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Tolbatov I, Umari P, Marrone A. The binding of diruthenium (II,III) and dirhodium (II,II) paddlewheel complexes at DNA/RNA nucleobases: Computational evidences of an appreciable selectivity toward the AU base pairs. J Mol Graph Model 2024; 131:108806. [PMID: 38824876 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2024.108806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Multiple medicinal strategies involve modifications of the structure of DNA or RNA, which disrupt their correct functioning. Metal complexes with medicinal effects, also known as metallodrugs, are among the agents intended specifically for the attack onto nucleosides. The diruthenium (II,III) and dirhodium (II,II) paddlewheel complexes constitute promising dual acting drugs due to their ability to release the therapeutically active bridging ligands upon their substitution by endogenous ligands. In this paper, we study the structure and the stability of the complexes formed by the diruthenium (II,III) and dirhodium (II,II) paddlewheel complexes coordinated in axial positions with the DNA/RNA nucleobases or base pairs, assuming the attainable metalation at all the accessible pyridyl nitrogens. Dirhodium complexes coordinate at the pyridyl nitrogens more strongly than the diruthenium complexes. On the other hand, we found that the diruthenium scaffold binds more selectively to nucleobase targets. Furthermore, we reveal a tighter coordination of diruthenium complex at the adenine-uracil base pair, compared to adenine-thymine, hence constituting a scarce instance of RNA-selectivity. We envision that the here reported computational outcomes may pace future experiments addressing the binding of diruthenium and dirhodium paddlewheel complexes at either single nucleobases or DNA/RNA fragments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iogann Tolbatov
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Padova, via F. Marzolo 8, 35131, Padova, Italy.
| | - Paolo Umari
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Padova, via F. Marzolo 8, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Alessandro Marrone
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi "G. D'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini, 66100, Chieti, Italy
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2
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She P, Li S, Li X, Rao H, Men X, Qin JS. Photocatalytic antibacterial agents based on inorganic semiconductor nanomaterials: a review. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:4961-4973. [PMID: 38390689 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr06531f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Microbial contamination and antibiotic pollution have threatened public health and it is important to develop a rapid and safe sterilization strategy. Among various disinfection strategies, photocatalytic antibacterial methods have drawn increasing attention due to their efficient disinfection performances and environment-friendly properties. Although there are some reviews about bacterial disinfection, specific reviews on photocatalysis focused on inorganic semiconductor nanomaterials are rarely reported. Herein, we present a systematic summary of recent disinfection developments based on inorganic nanomaterials (including metal oxides, sulfides, phosphides, carbon materials, and corresponding heterostructures) over the past five years. Moreover, key factors and challenges for inorganic nanomaterial-based photocatalytic disinfection are outlined, which holds great potential for future photocatalytic antibacterial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping She
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, International Center of Future Science, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, P. R. China.
| | - Shuming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, International Center of Future Science, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, P. R. China.
| | - Xuejing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, International Center of Future Science, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, P. R. China.
| | - Heng Rao
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, International Center of Future Science, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, P. R. China.
| | - Xiaoju Men
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of the Research and Development of Novel Pharmaceutical Preparations, Changsha Medical University, Changsha, China
| | - Jun-Sheng Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, International Center of Future Science, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, P. R. China.
