NUPR1 promotes the proliferation and metastasis of oral squamous cell carcinoma cells by activating TFE3-dependent autophagy

Transcriptomic analysis reveals Streptococcus agalactiae activation of oncogenic pathways in cervical adenocarcinoma

Cervical adenocarcinoma (AC), a subtype of uterine cervical cancer (CC), poses a challenge due to its resistance to therapy and poor prognosis compared with squamous cervical carcinoma. Streptococcus agalactiae [group B Streptococcus (GBS)], a Gram-positive coccus, has been associated with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia in CC. However, the underlying mechanism interaction between GBS and CC, particularly AC, remains elusive. Leveraging The Cancer Genome Atlas public data and time-series transcriptomic data, the present study investigated the interaction between GBS and AC, revealing activation of two pivotal pathways: 'MAPK signaling pathway' and 'mTORC1 signaling'. Western blotting, reverse transcription-quantitative PCR and cell viability assays were performed to validate the activation of these pathways and their role in promoting cancer cell proliferation. Subsequently, the present study evaluated the efficacy of two anticancer drugs targeting these pathways (binimetinib and ridaforolimus) in AC cell treatment. Binimetinib demonstrated a cytostatic effect, while ridaforolimus had a modest impact on HeLa cells after 48 h of treatment, as observed in both cell viability and cytotoxicity assays. The combination of binimetinib and ridaforolimus resulted in a significantly greater cytotoxic effect compared to binimetinib or ridaforolimus monotherapy, although the synergy score indicated an additive effect. In general, the MAPK and mTORC1 signaling pathways were identified as the main pathways associated with GBS and AC cells. The combination of binimetinib and ridaforolimus could be a potential AC treatment.

Autophagy in oral cancer: Promises and challenges (Review)

Autophagy captures damaged or dysfunctional proteins and organelles through the lysosomal pathway to achieve proper cellular homeostasis. Autophagy possesses distinct characteristics and is given recognized functions in numerous physiological and pathological conditions, such as cancer. Early stage cancer development can be stopped by autophagy. After tumor cells have successfully undergone transformation and progressed to a late stage, the autophagy-mediated system of dynamic degradation and recycling will support cancer cell growth and adaptation to various cellular stress responses while preserving energy homeostasis. In the present study, the dual function that autophagy plays in various oral cancer development contexts and stages, the existing arguments for and against autophagy, and the ways in which autophagy contributes to oral cancer modifications, such as carcinogenesis, drug resistance, invasion, metastasis and self-proliferation, are reviewed. Special attention is paid to the mechanisms and functions of autophagy in oral cancer processes, and the most recent findings on the application of certain conventional drugs or natural compounds as novel agents that modulate autophagy in oral cancer are discussed. Overall, further research is needed to determine the validity and reliability of autophagy promotion and inhibition while maximizing the difficult challenge of increasing cancer suppression to improve clinical outcomes.

Metal Polyphenol Nanoparticle-Based Chemo/Ferroptosis Synergistic Therapy for the Treatment of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Despite the use of surgical resection and chemotherapy in the clinical treatment of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), the 5-year survival rates of advanced patients are low. Therefore, more efficient strategies are urgently needed. Herein, a chemo/ferroptosis synergistic therapeutic system-DMEFe nanoparticles (NPs) is established for the treatment of OSCC. To create this system, the chemotherapeutic agent doxorubicin (DOX) was loaded into mesoporous silica nanoparticles and further coated with a pH-sensitive metal polyphenol (iron ion and epigallocatechin gallate). These nanoparticles displayed excellent pH-sensitive drug-control release properties, and the release ratio of DOX at pH 5.5 was twice as high than that at pH 7.4. Additionally, DMEF NPs were effectively taken up by the OSCC cell line SSC-25, which greatly impeded the proliferation of these cells. Notably, these nanoparticles increased the intracellular level of reactive oxygen species and effectively exhibited cytotoxity effects. The mechanistic results proved that DMEFe NPs regulated the expression of ferroptosis-related genes to induce ferroptosis of SSC-25 cells. Eventually, this chemo/ferroptosis therapeutic system exhibited remarkable antitumor effects and provided a novel strategy for the treatment of OSCC.

NUPR1 modulates pulmonary embolism progression via smooth muscle cells phenotypic transformation

Objective

This study aimed to investigate the role of Nuclear Protein 1 (NUPR1) in pulmonary embolism (PE) and its impact on the phenotypic transformation of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs).

Methods

A PE model was established via autologous pulmonary emboli infusion into the jugular vein. Partial Pressure of Oxygen (PaO2), Oxygenation Index (OI), Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP), and Troponin I (TnI) were measured, and lung tissue was subjected to hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining. NUPR1 expression was assessed through Immunofluorescence and Western blot analyses. To investigate role of NUPR1, PE rats were treated with lentiviral vectors for NUPR1 knockdown (si-NUPR1) or overexpression (ov-NUPR1), and the effects on lung pathology were examined. NUPR1 expression was evaluated in human PASMCs. Additionally, PASMCs from SD rats were cultured under normoxic and hypoxic conditions to evaluate NUPR1 expression. Transfection of NUPR1 expression vectors into PASMCs allowed monitoring of phenotypic transformation-associated protein changes and PASMCs activity.

Results

Increased NURP1 was observed in human-derived PASMCs. In PE rats, histological examination revealed ruptured pulmonary alveoli, exudate accumulation, interstitial edema, and infiltration of inflammatory cells, concomitant with elevated NUPR1 expression levels. Knockdown of NUPR1 in PE rats significantly improved lung tissue structure, reducing alveolar rupture and interstitial edema. Conversely, NUPR1 overexpression exacerbated lung damage, leading to increased inflammatory infiltration. NUPR1 expression in rat PASMCs remained stable under normoxic conditions; however, under hypoxic conditions, NUPR1 protein expression increased progressively over time. Subsequent upregulation of NUPR1 expression led to a decrease in the levels of contractile phenotype markers α-SMA and SM22α in PASMCs, accompanied by increased expression of synthetic phenotype markers Vimentin and OPN. This phenotypic shift was associated with enhanced cellular proliferation, invasion, and migration.

Conclusions

Elevated NUPR1 expression in PE exacerbates abnormal PASMCs proliferation by promoting their phenotypic transformation, thereby fostering the pathological progression of PE.

Dexmedetomidine alleviates intestinal ischemia/reperfusion injury by modulating intestinal neuron autophagy and mitochondrial homeostasis via Nupr1 regulation

Intestinal ischemia/reperfusion injury (I/R) is a common yet challenging-to-treat condition, presenting a significant clinical challenge. This study aims to investigate the protective mechanisms of Dexmedetomidine (Dex) against I/R injury, with a particular focus on its role in regulating autophagy activity in intestinal neurons and maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis. Experimental findings demonstrate that Dex can mitigate intestinal damage induced by I/R through the modulation of autophagy activity and mitochondrial function in intestinal neurons by suppressing the expression of Nupr1. This discovery sheds light on a new molecular mechanism underlying the potential efficacy of Dex in treating intestinal I/R injury, offering valuable insights for clinical therapy.

The ZDHHC13/ZDHHC17 subfamily: From biological functions to therapeutic targets of diseases

The ZDHHC13/ZDHHC17 subfamily belongs to the zinc finger DHHC-domain containing (ZDHHC) family, including ZDHHC13 and ZDHHC17. Recent studies have shown that the ZDHHC13/ZDHHC17 subfamily is involved in various pathological and physiological processes, including S-palmitoylation, Mg2+ transport, and CALCOCO1-mediated Golgiphagy. Moreover, the ZDHHC13/ZDHHC17 subfamily plays a crucial role in the occurrence and development of many diseases, including Huntington disease (HD), osteoporosis, atopic dermatitis, diabetes, and cancer. In the present review, we describe the distribution, structure, and post-translational modifications (PTMs) of the ZDHHC13/ZDHHC17 subfamily. Moreover, we effectively summarize the biological functions and associated diseases of this subfamily. Given the pleiotropy of the ZDHHC13/ZDHHC17 subfamily, it is imperative to conduct further research on its members to comprehend the pertinent pathophysiological mechanisms and to devise tactics for managing and controlling various diseases.

Astragaloside IV inhibits the proliferation, migration, invasion, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition of oral cancer cells by aggravating autophagy

Oral cancer is one usual tumor that sorely affects the health of people and even result into death. Astragaloside IV (AS-IV) is one of the major components of Astragalus membranaceus extract, and has been identified to exhibit ameliorative functions in some cancers. Nevertheless, the regulatory impacts and correlative pathways of AS-IV in oral cancer remain vague. In this study, it was discovered that cell growth was gradually weakened with the increased dose of AS-IV (25, 50 and 100 μM). Additionally, it was uncovered that AS-IV restrained the EMT progress in oral cancer. The cell migration and invasion abilities were both gradually alleviated after AS-IV treatment in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, AS-IV accelerated autophagy through intensifying LC3II/LC3I level and LC3B fluorescence intensity. At last, it was clarified that AS-IV triggered the AMPK pathway and retarded the AKT/mTOR pathway. In conclusion, AS-IV restrained cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) progress in oral cancer by aggravating autophagy through modulating the AMPK and AKT/mTOR pathways. This work may offer novel evidence on AS-IV in the treatment of oral cancer.

