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Petri-Romão P, Engen H, Rupanova A, Puhlmann L, Zerban M, Neumann RJ, Malyshau A, Ahrens KF, Schick A, Kollmann B, Wessa M, Walker H, Plichta MM, Reif A, Chmitorz A, Tuescher O, Basten U, Kalisch R. Self-report assessment of Positive Appraisal Style (PAS): Development of a process-focused and a content-focused questionnaire for use in mental health and resilience research. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0295562. [PMID: 38306328 PMCID: PMC10836662 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0295562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Positive Appraisal Style Theory of Resilience posits that a person's general style of evaluating stressors plays a central role in mental health and resilience. Specifically, a tendency to appraise stressors positively (positive appraisal style; PAS) is theorized to be protective of mental health and thus a key resilience factor. To this date no measures of PAS exist. Here, we present two scales that measure perceived positive appraisal style, one focusing on cognitive processes that lead to positive appraisals in stressful situations (PASS-process), and the other focusing on the appraisal contents (PASS-content). For PASS-process, the items of the existing questionnaires Brief COPE and CERQ-short were analyzed in exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses (EFA, CFA) in independent samples (N = 1157 and N = 1704). The resulting 10-item questionnaire was internally consistent (α = .78, 95% CI [.86, .87]) and showed good convergent and discriminant validity in comparisons with self-report measures of trait optimism, neuroticism, urgency, and spontaneity. For PASS-content, a newly generated item pool of 29 items across stressor appraisal content dimensions (probability, magnitude, and coping potential) were subjected to EFA and CFA in two independent samples (N = 1174 and N = 1611). The resulting 14-item scale showed good internal consistency (α = .87, 95% CI [.86, .87]), as well as good convergent and discriminant validity within the nomological network. The two scales are a new and reliable way to assess self-perceived positive appraisal style in large-scale studies, which could offer key insights into mechanisms of resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Haakon Engen
- Neuroimaging Center (NIC), Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Anna Rupanova
- Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research (LIR), Mainz, Germany
- Neuroimaging Center (NIC), Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Lara Puhlmann
- Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research (LIR), Mainz, Germany
| | - Matthias Zerban
- Neuroimaging Center (NIC), Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Rebecca J Neumann
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Aliaksandr Malyshau
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Kira F Ahrens
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Anita Schick
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, Department of Public Mental Health, Central Institute of Mental Health (CIMH), Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Bianca Kollmann
- Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research (LIR), Mainz, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Michèle Wessa
- Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research (LIR), Mainz, Germany
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Neuropsychology, Institute of Psychology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Henrik Walker
- Department of Psychiatry & Psychotherapy, Division of Mind and Brain Research, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael M Plichta
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Andreas Reif
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Andrea Chmitorz
- Faculty of Social Work, Health Care and Nursing, Esslingen University of Applied Sciences, Esslingen, Germany
| | - Oliver Tuescher
- Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research (LIR), Mainz, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ulrike Basten
- Department of Psychology, University of Kaiserslautern-Landau, Landau, Germany
| | - Raffael Kalisch
- Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research (LIR), Mainz, Germany
- Neuroimaging Center (NIC), Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
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Kökönyei G, Kovács LN, Szabó J, Urbán R. Emotion Regulation Predicts Depressive Symptoms in Adolescents: A Prospective Study. J Youth Adolesc 2024; 53:142-158. [PMID: 37985558 PMCID: PMC10761508 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-023-01894-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Emotion regulation as a proximal factor has been linked with depressive symptoms. However, studies have mainly focused on a limited number of strategies and have mostly been cross-sectional in design. This is particularly evident when examining the protective effects of adaptive strategies. This study aimed to investigate the prospective relationship between putatively adaptive and maladaptive emotion regulation strategies and depressive symptoms among adolescents. Additionally, a person-oriented approach was applied to identify latent classes of adolescents based on their depressive symptoms and compared these classes in terms of their adaptive and maladaptive strategies. Two waves of data from a prospective study, which included 1371 youth (mean age: 15.66 years; SD = 0.49 years; 55.1% girls), were analysed. The two points of data collection were spaced approximately half a year apart. Depressive symptoms were measured using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, and putatively adaptive and maladaptive emotion regulation strategies were assessed with the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire. Seven strategies (acceptance, positive refocusing, positive reappraisal, putting into perspective, self-blame, rumination, and catastrophizing) were categorised into adaptive and maladaptive factors using exploratory structural equation modeling. After controlling for gender, age, and depressive symptoms at Time 1, both maladaptive and adaptive emotion regulation strategies at Time 1 predicted depressive symptoms at Time 2. Three subgroups emerged based on the intensity of depressive symptoms across the waves: the stable low, stable moderate, and stable high depressive symptom groups. The use of maladaptive emotion regulation strategies (such as rumination, self-blame, and catastrophizing) at Time 1 was more pronounced in the stable moderate and high symptom groups compared to the stable low depressive symptom group. The comparable prospective associations between putatively adaptive and maladaptive strategies with symptoms suggest the need to identify factors that may mitigate the negative impact of maladaptive emotion regulation and/or promote adaptive emotion regulation to buffer the effects of everyday stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyöngyi Kökönyei
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.