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3
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Thangavelu RM, Luis da Silva W. Innovative stain-free technique for high-resolution imaging of virus particles via standard transmission electron microscopy. Heliyon 2024; 10:e26172. [PMID: 38390116 PMCID: PMC10882026 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
This research presents a groundbreaking approach in virus-related research, addressing challenges in electron microscopy (EM). This imaging technique has been crucial in exploring virus structures; however, traditional methods involve complex sample preparations and the risk of contamination. Herein, we introduce an approach that overcomes these obstacles, enabling high-resolution virus imaging without toxic staining procedures. Focusing on Begomovirus particles, an economically significant plant virus genus, our images confirm their non-enveloped structure and their twin icosahedral symmetry. Our methods involve sample collection, purification, and crystallization, followed by transmission electron microscopy - selected area electron diffraction (TEM-SAED) analysis. Notably, this study achieves 2D and 3D virus imaging through standard TEM, providing a new avenue for virus structure analysis and advancing virus-related research. Remarkable high image quality stemmed from the crystallization process, offering exciting possibilities for improving virus research and diagnosis while eliminating staining limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Washington Luis da Silva
- Department of Plant Pathology and Ecology, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT, USA
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4
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Khan SU, Khan MU, Suleman M, Inam A, Din MAU. Hemophilia Healing with AAV: Navigating the Frontier of Gene Therapy. Curr Gene Ther 2024; 24:265-277. [PMID: 38284735 DOI: 10.2174/0115665232279893231228065540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Gene therapy for hemophilia has advanced tremendously after thirty years of continual study and development. Advancements in medical science have facilitated attaining normal levels of Factor VIII (FVIII) or Factor IX (FIX) in individuals with haemophilia, thereby offering the potential for their complete recovery. Despite the notable advancements in various countries, there is significant scope for further enhancement in haemophilia gene therapy. Adeno-associated virus (AAV) currently serves as the primary vehicle for gene therapy in clinical trials targeting haemophilia. Subsequent investigations will prioritize enhancing viral capsid structures, transgene compositions, and promoters to achieve heightened transduction efficacy, diminished immunogenicity, and more predictable therapeutic results. The present study indicates that whereas animal models have transduction efficiency that is over 100% high, human hepatocytes are unable to express clotting factors and transduction efficiency to comparable levels. According to the current study, achieving high transduction efficiency and high levels of clotting factor expression in human hepatocytes is still insufficient. It is also crucial to reduce the risk of cellular stress caused by protein overload. Despite encountering various hurdles, the field of haemophilia gene therapy holds promise for the future. As technology continues to advance and mature, it is anticipated that a personalized therapeutic approach will be developed to cure haemophilia effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safir Ullah Khan
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, People's Republic of China
| | - Munir Ullah Khan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, International Research Center for X Polymers, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027 China
| | - Muhammad Suleman
- Center for Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Swat, Swat, Pakistan
| | - Amrah Inam
- School of Life Science and Technology, Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Bioinformatics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Muhammad Azhar Ud Din
- Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, P.R. China
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5
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Nelson FA, Louis H, Benjamin I, A Timothy R. The iron group transition-metal (Fe, Ru, Os) coordination of Se-doped graphitic carbon (Se@g-C 3N 4) nanostructures for the smart therapeutic delivery of zidovudine (ZVD) as an antiretroviral drug: a theoretical calculation perspective. RSC Adv 2023; 13:34078-34096. [PMID: 38020013 PMCID: PMC10660211 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra06885d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This study employed density functional theory (DFT) computational techniques at the ωB97XD/def2svp level of theory to comprehensively explore the electronic behavior of Fe-group transition metal (Fe, Ru, Os) coordination of Se-doped graphitic carbon (Se@g-C3N4) nanosystems in the smart delivery of zidovudine (ZVD), an antiretroviral drug. The HOMO-LUMO results of the interactions show a general reduction in energy gap values across all complexes in the following order: ZVD_Se@C3N4 < ZVD_Ru_Se@C3N4 < ZVD_Fe_Se@C3N4 < ZVD_Os_Se@C3N4. ZVD_Se@C3N4 exhibits the smallest post-interaction band gap of 3.783 eV, while ZVD_Os_Se@C3N4 presents the highest energy band gap of 5.438 eV. Results from the corrected adsorption energy (BSSE) revealed that Os_Se@C3N4 and Ru_Se@C3N4 demonstrated more negative adsorption energies of -2.67 and -2.701 eV, respectively, pointing to a more favorable interaction between ZVD and these systems, thus potentially enhancing the drug delivery efficiency. The investigation into the drug release mechanism from the adsorbents involved a comprehensive examination of the dipole moment and the influence of pH, shedding light on the controlled release of ZVD. Additionally, investigating the energy decomposition analysis (EDA) revealed that ZVD_Ru_Se@C3N4 and ZVD_Fe_Se@C3N4 exhibited the same total energy of -787.7 kJ mol-1. This intriguing similarity in their total energy levels suggested that their stability was governed by factors beyond reactivity, possibly due to intricate orbital interactions. Furthermore, analyzing the bond dissociation energies showed that all systems exhibited negative enthalpy values, indicating that these systems were exothermic at both surface and interaction levels, thus suggesting that these processes emitted heat, contributing to the surrounding thermal energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Favour A Nelson
