1
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Willyanto SE, Alimsjah YA, Tanjaya K, Tuekprakhon A, Pawestri AR. Comprehensive analysis of the efficacy and safety of CAR T-cell therapy in patients with relapsed or refractory B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Med 2024; 56:2349796. [PMID: 38738799 PMCID: PMC11095278 DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2024.2349796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Relapse/refractory B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (r/r B-ALL) represents paediatric cancer with a challenging prognosis. CAR T-cell treatment, considered an advanced treatment, remains controversial due to high relapse rates and adverse events. This study assessed the efficacy and safety of CAR T-cell therapy for r/r B-ALL. METHODS The literature search was performed on four databases. Efficacy parameters included minimal residual disease negative complete remission (MRD-CR) and relapse rate (RR). Safety parameters constituted cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome (ICANS). RESULTS Anti-CD22 showed superior efficacy with the highest MRD-CR event rate and lowest RR, compared to anti-CD19. Combining CAR T-cell therapy with haploidentical stem cell transplantation improved RR. Safety-wise, bispecific anti-CD19/22 had the lowest CRS rate, and anti-CD22 showed the fewest ICANS. Analysis of the costimulatory receptors showed that adding CD28ζ to anti-CD19 CAR T-cell demonstrated superior efficacy in reducing relapses with favorable safety profiles. CONCLUSION Choosing a more efficacious and safer CAR T-cell treatment is crucial for improving overall survival in acute leukaemia. Beyond the promising anti-CD22 CAR T-cell, exploring costimulatory domains and new CD targets could enhance treatment effectiveness for r/r B-ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yohanes Audric Alimsjah
- Bachelor Study Program of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia
| | - Krisanto Tanjaya
- Bachelor Study Program of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia
| | - Aekkachai Tuekprakhon
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Aulia Rahmi Pawestri
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia
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2
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Sima H, Shao W. Advancements in the design and function of bispecific CAR-T cells targeting B Cell-Associated tumor antigens. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 142:113166. [PMID: 39298818 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.113166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2024] [Revised: 09/11/2024] [Accepted: 09/11/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024]
Abstract
Single-targeted CAR-T has exhibited notable success in treating B-cell tumors, effectively improving patient outcomes. However, the recurrence rate among patients remains above fifty percent, primarily attributed to antigen escape and the diminished immune persistence of CAR-T cells. Over recent years, there has been a surge of interest in bispecific CAR-T cell therapies, marked by an increasing number of research articles and clinical applications annually. This paper undertakes a comprehensive review of influential studies on the design of bispecific CAR-T in recent years, examining their impact on bispecific CAR-T efficacy concerning disease classification, targeted antigens, and CAR design. Notable distinctions in antigen targeting within B-ALL, NHL, and MM are explored, along with an analysis of how CAR scFv, transmembrane region, hinge region, and co-stimulatory region design influence Bi-CAR-T efficacy across different tumors. The summary provided aims to serve as a reference for designing novel and improved CAR-Ts, facilitating more efficient treatment for B-cell malignant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helin Sima
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Wenwei Shao
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China; Medical School of Tianjin University, Tianjin, China; State Key Laboratory of Advanced Medical Materials and Devices, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.
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3
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Pang Y, Ghosh N. Novel and multiple targets for chimeric antigen receptor-based therapies in lymphoma. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1396395. [PMID: 38711850 PMCID: PMC11070555 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1396395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy targeting CD19 in B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) validates the utility of CAR-based therapy for lymphomatous malignancies. Despite the success, treatment failure due to CD19 antigen loss, mutation, or down-regulation remains the main obstacle to cure. On-target, off-tumor effect of CD19-CAR T leads to side effects such as prolonged B-cell aplasia, limiting the application of therapy in indolent diseases such as chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Alternative CAR targets and multi-specific CAR are potential solutions to improving cellular therapy outcomes in B-NHL. For Hodgkin lymphoma and T-cell lymphoma, several cell surface antigens have been studied as CAR targets, some of which already showed promising results in clinical trials. Some antigens are expressed by different lymphomas and could be used for designing tumor-agnostic CAR. Here, we reviewed the antigens that have been studied for novel CAR-based therapies, as well as CARs designed to target two or more antigens in the treatment of lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Pang
- Department of Hematologic Oncology and Blood Disorders, Atrium Health Levine Cancer Institute, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Charlotte, NC, United States
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4