- NAP3.0-SE Neuropsychopharmacology Research Group, Hungarian Brain Research Program, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Lilla Nóra Kovács
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Judit Szabó
- National Institute of Criminology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Róbert Urbán
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
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Farina FR, Regan J, Marquez M, An H, O'Loughlin P, Pavithra P, Taddeo M, Knight RC, Bennett M, Lenaert B, Griffith JW. Reducing fear and avoidance of memory loss improves mood and social engagement in community-based older adults: a randomized trial. BMC Geriatr 2023; 23:786. [PMID: 38030988 PMCID: PMC10688470 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-023-04470-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD) are among the most feared age-related conditions. The aim of this study was to evaluate a brief psychological intervention to promote adaptive coping in older adults experiencing heightened fear of ADRD and investigate positive downstream effects on health-related secondary outcomes, including frequency of reported memory failures, psychosocial functioning, and quality of life. METHODS Eighty-one older adults were recruited and randomized into REFRAME or active control intervention arms. Both groups received psycho-education and training in mindful monitoring of fears related to ADRD. The REFRAME group received an additional behavioral activation component intended to disrupt maladaptive avoidant coping (i.e., avoidance) strategies. Both groups completed 3-weeks of intervention exercises with accompanying questionnaires (baseline, mid- and post-intervention and 4-week follow-up). RESULTS Adherence was strong (> 75%). We observed a significant reduction in ADRD-related fear and avoidance in both groups. Significant reductions were also observed for frequency of self-reported memory failures, anxiety, and depression. Depression was significantly reduced in the REFRAME group compared to the control group. Significant increases in participants' ability to participate in social activities and well-being were also observed. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that a brief psychological intervention can mitigate ADRD-related fears and avoidant coping in older adults, and that benefits extend to broader health-related outcomes including anxiety, depression, social functioning, and well-being. Addressing ADRD-related fear has implications for healthy aging and risk reduction, as individuals may be more likely to engage in activities that are protective against ADRD but were previously avoided. TRIAL REGISTRATION https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04821960 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca R Farina
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
- Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - John Regan
- School of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Melissa Marquez
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Hosanna An
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | | | | | - Michelle Taddeo
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Rachel C Knight
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Marc Bennett
- School of Psychology, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Bert Lenaert
- Faculty of Psychology, Open University, Heerlen, The Netherlands
- Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - James W Griffith
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
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Rader L, Drueke B, Forster SD, Gauggel S, Mainz V. Validation of the factor structure of the Experiences Questionnaire using Exploratory Graph Analysis. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1250802. [PMID: 38034302 PMCID: PMC10684915 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1250802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Decentering describes the ability to shift the focus away from one's subjective experience onto the experience itself. The Experiences Questionnaire (EQ) is a self-report measure that was developed to systematically assess changes in Decentering ability. Although several studies show the validity of the questionnaire, there are discrepancies between the factorial structure of the Decentering scale of the EQ (EQ-D) found in the initial study (one factor) and other studies (two factors). Therefore, the current study aimed to assess the dimensionality of the EQ-D using Exploratory Graph Analysis (EGA). Methods In total, 1,100 participants were recruited online (790 female, 307 male, 3 non-binary; age 18 to 65 years). Participants completed the EQ and the Rosenberg Self-esteem scale (RSES). Results The bootstrapped EGA results revealed a two-dimensional structure of the EQ-D (Factor 1: Distanced Perspective, DP; Factor 2: Accepting Self-perception, AS) with high structural and item stability (all items > 0.70). The two dimensions of the EQ-D showed a high internal consistency (DP: ω = 0.74; AS: ω = 0.86) and discriminant validity with the rumination items of the EQ. Furthermore, a high convergent validity of the EQ was established, as the AS factor exhibited a significantly stronger correlation with self-esteem than the DP factor (z = 7.98, p < 0.001), which aligns with theoretical considerations suggesting that the AS factor encompasses aspects of self-compassion alongside decentering. We also found measurement invariance of the DP and AS factor across age, gender and country but not for education. Discussion These results support the EQ's validity, demonstrated in a larger sample with a new methodology, aligning with existing two-factor decentering models literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Rader