- Computational and Bio-simulation Research Group, University of Calabar Calabar Nigeria
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Calabar Calabar Nigeria
| | - Hitler Louis
- Computational and Bio-simulation Research Group, University of Calabar Calabar Nigeria
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Calabar Calabar Nigeria
- Centre for Herbal Pharmacology and Environmental Sustainability, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education Kelambakkam 603103 Tamil Nadu India
| | - Innocent Benjamin
- Computational and Bio-simulation Research Group, University of Calabar Calabar Nigeria
- Department of Microbiology, University of Calabar Calabar Nigeria
| | - Rawlings A Timothy
- Computational and Bio-simulation Research Group, University of Calabar Calabar Nigeria
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Calabar Calabar Nigeria
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6
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Xue W, Li T, Gu Y, Li S, Xia N. Molecular engineering tools for the development of vaccines against infectious diseases: current status and future directions. Expert Rev Vaccines 2023. [PMID: 37339445 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2023.2227699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The escalating global changes have fostered conditions for the expansion and transmission of diverse biological factors, leading to the rise of emerging and reemerging infectious diseases. Complex viral infections, such as COVID-19, influenza, HIV, and Ebola, continue to surface, necessitating the development of effective vaccine technologies. AREAS COVERED This review article highlights recent advancements in molecular biology, virology, and genomics that have propelled the design and development of innovative molecular tools. These tools have promoted new vaccine research platforms and directly improved vaccine efficacy. The review summarizes the cutting-edge molecular engineering tools used in creating novel vaccines and explores the rapidly expanding molecular tools landscape and potential directions for future vaccine development. EXPERT OPINION The strategic application of advanced molecular engineering tools can address conventional vaccine limitations, enhance the overall efficacy of vaccine products, promote diversification in vaccine platforms, and form the foundation for future vaccine development. Prioritizing safety considerations of these novel molecular tools during vaccine development is crucial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Xiang an Biomedicine Laboratory, Xiamen, China
| | - Tingting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Xiang an Biomedicine Laboratory, Xiamen, China
| | - Ying Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Xiang an Biomedicine Laboratory, Xiamen, China
| | - Shaowei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Xiang an Biomedicine Laboratory, Xiamen, China
| | - Ningshao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Xiang an Biomedicine Laboratory, Xiamen, China
- The Research Unit of Frontier Technology of Structural Vaccinology of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Xiamen, China
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7
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López-Muñoz AD, Rastrojo A, Martín R, Alcami A. High-throughput engineering of cytoplasmic- and nuclear-replicating large dsDNA viruses by CRISPR/Cas9. J Gen Virol 2022; 103:001797. [PMID: 36260063 PMCID: PMC10019086 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The application of CRISPR/Cas9 to improve genome engineering efficiency for large dsDNA viruses has been extensively described, but a robust and versatile method for high-throughput generation of marker-free recombinants for a desired locus has not yet been reported. Cytoplasmic-replicating viruses use their own repair enzymes for homologous recombination, while nuclear-replicating viruses use the host repair machinery. This is translated into a wide range of Cas9-induced homologous recombination efficiencies, depending on the virus replication compartment and viral/host repair machinery characteristics and accessibility. However, the use of Cas9 as a selection agent to target parental virus genomes robustly improves the selection of desired recombinants across large dsDNA viruses. We used ectromelia virus (ECTV) and herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1 and 2 to optimize a CRISPR/Cas9 method that can be used versatilely for efficient genome editing and selection of both cytoplasmic- and nuclear-replicating viruses. We performed a genome-wide genetic variant analysis of mutations located at predicted off-target sequences for 20 different recombinants, showing off-target-free accuracy by deep sequencing. Our results support this optimized method as an efficient, accurate and versatile approach to enhance the two critical factors of high-throughput viral genome engineering: generation and colour-based selection of recombinants. This application of CRISPR/Cas9 reduces the time and labour for screening of desired recombinants, allowing for high-throughput generation of large collections of mutant dsDNA viruses for a desired locus, optimally in less than 2 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Domingo López-Muñoz
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Present address: Cellular Biology Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Alberto Rastrojo
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Present address: Genetic Unit, Department of Biology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rocío Martín
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Alcami