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Kashyap D, Salman H. Targeting Interleukin-13 Receptor α2 and EphA2 in Aggressive Breast Cancer Subtypes with Special References to Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3780. [PMID: 38612592 PMCID: PMC11011362 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BCA) remains the leading cause of cancer-related mortality among women worldwide. This review delves into the therapeutic challenges of BCA, emphasizing the roles of interleukin-13 receptor α2 (IL-13Rα2) and erythropoietin-producing hepatocellular receptor A2 (EphA2) in tumor progression and resistance. Highlighting their overexpression in BCA, particularly in aggressive subtypes, such as Her-2-enriched and triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), we discuss the potential of these receptors as targets for chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR-T) therapies. We examine the structural and functional roles of IL-13Rα2 and EphA2, their pathological significance in BCA, and the promising therapeutic avenues their targeting presents. With an in-depth analysis of current immunotherapeutic strategies, including the limitations of existing treatments and the potential of dual antigen-targeting CAR T-cell therapies, this review aims to summarize potential future novel, more effective therapeutic interventions for BCA. Through a thorough examination of preclinical and clinical studies, it underlines the urgent need for targeted therapies in combating the high mortality rates associated with Her-2-enriched and TNBC subtypes and discusses the potential role of IL-13Rα2 and EphA2 as promising candidates for the development of CAR T-cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Huda Salman
- Brown Center for Immunotherapy, Melvin and Bren Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Division of Hematology and Oncology, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA;
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5
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Guo S, Gao X, Sadhana M, Guo R, Liu J, Lu W, Zhao MF. Developing Strategies to Improve the Efficacy of CAR-T Therapy for Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Curr Treat Options Oncol 2023; 24:1614-1632. [PMID: 37870695 DOI: 10.1007/s11864-023-01140-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
OPINION STATEMENT Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a fatal blood malignancy. With the development of immunotherapy, particularly chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CAR-T), the treatment of AML has undergone a significant change. Despite its advantages, CAR-T still faces a number of limitations and challenges while treating AML. Finding novel targets, altering the structure of CAR to increase efficacy while lowering side effects, and using double-target CAR and logic circuits are typical examples of key to answer these problems. With the advancement of gene editing technology, gene editing of tumor cells or normal cells to create therapeutic effects has grown in popularity. Additionally, the combination of multiple drugs is routinely used to address some of the obstacles and difficulties associated with CAR-T therapy. The review's primary goal was to summarize recent strategies and developments of CAR-T therapy for AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujing Guo
- First Center, Clinic College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Xuejin Gao
- Emergency Department, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Mahara Sadhana
- First Center, Clinic College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Ruiting Guo
- First Center, Clinic College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Jile Liu
- First Center, Clinic College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Wenyi Lu
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin, 300192, China.
| | - Ming Feng Zhao
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin, 300192, China.
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6
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Yu M, Zhang Q, Kong F, Qi L, Pu Y, Qiu L, Wang J, Li F. Efficacy and Safety of Dual-Targeting Chimeric Antigen Receptor-T Therapy for Relapsed or Refractory B Cell Lymphoid Malignancies: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Hum Gene Ther 2023; 34:192-202. [PMID: 36734417 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2022.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Dual-targeting chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy has been proposed as a potential solution for overcoming antigen escape during anti-CD19 CAR-T treatment. We performed this systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate the efficacy and safety of this novel treatment in patients with B cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (B-NHL) and B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL). We systematically searched relevant literature based on databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Embase and Cochrane) and conference abstracts. The primary outcomes measured were the best objective response rate (ORR) or complete response (CR), 12-month overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS), cytokine release syndrome (CRS), and neurotoxicity. Fifteen registered prospective open-label clinical trials were included. Among the 260 patients with B-NHL, the pooled best ORR and CR were 77% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.71-0.82) and 52% (95% CI: 0.40-0.63), respectively, and the pooled 12-month PFS and OS were 54.0% (95% CI: 0.47-0.61) and 66.0% (95% CI: 0.56-0.77), respectively. In the 159 patients with B-ALL, the combined best CR was observed to be 92% (95% CI: 0.82-0.99) and the pooled 12-month PFS and OS were 65.0% (95% CI: 0.51-0.77) and 73.0% (95% CI: 0.56-0.92), respectively. Moreover, in B-NHL patients, grade ≥3 CRS was observed in 14.0% (95% CI: 0.04-0.29) of these patients, and 5.0% (95% CI: 0.02-0.08) showed grade ≥3 neurotoxicity; in the case of B-ALL patients, grade ≥3 CRS and neurotoxicity occurred in 11.0% (95% CI: 0.04-0.19) and 2.0% (95% CI: 0.00-0.06), respectively. This study demonstrates the safety and clinical efficacy of dual-targeting CAR-T cell therapies in B cell malignancies. Further, well-designed randomized controlled trials are required to establish the role of dual-targeting CAR-T cell therapy in patients with B cell malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Yu
- Center of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Institute of Hematology, Academy of Clinical Medicine of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, China
- National Clinical Research Sub-Center for Blood Diseases, Jiangxi Clinical Research Center of Hematology, Nanchang, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Center of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Institute of Hematology, Academy of Clinical Medicine of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, China
- National Clinical Research Sub-Center for Blood Diseases, Jiangxi Clinical Research Center of Hematology, Nanchang, China
| | - Fancong Kong