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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Larsen JK, Hollands GJ, Garland EL, Evers AWM, Wiers RW. Be more mindful: Targeting addictive responses by integrating mindfulness with cognitive bias modification or cue exposure interventions. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 153:105408. [PMID: 37758008 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
This review provides an overview of the most prominent neurocognitive effects of cognitive bias modification (CBM), cue-exposure therapy and mindfulness interventions for targeting addictive responses. It highlights the key insights that have stemmed from cognitive neuroscience and brain imaging research and combines these with insights from behavioural science in building a conceptual model integrating mindfulness with response-focused CBM or cue-exposure interventions. This furthers our understanding of whether and how mindfulness strategies may i) facilitate or add to the induced response-focused effects decreasing cue-induced craving, and ii) further weaken the link between craving and addictive responses. Specifically, awareness/monitoring may facilitate, and decentering may add to, response-focused effects. Combined awareness acceptance strategies may also diminish the craving-addiction link. The conceptual model presented in this review provides a specific theoretical framework to deepen our understanding of how mindfulness strategies and CBM or cue-exposure interventions can be combined to greatest effect. This is important in both suggesting a roadmap for future research, and for the further development of clinical interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junilla K Larsen
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, PO Box 9104, 6500 HE Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Gareth J Hollands
- EPPI Centre, UCL Social Research Institute, University College London, UK
| | - Eric L Garland
- Center on Mindfulness and Integrative Health Intervention Development, College of Social Work, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA
| | - Andrea W M Evers
- Health, Medical and Neuropsychology Unit, Leiden University, NL, and Medical Delta, Leiden University, TU Delft and Erasmus University, UK
| | - Reinout W Wiers
- Addiction Development and Psychopathology (ADAPT)-lab, Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam and Centre for Urban Mental Health, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Zheng Y, Wang J, Jiang Q, Liao M, Huang F. Non-suicidal self-injury and suicidal ideation among adolescents: the chain-mediating role of rumination and decentering. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1179518. [PMID: 37779633 PMCID: PMC10540194 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1179518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To explore the relationship between non-suicidal self-injury and suicidal ideation in adolescents and examine the roles of rumination and decentering in that relationship. Method By means of a questionnaire, 175 adolescent patients in a psychiatric hospital in Fujian Province were given the Functional Assessment of Self-Mutilation: Chinese Version, Positive and Negative Suicide Ideation, Ruminative Response Scale: Chinese Version, and Experiences Questionnaire: Decentering Scale. Results (1) Adolescent non-suicidal self-injury was significantly positively related to suicidal ideation and rumination and significantly negatively related to decentering. Suicidal ideation was significantly positively related to rumination and significantly negatively related to decentering. Rumination was significantly negatively related to decentering. (2) Rumination and decentering played a complete chain-mediating role between non-suicidal self-injury and suicidal ideation. Non-suicidal self-injury was found to indirectly affect suicidal ideation along three pathways: the independent mediating role of rumination (the mediating effect accounted for 40.166%), independent mediating role of decentering (the mediating effect accounted for 41.274%), and chain-mediating role of rumination and decentering (the mediating effect accounted for 14.958%). Conclusion Adolescent non-suicidal self-injury can indirectly affect suicidal ideation through rumination and decentering. In the future, mindfulness and other methods should be used to improve individuals' levels of decentering and cultivate emotional regulation abilities, so as to reduce the incidence of non-suicidal self-injury and suicide in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Meiling Liao
- School of Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Fajie Huang
- School of Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