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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8
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Gupta R, Jit BP, Kumar S, Mittan S, Tanwer P, Ray MD, Mathur S, Perumal V, Kumar L, Rath GK, Sharma A. Leveraging epigenetics to enhance the efficacy of cancer-testis antigen: a potential candidate for immunotherapy. Epigenomics 2022; 14:865-886. [DOI: 10.2217/epi-2021-0479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecological malignancy in women. The phenotype is characterized by delayed diagnosis, recurrence and drug resistance. Inherent immunogenicity potential, oncogenic function and expression of cancer-testis/germline antigen (CTA) in ovarian cancer render them a potential candidate for immunotherapy. Revolutionary clinical findings indicate that tumor antigen-mediated T-cell and dendritic cell-based immunotherapeutic approaches provide an excellent strategy for targeting tumors. Currently, dendritic cell vaccination for the treatment of B-cell lymphoma and CTA-based T-cell receptor transduced T-cell therapy involving MAGE-A4 and NY-ESO-1 are well documented and shown to be effective. This review highlighted the mechanical aspects of epigenetic drugs that can elicit a CTA-based humoral and cellular immune response and implicate T-cell and dendritic cell-based immunotherapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry, National Cancer Institute – India, Jhajjar Campus, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Bimal Prasad Jit
- Department of Biochemistry, National Cancer Institute – India, Jhajjar Campus, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Santosh Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, National Cancer Institute – India, Jhajjar Campus, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Sandeep Mittan
- Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, NY 10467, USA
| | - Pranay Tanwer
- Laboratory Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - M D Ray
- Department of Surgical Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Sandeep Mathur
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Vanamail Perumal
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Lalit Kumar
- Department of Medical Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - G K Rath
- Department of Radiotherapy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Ashok Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, National Cancer Institute – India, Jhajjar Campus, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029, India
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9
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Tang C, Li L, Mo T, Na J, Qian Z, Fan D, Sun X, Yao M, Pan L, Huang Y, Zhong L. Oncolytic viral vectors in the era of diversified cancer therapy: from preclinical to clinical. Clin Transl Oncol 2022; 24:1682-1701. [PMID: 35612653 PMCID: PMC9131313 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-022-02830-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
With the in-depth research and wide application of immunotherapy recently, new therapies based on oncolytic viruses are expected to create new prospects for cancer treatment via eliminating the suppression of the immune system by tumors. Currently, an increasing number of viruses are developed and engineered, and various virus vectors based on effectively stimulating human immune system to kill tumor cells have been approved for clinical treatment. Although the virus can retard the proliferation of tumor cells, the choice of oncolytic viruses in biological cancer therapy is equally critical given their therapeutic efficacy, safety and adverse effects. Moreover, previously known oncolytic viruses have not been systematically classified. Therefore, in this review, we summarized and distinguished the characteristics of several common types of oncolytic viruses: herpes simplex virus, adenovirus, measles virus, Newcastle disease virus, reovirus and respiratory syncytial virus. Subsequently, we outlined that these oncolytic viral vectors have been transformed from preclinical studies in combination with immunotherapy, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and nanoparticles into clinical therapeutic strategies for various advanced solid malignancies or circulatory system cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Tang
- National Center for International Research of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Talent Highland of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Lan Li
- National Center for International Research of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Talent Highland of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Tong Mo
- National Center for International Research of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Talent Highland of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Jintong Na
- National Center for International Research of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Talent Highland of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Zhangbo Qian
- National Center for International Research of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Talent Highland of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Dianfa Fan
- National Center for International Research of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Talent Highland of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Xinjun Sun
- National Center for International Research of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Talent Highland of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Min Yao
- National Center for International Research of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Talent Highland of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Lina Pan
- National Center for International Research of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Talent Highland of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Yong Huang
- National Center for International Research of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Talent Highland of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China.