Lactate dehydrogenase A is implicated in the pathogenesis of B-cell lymphoma through regulation of the FER signaling pathway

Lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) is highly expressed in various tumors. However, the role of LDHA in the pathogenesis of B-cell lymphoma remains unclear. Analysis of data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) databases revealed an elevated LDHA expression in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBC) tissues compared with normal tissues. Similarly, our results demonstrated a significant increase in LDHA expression in tumor tissues from the patients with B-cell lymphoma compared with those with lymphadenitis. To further elucidate potential roles of LDHA in B-cell lymphoma pathogenesis, we silenced LDHA in the Raji cells (a B-cell lymphoma cell line) using shRNA techniques. Silencing LDHA led to reduced mitochondrial membrane integrity, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production, glycolytic activity, cell viability and invasion. Notably, LDHA knockdown substantially suppressed in vivo growth of Raji cells and extended survival in mice bearing lymphoma (Raji cells). Moreover, proteomic analysis identified feline sarcoma-related protein (FER) as a differential protein positively associated with LDHA expression. Treatment with E260, a FER inhibitor, significantly reduced the metabolism, proliferation and invasion of Raji cells. In summary, our findings highlight that LDHA plays multiple roles in B-cell lymphoma pathogenesis via FER pathways, establishing LDHA/FER may as a potential therapeutic target.

Primary cilia-associated signalling in squamous cell carcinoma of head and neck region

Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the head and neck originates from the mucosal lining of the upper aerodigestive tract, including the lip, tongue, nasopharynx, oropharynx, larynx and hypopharynx. In this review, we summarise what is currently known about the potential function of primary cilia in the pathogenesis of this disease. As primary cilia represent a key cellular structure for signal transduction and are related to cell proliferation, an understanding of their role in carcinogenesis is necessary for the design of new treatment approaches. Here, we introduce cilia-related signalling in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and its possible association with HNSCC tumorigenesis. From this point of view, PDGF, EGF, Wnt and Hh signalling are discussed as all these pathways were found to be dysregulated in HNSCC. Moreover, we review the clinical potential of small molecules affecting primary cilia signalling to target squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck area.

NCAPH, ubiquitinated by TRIM21, promotes cell proliferation by inhibiting autophagy of cervical cancer through AKT/mTOR dependent signaling

Autophagy is closely related to the occurrence and development of human malignancies; however, the detailed mechanisms underlying autophagy in cervical cancer require further investigation. Previously, we found that the ectopic expression of NCAPH, a regulatory subunit of condensed protein complexes, significantly enhanced the proliferation of tumor cells; however, the underlying mechanisms were unclear. Here, we revealed that NCAPH is a novel autophagy-associated protein in cervical cancer that promotes cell proliferation by inhibiting autophagosome formation and reducing autophagy, with no effect on the cell cycle, apoptosis, or aging. Tripartite motif-containing protein 21 (TRIM21) is well known to be involved in inflammation, autoimmunity and cancer, mainly via its E3 ubiquitin ligase activity. Mass spectrometry and immunoprecipitation assays showed that TRIM21 interacted with NCAPH and decreased the protein stability of NCAPH via ubiquitination at the K11 lysine residue. Structural domain mutation analysis revealed that TRIM21 combined with NCAPH through its PRY/SPRY and CC domains and accelerated the degradation of NCAPH through the RING domain. Furthermore, TRIM21 promoted autophagosome formation and reduced cell proliferation by inhibiting NCAPH expression and the downstream AKT/mTOR pathway in cervical cancer cells. Immunohistochemical staining revealed that the protein expression of TRIM21 was negatively correlated with that of NCAPH and positively correlated with that of beclin-1 in cervical cancer tissues. Therefore, we provide evidence for the role of the TRIM21-NCAPH axis in cervical cancer autophagy and proliferation and the involvement of the AKT/mTOR signaling pathway in this process. These results deepen our understanding of the carcinogenesis of cervical cancer, broaden the understanding of the molecular mechanisms of TRIM21 and NCAPH, and provide guidance for individualized treatment of cervical cancer in the future.

Single-cell atlas profiling revealed cellular characteristics and dynamic changes after PD-1 blockade therapy of brain metastases from laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma

Brain metastasis (BM) in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) is uncommon but prognosis is poor. Anti-PD-1 immunotherapy benefits some advanced LSCC cases, yet its efficiency is limited by tumor complexity. We analyzed paired metastatic tumor samples from before and after immunotherapy using single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), along with a primary LSCC dataset and bulk RNA sequencing. This identified changes post-immunotherapy and revealed differences in single-cell transcriptomes among LSCC, primBM, and neoBM. Our findings show that anti-PD-1 treatment suppresses metastasis-promoting pathways like VEGF and EMT in cancer cells, and alters immune cell functions. Notably, it upregulates T cell activation, leading to CD8 T cell exhaustion from excess heat shock proteins, notably HSPA8. However, CD8 T cell cytotoxic functions improve post-treatment. In myeloid cells, anti-PD-1 therapy enhances antigen presentation and promotes a proinflammatory shift post-metastasis. Additionally, NUPR1 is linked to BM in LSCC, and NEAT1 is a potential metastatic cancer cell cycle participant. Our study provides insights into cancer heterogeneity and the impact of PD-1 immunotherapy on metastasis, aiding precise diagnosis and prognosis.

Suppression of NUPR1 in fibroblast-like synoviocytes reduces synovial fibrosis via the Smad3 pathway

BACKGROUND

Synovial fibrosis is a common complication of knee osteoarthritis (KOA), a pathological process characterized by myofibroblast activation and excessive extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition. Fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs) are implicated in KOA pathogenesis, contributing to synovial fibrosis through diverse mechanisms. Nuclear protein 1 (NUPR1) is a recently identified transcription factor with crucial roles in various fibrotic diseases. However, its molecular determinants in KOA synovial fibrosis remain unknown. This study aims to investigate the role of NUPR1 in KOA synovial fibrosis through in vivo and in vitro experiments.

METHODS

We examined NUPR1 expression in the murine synovium and determined the impact of NUPR1 on synovial fibrosis by knockdown models in the destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM)-induced KOA mouse model. TGF-β was employed to induce fibrotic response and myofibroblast activation in mouse FLSs, and the role and molecular mechanisms in synovial fibrosis were evaluated under conditions of NUPR1 downexpression. Additionally, the pharmacological effect of NUPR1 inhibitor in synovial fibrosis was assessed using a surgically induced mouse KOA model.

RESULTS

We found that NUPR1 expression increased in the murine synovium after DMM surgical operation. The adeno-associated virus (AAV)-NUPR1 shRNA promoted NUPR1 deficiency, attenuating synovial fibrosis, inhibiting synovial hyperplasia, and significantly reducing the expression of pro-fibrotic molecules. Moreover, the lentivirus-mediated NUPR1 deficiency alleviated synoviocyte proliferation and inhibited fibroblast to myofibroblast transition. It also decreased the expression of fibrosis markers α-SMA, COL1A1, CTGF, Vimentin and promoted the activation of the SMAD family member 3 (SMAD3) pathway. Importantly, trifluoperazine (TFP), a NUPR1 inhibitor, attenuated synovial fibrosis in DMM mice.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings indicate that NUPR1 is an antifibrotic modulator in KOA, and its effect on anti-synovial fibrosis is partially mediated by SMAD3 signaling. This study reveals a promising target for developing novel antifibrotic treatment.

TRIB3 promotes the growth of oral squamous cell carcinoma by regulating JNK/JUN-mediated aerobic glycolysis

OBJECTIVE

The potentiation of glycolysis is a leading driver of squamous cell carcinoma. Targeted modulation of the glycolytic process might be a pivotal tool for treating squamous cell carcinoma. Tribble homolog 3 (TRIB3) expression is elevated in some squamous cell carcinomas and correlates with poor prognosis. We investigated whether increased TRIB3 expression contributes to the progression of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) by modulating glycolysis.

METHODS

We analyzed the expression of TRIB3 in the TCGA database for clinical tissue samples, in vitro, and in vivo. Cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and apoptosis were observed by overexpressing or knocking down TRIB3. Crucially, the impact of TRIB3 on aerobic glycolysis in OSCC was also probed in our study, including glucose uptake, lactate content, ATP production, extracellular acidification rate, and oxygen consumption rate. Importantly, we examined the relationship between TRIB3 and the JNK/JUN pathway and whether it regulates glycolytic processes in OSCC cells through the JNK/JUN pathway. Finally, tumor growth in vivo was tested using Xenograft models to observe the effect of knockdown TRIB3.