- Center of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Institute of Hematology, Academy of Clinical Medicine of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, China
- National Clinical Research Sub-Center for Blood Diseases, Jiangxi Clinical Research Center of Hematology, Nanchang, China
| | - Ling Qi
- Center of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Institute of Hematology, Academy of Clinical Medicine of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, China
- National Clinical Research Sub-Center for Blood Diseases, Jiangxi Clinical Research Center of Hematology, Nanchang, China
| | - Yafang Pu
- Center of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Institute of Hematology, Academy of Clinical Medicine of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, China
- National Clinical Research Sub-Center for Blood Diseases, Jiangxi Clinical Research Center of Hematology, Nanchang, China
| | - Lugui Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Jianxiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Fei Li
- Center of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Institute of Hematology, Academy of Clinical Medicine of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, China
- National Clinical Research Sub-Center for Blood Diseases, Jiangxi Clinical Research Center of Hematology, Nanchang, China
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7
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Fergusson NJ, Adeel K, Kekre N, Atkins H, Hay KA. A systematic review and meta-analysis of CD22 CAR T-cells alone or in combination with CD19 CAR T-cells. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1178403. [PMID: 37180149 PMCID: PMC10174241 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1178403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cells are an emerging therapy for the treatment of relapsed/refractory B-cell malignancies. While CD19 CAR-T cells have been FDA-approved, CAR T-cells targeting CD22, as well as dual-targeting CD19/CD22 CAR T-cells, are currently being evaluated in clinical trials. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of CD22-targeting CAR T-cell therapies. We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials from inception to March 3rd 2022 for full-length articles and conference abstracts of clinical trials employing CD22-targeting CAR T-cells in acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). The primary outcome was best complete response (bCR). A DerSimonian and Laird random-effects model with arcsine transformation was used to pool outcome proportions. From 1068 references screened, 100 were included, representing 30 early phase studies with 637 patients, investigating CD22 or CD19/CD22 CAR T-cells. CD22 CAR T-cells had a bCR of 68% [95% CI, 53-81%] in ALL (n= 116), and 64% [95% CI, 46-81%] in NHL (n= 28) with 74% and 96% of patients having received anti-CD19 CAR T-cells previously in ALL and NHL studies respectively. CD19/CD22 CAR T-cells had a bCR rate of 90% [95% CI, 84-95%] in ALL (n= 297) and 47% [95% CI, 34-61%] in NHL (n= 137). The estimated incidence of total and severe (grade ≥3) CRS were 87% [95% CI, 80-92%] and 6% [95% CI, 3-9%] respectively. ICANS and severe ICANS had an estimated incidence of 16% [95% CI, 9-25%] and 3% [95% CI, 1-5%] respectively. Early phase trials of CD22 and CD19/CD22 CAR T-cells show high remission rates in ALL and NHL. Severe CRS or ICANS were (1)rare and dual-targeting did not increase toxicity. Variability in CAR construct, dose, and patient factors amongst studies limits comparisons, with long-term outcomes yet to be reported. Systematic review registration https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero, identifier CRD42020193027.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan J. Fergusson
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Komal Adeel
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Natasha Kekre
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Harold Atkins
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Kevin A. Hay
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Vancouver General Hospital, Leukemia and Bone Marrow Transplant Program of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- *Correspondence: Kevin A. Hay,
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8
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Comparing the efficacy of salvage regimens for relapsed/refractory B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Ann Hematol 2023; 102:155-165. [PMID: 36394582 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-022-05040-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The complete remission (CR) rate and overall survival (OS) of relapsed/refractory (R/R) B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (B-ALL) are not satisfactory. The available salvage regimens include standard chemotherapy, inotuzumab ozogamicin, blinatumomab and cluster of differentiation (CD)19 chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CAR T), and the NCCN guidelines recommend all of these therapies with no preference. Dual CD19/CD22 CAR T-cells have emerged as new treatments and have shown some efficacy, with high CR rates and preventing CD19-negative relapse. However, direct comparisons of the CR rate and long-term survival among the different salvage therapies are lacking. Databases including PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and Cochrane were searched from inception to January 31, 2022, for relevant studies. The outcomes of interest were complete remission/complete remission with incomplete haematologic recovery (CR/CRi) rates and 1-year overall survival (OS) rates. Odds ratios (ORs) were generated for binary outcomes, and the mean difference (MD) was generated for consecutive outcomes by network meta-analysis. CD19 CAR T-cells demonstrated a significantly better effect in improving the CR/CRi rate than blinatumomab (OR = 8.32, 95% CI: 1.18 to 58.44) and chemotherapy (OR = 16.4, 95% CI: 2.76 to 97.45). In terms of OS, CD19 CAR T-cells and dual CD19/CD22 CAR T-cells both had a higher 1-year OS rate than blinatumomab, inotuzumab ozogamicin and chemotherapy. There was no significant difference between CD19 CAR T-cells and dual CD19/CD22 CAR T-cells in terms of 1-year OS and CR/CRi rates. CD19 CAR T-cells are effective in inducing CR, and CD19 CAR T-cells and dual CD19/CD22 CAR T-cells show benefits for overall survival. More high-quality randomized controlled trials and longer follow-ups are needed to confirm and update the results of this analysis in the future.