| | - Liping Zhong
- National Center for International Research of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Talent Highland of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China.
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10
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Huang SL, Wang YM, Wang QY, Feng GG, Wu FQ, Yang LM, Zhang XH, Xin HW. Mechanisms and Clinical Trials of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Immunotherapy. Front Genet 2021; 12:691391. [PMID: 34306031 PMCID: PMC8296838 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.691391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), one of the most common and lethal tumors worldwide, is usually not diagnosed until the disease is advanced, which results in ineffective intervention and unfavorable prognosis. Small molecule targeted drugs of HCC, such as sorafenib, provided only about 2.8 months of survival benefit, partially due to cancer stem cell resistance. There is an urgent need for the development of new treatment strategies for HCC. Tumor immunotherapies, including immune check point inhibitors, chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CAR-T) and bispecific antibodies (BsAb), have shown significant potential. It is known that the expression level of glypican-3 (GPC3) was significantly increased in HCC compared with normal liver tissues. A bispecific antibody (GPC3-S-Fabs) was reported to recruit NK cells to target GPC3 positive cancer cells. Besides, bispecific T-cell Engagers (BiTE), including GPC3/CD3, an aptamer TLS11a/CD3 and EpCAM/CD3, were recently reported to efficiently eliminate HCC cells. It is known that immune checkpoint proteins programmed death-1 (PD-1) binding by programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) activates immune checkpoints of T cells. Anti-PD-1 antibody was reported to suppress HCC progression. Furthermore, GPC3-based HCC immunotherapy has been shown to be a curative approach to prolong the survival time of patients with HCC in clinically trials. Besides, the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitor may inhibit the migration, invasion and angiogenesis of HCC. Here we review the cutting-edge progresses on mechanisms and clinical trials of HCC immunotherapy, which may have significant implication in our understanding of HCC and its immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Li Huang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Lianjiang People's Hospital, Zhanjiang, China.,Doctoral Scientific Research Center, Lianjiang People's Hospital, Zhanjiang, China.,Guangdong Medical University Affiliated Lianjiang People's Hospital, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Yu-Ming Wang
- Department of Spinal and Neural Functional Reconstruction, Beijing Bo'ai Hospital, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China.,School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | | | - Guang-Gui Feng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Lianjiang People's Hospital, Zhanjiang, China.,Guangdong Medical University Affiliated Lianjiang People's Hospital, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Fu-Qing Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Lianjiang People's Hospital, Zhanjiang, China.,Guangdong Medical University Affiliated Lianjiang People's Hospital, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Liu-Ming Yang
- Doctoral Scientific Research Center, Lianjiang People's Hospital, Zhanjiang, China.,Guangdong Medical University Affiliated Lianjiang People's Hospital, Zhanjiang, China.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Lianjiang People's Hospital, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Xi-He Zhang
- Doctoral Scientific Research Center, Lianjiang People's Hospital, Zhanjiang, China.,Guangdong Medical University Affiliated Lianjiang People's Hospital, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Hong-Wu Xin
- Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
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11
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Methods for the Manipulation of Herpesvirus Genome and the Application to Marek's Disease Virus Research. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9061260. [PMID: 34200544 PMCID: PMC8228275 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9061260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpesviruses are a group of double-strand DNA viruses that infect a wide range of hosts, including humans and animals. In the past decades, numerous methods have been developed to manipulate herpesviruses genomes, from the introduction of random mutations to specific genome editing. The development of genome manipulation methods has largely advanced the study of viral genes function, contributing not only to the understanding of herpesvirus biology and pathogenesis, but also the generation of novel vaccines and therapies to control and treat diseases. In this review, we summarize the major methods of herpesvirus genome manipulation with emphasis in their application to Marek’s disease virus research.