RESULTS

Our study identified TRIB3 as the most variable and prognostic in OSCC. A significant high expression of TRIB3 in OSCC cells was determined in vitro and promoted cell proliferation, migration, invasion, apoptosis, and aerobic glycolysis. Knockdown of TRIB3 produced opposite effects. In addition, these effects are regulated by the JNK/JUN pathway. The use of JNK inhibitor inhibited the pro-growth and glycolytic effects of TRIB3 on OSCC cells. Finally, we further determined that TRIB3 knockdown would effectively suppress tumor growth in vivo.

CONCLUSION

This study reveals that TRIB3 promotes OSCC growth by regulating JNK/JUN pathway-mediated aerobic glycolysis, and TRIB3 may be a potential target for treating OSCC.

Induction of Peroxiredoxin 1 by Hypoxia Promotes Cellular Autophagy and Cell Proliferation in Oral Leukoplakia via HIF-1α/BNIP3 Pathway

Hypoxia is a key trigger in the transformation of oral leukoplakia into oral cancer. However, it is still too early to determine the role of hypoxia in the development of oral leukoplakia. Prx1, an antioxidant protein, upregulated by hypoxia, regulates cellular autophagy in leukoplakia. This study aimed to understand the mechanisms by which hypoxia induces Prx1 expression during autophagy in oral leukoplakia. We used an experimental model of tongue epithelial hyperplasia induced by 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide (4NQO) and dysplastic oral keratinocytes. Prx1 knockdown DOK cells, Leuk-1 cells and control cells were harvested, and cell proliferation was assayed using the Cell Counting Kit-8. Several hypoxia and autophagy-related proteins were examined using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, and western blotting in cells and mouse tongue tissues. In addition, the ultrastructure of the cells was observed by transmission electron microscopy. Hypoxia induces cell proliferation, autophagic vesicles and the expression of Prx1, BNIP3, LC3II/I and Beclin-1 in DOK and Leuk-1 cells. However, these effects were all attenuated by Prx1 knockdown. Histologically, 4NQO induced epithelial hyperplasia in the tongue mucosa. The expression of proliferation marker PCNA, autophagy-related proteins LC3B and Beclin-1, as well as HIF-1α/BNIP3 was significantly lower in the tongue tissues of Prx1flox/flox:Cre+ mice compared with Prx1flox/flox mice. In Prx1flox/flox:Cre+ mice, an increased expression of HIF-1α/BNIP3, LC3B and Beclin-1 was detected in epithelial hyperplasia tongue tissues compared to normal tissues. The current study suggests that Prx1 may promotes cell proliferation and autophagy in oral leukoplakia cells via the HIF-1α/BNIP3 pathway.

Identification of activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6) as a novel prognostic biomarker and potential target in oral squamous cell carcinoma

BACKGROUND

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is originating from oral mucosal epithelial cells. Autophagy plays a crucial role in cancer treatment by promoting cellular self-degradation and eliminating damaged components, thereby enhancing therapeutic efficacy. In this study, we aim to identify a novel autophagy-related biomarker to improve OSCC therapy.

METHODS

We firstly utilized Cox and Lasso analyses to identify that ATF6 is associated with OSCC prognosis, and validated the results by Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. We further identified the downstream pathways and related genes by enrichment analysis and WGCNA analysis. Subsequently, we used short interfering RNA to investigate the effects of ATF6 knockdown on proliferation, migration, apoptosis, and autophagy in SCC-9 and SCC-15 cells through cell viability assay, transwell assay, EdU incorporation assay, flow cytometry analysis, western blot analysis and immunofluorescence analysis, etc. RESULTS: Bioinformatics analyses showed that ATF6 overexpression was associated with prognosis and detrimental to survival. In vitro studies verified that ATF6 knockdown reduced OSCC cell proliferation and migration. Mechanistically, ATF6 knockdown could promote cellular autophagy and apoptosis.

CONCLUSION

We propose that ATF6 holds potential as a prognostic biomarker linked to autophagy in OSCC. This study provides valuable clues for further exploration of targeted therapy against OSCC.

ETS1-mediated Regulation of SOAT1 Enhances the Malignant Phenotype of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Induces Tumor-associated Macrophages M2-like Polarization

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is an aggressive cancer that poses a substantial threat to human life and quality of life globally. Lipid metabolism reprogramming significantly influences tumor development, affecting not only tumor cells but also tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) infiltration. SOAT1, a critical enzyme in lipid metabolism, holds high prognostic value in various cancers. This study revealed that SOAT1 is highly expressed in OSCC tissues and positively correlated with M2 TAMs infiltration. Increased SOAT1 expression enhanced the capabilities of cell proliferation, tumor sphere formation, migration, and invasion in OSCC cells, upregulated the SREBP1-regulated adipogenic pathway, activated the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and promoted M2-like polarization of TAMs, thereby contributing to OSCC growth both in vitro and in vivo. Additionally, we explored the upstream transcription factors that regulate SOAT1 and discovered that ETS1 positively regulates SOAT1 expression levels. Knockdown of ETS1 effectively inhibited the malignant phenotype of OSCC cells, whereas restoring SOAT1 expression significantly mitigated this suppression. Based on these findings, we suggest that SOAT1 is regulated by ETS1 and plays a pivotal role in the development of OSCC by facilitating lipid metabolism and M2-like polarization of TAMs. We propose that SOAT1 is a promising target for OSCC therapy with tremendous potential.

FOXD2-AS1 promotes malignant cell behavior in oral squamous cell carcinoma via the miR-378 g/CRABP2 axis

BACKGROUND

Oral squamous cell cancer (OSCC) is a prevalent malignancy in oral cavity, accounting for nearly 90% of oral malignancies. It ranks sixth among the most common types of cancer worldwide and is responsible for approximately 145,000 deaths each year. It is widely accepted that noncoding RNAs participate cancer development in competitive regulatory interaction, knowing as competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network, whereby long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) function as decoys of microRNAs to regulate gene expression. LncRNA FOXD2-AS1 was reported to exert an oncogenic role in OSCC. Nevertheless, the ceRNA network mediated by FOXD2-AS1 was not investigated yet. This study aimed to explore the effect of FOXD2-AS1 on OSCC cell process and the underlying ceRNA mechanism.

METHODS

FOXD2-AS1 expression in OSCC cells were determined via reverse transcription and quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Short hairpin RNA targeting FOXD2-AS1 was transfected into OSCC cells to silence FOXD2-AS1 expression. Then, loss-of-function experiments (n = 3 each assay) were performed to measure cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and invasion using colony formation, TdT-mediated dUTP Nick-End Labeling, wound healing and Transwell assays, respectively. RNA binding relation was verified by RNA immunoprecipitation and luciferase reporter assays. Rescue experiments were designed to validate whether FOXD2-AS1 affects cell behavior via the gene cellular retinoic acid binding protein 2 (CRABP2). Statistics were processed by GraphPad Prism 6.0 Software and SPSS software.

RESULTS

FOXD2-AS1 was significantly upregulated in Cal27 and SCC9 cells (6.8 and 6.4 folds). In response to FOXD2-AS1 knockout, OSCC cell proliferation, migration and invasion were suppressed (approximately 50% decrease) while OSCC cell apoptosis was enhanced (more than two-fold increase). FOXD2-AS1 interacted with miR-378 g to alter CRABP2 expression. CRABP2 upregulation partly rescued (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001) the inhibitory impact of FOXD2-AS1 depletion on malignant characteristics of OSCC cells.

CONCLUSION

FOXD2-AS1 enhances OSCC malignant cell behaviors by interacting with miR-378 g to regulate CRABP2 expression.

Role of C/EBP Homologous Protein (CHOP) and Nupr1 Interaction in Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Induced Apoptosis of Lens Epithelial Cells

Our study mainly analyzed the mechanism of C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) and its interacting protein Nupr1 on endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) induced lens epithelial cells (LEC) apoptosis. Cell proliferation was detected by CCK-8. Apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry and TUNEL. Nupr1 expression was detected by RT-qPCR. The expressions of CHOP, Nupr1, apoptosis-related protein, and ERS-related protein were detected by Western blot. DCFH-DA probe was used to detect cell ROS. The SOD, GSH-PX, and MDA contents were detected by the kit. Co-IP was used to detect the interaction between CHOP and Nupr1. The morphology of the lens was detected by HE staining. The result shows that Tunicamycin (TU) can induce endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis in LEC in a concentration-dependent manner. TU induction leads to the occurrence of CHOP nuclear translocation. Overexpression of CHOP can further enhance the inhibitory effect of TU on LEC proliferation and the promotion of apoptosis, while knockdown of CHOP has the opposite effect. CHOP and Nupr1 are interacting proteins, and knockdown of Nupr1 or addition of Nupr1 inhibitor ZZW-115 can reverse the effects of TU and overexpression of CHOP, respectively. It has been observed in animal experiments that treatment with oe-CHOP can further aggravate the pathological lesions of the rat lens, while ZZW-115 can reverse the effect of oe-CHOP to a certain extent and improve the lesions of the rat lens. Overall, CHOP interacts with Nupr1 to regulate apoptosis caused by ERS and mediate cataract progression in rats, and this study provides a new potential therapeutic target for the treatment of cataract.