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9
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Safety and Efficacy of Humanized Versus Murinized CD19 and CD22 CAR T-Cell Cocktail Therapy for Refractory/Relapsed B-Cell Lymphoma. Cells 2022; 11:cells11244085. [PMID: 36552849 PMCID: PMC9776474 DOI: 10.3390/cells11244085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
CD19 chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR-T) therapy is efficacious for refractory/relapsed (R/R) B-cell hematological malignancies, yet relapse due to CD19 antigen escape remains a challenge. Our trial explored simultaneous targeting of multiple B-cell antigens as a therapeutic approach that may reduce the risk of relapse. We tested the safety and efficacy of CAR19/22 T-cell cocktail therapy including murinized and humanized products among patients with R/R aggressive B-cell lymphoma. In the group that received the humanized product, 11/12 (91.7%) patients achieved an objective response, including 9/12 (75%) complete responses (CRs) by day 28. The overall response rate and CR rate in the murinized group was 92.9% (13/14) and 42.9% (6/14), respectively. Nine of 12 (75%) patients in the humanized group maintained CR at month 3 following infusion, compared to 5/14 patients (35.7%) in the murinized group. Progression-free survival (PFS) was more favorable in the humanized compared to the murinized group. Most patients had mild cytokine release syndrome (CRS) (grade 1-2) in both groups. This study demonstrates that CAR19/22 T-cell cocktail therapy is safe and effective for R/R B-cell lymphoma and that patients treated with a humanized CAR-T exhibited better efficacy compared to patients treated with a murinized CAR-T therapy.
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10
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Qu C, Zhang H, Cao H, Tang L, Mo H, Liu F, Zhang L, Yi Z, Long L, Yan L, Wang Z, Zhang N, Luo P, Zhang J, Liu Z, Ye W, Liu Z, Cheng Q. Tumor buster - where will the CAR-T cell therapy 'missile' go? Mol Cancer 2022; 21:201. [PMID: 36261831 PMCID: PMC9580202 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-022-01669-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell (CAR-T cell) therapy based on gene editing technology represents a significant breakthrough in personalized immunotherapy for human cancer. This strategy uses genetic modification to enable T cells to target tumor-specific antigens, attack specific cancer cells, and bypass tumor cell apoptosis avoidance mechanisms to some extent. This method has been extensively used to treat hematologic diseases, but the therapeutic effect in solid tumors is not ideal. Tumor antigen escape, treatment-related toxicity, and the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) limit their use of it. Target selection is the most critical aspect in determining the prognosis of patients receiving this treatment. This review provides a comprehensive summary of all therapeutic targets used in the clinic or shown promising potential. We summarize CAR-T cell therapies’ clinical trials, applications, research frontiers, and limitations in treating different cancers. We also explore coping strategies when encountering sub-optimal tumor-associated antigens (TAA) or TAA loss. Moreover, the importance of CAR-T cell therapy in cancer immunotherapy is emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunrun Qu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,XiangYa School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hui Cao
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second People's Hospital of Hunan Province, The Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China.,The School of Clinical Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lanhua Tang
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Haoyang Mo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,XiangYa School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Fangkun Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Liyang Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhenjie Yi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,XiangYa School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lifu Long
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,XiangYa School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Luzhe Yan
- XiangYa School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zeyu Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,One-third Lab, College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Peng Luo
- Department of Oncology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zaoqu Liu
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Weijie Ye
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhixiong Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Quan Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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11
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Hu Y, Li J, Ni F, Yang Z, Gui X, Bao Z, Zhao H, Wei G, Wang Y, Zhang M, Hong R, Wang L, Wu W, Mohty M, Nagler A, Chang AH, van den Brink MRM, Li MD, Huang H. CAR-T cell therapy-related cytokine release syndrome and therapeutic response is modulated by the gut microbiome in hematologic malignancies. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5313. [PMID: 36085303 PMCID: PMC9461447 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32960-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy utilizing chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR-T) therapy holds promise for hematologic malignancies, however, response rates and associated immune-related adverse effects widely vary among patients. Here we show, by comparing diversity and composition of the gut microbiome during different CAR-T therapeutic phases in the clinical trial ChiCTR1800017404, that the gut flora characteristically differs among patients and according to treatment stages, and might also reflect patient response to therapy in relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma (MM; n = 43), acute lympholastic leukemia (ALL; n = 23) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL; n = 12). We observe significant temporal differences in diversity and abundance of Bifidobacterium, Prevotella, Sutterella, and Collinsella between MM patients in complete remission (n = 24) and those in partial remission (n = 11). Furthermore, we find that patients with severe cytokine release syndrome present with higher abundance of Bifidobacterium, Leuconostoc, Stenotrophomonas, and Staphylococcus, which is reproducible in an independent cohort of 38 MM patients. This study has important implications for understanding the biological role of the microbiome in CAR-T treatment responsiveness of hematologic malignancy patients, and may guide therapeutic intervention to increase efficacy. The success rate of CAR-T cell therapy is high in blood cancers, yet individual patient characteristics might reduce therapeutic benefit. Here we show that therapeutic response in MM, ALL and NHL, and occurrence of severe cytokine release syndrome in multiple myeloma are associated with specific gut microbiome alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxian Hu
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Province Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunity Therapy, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Laboratory for Systems & Precision Medicine, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jingjing Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Research Center for Air Pollution and Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fang Ni
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Province Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunity Therapy, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Laboratory for Systems & Precision Medicine, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhongli Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Research Center for Air Pollution and Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaohua Gui