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12
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Latest Advances of Virology Research Using CRISPR/Cas9-Based Gene-Editing Technology and Its Application to Vaccine Development. Viruses 2021; 13:v13050779. [PMID: 33924851 PMCID: PMC8146441 DOI: 10.3390/v13050779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the CRISPR/Cas9-based gene-editing techniques have been well developed and applied widely in several aspects of research in the biological sciences, in many species, including humans, animals, plants, and even in viruses. Modification of the viral genome is crucial for revealing gene function, virus pathogenesis, gene therapy, genetic engineering, and vaccine development. Herein, we have provided a brief review of the different technologies for the modification of the viral genomes. Particularly, we have focused on the recently developed CRISPR/Cas9-based gene-editing system, detailing its origin, functional principles, and touching on its latest achievements in virology research and applications in vaccine development, especially in large DNA viruses of humans and animals. Future prospects of CRISPR/Cas9-based gene-editing technology in virology research, including the potential shortcomings, are also discussed.
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13
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Zhang Q, Song X, Ma P, Lv L, Zhang Y, Deng J, Zhang Y. Human Cytomegalovirus miR-US33as-5p Targets IFNAR1 to Achieve Immune Evasion During Both Lytic and Latent Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 12:628364. [PMID: 33746965 PMCID: PMC7973039 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.628364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
As the first line of antiviral defense, type I interferon (IFN) binds IFN receptor 1 (IFNAR1) and IFNAR2 to activate the Jak-STAT signal transduction pathway, producing IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) to control viral infection. The mechanisms by which human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) counteracts the IFN pathway are only partially defined. We show that miR-US33as-5p encoded by HCMV is expressed in both lytic and latent infection. By analysis with RNA hybrid and screening with luciferase reporter assays, we identified IFNAR1 as a target of hcmv-miR-US33as-5p, which was further verified by examining the expression of two IFNAR1 mutants and the binding of IFNAR1 to miR-US33as-5p/miR-US33as-5p-M1/miR-US33as-5p-M2. We found that after the transfection of miR-US33as-5p mimics into different cell lines, the phosphorylation of downstream proteins and ISG expression were downregulated. Immunofluorescence showed that the miR-US33as-5p mimics also inhibited STAT1 translocation into the nucleus. Furthermore, we constructed HCMV with mutant miR-US33as-5p and determined that the mutation did not affect HCMV replication. We found that MRC-5/human foreskin fibroblast (HFF) cells infected with ΔmiRNA HCMV exhibited higher IFNAR1 and ISG expression and a reduced viral load in the presence of exogenous IFN than cells infected with WT HCMV did, confirming that the knockout of miR-US33as-5p impaired viral resistance to IFN. Finally, we tested the effect of ΔmiRNA HCMV on THP-1 and d-THP-1 cells, common in vitro models of latent infection and reactivation, respectively. Again, we found that cells infected with ΔmiRNA HCMV showed a reduced viral load in the presence of IFN than the control cells did, confirming that miR-US33as-5p also affects IFN resistance during both latency and reactivation. These results indicate a new microRNA (miRNA)-based immune evasion mechanism employed by HCMV to achieve lifelong infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Blood Safety and Supply Technologies, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Song
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Ma
- Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Blood Safety and Supply Technologies, Beijing, China
| | - Liping Lv
- Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Blood Safety and Supply Technologies, Beijing, China
| | - Yangyang Zhang
- Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Blood Safety and Supply Technologies, Beijing, China
| | - Jiang Deng
- Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Blood Safety and Supply Technologies, Beijing, China
| | - Yanyu Zhang
- Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Blood Safety and Supply Technologies, Beijing, China
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14