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Bagereka P, Ameli R, Sinaii N, Vocci MC, Berger A. Psychosocial-spiritual well-being is related to resilience and mindfulness in patients with severe and/or life-limiting medical illness. BMC Palliat Care 2023; 22:133. [PMID: 37697251 PMCID: PMC10494355 DOI: 10.1186/s12904-023-01258-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Improvement of psychosocial-spiritual well-being in patients with life-threatening or life-limiting illness is desirable. Resilience and mindfulness are considered to be helpful for enhancing psychosocial-spiritual well-being. Mindfulness-based interventions have been shown to promote resilience to stress and enhance well-being. However, in medical patients, evidence for the associations between mindfulness and resilience is lacking. We hypothesize patients with higher levels of psychosocial-spiritual well-being demonstrate greater resilience and mindfulness. METHODS 200 patients (mean age = 50.2, SD = 15.5) with serious and or life-limiting illnesses were recruited from the NIH Clinical Center. Patients completed a demographic questionnaire, the NIH-HEALS measure of psychosocial-spiritual well-being, the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC-10), and the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS). The demographic questionnaire also included a question on current stress level. RESULTS The NIH-HEALS was positively correlated to CD-RISC-10 (rs=0.44, p < 0.001) and MAAS (rs=0.32, p < 0.001). These findings were consistent across all three NIH-HEALS factors. Additionally, CD-RISC-10 and MAAS demonstrated a meaningful relationship to each other (rs=0.46, p < 0.001). All three constructs were inversely related to current stress level. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that there is a meaningful relationship between psychosocial-spiritual well-being, mindfulness, and resilience. Mindfulness and resilience are positively correlated in a medical population. Clinical interventions aimed at enhancing psychosocial-spiritual well-being through mindfulness and resilience can be highly promising for patients with severe and or life limiting illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polycarpe Bagereka
- Pain and Palliative Care Service, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Rezvan Ameli
- Pain and Palliative Care Service, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ninet Sinaii
- Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology Service, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Marcelli Cristine Vocci
- Pain and Palliative Care Service, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ann Berger
- Pain and Palliative Care Service, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Ugarte Pérez C, Cruzat-Mandich C, Quiñones Bergeret Á, Díaz-Tendero D, Gallegos M, Gil AA, Cepeda-Benito A. Comparative efficacy of remotely delivered mindfulness-based eating awareness training versus behavioral-weight loss counseling during COVID-19. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1101120. [PMID: 37265953 PMCID: PMC10229895 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1101120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Dysregulated eating (emotional eating, cue-elicited eating, and dietary restraint and restriction) has been linked to being overweight or obese. The present investigation used a random controlled trial (RCT) to test the differential efficacy of remotely delivered Mindfulness-Based Eating Awareness Training (MB-EAT) and Behavioral Weight Loss (BWL) counseling. Methods The sample was recruited through advertisements that offered help to people "with problems controlling their eating" or "interested in improving their relationship with food" (n = 135). Results Retention was low in both groups (42%), but not dissimilar to retention rates reported in related clinical trials delivered "in person." Among the participants who completed treatment, we found no between-group differences in any of the treatment outcomes, but participants in both groups experienced significant increases in eating-related mindfulness [Mindful Eating Questionnaire (MEQ) and awareness [Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness (MAIA), and significant decreases in unhealthy eating patterns [Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ); Binge Eating Scale (BES), and weight over the course of treatment. Participants in both groups also experienced increases in self-reported depression and anxiety symptoms [Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS)], although these increases likely reflected normative changes observed in the population at large during COVID-19. Discussion Overall, the results suggest that dysregulated eating and weight loss intervention delivered remotely via teleconference can be effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Ugarte Pérez
- Centro de Estudios de la Conducta Alimentaria (CECA), Escuela de Psicología, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Peñalolén, Chile
| | - Claudia Cruzat-Mandich
- Centro de Estudios de la Conducta Alimentaria (CECA), Escuela de Psicología, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Peñalolén, Chile
| | | | - Dafne Díaz-Tendero
- Centro de Estudios de la Conducta Alimentaria (CECA), Escuela de Psicología, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Peñalolén, Chile
| | - Marcela Gallegos
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bariátrica, Clinica Las Condes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Aurora A. Gil
- Eating Disorders Unit, Psychiatry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica, Santiago, Chile
| | - Antonio Cepeda-Benito
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
- Departamento de Psicología, Personalidad y Tratamiento, Universidad de Jaén, Jaén, Spain