Ribosomal Dysregulation in Metastatic Laryngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Proteomic Insights and CX-5461's Therapeutic Promise

One of the main barriers to the successful treatment of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) is postoperative progression, primarily due to tumor cell metastasis. To systematically investigate the molecular characteristics and potential mechanisms underlying the metastasis in laryngeal cancer, we carried out a TMT-based proteomic analysis of both cancerous and adjacent non-cancerous tissues from 10 LSCC patients with lymph node metastasis (LNM) and 10 without. A total of 5545 proteins were quantified across all samples. We identified 57 proteins that were downregulated in LSCC with LNM, which were enriched in cell adhesion pathways, and 69 upregulated proteins predominantly enriched in protein production pathways. Importantly, our data revealed a strong correlation between increased ribosomal activity and the presence of LNM, as 18 ribosomal subunit proteins were found to be upregulated, with RPS10 and RPL24 being the most significantly overexpressed. The potential of ribosomal proteins, including RPS10 and RPL24, as biomarkers for LSCC with LNM was confirmed in external validation samples (six with LNM and six without LNM) using Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Furthermore, we have confirmed that the RNA polymerase I inhibitor CX-5461, which impedes ribosome biogenesis in LSCC, also decreases the expression of RPS10, RPL24, and RPS26. In vitro experiments have revealed that CX-5461 moderately reduces cell viability, while it significantly inhibits the invasion and migration of LSCC cells. It can enhance the expression of the epithelial marker CDH1 and suppress the expression of the mesenchymal markers CDH2, VIM, and FN at a dose that does not affect cell viability. Our study broadens the scope of the proteomic data on laryngeal cancer and suggests that ribosome targeting could be a supplementary therapeutic strategy for metastatic LSCC.

WNT3 promotes chemoresistance to 5-Fluorouracil in oral squamous cell carcinoma via activating the canonical β-catenin pathway

BACKGROUND

5-Fluorouracil (5FU) is a primary chemotherapeutic agent used to treat oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). However, the development of drug resistance has significantly limited its clinical application. Therefore, there is an urgent need to determine the mechanisms underlying drug resistance and identify effective targets. In recent years, the Wingless and Int-1 (WNT) signaling pathway has been increasingly studied in cancer drug resistance; however, the role of WNT3, a ligand of the canonical WNT signaling pathway, in OSCC 5FU-resistance is not clear. This study delved into this potential connection.

METHODS

5FU-resistant cell lines were established by gradually elevating the drug concentration in the culture medium. Differential gene expressions between parental and resistant cells underwent RNA sequencing analysis, which was then substantiated via Real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and western blot tests. The influence of the WNT signaling on OSCC chemoresistance was ascertained through WNT3 knockdown or overexpression. The WNT inhibitor methyl 3-benzoate (MSAB) was probed for its capacity to boost 5FU efficacy.

RESULTS

In this study, the WNT/β-catenin signaling pathway was notably activated in 5FU-resistant OSCC cell lines, which was confirmed through transcriptome sequencing analysis, RT-qPCR, and western blot verification. Additionally, the key ligand responsible for pathway activation, WNT3, was identified. By knocking down WNT3 in resistant cells or overexpressing WNT3 in parental cells, we found that WNT3 promoted 5FU-resistance in OSCC. In addition, the WNT inhibitor MSAB reversed 5FU-resistance in OSCC cells.

CONCLUSIONS

These data underscored the activation of the WNT/β-catenin signaling pathway in resistant cells and identified the promoting effect of WNT3 upregulation on 5FU-resistance in oral squamous carcinoma. This may provide a new therapeutic strategy for reversing 5FU-resistance in OSCC cells.

NRF2 activation by cysteine as a survival mechanism for triple-negative breast cancer cells

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a very aggressive and heterogeneous group of tumors. In order to develop effective therapeutic strategies, it is therefore essential to identify the subtype-specific molecular mechanisms underlying disease progression and resistance to chemotherapy. TNBC cells are highly dependent on exogenous cystine, provided by overexpression of the cystine/glutamate antiporter SLC7A11/xCT, to fuel glutathione synthesis and promote an oxidative stress response consistent with their high metabolic demands. Here we show that TNBC cells of the mesenchymal stem-like subtype (MSL) utilize forced cystine uptake to induce activation of the transcription factor NRF2 and promote a glutathione-independent mechanism to defend against oxidative stress. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that NRF2 activation is mediated by direct cysteinylation of the inhibitor KEAP1. Furthermore, we show that cystine-mediated NRF2 activation induces the expression of important genes involved in oxidative stress response, but also in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and stem-like phenotype. Remarkably, in survival analysis, four upregulated genes (OSGIN1, RGS17, SRXN1, AKR1B10) are negative prognostic markers for TNBC. Finally, expression of exogenous OSGIN1, similarly to expression of exogenous NRF2, can prevent cystine depletion-dependent death of MSL TNBC cells. The results suggest that the cystine/NRF2/OSGIN1 axis is a potential target for effective treatment of MSL TNBCs.

NUPR1 induces autophagy and promotes the progression of Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma via the MAPK-mTOR pathway

PURPOSE

Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is a dominant pathological type in China. NUPR1 is a complex molecule implicated in various physiological and biological functions whose expression is upregulated in response to stress. Furthermore, autophagy is a vital physiological mechanism in the onset and metastasis of malignancies. This study aims to uncover the influence of NUPR1 on ESCC occurrence and development by regulating autophagy while also exploring its association with the MAPK signaling pathway.

METHODS

First, the differences in NUPR1 between ESCC and normal tissues were analyzed through online databases. Subsequently, the pathological tissues of clinical samples were stained and scored using immunohistochemistry. And NUPR1 expression in ESCC cells was investigated, as was the function of NUPR1 in the modulation of ESCC's malignant behavior. Furthermore, a nude mouse ESCC xenograft model was developed. Finally, RNA sequencing was performed on NUPR1-downregulated ESCC cells, which was verified using WB.

RESULTS

Our findings initially uncovered differences in the expression of NUPR1 in ESCC and normal tissues. In vitro experiments demonstrated that NUPR1 downregulation significantly inhibited ESCC cell proliferation, invasion, and migration, as well as promoted their apoptosis. Our xenograft model exhibited significant inhibition of ESCC tumors upon NUPR1 downregulation. Subsequently, RNA sequencing uncovered that NUPR1 regulates its malignant biological behavior through MAPK-mTOR signaling pathway. Finally, we found that NUPR1 downregulation can inhibit autophagic flux in ESCC.

CONCLUSION

Collectively, our findings show that NUPR1 enhances the progression of ESCC by triggering autophagy and is associated with the MAPK-mTOR signaling pathway.

EHMT2 Suppresses ARRB1 Transcription and Activates the Hedgehog Signaling to Promote Malignant Phenotype and Stem Cell Property in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) represents the primary subtype of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), characterized by a high morbidity and mortality rate. Although previous studies have established specific correlations between euchromatic histone lysine methyltransferase 2 (EHMT2), a histone lysine methyltransferase, and the malignant phenotype of OSCC cells, its biological functions in OSCC remain largely unknown. This study, grounded in bioinformatics predictions, aims to clarify the influence of EHMT2 on the malignant behavior of OSCC cells and delve into the underlying mechanisms. EHMT2 exhibited high expression in OSCC tissues and demonstrated an association with poor patient outcomes. Artificial EHMT2 silencing in OSCC cells, achieved through lentiviral vector infection, significantly inhibited colony formation, migration, invasion, and cell survival. Regarding the mechanism, EHMT2 was found to bind the promoter of arrestin beta 1 (ARRB1), thereby suppressing its transcription through H3K9me2 modification. ARRB1, in turn, was identified as a negative regulator of the Hedgehog pathway, leading to a reduction in the proteins GLI1 and PTCH1. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) were enriched through repeated sphere formation assays in two OSCC cell lines. EHMT2 was found to activate the Hedgehog pathway, thus promoting sphere formation, migration and invasion, survival, and tumorigenic activity of the OSCC-CSCs. Notably, these effects were counteracted by the additional overexpression of ARRB1. In conclusion, this study provides novel evidence suggesting that EHMT2 plays specific roles in enhancing stem cell properties in OSCC by modulating the ARRB1-Hedgehog signaling cascade.