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E X, Kowalik TF. A Generally Applicable CRISPR/Cas9 Screening Technique to Identify Host Genes Required for Virus Infection as Applied to Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) Infection of Epithelial Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2244:247-264. [PMID: 33555591 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1111-1_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 screens enable virus-host genetic screens to be undertaken in a more robust manner than previously possible and has had a tremendous impact in the field of virus study. Researchers can take advantage of the power of CRISPR genetic screens to discover virus-host interaction genes including host receptors and signaling molecules (Bazzone et al., mBio 10 (1): e02734-18, 2019; E et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 116(14):7043-7052, 2019; McDougall et al., Curr Opin Virol 29:87-100, 2018; Savidis et al., Cell Rep 16(1):232-246, 2016). In principle, lysis of cells late in the virus infection cycle allows one to screen for essential genes using pooled single-guide RNAs (sgRNAs) that collective target an entire host cell genome simply by identifying mutant cells that are resistant to virus-induced cell death. Here we focus on using this technique on epithelial cells to identify host targets required for human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei E
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
| | - Timothy F Kowalik
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
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15
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Shi F, Xin VW, Liu XQ, Wang YY, Zhang Y, Cheng JT, Cai WQ, Xiang Y, Peng XC, Wang X, Xin HW. Identification of 22 Novel Motifs of the Cell Entry Fusion Glycoprotein B of Oncolytic Herpes Simplex Viruses: Sequence Analysis and Literature Review. Front Oncol 2020; 10:1386. [PMID: 32974139 PMCID: PMC7466406 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Herpes simplex viruses (HSVs) are widely spread throughout the world, causing infections from oral, and genital mucous membrane ulcerations to severe viral encephalitis. Glycoprotein B (gB) was the first HSV envelope glycoprotein identified to induce cell fusion. This glycoprotein initiates viral entry and thereby determines the infectivity of HSV, as well as oncolytic HSV (oHSV). Clarifying its molecular characterization and enlarging its motif reservoir will help to engineer oHSV and in cancer treatment applications. Only in recent years has the importance of gB been acknowledged in HSV infection and oHSV engineering. Although gB-modified oHSVs have been developed, the detailed molecular biology of gB needs to be illustrated more clearly in order to construct more effective oHSVs. Method: Here, we performed a systematic comparative sequence analysis of gBs from the 9 HSV-1 and 2 HSV-2 strains, including HSV-1-LXMW, which was isolated by our lab. Online software was implemented to predict gB secondary structure and motifs. Based on extensive literature reviews, a functional analysis of the predicted motifs was performed. Results: Here, we reported the DNA and predicted amino acid sequences of our recently isolated HSV-1-LXMW and found that the strain was evolutionarily close to HSV-1 strains F, H129, and SC16 based on gB analysis. The 22 novel motifs of HSV gB were identified for the first time. An amino acid sequence alignment of the 11 HSV strains showed that the gB motifs are conserved among HSV strains, suggesting that they are functional in vivo. Additionally, we found that certain amino acids within the 13 motifs out of the 22 were reported to be functional in vivo. Furthermore, the gB mutants and gB-engineered oHSVs were also summarized. Conclusion: Our identification of the 22 novel motifs shed light on HSV gB biology and provide new options for gB engineering to improve the efficiency and safety of oHSVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Shi
- Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Huanggang Central Hospital, Huanggang, China
| | - Victoria W Xin
- Department of Biology, School of Humanities and Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Xiao-Qin Liu
- Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Ying-Ying Wang
- Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Jun-Ting Cheng
- Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Wen-Qi Cai
- Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Ying Xiang
- Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Chun Peng
- Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China.,Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Xianwang Wang
- Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Hong-Wu Xin
- Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China.,Lianjiang People's Hospital, Guangdong, China
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16