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Uusberg A, Ford B, Uusberg H, Gross JJ. Reappraising reappraisal: an expanded view. Cogn Emot 2023:1-14. [PMID: 37161355 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2023.2208340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Reappraisal is a frequently used and often successful emotion regulation strategy. However, its underlying cognitive mechanisms are not well understood. In this paper, we seek to clarify these mechanisms by expanding upon our recently proposed reAppraisal framework. According to this framework, reappraisal consists of appraisal shifts that arise from changes to the mental construal of a situation (reconstrual) or from changes to the goals that are used to evaluate the construal (repurposing). Here we propose that reappraisal can target both object-level construals and goals representing states in the environment as well as meta-level construals and goals about different states in the mind. We also propose that reappraisal can operate by facilitating decommitment from a dominant construal or goal as well as by facilitating commitment to alternative construals or goals. We demonstrate that the 2 × 2 × 2 matrix formed by crossing the three distinctions between reconstrual and repurposing, between object-level and meta-level representations, and between decommitment and commitment operations forms a useful map of different reappraisal tactics. We draw examples of each of the 8 reappraisal tactics from basic and clinical research. We conclude by considering future research inspired by the expanded reAppraisal framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andero Uusberg
- Institute of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Brett Ford
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Helen Uusberg
- Institute of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - James J Gross
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, USA
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Maddock A, McGuigan K, McCusker P. A randomised trial of Mindfulness-based Social Work and Self-Care with social workers. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2023; 42:9170-9183. [PMID: 37200547 PMCID: PMC9959936 DOI: 10.1007/s12144-023-04410-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
Abstract The primary objective of this study was to examine the effects of a bespoke and innovative six-week online Mindfulness-based Social Work and Self-Care (MBSWSC) programme on the stress, feelings of burnout, anxiety, depression, and well-being of a sample of social workers. This secondary objective was to examine the effectiveness of MBSWSC at improving a number of potentially important mindfulness-based programme mechanisms of action, including mindfulness, attention regulation (decentering), acceptance, self-compassion, non-attachment, aversion, worry and rumination. A randomised controlled trial with repeated measures (pre-post intervention) was conducted to evaluate the effects of MBSWSC against an active control. The active control was a modified mindfulness-based programme which focussed on supporting increases in mindfulness and self-compassion in social workers with a view to improving the same primary study outcomes. Sixty-two participants were randomly allocated to MBSWSC (n = 33) or the active control (n = 29). When compared to the active control group, the MBSWSC programme was found to be significantly superior at improving stress, emotional exhaustion, anxiety, and depression. MBSWSC was also superior to the active control at improving acceptance, mindfulness, non-attachment, attention regulation (decentering) and worry of the social workers in this study. The results suggest that MBSWSC is a very useful therapeutic programme, which has the capacity to improve a range of important mental health and well-being outcomes for social workers. The results also indicate that the MBSWSC programme has the capacity to improve a range of important mindfulness-based mechanisms of action. Trial registration URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov; Unique identifier: NCT05519267 (retrospectively registered).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Maddock
- School of Social Policy, Social Work and Social Justice, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Karen McGuigan
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Pearse McCusker
- School of Social and Political Science, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
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Hong C, Ding C, Yuan S, Zhu Y, Chen M, Yang D. The role of mindfulness and dysexecutive functioning in the association between depression and COVID-19-related stress: cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2023; 14:2234809. [PMID: 37470369 PMCID: PMC10360975 DOI: 10.1080/20008066.2023.2234809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Since the COVID-19 outbreak, the severity of college student's mental health has increased, with depression being the most prominent. This study's primary purpose was to explore (1) whether the perceived stress of COVID-19 was associated with depression through sequential mediation of mindfulness and dysexecutive function and also (2) the temporal association among mindfulness, dysexecutive function and depression.Methods: We performed two studies to evaluate dysexecutive function as a mechanism through which mindfulness impacts depression under the stress of the COVID-19 pandemic. Study 1 used a sequential mediation model to test the mediating role of mindfulness and dysexecutive function between the perceived stress of COVID-19 and depression based on 1,665 emerging adults. Study 2 used a random-effect, cross-lagged panel model (RE-CLPM) to test the directionality among mindfulness, dysexecutive function, and depression based on 370 emerging adults.Results: The cross-sectional study showed that perceived stress of COVID-19 was positively associated with depression through the sequential mediation of mindfulness and dysexecutive function (effect: 0.08, 95%CI = [0.07, 0.10]), also through the mediation of mindfulness (effect: 0.05, 95%CI = [0.03, 0.06]) and dysexecutive function (effect: 0.08, 95%CI = [0.06, 0.10]) separately. The RE-CLPM study indicated that dysexecutive function mediates the reciprocal relation between mindfulness and depression at the within-person level.Conclusion: These results suggest that dysexecutive function is an intermediate psychological mechanism that exacerbates depression under pandemic-related stress. Mindfulness can predict dysexecutive function and subsequently improve depression. As depression under pandemic-related stress can weaken the mindful state, long-term mindfulness practices are needed to maintain mental health during COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengjin Hong