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Research Center for Air Pollution and Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhiwei Bao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Research Center for Air Pollution and Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Houli Zhao
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Province Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunity Therapy, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Laboratory for Systems & Precision Medicine, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guoqing Wei
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Province Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunity Therapy, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Laboratory for Systems & Precision Medicine, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yiyun Wang
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Province Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunity Therapy, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Laboratory for Systems & Precision Medicine, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mingming Zhang
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Province Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunity Therapy, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Laboratory for Systems & Precision Medicine, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ruimin Hong
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Province Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunity Therapy, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Laboratory for Systems & Precision Medicine, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Linqin Wang
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Province Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunity Therapy, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Laboratory for Systems & Precision Medicine, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenjun Wu
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Province Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunity Therapy, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Laboratory for Systems & Precision Medicine, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mohamad Mohty
- Department of Hematology, Sorbonne University, Hospital Saint Antoine, Paris, France
- INSERM UMRs 938, and EBMT Paris Study office/CEREST-TC, Paris, France
| | - Arnon Nagler
- Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Division, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Alex H Chang
- Clinical Translational Research Center, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Marcel R M van den Brink
- Department of Immunology, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Ming D Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
- Research Center for Air Pollution and Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - He Huang
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
- Zhejiang Province Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunity Therapy, Hangzhou, China.
- Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
- Zhejiang Laboratory for Systems & Precision Medicine, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, China.
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12
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Current Status and Perspectives of Dual-Targeting Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell Therapy for the Treatment of Hematological Malignancies. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14133230. [PMID: 35805001 PMCID: PMC9265066 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14133230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Single-targeted chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells tremendously improve outcomes for patients with relapsed/refractory hematological malignancies and are considered a breakthrough therapy. However, over half of treated patients experience relapse or refractory disease, with antigen escape being one of the main contributing mechanisms. Dual-targeting CAR T-cell therapy is being developed to minimize the risk of relapse or refractory disease. Preclinical and clinical data on five categories of dual-targeting CAR T-cell therapies and approximately fifty studies were summarized to offer insights and support the development of dual-targeting CAR T-cell therapy for hematological malignancies. The clinical efficacy (durability and survival) is validated and the safety profiles of dual-targeting CAR T-cell therapy are acceptable, although there is still room for improvement in the bispecific CAR structure. It is one of the best approaches to optimize the bispecific CAR structure by boosting T-cell transduction efficiency and leveraging evidence from preclinical activity and clinical efficacy.
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13
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Chen Z, Kankala RK, Yang Z, Li W, Xie S, Li H, Chen AZ, Zou L. Antibody-based drug delivery systems for cancer therapy: Mechanisms, challenges, and prospects. Theranostics 2022; 12:3719-3746. [PMID: 35664074 PMCID: PMC9131265 DOI: 10.7150/thno.72594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, antibody-based cancer therapy has emerged as one of the efficient therapeutic strategies, such as immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), angiogenesis inhibitors, antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), multi-specific antibodies, and chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cells, among others. To date, various drug delivery platforms have been developed to improve the bioavailability, delivery convenience, and reduced toxicity towards increased therapeutic efficacy of antibodies. Herein, we emphasize the clinical manifestations of various antibody-based tumor therapies, highlighting their mechanisms and applications for cancer therapy. Further, based on the problems to be solved in the current clinical application of antibodies, and combined with the advanced drug delivery technologies, we discuss the roles of antibody-based drug delivery systems (DDSs) in cancer therapy, such as enhanced patient compliance and regulating the tumor microenvironment for combined therapy. By expounding the importance of DDSs and discussing the challenges and prospects of their implementation, we suggest that pharmaceutical enterprises and scientists develop appropriate antibody-based delivery platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhoujiang Chen
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Institute for advanced study, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Ranjith Kumar Kankala
- Institute of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, Fujian, PR China
| | - Zhiyong Yang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610081, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Wei Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Songzhi Xie
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Institute for advanced study, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Hanmei Li
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Institute for advanced study, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Ai-Zheng Chen
- Institute of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, Fujian, PR China
| | - Liang Zou
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Institute for advanced study, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, Sichuan, PR China
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14