Evodiamine inhibits EPRS expression to regulate glutamate metabolism and proliferation of oral squamous cell carcinoma cells

The effects of evodiamine (EVO) on oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) are not yet understood. Based on our earlier findings, we hypothesized that evodiamine may affect OSCC cell proliferation and glutamate metabolism by modulating the expression of EPRS (glutamyl-prolyl-tRNA synthetase 1). From GEPIA, we obtained EPRS expression data in patients with OSCC as well as survival prognosis data. An animal model using Cal27 cells in BALB/c nude mice was established. The expression of EPRS was assessed by immunofluorescence, Western blotting, and quantitative PCR. Glutamate measurements were performed to evaluate the impact of evodiamine on glutamate metabolism of Cal27 and SAS tumor cells. transient transfection techniques were used to knock down and modulate EPRS in these cells. EPRS is expressed at higher levels in OSCC than in normal tissues, and it predicts poor prognosis in patients. In a nude mouse xenograft model, evodiamine inhibited tumor growth and the expression of EPRS. Evodiamine impacted cell proliferation, glutamine metabolism, and EPRS expression on Cal27 and SAS cell lines. In EPRS knockdown cell lines, both cell proliferation and glutamine metabolism are suppressed. EPRS's overexpression partially restores evodiamine's inhibitory effects on cell proliferation and glutamine metabolism. This study provides crucial experimental evidence supporting the potential therapeutic application of evodiamine in treating OSCC. Evodiamine exhibits promising anti-tumor effects by targeting EPRS to regulate glutamate metabolism.

Long-term cadmium exposure induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition in breast cancer cells by activating CYP1B1-mediated glutamine metabolic reprogramming in BT474 cells and MMTV-Erbb2 mice

Cadmium (Cd) exposure is known to enhance breast cancer (BC) progression. Cd promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in BC cells, facilitating BC cell aggressiveness and invasion, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are unclear. Hence, transgenic MMTV-Erbb2 mice (6 weeks) were orally administered Cd (3.6 mg/L, approximately equal to 19.64 μΜ) for 23 weeks, and BC cells (BT474 cells) were exposed to Cd (0, 0.1, 1 or 10 μΜ) for 72 h to investigate the effect of Cd exposure on EMT in BC cells. Chronic Cd exposure dramatically expedited tumor metastasis to multiple organs; decreased E-cadherin density; and increased Vimentin, N-cadherin, ZEB1, and Twist density in the tumor tissues of MMTV-Erbb2 mice. Notably, transcriptomic analysis of BC tumors revealed cytochrome P450 1B1 (CYP1B1) as a key factor that regulates EMT progression in Cd-treated MMTV-Erbb2 mice. Moreover, Cd increased CYP1B1 expression in MMTV-Erbb2 mouse BC tumors and in BT474 cells, and CYP1B1 inhibition decreased Cd-induced BC cell malignancy and EMT in BT474 cells. Importantly, the promotion of EMT by CYP1B1 in Cd-treated BC cells was presumably controlled by glutamine metabolism. This study offers novel perspectives into the effect of environmental Cd exposure on driving BC progression and metastasis, and this study provides important guidance for comprehensively assessing the ecological and health risks of Cd.

Chronic nickel exposure alters extracellular vesicles to mediate cancer progression via sustained NUPR1 expression

Cancer cells release extracellular vesicles (EVs) that participate in altering the proximal tumor environment and distal tissues to promote cancer progression. Chronic exposure to nickel (Ni), a human group I carcinogen, results in epigenetic changes that promotes epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). Cells that undergo EMT demonstrate various molecular changes, including elevated levels of the mesenchymal cadherin N-cadherin (N-CAD) and the transcription factor Zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 1 (ZEB1). Moreover, the molecular changes following EMT induce changes in cellular behavior, including anchorage-independent growth, which contributes to cancer cells detaching from tumor bulk during the metastatic process. Here, we present data demonstrating that EVs from Ni-exposed cells induce EMT in recipient BEAS-2B cells in the absence of Ni. Moreover, we show evidence that the EVs from Ni-altered cells package the transcription factor nuclear protein 1 (NUPR1), a transcription factor associated with Ni exposure and cancer progression. Moreover, our data demonstrates that the NUPR1 in the EVs becomes part of the recipient cell proteomic milieu and carry the NUPR1 to the nuclear space of the recipient cell. Interestingly, knockdown of NUPR1 in Ni-transformed cells suppressed NUPR1 packaging in the EVs, and nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) demonstrated decreased EV release. Reduction of NUPR1 in EVs resulted in diminished EMT capacity that resulted in decreased anchorage independent growth. This study is the first to demonstrate the role of NUPR1 in extracellular vesicle-mediate cancer progression.

Targeting ENPP1 depletion may be a promising therapeutic strategy for treating oral squamous cell carcinoma via cytotoxic autophagy-related apoptosis

ENPP1 depletion closely related with modulation immunotherapy of several types of cancer. However, the role of ENPP1 correlation with autophagy in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) pathogenesis remain unknown. In this study, effects of ENPP1 on OSCC cells in vitro were examined by cell proliferation assay, transwell chamber assay, flow cytometry analysis and shRNA technique. Cellular key proteins related to cell autophagy and apoptosis were evaluated by Western blot and immunofluorescent staining. Moreover, functions of ENPP1 on OSCC process were observed in nude mouse model. We reported that overexpression of ENPP1 promote the growth of OSCC cell xenografts in nude mouse model. In contrast, ENPP1 downregulation significantly inhibits OSCC cancer growth and induces apoptosis both in vitro and in vivo, which are preceded by cytotoxic autophagy. ENPP1downregulation induces a robust accumulation of autophagosomes, increases LC3B-II and decreases SQSTM1/p62 in ENPP1-shRNA-treated cells and xenografts. Mechanistic studies show that ENPP1 downregulation increases PRKAA1 phosphorylation leading to ULK1 activation. AMPK-inhibition abrogates ENPP1 downregulation-induced ULK1-activation, LC3B-turnover and SQSTM1/p62-degradation while AMPK-activation potentiates it's effects. Collectively, these data uncover that ENPP1 downregulation induces autophagic cell death in OSCC cancer, which may provide a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of OSCC.

NUPR1 contributes to activate TFE3-dependent autophagy leading to cervical cancer proliferation

Cervical cancer is a malignant tumor that occurs in the cervix of women and endangers their lives. In this study, we aimed to assess the roles of NUPR1 and TFE3 in cervical cancer. The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database was used to assess the correlation between NUPR1 and TFE3 expression in cervical cancer. By silencing NUPR1 and TFE3, and through 3-MA treatment, we determined whether their silencing could lead to lysosomal dysfunction, thereby inhibiting autophagy and cervical cancer cell proliferation. Their roles were further analyzed using molecular biological methods. Silencing NUPR1 and TFE3 inhibited cell proliferation and decreased the expression levels of autophagy-related genes, p62 and LC3B. By tracing lysosomes within cells, NUPR1 and TFE3 knockdown were found to induce lysosomal dysfunction, thereby inhibiting autophagy. In vivo experimental studies have shown that knockdown of NUPR1 and TFE3 can inhibit tumor growth, while reducing the ki67, p62, and LC3B expression levels and promoting apoptosis. Furthermore, the expression levels of lamp1 and lamp2, and the phosphorylation of PI3K (p-PI3K) and Akt (p-Akt) were significantly reduced after NUPR1 and TFE3 knockdown. However, treatment with 3-MA and overexpression of TFE3 could partially reverse the effect of silencing NUPR1. Overall, silencing NUPR1 reduced autophagy by inhibiting TFE3 in cervical cancer. Our results supply new evidence for the use of NUPR1 as a therapeutic target in cervical cancer.

Identification and Validation of a Prognostic Signature Derived from the Cancer Stem Cells for Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma

The progression and metastasis of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) are highly influenced by cancer stem cells (CSCs) due to their unique self-renewal and plasticity. In this study, data were obtained from a single-cell RNA-sequencing dataset (GSE172577) in the GEO database, and LASSO-Cox regression analysis was performed on 1344 CSCs-related genes to establish a six-gene prognostic signature (6-GPS) consisting of ADM, POLR1D, PTGR1, RPL35A, PGK1, and P4HA1. High-risk scores were significantly associated with unfavorable survival outcomes, and these features were thoroughly validated in the ICGC. The results of nomograms, calibration plots, and ROC curves confirmed the good prognostic accuracy of 6-GPS for OSCC. Additionally, the knockdown of ADM or POLR1D genes may significantly inhibit the proliferation, migration, and invasion of OSCC cells through the JAK/HIF-1 pathway. Furthermore, cell-cycle arrest occurred in the G1 phase by suppressing Cyclin D1. In summary, 6-GPS may play a crucial role in the occurrence and development of OSCC and has the potential to be developed further as a diagnostic, therapeutic, and prognostic tool for OSCC.

Network pharmacology and experiment validation investigate the potential mechanism of triptolide in oral squamous cell carcinoma

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the molecular mechanism of triptolide in the treatment of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) via network pharmacology and experimental validation. Methods: The network pharmacological method was used to predict the key targets, detect the signal pathways for the treatment of OSCC, and screen the critical components and targets for molecular docking. Predicted targets were validated in cellular and xenograft mouse model. Results: In this study, we predicted action on 17 relevant targets of OSCC by network pharmacology. PPI network demonstrated that Jun, MAPK8, TP53, STAT3, VEGFA, IL2, CXCR4, PTGS2, IL4 might be the critical targets of triptolide in the treatment of OSCC. These potential targets are mainly closely related to JAK-STAT and MAPK signaling pathways. The analysis of molecular docking showed that triptolide has high affinity with Jun, MAPK8 and TP53. Triptolide can suppress the growth of OSCC cells and xenograft mice tumor, and downregulate the expression of Jun, MAPK8, TP53, STAT3, VEGFA, IL2, CXCR4, PTGS2 to achieve the therapeutic effect of OSCC. Conclusion: Through network pharmacological methods and experimental studies, we predicted and validated the potential targets and related pathways of triptolide for OSCC treatment. The results suggest that triptolide can inhibit the growth of OSCC via several key targets.