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
- Key Lab of Cognition and Personality (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Cody Ding
- Education Science & Professional Programs, University of Missouri-St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Shuge Yuan
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
- Key Lab of Cognition and Personality (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yue Zhu
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
- Key Lab of Cognition and Personality (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mengyan Chen
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
- Key Lab of Cognition and Personality (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dong Yang
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
- Key Lab of Cognition and Personality (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
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Siira V, Petäjäniemi M, Lutovac S, Kaasila R. The role of mind-body bridging-based university psychology course for students’ well-being. NORDIC PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/19012276.2022.2159867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Virva Siira
- Research Unit Values, Ideologies and Social Contexts of Education, Faculty of Education, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Maria Petäjäniemi
- Department of Educational Sciences and Teacher Education, Faculty of Education, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Sonja Lutovac
- Department of Educational Sciences and Teacher Education, Faculty of Education, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Raimo Kaasila
- Professor of Teacher Education and Higher Education, Faculty of Education, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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A Review of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for Adolescents: Developmental and Contextual Considerations. COGNITIVE AND BEHAVIORAL PRACTICE 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpra.2022.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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14
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Bennett MP, Knight RC, Dunning D, Archer-Boyd A, Blakemore SJ, Dalmaijer E, Ford T, Williams JMG, Clegg H, Kuyken W, So T, Wright G, Lenaert B, Vainre M, Watson P, Dalgleish T. Protocol for a randomised controlled trial investigating an intervention to boost decentering in response to distressing mental experiences during adolescence: the decentering in adolescence study (DECADES). BMJ Open 2022; 12:e056864. [PMID: 35354620 PMCID: PMC8968529 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-056864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Decentering describes the ability to voluntarily adopt an objective self-perspective from which to notice internal, typically distressing, stressors (eg, difficult thoughts, memories and feelings). The reinforcement of this skill may be an active ingredient through which different psychological interventions accrue reductions in anxiety and/or depression. However, it is unclear if decentering can be selectively trained at a young age and if this might reduce psychological distress. The aim of the current trial is to address this research gap. METHODS AND ANALYSIS Adolescents, recruited from schools in the UK and Ireland (n=57 per group, age range=16-19 years), will be randomised to complete 5 weeks of decentering training, or an active control group that will take part in a combination of light physical exercise and cognitive training. The coprimary training outcomes include a self-reported decentering inventory (ie, the Experiences Questionnaire) and the momentary use of decentering in response to psychological stressors, using experience sampling. The secondary mental health outcomes will include self-reported inventories of depression and anxiety symptoms, as well as psychological well-being. Initial statistical analysis will use between-group analysis of covariance to estimate the effect of training condition on self-rated inventories, adjusted for baseline scores. Additionally, experience sampling data will be examined using hierarchical linear models. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This study was approved by the Cambridge Psychology Research Ethics Committee, University of Cambridge (PRE.2019.109). Findings will be disseminated through typical academic routes including poster/paper presentations at (inter)national conferences, academic institutes and through publication in peer-reviewed journals. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ISRCTN14329613.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Sarah-Jayne Blakemore
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- UCL Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, London, UK
| | | | - Tamsin Ford
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Hannah Clegg
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge, UK
| | - Willem Kuyken
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Gemma Wright