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Gu T, Hu K, Si X, Hu Y, Huang H. Mechanisms of immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome after CAR-T treatment. WIREs Mech Dis 2022; 14:e1576. [PMID: 35871757 PMCID: PMC9787013 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR-T) treatment has revolutionized the landscape of cancer therapy with significant efficacy on hematologic malignancy, especially in relapsed and refractory B cell malignancies. However, unexpected serious toxicities such as cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome (ICANS) still hamper its broad application. Clinical trials using CAR-T cells targeting specific antigens on tumor cell surface have provided valuable information about the characteristics of ICANS. With unclear mechanism of ICANS after CAR-T treatment, unremitting efforts have been devoted to further exploration. Clinical findings from patients with ICANS strongly indicated existence of overactivated peripheral immune response followed by endothelial activation-induced blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction, which triggers subsequent central nervous system (CNS) inflammation and neurotoxicity. Several animal models have been built but failed to fully replicate the whole spectrum of ICANS in human. Hopefully, novel and powerful technologies like single-cell analysis may help decipher the precise cellular response within CNS from a different perspective when ICANS happens. Moreover, multidisciplinary cooperation among the subjects of immunology, hematology, and neurology will facilitate better understanding about the complex immune interaction between the peripheral, protective barriers, and CNS in ICANS. This review elaborates recent findings about ICANS after CAR-T treatment from bed to bench, and discusses the potential cellular and molecular mechanisms that may promote effective management in the future. This article is categorized under: Cancer > Biomedical Engineering Immune System Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology Neurological Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianning Gu
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Centerthe First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouZhejiang310003China,Liangzhu LaboratoryZhejiang University Medical CenterHangzhouChina,Institute of HematologyZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058China,Zhejiang Province Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunity TherapyHangzhouChina
| | - Kejia Hu
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Centerthe First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouZhejiang310003China,Liangzhu LaboratoryZhejiang University Medical CenterHangzhouChina,Institute of HematologyZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058China,Zhejiang Province Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunity TherapyHangzhouChina
| | - Xiaohui Si
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Centerthe First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouZhejiang310003China,Liangzhu LaboratoryZhejiang University Medical CenterHangzhouChina,Institute of HematologyZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058China,Zhejiang Province Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunity TherapyHangzhouChina
| | - Yongxian Hu
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Centerthe First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouZhejiang310003China,Liangzhu LaboratoryZhejiang University Medical CenterHangzhouChina,Institute of HematologyZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058China,Zhejiang Province Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunity TherapyHangzhouChina
| | - He Huang
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Centerthe First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouZhejiang310003China,Liangzhu LaboratoryZhejiang University Medical CenterHangzhouChina,Institute of HematologyZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058China,Zhejiang Province Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunity TherapyHangzhouChina
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15
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Li X, Shao M, Zeng X, Qian P, Huang H. Signaling pathways in the regulation of cytokine release syndrome in human diseases and intervention therapy. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6:367. [PMID: 34667157 PMCID: PMC8526712 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-021-00764-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokine release syndrome (CRS) embodies a mixture of clinical manifestations, including elevated circulating cytokine levels, acute systemic inflammatory symptoms and secondary organ dysfunction, which was first described in the context of acute graft-versus-host disease after allogeneic hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation and was later observed in pandemics of influenza, SARS-CoV and COVID-19, immunotherapy of tumor, after chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) therapy, and in monogenic disorders and autoimmune diseases. Particularly, severe CRS is a very significant and life-threatening complication, which is clinically characterized by persistent high fever, hyperinflammation, and severe organ dysfunction. However, CRS is a double-edged sword, which may be both helpful in controlling tumors/viruses/infections and harmful to the host. Although a high incidence and high levels of cytokines are features of CRS, the detailed kinetics and specific mechanisms of CRS in human diseases and intervention therapy remain unclear. In the present review, we have summarized the most recent advances related to the clinical features and management of CRS as well as cutting-edge technologies to elucidate the mechanisms of CRS. Considering that CRS is the major adverse event in human diseases and intervention therapy, our review delineates the characteristics, kinetics, signaling pathways, and potential mechanisms of CRS, which shows its clinical relevance for achieving both favorable efficacy and low toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Li
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XBone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China ,grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XLiangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, 1369 West Wenyi Road, Hangzhou, 311121 People’s Republic of China ,grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XInstitute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang People’s Republic of China ,grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XZhejiang Province Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunity Therapy, Hangzhou, Zhejiang People’s Republic of China
| | - Mi Shao
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XBone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China ,grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XLiangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, 1369 West Wenyi Road, Hangzhou, 311121 People’s Republic of China ,grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XInstitute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang People’s Republic of China ,grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XZhejiang Province Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunity Therapy, Hangzhou, Zhejiang People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiangjun Zeng
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XBone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China ,grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XLiangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, 1369 West Wenyi Road, Hangzhou, 311121 People’s Republic of China ,grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XInstitute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang People’s Republic of China ,grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XZhejiang Province Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunity Therapy, Hangzhou, Zhejiang People’s Republic of China
| | - Pengxu Qian