Dickkopf-related protein 1 as a biomarker of local immune status and worse prognosis of Oral squamous cell carcinoma

BACKGROUND

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is an infiltrative malignancy characterized by a significantly elevated recurrence rate. Dickkopf-related protein 1 (DKK1), which plays an oncogene role in many cancers, acts as an inhibitor of the Wingless protein (Wnt) signaling pathway. Currently, there is a lack of consensus regarding the role of DKK1 in OSCC or its clinical significance.

OBJECTIVE

To examine the role and effect of DKK1 in OSCC.

METHODS

The identification of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in OSCC was conducted by utilizing databases such as The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). A comprehensive analysis of gene expression profile interactions (GEPIA) and Kaplan-Meier curve were conducted to investigate the associations among DEGs, patient survival and prognosis in individuals with OSCC. The biological function of DKK1 in OSCC was investigated by using molecular biology approaches.

RESULTS

The expression of DKK1 was found to be upregulated in OSCC tissues at various stages. High levels of DKK1 expression exhibited a positive correlation with the overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) rates among OSCC patients. DKK1 knockdown suppressed the proliferation and induced apoptotic response in OSCC cells. Moreover, DKK1 exerted a positive regulatory effect on HMGA2 expression, thereby modulating cell growth and apoptosis in OSCC. The expression of DKK1 was found to be positively correlated with the infiltration of immune cells in patients with OSCC. Additionally, higher levels of CD4 + T cells were associated with improved 5-year survival rates.

CONCLUSION

DKK1 is a prognostic biomarker for patients with OSCC.

Targeted down-regulation of SRSF1 exerts anti-cancer activity in OSCC through impairing lysosomal function and autophagy

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a common cancer of the head and neck. Despite ongoing efforts, there remains a dearth of targeted drugs capable of effectively inhibiting OSCC growth. As the earliest discovered proto-oncogene in the SRSF family, targeted inhibition of serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 1 (SRSF1) plays an important role in tumor suppression. However, the expression, function, and mechanism of SRSF1 in OSCC have not been comprehensively reported. This study retrospectively analyzed clinical samples from OSCC patients and discovered a significant correlation between the SRSF1 expression level and poor prognosis. In vitro experimentation demonstrated that SRSF1 knockdown inhibited OSCC growth, survival, lysosomal biogenesis and autophagy. To confirm the significance of lysosomal function and autophagy in the regulation of OSCC growth by SRSF1, cell rescue models were constructed. The aforementioned findings were subsequently validated in xenograft models. Ultimately, targeted knockdown of SRSF1 was found to significantly suppress OSCC growth by impeding lysosomal biogenesis and autophagy.

A biomimetic phototherapeutic nanoagent based on bacterial double-layered membrane vesicles for comprehensive treatment of oral squamous cell carcinoma

As one of the most common malignancies, oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) with high rates of invasiveness and metastasis threatens people's health worldwide, while traditional therapeutic approaches have not met the requirement of its cure. Phototherapies including photothermal therapy (PTT) and photodynamic therapy (PDT) have shown great potential for OSCC treatment due to their noninvasiveness or minimal invasiveness, high selectivity and little tolerance. However, PTT or PDT alone makes it difficult to eradicate OSCC and prevent its metastasis and recurrence. Here, double-layered membrane vesicles (DMVs) were extracted from attenuated Porphyromonas gingivalis, one of the most common pathogens inside the oral region, and served as an immune adjuvant to develop a biomimetic phototherapeutic nanoagent named PBAE/IR780@DMV for OSCC treatment via combining dual PTT/PDT and robust antitumor immunity. To obtain PBAE/IR780@DMV, poly(β-amino) ester (PBAE) was used as a carrier material to prepare the nanoparticles for loading IR780, a widely known photosensitizer possessing both PTT and PDT capabilities, followed by surface wrapping with DMVs. Upon 808 nm laser irradiation, PBAE/IR780@DMV exerted strong antitumor effects against OSCC both in vitro and in vivo, via combining PTT/PDT and specific immune responses triggered by tumor-associated antigens and DMVs. Altogether, this study provides a promising biomimetic phototherapeutic nanoagent for comprehensive treatment of OSCC.

Potential of alisols as cancer therapeutic agents: Investigating molecular mechanisms, pharmacokinetics and metabolism

Albeit remarkable achievements in anti-cancer endeavors, the prevention and treatment of cancer remain unresolved challenges. Hence, there is an urgent need to explore new and efficacious natural compounds with potential anti-cancer therapeutic agents. One such group of compounds is alisols, tetracyclic triterpene alcohols extracted from alisma orientale. Alisols play a significant role in cancer therapy as they can suppress cancer cell proliferation and migration by regulating signaling pathways such as mTOR, Bax/Bcl-2, CHOP, caspase, NF-kB and IRE1. Pharmacokinetic studies showed that alisols can be absorbed entirely, rapidly, and evenly distributed in vivo. Moreover, alisols are low in toxicity and relatively safe to take. Remarkably, each alisol can be converted into many compounds with different pathways to their anti-cancer effects in the body. Thus, alisols are regarded as promising anti-cancer agents with minimal side effects and low drug resistance. This review will examine and discuss alisols' anti-cancer molecular mechanism, pharmacokinetics and metabolism. Based on a comprehensive analysis of nearly 20 years of research, we evaluate the therapeutic potential of alisols for various types of cancer and offer insights and strategies for developing new cancer treatments.

Enhancing NIR-II Imaging and Photothermal Therapy for Improved Oral Cancer Theranostics by Combining TICT and Aggregation-Induced Emission

In the treatment process of cancers like oral cancer, it is necessary to employ extensive surgical resection to achieve cancer eradication. However, this often results in damage to crucial functions such as chewing and speaking, leading to a poorer prognosis and a reduced quality of life. To address this issue, a multifunctional theranostic agent named MBPN-T-BTD has been developed by precisely modulating the excitation state energy distribution in the radiative/nonradiative decay pathways using the characteristics of twisted intramolecular charge transfer and aggregation-induced emission. This agent outperforms clinically utilized indocyanine green (ICG) in various aspects, including the second near-infrared window (NIR-II, 1000-1700 nm) fluorescence (FL) and photothermal conversion efficiency (PCE). Its nanoparticle form (BTB NPs) can be effectively used for high-contrast delineation of lymph node mapping and tongue and floor of mouth cancers using NIR-II FL, enabling surgeons to achieve more precise and thorough tumor clearance. For tumors located in close proximity to vital organs such as the tongue, the exceptional PCE (71.96%) of BTB NPs allows for targeted photothermal ablation with minimal damage to peripheral healthy tissues. This contribution provides a safer and more effective paradigm for minimally invasive or noninvasive treatment of oral cancer, ensuring the preservation of normal organ functions and showing potential for improving the overall prognosis and quality of life for cancer patients.

Role of single-cell ferroptosis regulation in intercellular communication and skin cutaneous melanoma progression and immunotherapy

BACKGROUND

The involvement of ferroptosis in the pathogenesis and progression of various cancers has been well established. However, limited studies have investigated the role of ferroptosis-mediated tumor microenvironment (TME) in skin cutaneous melanoma (SKCM).

METHODS

By leveraging single-cell RNA sequencing data, the nonnegative matrix factorization (NMF) approach was employed to comprehensively characterize and identify distinct gene signatures within ferroptosis-associated TME cell clusters. Prognostic and treatment response analyses were conducted using both bulk datasets and external cancer cohort to evaluate the clinical implications of TME clusters.

RESULTS

This NMF-based analysis successfully delineated fibroblasts, macrophages, T cells, and B cells into multiple clusters, enabling the identification of unique gene expression patterns and the annotation of distinct TME clusters. Furthermore, pseudotime trajectories, enrichment analysis, cellular communication analysis, and gene regulatory network analysis collectively demonstrated significant intercellular communication between key TME cell clusters, thereby influencing tumor cell development through diverse mechanisms. Importantly, our bulk RNA-seq analysis revealed the prognostic significance of ferroptosis-mediated TME cell clusters in SKCM patients. Moreover, our analysis of immune checkpoint blockade highlighted the crucial role of TME cell clusters in tumor immunotherapy, facilitating the discovery of potential immunotherapeutic targets.

CONCLUSIONS

In conclusion, this pioneering study employing NMF-based analysis unravels the intricate cellular communication mediated by ferroptosis within the TME and its profound implications for the pathogenesis and progression of SKCM. We provide compelling evidence for the prognostic value of ferroptosis-regulated TME cell clusters in SKCM, as well as their potential as targets for immunotherapy.

