits, such as sensory alterations that are observed in patients with cerebral palsy and autism disorder, for which oxygen deprivation is a risk factor. Nociceptive response, as part of the sensory system, has been reported as altered in these patients. To determine whether neonatal oxygen deprivation alters nociceptive sensitivity and promotes medium- and long-term inflammatory feedback in the central nervous system, Wistar rats of around 30 h old were submitted to anoxia (100% nitrogen flux for 25 min) and evaluated on PND23 (postpartum day) and PND90. The nociceptive response was assessed by mechanical, thermal, and tactile tests in the early postnatal and adulthood periods. The lumbar spinal cord (SC, L4-L6) motor neurons (MNs) and the posterior insular cortex neurons were counted and compared with their respective controls after anoxia. In addition, we evaluated the possible effect of anoxia on the expression of astrocytes in the SC at adulthood. The results showed increased nociceptive responses in both males and females submitted to anoxia, although these responses were different according to the nociceptive stimulus. A decrease in MNs in adult anoxiated females and an upregulation of GFAP expression in the SC were observed. In the insular cortex, a decrease in the number of cells of anoxiated males was observed in the neonatal period. Our findings suggest that oxygen-deprived nervous systems in rats may affect their response at the sensorimotor pathways and respective controlling centers with sex differences, which were related to the used stimulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammir Yacoub Helou
- Neurosciences Laboratory, Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniel Oliveira Martins
- Laboratory of Functional Neuroanatomy of Pain, Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruna Petrucelli Arruda
- Neurosciences Laboratory, Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Matheus Cerussi de Souza
- Neurosciences Laboratory, Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Natalia Andrea Cruz-Ochoa
- Neurosciences Laboratory, Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Inês Nogueira
- Neurosciences Laboratory, Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marucia Chacur
- Laboratory of Functional Neuroanatomy of Pain, Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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14
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van den Hoogen NJ, de Geus TJ, Patijn J, Tibboel D, Joosten EA. Methadone effectively attenuates acute and long-term consequences of neonatal repetitive procedural pain in a rat model. Pediatr Res 2021; 89:1681-1686. [PMID: 33504957 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-020-01353-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Painful procedures in early life cause acute pain and can alter pain processing at a spinal level lasting into adulthood. Current methods of analgesia seem unable to prevent both acute and long-term hypersensitivity associated with neonatal pain. The current study aims to prevent acute and long-term hypersensitivity associated with neonatal procedural pain using methadone analgesia in rat pups. METHODS Sprague-Dawley rat pups received either methadone (1 mg/kg) or saline prior to repetitive needle pricks into the left hind paw from the day of birth (postnatal day (P)0) to P7. Control littermates received a tactile stimulus. Mechanical sensitivity was assessed during the neonatal period (P0-P7), from weaning to adulthood (3-7 weeks) and following surgical re-injury of the same dermatome in adulthood. RESULTS Methadone administration completely reversed acute hypersensitivity from P0 to P7. In addition, neonatal methadone analgesia prevented prolonged hypersensitivity after re-injury in adulthood, without affecting sensitivity from weaning to adulthood. CONCLUSIONS The current study shows that neonatal methadone analgesia can attenuate acute as well as long-term hypersensitivity associated with neonatal procedural pain in a rat model. IMPACT Methadone treatment attenuates acute and long-term hypersensitivity associated with neonatal pain in a rat model. Clinical effectiveness studies are urgently warranted to assess acute and long-term analgesic effectivity of methadone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nynke J van den Hoogen
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Management, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands. .,Department of Translational Neuroscience, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands. .,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.
| | - Thomas J de Geus
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Management, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Translational Neuroscience, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jacob Patijn
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Management, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Dick Tibboel
- Intensive Care and Department of Paediatric Surgery, Erasmus Medical Centre - Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elbert A Joosten
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Management, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Translational Neuroscience, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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15
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Williams MD, Lascelles BDX. Early Neonatal Pain-A Review of Clinical and Experimental Implications on Painful Conditions Later in Life. Front Pediatr 2020; 8:30. [PMID: 32117835 PMCID: PMC7020755 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2020.00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Modern health care has brought our society innumerable benefits but has also introduced the experience of pain very early in life. For example, it is now routine care for newborns to receive various injections or have blood drawn within 24 h of life. For infants who are sick or premature, the pain experiences inherent in the required medical care are frequent and often severe, with neonates requiring intensive care admission encountering approximately fourteen painful procedures daily in the hospital. Given that much of the world has seen a steady increase in preterm births for the last several decades, an ever-growing number of babies experience multiple painful events before even leaving the hospital. These noxious events occur during a critical period of neurodevelopment when the nervous system is very vulnerable due to immaturity and neuroplasticity. Here, we provide a narrative review of the literature pertaining to the idea that early life pain has significant long-term effects on neurosensory, cognition, behavior, pain processing, and health outcomes that persist into childhood and even adulthood. We refer to clinical and pre-clinical studies investigating how early life pain impacts acute pain later in life, focusing on animal model correlates that have been used to better understand this relationship. Current knowledge around the proposed underlying mechanisms responsible for the long-lasting consequences of neonatal pain, its neurobiological and behavioral effects, and its influence on later pain states are discussed. We conclude by highlighting that another important consequence of early life pain may be the impact it has on later chronic pain states-an area of research that has received little attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morika D. Williams
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
- Translational Research in Pain Program, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - B. Duncan X. Lascelles
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
- Translational Research in Pain Program, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
- Thurston Arthritis Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Center for Translational Pain Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
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16
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Campbell-Yeo ML. Reaffirming that every poke counts! Higher repeated pain exposure in early life linked with greater short- and long-lasting alteration of the nociceptive system. Pediatr Res 2020; 87:15-16. [PMID: 31491789 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-019-0565-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marsha L Campbell-Yeo
- School of Nursing, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada. .,Centre for Pediatric Pain Research, IWK Health Centre, Halifax, NS, Canada.
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17
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van den Hoogen NJ, Patijn J, Tibboel D, Joosten EA. Insights Image for "Repetitive noxious stimuli during early development affect acute and long-term mechanical sensitivity in rats". Pediatr Res 2020; 87:178. [PMID: 31521059 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-019-0575-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nynke J van den Hoogen
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Management, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands. .,Department of Translational Neuroscience, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - J Patijn
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Management, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - D Tibboel
- Intensive Care and Department of Paediatric Surgery, Erasmus Medical Centre - Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - E A Joosten
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Management, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Translational Neuroscience, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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