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge, UK
| | - Bert Lenaert
- Faculty of Healh, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Limburg, The Netherlands
| | - Maris Vainre
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge, UK
| | - Peter Watson
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge, UK
| | - Tim Dalgleish
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge, UK
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Riva G, Serino S, Di Lernia D, Pagnini F. Regenerative Virtual Therapy: The Use of Multisensory Technologies and Mindful Attention for Updating the Altered Representations of the Bodily Self. Front Syst Neurosci 2021; 15:749268. [PMID: 34803617 PMCID: PMC8595209 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2021.749268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The term “regenerative medicine” (RM) indicates an emerging trend in biomedical sciences that aims at replacing, engineering, or regenerating human cells, tissues, or organs to restore or establish normal function. So far, the focus of RM has been the physical body. Neuroscience, however, is now suggesting that mental disorders can be broadly characterized by a dysfunction in the way the brain computes and integrates the representations of the inner and outer body across time [bodily self-consciousness (BSC)]. In this perspective, we proposed a new kind of clinical intervention, i.e., “Regenerative Virtual Therapy” (RVT), which integrates knowledge from different disciplines, from neuroscience to computational psychiatry, to regenerate a distorted or faulty BSC. The main goal of RVT was to use technology-based somatic modification techniques to restructure the maladaptive bodily representations behind a pathological condition. Specifically, starting from a Bayesian model of our BSC (i.e., body matrix), we suggested the use of mindful attention, cognitive reappraisal, and brain stimulation techniques merged with high-rewarding and novel synthetic multisensory bodily experience (i.e., a virtual reality full-body illusion in sync with a low predictabIlity interoceptive modulation) to rewrite a faulty experience of the body and to regenerate the wellbeing of an individual. The use of RVT will also offer an unprecedented experimental overview of the dynamics of our bodily representations, allowing the reverse-engineering of their functioning for hacking them using advanced technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Riva
- Applied Technology for Neuro-Psychology Laboratory, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy.,Humane Technology Laboratory, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy.,Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Serino
- Humane Technology Laboratory, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy.,Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniele Di Lernia
- Humane Technology Laboratory, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy.,Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Pagnini
- Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy.,Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
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A meta-synthesis of qualitative studies of the link between anxiety, depression and perfectionism: implications for treatment. Behav Cogn Psychother 2021; 50:89-105. [PMID: 34493352 DOI: 10.1017/s1352465821000357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Meta-analyses show an association between perfectionism and depression and anxiety (negative affect), and that therapy for perfectionism impacts positively on negative affect. No systematic reviews have focused on qualitative studies of perfectionism. AIMS Our aim was to perform a systematic, meta-synthesis of qualitative literature to (i) help inform our understanding of how perfectionism is associated with negative affect, so that we can (ii) inform future development of treatment for perfectionism in young people and to make it more effective. METHOD Included in the meta-synthesis were 37 qualitative studies. RESULTS Six themes related to perfectionism were found: (1) the association with negative affect, (2) self-worth dependent on achievement, (3) cognitive and behavioural maintaining factors, (4) the expectations of others, (5) effective elements of interventions, and (6) barriers to treatment. CONCLUSIONS The qualitative literature supports the notion of perfectionism as an important construct to consider in reducing negative affect. While cognitive behavioural therapy for perfectionism holds promise as a treatment to target negative affect, there was a paucity of qualitative research, particularly related to young people. A greater understanding of the views of young people are required to help tailor more effective interventions for perfectionism that can impact negative affect in this group.
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Beames JR, Kikas K, O'Gradey-Lee M, Gale N, Werner-Seidler A, Boydell KM, Hudson JL. A New Normal: Integrating Lived Experience Into Scientific Data Syntheses. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:763005. [PMID: 34777064 PMCID: PMC8585932 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.763005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Joanne R Beames
- Black Dog Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Katarina Kikas
- Black Dog Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Nyree Gale
- Black Dog Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | | | - Jennifer L Hudson
- Black Dog Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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