Environmental cadmium exposure facilitates mammary tumorigenesis via reprogramming gut microbiota-mediated glutamine metabolism in MMTV-Erbb2 mice

Cadmium (Cd) is a heavy metal that has been widely reported to be linked to the onset and progression of breast cancer (BC). However, the mechanism of Cd-induced mammary tumorigenesis remains elusive. In our study, a transgenic mouse model that spontaneously develops tumors through overexpression of wild-type Erbb2 (MMTV-Erbb2) was constructed to investigate the effects of Cd exposure on BC tumorigenesis. The results showed that oral exposure to 3.6 mg/L Cd for 23 weeks dramatically accelerated tumor appearance and growth, increased Ki67 density and enhanced focal necrosis and neovascularization in the tumor tissue of MMTV-Erbb2 mice. Notably, Cd exposure enhanced glutamine (Gln) metabolism in tumor tissue, and 6-diazo-5-oxo-l-norleucine (DON), a Gln metabolism antagonist, inhibited Cd-induced breast carcinogenesis. Then our metagenomic sequencing and mass spectrometry-based metabolomics confirmed that Cd exposure disturbed gut microbiota homeostasis, especially Helicobacter and Campylobacter abundance remodeling, which altered the gut metabolic homeostasis of Gln. Moreover, intratumoral Gln metabolism profoundly increased under Cd-elevated gut permeability. Importantly, depletion of microbiota with an antibiotic cocktail (AbX) treatment led to a significant delay in the appearance of palpable tumors, inhibition of tumor growth, decrease in tumor weight, reduction in Ki67 expression and low-grade pathology in Cd-exposed MMTV-Erbb2 mice. Also, transplantation of Cd-modulated microbiota decreased tumor latency, accelerated tumor growth, increased tumor weight, upregulated Ki67 expression and exacerbated neovascularization as well as focal necrosis in MMTV-Erbb2 mice. In summary, Cd exposure induced gut microbiota dysbiosis, elevated gut permeability and increased intratumoral Gln metabolism, leading to the promotion of mammary tumorigenesis. This study provides novel insights into environmental Cd exposure-mediated carcinogenesis.

Tanshinone IIA inhibits cell viability and promotes PUMA-mediated apoptosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma

Apoptosis alteration is responsible for tumorigenesis and tumor resistance to therapies. The natural product Tanshinone IIA (Tan IIA) exhibits potent inhibitory effects against various tumors. However, the effect of Tan IIA on apoptosis and its underlying mechanism remains elusive in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Here, we demonstrated that Tan IIA dose-dependently suppressed cell viability and colony formation in CAL27, SCC4, and SCC25 cells. Moreover, Tan IIA inhibited Akt activation from inducing Foxo3a dephosphorylation and PUMA-mediated apoptosis. PUMA or Foxo3a knockdown compromised the inhibitory effect of Tan IIA on OSCC cells. Tan IIA administration inhibited CAL27-deprived xenograft tumor growth and increased PUMA expression in vivo. Tan IIA synergistically intensified the efficacy of CDDP/5-FU-based chemotherapy on OSCC cells. Overall, our results revealed that Tan IIA exerted potent antitumor effects via promoting PUMA-mediated apoptosis in OSCC cells.

Lysosomes, curcumin, and anti-tumor effects: how are they linked?

Curcumin is a natural active ingredient from traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) that has multi-target characteristics to exert extensive pharmacological activities and thus has been applied in the treatment of various diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, nervous system, and autoimmune disorders. As an important class of membranous organelles in the intracellular membrane system, lysosomes are involved in biological processes such as programmed cell death, cell metabolism, and immune regulation, thus affecting tumor initiation and progression. It has been shown that curcumin can modulate lysosomal function through the aforementioned pathways, thereby affecting tumor proliferation, invasion, metastasis, drug resistance, and immune function. This review briefly elaborated the regulatory mechanisms of lysosome biogenesis and summarized curcumin-related studies with its anti-tumor effect, providing a reference for the clinical application of curcumin and anti-tumor research targeting lysosomes.

ATHENA: an independently validated autophagy-related epigenetic prognostic prediction model of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

The majority of these existing prognostic models of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) have unsatisfactory prediction accuracy since they solely utilize demographic and clinical information. Leveraged by autophagy-related epigenetic biomarkers, we aim to develop a better prognostic prediction model of HNSCC incorporating CpG probes with either main effects or gene-gene interactions. Based on DNA methylation data from three independent cohorts, we applied a 3-D analysis strategy to develop An independently validated auTophagy-related epigenetic prognostic prediction model of HEad and Neck squamous cell carcinomA (ATHENA). Compared to prediction models with only demographic and clinical information, ATHENA has substantially improved discriminative ability, prediction accuracy and more clinical net benefits, and shows robustness in different subpopulations, as well as external populations. Besides, epigenetic score of ATHENA is significantly associated with tumor immune microenvironment, tumor-infiltrating immune cell abundances, immune checkpoints, somatic mutation and immunity-related drugs. Taken together these results, ATHENA has the demonstrated feasibility and utility of predicting HNSCC survival ( http://bigdata.njmu.edu.cn/ATHENA/ ).

Dual role of ANGPTL8 in promoting tumor cell proliferation and immune escape during hepatocarcinogenesis

The interplay between hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells and the tumor microenvironment is essential for hepatocarcinogenesis, but their contributions to HCC development are incompletely understood. We assessed the role of ANGPTL8, a protein secreted by HCC cells, in hepatocarcinogenesis and the mechanisms through which ANGPTL8 mediates crosstalk between HCC cells and tumor-associated macrophages. Immunohistochemical, Western blotting, RNA-Seq, and flow cytometry analyses of ANGPTL8 were performed. A series of in vitro and in vivo experiments were conducted to reveal the role of ANGPTL8 in the progression of HCC. ANGPTL8 expression was positively correlated with tumor malignancy in HCC, and high ANGPTL8 expression was associated with poor overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS). ANGPTL8 promoted HCC cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo, and ANGPTL8 KO inhibited the development of HCC in both DEN-induced and DEN-plus-CCL4-induced mouse HCC tumors. Mechanistically, the ANGPTL8-LILRB2/PIRB interaction promoted polarization of macrophages to the immunosuppressive M2 phenotype in macrophages and recruited immunosuppressive T cells. In hepatocytes, ANGPTL8-mediated stimulation of LILRB2/PIRB regulated the ROS/ERK pathway and upregulated autophagy, leading to the proliferation of HCC cells. Our data support the notion that ANGPTL8 has a dual role in promoting tumor cell proliferation and immune escape during hepatocarcinogenesis.

A novel T-cell proliferation-associated gene predicts prognosis and reveals immune infiltration in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma

OBJECTIVE

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a highly malignant tumour, and the prediction of its prognosis remains challenging. The prognostic value of T-lymphocyte proliferation regulators in OSCC remains to be explored.

DESIGN

We integrated mRNA expression profiles and relevant clinical information of OSCC patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas database. The expression and function of T-lymphocyte proliferation regulators and their relationship with overall survival (OS) were analysed. The T-lymphocyte proliferation regulator signature was screened using univariate Cox regression and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator coefficients and used to construct models for prognosis and staging prediction as well as for immune infiltration analysis. Final validation was performed using single-cell sequencing database and immunohistochemical staining.

RESULTS

Most T-lymphocyte proliferation regulators in the TCGA cohort exhibited different expression levels between OSCC and paracancerous tissues. A prognostic model constructed using the T-lymphocyte proliferation regulator signature (RAN, CDK1, and CDK2) was used to categorise patients into high- and low-risk groups. The OS was significantly lower in the high-risk group than the low-risk group (p < 0.01). The predictive ability of the T-lymphocyte proliferation regulator signature was validated by receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. Immune infiltration analysis revealed different immune statuses in both groups.

CONCLUSIONS

We established a new T-lymphocyte proliferation regulator signature that can predict the prognosis of OSCC. The results of this study will contribute to studies of T-cell proliferation and the immune microenvironment in OSCC to improve prognosis and immunotherapeutic response.

[Latest Findings on Salivary Tumor Biomarkers]

Saliva, a complex mixed biological fluid secreted by the salivary glands in the oral cavity, contains a wide variety of substances and information. With the development of saliva omics, studies have shown that saliva not only serves as a huge reservoir of biomarker, but saliva diagnostics has also become a new diagnostic technology with the advantages of non-invasiveness, easy access, and low cost. However, finding "true" saliva biomarkers is still a challenge due to the complex and changeable nature of the oral environment and the high susceptibility of biomarker content to influences. Herein, mainly focusing on potential salivary biomarkers of common tumors, including DNA, RNA, proteins, metabolites and microorganisms, we gave a systematic overview of the biomarkers that had been identified so far or the associated biomarkers. We suggested that the future development direction should be the establishment of a multidisciplinary system for developing saliva diagnosis technology, the gradual construction of a saliva diagnosis platform, and the search for more precise pre-warning tumor biomarkers.