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XBone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China ,grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XLiangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, 1369 West Wenyi Road, Hangzhou, 311121 People’s Republic of China ,grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XInstitute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang People’s Republic of China ,grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XZhejiang Province Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunity Therapy, Hangzhou, Zhejiang People’s Republic of China ,grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XCenter of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - He Huang
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XBone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China ,grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XLiangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, 1369 West Wenyi Road, Hangzhou, 311121 People’s Republic of China ,grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XInstitute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang People’s Republic of China ,grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XZhejiang Province Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunity Therapy, Hangzhou, Zhejiang People’s Republic of China
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16
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Kharfan-Dabaja MA, Yassine F, Gadd ME, Qin H. Driving Out Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia With CAR T Cells. Transplant Cell Ther 2021; 28:5-17. [PMID: 34656807 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtct.2021.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is the most prevalent leukemia in the Western hemisphere. The recent availability of novel targeted therapies, namely Bruton's tyrosine kinase, phosphoinositide-3 kinase, and BCL-2 inhibitors, have revolutionized the treatment algorithm for CLL but have not yet resulted in cure. Advances in the field of immuno-oncology and T cell engineering brought chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy from the laboratory to the clinic for treatment of B cell lymphoid malignancies and has improved the disease response and survival outcomes of various types of relapsed and/or refractory B cell lymphomas. While acknowledging that there are no approved CAR T cell therapies for CLL at this time, in this comprehensive review we explore novel targets for CAR T cell therapy in CLL and highlight the promising results of CAR T cell trials reported to date. Furthermore, we shed light on future areas of development, including multitarget CAR T cell products for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Kharfan-Dabaja
- Division of Hematology-Oncology and Blood and Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy Program, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida.
| | - Farah Yassine
- Division of Hematology-Oncology and Blood and Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy Program, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Martha E Gadd
- Division of Hematology-Oncology and Blood and Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy Program, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Hong Qin
- Division of Hematology-Oncology and Blood and Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy Program, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
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17
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Wei G, Zhang Y, Zhao H, Wang Y, Liu Y, Liang B, Wang X, Xu H, Cui J, Wu W, Zhao K, Nagler A, Chang AH, Hu Y, Huang H. CD19/CD22 Dual-Targeted CAR T-cell Therapy for Relapsed/Refractory Aggressive B-cell Lymphoma: A Safety and Efficacy Study. Cancer Immunol Res 2021; 9:1061-1070. [PMID: 34290048 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-20-0675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapies that target either CD19 or CD22 alone have potent antilymphoma effects. However, antigen escape-mediated relapse often occurs. CAR T cells targeting both CD19 and CD22 may overcome this limitation. In this study, we developed bispecific CAR T cells simultaneously recognizing CD19- and CD22-expressing targets and assessed their safety and efficacy profiles in patients with relapsed/refractory aggressive B-cell lymphoma. Twenty-four patients were screened, and 16 were found eligible for the study. CAR T-cell-associated toxicities were recorded. Responses, overall survival (OS), and progression-free survival (PFS) were assessed. Of the 16 eligible patients, 14 (87.5%) achieved objective response and 10 (62.5%) achieved complete response (CR). The 2-year OS and PFS rates were 77.3% and 40.2%, respectively. Achieving CR (P = 0.046) and the number of prior chemotherapy lines (n = 2; P = 0.047) were independent prognostic factors associated with favorable PFS. The 2-year OS and PFS among patients who achieved CR were higher than among those who did not (P = 0.015 and P < 0.001, respectively). The 2-year PFS among patients who received two prior lines of chemotherapy was higher than that among patients who received more than two lines of chemotherapy (P = 0.049); OS did not differ between the groups. Severe grade 4 cytokine-release syndrome (CRS) was observed in 1 patient; 4 and 11 patients had grades 1 and 2 CRS, respectively. No patients developed neurotoxicity. CD19/CD22 dual-targeted CAR T cells may be a safe, potent antilymphoma cell-based targeted immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqing Wei
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Province Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunity Therapy, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanlei Zhang
- Shanghai YaKe Biotechnology Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Houli Zhao
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Province Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunity Therapy, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yiyun Wang
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Province Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunity Therapy, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yandan Liu
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Province Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunity Therapy, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bin Liang
- Department of Hematology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiujian Wang
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Province Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunity Therapy, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huijun Xu
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Province Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunity Therapy, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiazhen Cui
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Province Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunity Therapy, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenjun Wu
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Province Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunity Therapy, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kui Zhao
- PETCT Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Arnon Nagler
- Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Division, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Alex H Chang
- Shanghai YaKe Biotechnology Ltd., Shanghai, China. .,Clinical Translational Research Center, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongxian Hu
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China. .,Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Province Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunity Therapy, Hangzhou, China
| | - He Huang
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China. .,Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Province Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunity Therapy, Hangzhou, China