BST2 regulated by the transcription factor STAT1 can promote metastasis, invasion and proliferation of oral squamous cell carcinoma via the AKT/ERK1/2 signaling pathway

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is one of the main types of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Although progress has been made in treating OSCC, it remains a threat to human health, and novel therapeutic strategies are needed to extend the lifespan of patients with OSCC. The present study, evaluated whether bone marrow stromal antigen 2 (BST2) and STAT1 were potential therapeutic targets in OSCC. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) or overexpression plasmids were used to regulate BST2 or STAT1 expression. Western blotting and reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR were performed to assess changes in the protein and mRNA expression levels of signaling pathway components. The effects of BST2 and STAT1 expression changes on the migration, invasion and proliferation of OSCC cells were assessed using the scratch test assay, Transwell assay and colony formation assay in vitro, respectively. Cell‑derived xenograft models were used to evaluate the impact of BST2 and STAT1 on the occurrence and development of OSCC in vivo. Finally, it was demonstrated that BST2 expression was significantly upregulated in OSCC. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that high expression of BST2 in OSCC contributed to the metastasis, invasion and proliferation of OSCC cells. Moreover, it was demonstrated that the promoter region of BST2 was regulated by the transcription factor STAT1, and that the STAT1/BST2 axis could affect the behavior of OSCC via the AKT/ERK1/2 signaling pathway. In vivo studies also demonstrated that STAT1 downregulation inhibited OSCC growth by down‑regulating BST2 expression via the AKT/ERK1/2 signaling pathway.

Autophagy as a self-digestion signal in human cancers: Regulation by microRNAs in affecting carcinogenesis and therapy response

Autophagy is defined as a "self-digestion" signal, and it is a cell death mechanism its primary function is degrading toxic agents and aged organelles to ensure homeostasis in cells. The basic leve ls of autophagy are found in cells, and when its levels exceed to standard threshold, cell death induction is observed. Autophagy dysregulation in cancer has been well-documented, and regulation of this pathway by epigenetic factors, especially microRNAs (miRNAs), is interesting and noteworthy. miRNAs are considered short endogenous RNAs that do not encode functional proteins, and they are essential regulators of cell death pathways such as apoptosis, necroptosis, and autophagy. Accumulating data has revealed miRNA dysregulation (upregulation or downregulation) during tumor progression, and their therapeutic manipulation provides new insight into cancer therapy. miRNA/autophagy axis in human cancers has been investigated an exciting point is the dual function of both autophagy and miRNAs as oncogenic and onco-suppressor factors. The stimulation of pro-survival autophagy by miRNAs can increase the survival rate of tumor cells and mediates cancer metastasis via EMT inductionFurthermore, pro-death autophagy induction by miRNAs has a negative impact on the viability of tumor cells and decreases their survival rate. The miRNA/autophagy axis functions beyond regulating the growth and invasion of tumor cells, and they can also affect drug resistance and radio-resistance. These subjects are covered in the current review regarding the new updates provided by recent experiments.

RELA promotes the progression of oral squamous cell carcinoma via TFAP2A-Wnt/β-catenin signaling

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) has emerged as the most prevailing oral malignancy worldwide, characterized by cervical solid lymph node metastasis and strong local invasiveness. Overexpression of Transcription Factor AP-2 alpha (TFAP2A) is observed in a significant proportion of OSCC cases. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the function of TFAP2A in the progression of OSCC and the related molecular signaling pathways. The role of RELA was predicted using bioinformatics analysis. The mRNA abundances of RELA, TFAP2A, and β-catenin were assessed by Western blot and quantitative real-timePCR. The relationship between RELA, TFAP2A, and β-catenin and their correlation with clinicopathological characteristics of OSCC was evaluated. The target of RELA and TFAP2A was identified by the chromatin immunoprecipitation as well as luciferase reporter assay. The colony formation assay and MTS assay were performed to determine the proliferative level of OSCC cells. OSCC cell motility was determined by Transwell assay and wound-healing assay. The protein expressions of epithelial-mesenchymal transition-associated factors were evaluated by Western blot. The expressions of RELA and TFAP2A were elevated in OSCC, and their expressions displayed a positive correlation. The expression levels of RELA and TFAP2A were found to be associated with TNM staging and lymphatic metastasis of OSCC patients. RELA upregulation promoted OSCC progression, as manifested by increased levels of proliferation, invasion, and migration of OSCC cells. We also demonstrated that RELA was directly bound to the promoter of TFAP2A transcription, which activated multiple malignant and metastatic phenotypes. Furthermore, TFAP2A activated the Wnt/β-catenin signaling by targeting the promoter regions of β-catenin. The study found that RELA is critical for promoting the progression of OSCC via the RELA-TFAP2A-Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. The RELA-TFAP2A-Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is a potential target for reducing the aggressiveness of OSCC.

Integration of transcriptomics and metabolomics reveals a novel gene signature guided by FN1 associated with immune response in oral squamous cell carcinoma tumorigenesis

PURPOSE

Oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs) are primary head and neck malignant tumours with a high incidence and mortality. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in OSCC tumorigenesis are not fully understood.

METHODS

OSCC and paired para-carcinoma samples were collected and used to perform multi-omics study. Transcriptomic analysis was used to reveal significant alterations in inflammatory and immune processes in OSCC. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) combined with the LASSO Cox algorithm was used to identify and optimize a crucial gene signature. Metabolomics analysis was performed to identify the important metabolites which linked to the crucial gene signature. The public data TCGA-HNSCC cohort was used to perform the multiple bioinformatic analysis.

RESULTS

These findings identified a FN1-mediated crucial network that was composed of immune-relevant genes (FN1, ACP5, CCL5, COL1A1, THBS1, BCAT1, PLAU, IGF2BP3, TNF, CSF2, CXCL1 and CXCL5) associated with immune infiltration and influences the tumour microenvironment, which may contribute to OSCC tumorigenesis and progression. Moreover, we integrated the relevant genes with altered metabolites identified by metabolic profiling and identified 7 crucial metabolites (Glu-Glu-Lys, Ser-Ala, Ser-Ala, N-(octadecanoyl) sphing-4-enine-1-phosphocholine, N-methylnicotinamide, pyrrhoxanthinol and xanthine) as potential downstream targets of the FN1-associated gene signature in OSCC. Importantly, FN1 expression is positively correlated with immune infiltration levels in HNSCC, which was confirmed at the single-cell level.

CONCLUSIONS

Overall, these results revealed the differential genetic and metabolic patterns associated with OSCC tumorigenesis and identified an essential molecular network that plays an oncogenic role in OSCC by affecting amino acid and purine metabolism. These genes and metabolites might, therefore, serve as predictive biomarkers of survival outcomes and potential targets for therapeutic intervention in OSCC.

Nuclear Protein 1 Expression Is Associated with PPARG in Bladder Transitional Cell Carcinoma

Background

The Nuclear protein 1 gene was first discovered in acute pancreatitis and functions as an oncogene in cancer progression and drug resistance. However, the role of Nuclear protein 1 in bladder transitional cell carcinoma (BTCC) is still unclear.

Methods

The Cancer Genome Atlas database and immunohistochemical analysis were adopted to evaluate Nuclear protein 1 expression in BTCC. We applied lentivirus-mediated small-interfering RNA to down-regulate the expression of Nuclear protein 1 in BTCC cell lines. We further performed an Affymetrix microarray and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) to assess the genes and signaling pathways related to Nuclear protein 1.

Results

We found that Nuclear protein 1 expression was up-regulated in BTCC and positively related to the degree of BTCC malignancy. Compared with Caucasian patients with BTCC, Nuclear protein 1 expression was attenuated in Asian patients. The Affymetrix microarray showed that lipopolysaccharide was the upstream regulatory factor of Nuclear protein 1 in BTCC. The GSEA indicated that Nuclear protein 1 expression was associated with signaling pathways in cancer, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) pathways, and RNA degradation. The expression of Nuclear protein 1 was negatively correlated with PPARG (R = -0.290, P < 0.001), but not with PPARA (R = 0.047, P = 0.344) and PPARD (R = -0.055, P = 0.260).

Conclusions

The study findings indicate that Nuclear protein 1 is positively associated with the malignancy degree of BTCC and that Nuclear protein 1 expression is negatively correlated with PPARG.

The overall process of metastasis: From initiation to a new tumor

Metastasis-a process that involves the migration of cells from the primary site to distant organs-is the leading cause of cancer-associated death. Improved technology and in-depth research on tumors have furthered our understanding of the various mechanisms involved in tumor metastasis. Metastasis is initiated by cancer cells of a specific phenotype, which migrate with the assistance of extracellular components and metastatic traits conferred via epigenetic regulation while modifying their behavior in response to the complex and dynamic human internal environment. In this review, we have summarized the general steps involved in tumor metastasis and their characteristics, incorporating recent studies and topical issues, including epithelial-mesenchymal transition, cancer stem cells, neutrophil extracellular traps, pre-metastatic niche, extracellular vesicles, and dormancy. Several feasible treatment directions have also been summarized. In addition, the correlation between cancer metastasis and lifestyle factors, such as obesity and circadian rhythm, has been illustrated.