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18
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Viardot A, Sala E. Investigational immunotherapy targeting CD19 for the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2021; 30:773-784. [PMID: 33998346 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2021.1928074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The anti-CD19 immunotherapy for the treatment of B-precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) underwent an expansion in the last decade. CD19 is widely expressed on B-ALL and nearly ideal for immunotherapy because of strong 'on target' ─ but manageable 'off target' effects. AREAS COVERED We review the major advances in the field, including data on CD19 monoclonal antibodies, antibody-drug conjugates, bispecific T-cell engaging antibodies and adoptive cellular therapies such as chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CAR-Ts). We discuss novel strategies on approved anti-CD19 immunotherapies. The focus is on experimental anti-CD19 antibodies or CAR-Ts, which might overcome the limitations of toxicity, rapid clearance or resistance. EXPERT OPINION The potential of new anti-CD19 antibodies in ALL is limited. The most promising results were achieved with novel cellular constructs. Bi- or multi-specific CAR-Ts might overcome the immune escape by antigen loss. Modified constructs with lower peak expansion or longer persistence provide better control of the toxicity and might improve the efficacy. Finally, the allogeneic 'off the shelf' constructs from healthy donors avoid the time-consuming preparation and the exhaustion of immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Viardot
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Elisa Sala
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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Wielgat P, Niemirowicz-Laskowska K, Wilczewska AZ, Car H. Sialic Acid-Modified Nanoparticles-New Approaches in the Glioma Management-Perspective Review. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147494. [PMID: 34299113 PMCID: PMC8304714 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell surface is covered by a dense and complex network of glycans attached to the membrane proteins and lipids. In gliomas, the aberrant sialylation, as the final stage of glycosylation, is an important regulatory mechanism of malignant cell behavior and correlates with worse prognosis. Better understanding of the role of sialylation in cellular and molecular processes opens a new way in the development of therapeutic tools for human brain tumors. According to the recent clinical observation, the cellular heterogeneity, activity of brain cancer stem cells (BCSCs), immune evasion, and function of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) are attractive targets for new therapeutic strategies. In this review, we summarize the importance of sialic acid-modified nanoparticles in brain tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Przemyslaw Wielgat
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Bialystok, Waszyngtona 15A, 15-274 Bialystok, Poland;
- Correspondence: (P.W.); (K.N.-L.); Tel.: +48-85-7450647 (P.W.); +48-85-7485554 (K.N.-L.)
| | - Katarzyna Niemirowicz-Laskowska
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Medical University of Bialystok, Szpitalna 37, 15-265 Bialystok, Poland
- Correspondence: (P.W.); (K.N.-L.); Tel.: +48-85-7450647 (P.W.); +48-85-7485554 (K.N.-L.)
| | | | - Halina Car
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Bialystok, Waszyngtona 15A, 15-274 Bialystok, Poland;
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Medical University of Bialystok, Szpitalna 37, 15-265 Bialystok, Poland
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Wang L, Hong R, Zhou L, Ni F, Zhang M, Zhao H, Wu W, Wang Y, Ding S, Chang AH, Hu Y, Huang H. New-Onset Severe Cytopenia After CAR-T Cell Therapy: Analysis of 76 Patients With Relapsed or Refractory Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Front Oncol 2021; 11:702644. [PMID: 34277448 PMCID: PMC8278328 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.702644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Although chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cell therapy has proven to be effective in treating relapsed or refractory B-cell hematological malignancies, severe hematological toxicities remain an intractable issue. This retrospective study assessed the characteristics and risk factors of new-onset severe cytopenia following CAR-T cell infusion in 76 patients with r/r acute lymphoblastic leukemia. The rates of new-onset severe cytopenia were high, including severe neutropenia (SN) (39/56, 70%), severe anemia (SA) (35/66, 53%), and severe thrombocytopenia (ST) (31/64, 48%). Comparatively, cohorts with higher cytokine release syndrome (CRS) grades had higher incidence of severe cytopenia with prolonged duration. Multivariable analyses showed that elevated maximum (max) lg D-dimer and delayed peak time of CRS are independent risk factors for SN recovery; increased max lg IL-10 and delayed CRS recovery are risk factors for SA; high max lg ferritin is a risk factor for ST; and longer period to CRS onset or CRS recovery and higher grade of CRS are risk factors for prolonged hematological toxicities. These observations led to the conclusion that profiles of CRS, including its duration, severity and serum markers are correlated to the incidence and recovery of new-onset severe cytopenia, prompting clinical intervention for post-CAR-T severe cytopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linqin Wang
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Province Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunity Therapy, Hangzhou, China
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ruimin Hong
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Province Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunity Therapy, Hangzhou, China
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Linghui Zhou
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Province Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunity Therapy, Hangzhou, China
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fang Ni
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Province Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunity Therapy, Hangzhou, China
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mingming Zhang
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Province Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunity Therapy, Hangzhou, China
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Houli Zhao
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Province Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunity Therapy, Hangzhou, China
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenjun Wu
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Province Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunity Therapy, Hangzhou, China
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yiyun Wang
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Province Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunity Therapy, Hangzhou, China
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuyi Ding
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Alex H. Chang
- Clinical Translational Research Center, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongxian Hu
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Province Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunity Therapy, Hangzhou, China
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - He Huang
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Province Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunity Therapy, Hangzhou, China
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
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