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Gong Y, Bi Y, Li Z, Li Y, Yao Y, Long Q, Pu T, Chen C, Liu T, Dong S, Cun W. High-efficiency nonhomologous insertion of a foreign gene into the herpes simplex virus genome. J Gen Virol 2020; 101:982-996. [PMID: 32602833 PMCID: PMC7654747 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Efficient, accurate and convenient foreign-gene insertion strategies are crucial for the high-throughput and rapid construction of large DNA viral vectors, but relatively inefficient and labour-intensive methods have limited the application of recombinant viruses. In this study, we applied the nonhomologous insertion (NHI) strategy, which is based on the nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) repair pathway. Compared to the currently used homologous recombination (HR) strategy, we obtained a higher efficiency of foreign-gene insertion into the herpes simplex virus (HSV) genome that reached 45 % after optimization. By using NHI, we rapidly constructed recombinant reporter viruses using a small amount of clinical viruses, and the recombinant virus was stable for at least ten consecutive passages. The fidelity of NHI ranged from 70-100% and was related to the sequence background of the insertion site according to the sequencing results. Finally, we depict the dynamic process by which the foreign-gene donor plasmid and viral genome are rapidly cleaved by Cas9, as revealed by quantitative pulse analysis. Furthermore, the NHI strategy exerted selection pressure on the wild-type and reverse-integrated viral genomes to efficiently integrate the foreign gene in a predetermined direction. Our results indicate that the use of a rationally designed NHI strategy can allow rapid and efficient foreign gene knock-in into the HSV genome and provide useful guidance for gene insertion into large DNA viral genomes using NHI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Gong
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, Yunnan, PR China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development of Severe Infectious Disease, Kunming, 650118, Yunnan, PR China
| | - Yanwei Bi
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, Yunnan, PR China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development of Severe Infectious Disease, Kunming, 650118, Yunnan, PR China
| | - Zhihua Li
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, Yunnan, PR China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development of Severe Infectious Disease, Kunming, 650118, Yunnan, PR China
| | - Yuzhong Li
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, Yunnan, PR China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development of Severe Infectious Disease, Kunming, 650118, Yunnan, PR China
| | - Yueting Yao
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, Yunnan, PR China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development of Severe Infectious Disease, Kunming, 650118, Yunnan, PR China
| | - Qiong Long
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, Yunnan, PR China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development of Severe Infectious Disease, Kunming, 650118, Yunnan, PR China
| | - Tao Pu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, Yunnan, PR China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development of Severe Infectious Disease, Kunming, 650118, Yunnan, PR China
| | - Chen Chen
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, Yunnan, PR China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development of Severe Infectious Disease, Kunming, 650118, Yunnan, PR China
| | - Tongyun Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650118, Yunnan, PR China
| | - Shaozhong Dong
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, Yunnan, PR China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development of Severe Infectious Disease, Kunming, 650118, Yunnan, PR China
| | - Wei Cun
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, Yunnan, PR China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development of Severe Infectious Disease, Kunming, 650118, Yunnan, PR China
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17
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Wang Y, Xiang Y, Xin VW, Wang XW, Peng XC, Liu XQ, Wang D, Li N, Cheng JT, Lyv YN, Cui SZ, Ma Z, Zhang Q, Xin HW. Dendritic cell biology and its role in tumor immunotherapy. J Hematol Oncol 2020; 13:107. [PMID: 32746880 PMCID: PMC7397618 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-020-00939-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
As crucial antigen presenting cells, dendritic cells (DCs) play a vital role in tumor immunotherapy. Taking into account the many recent advances in DC biology, we discuss how DCs (1) recognize pathogenic antigens with pattern recognition receptors through specific phagocytosis and through non-specific micropinocytosis, (2) process antigens into small peptides with proper sizes and sequences, and (3) present MHC-peptides to CD4+ and CD8+ T cells to initiate immune responses against invading microbes and aberrant host cells. During anti-tumor immune responses, DC-derived exosomes were discovered to participate in antigen presentation. T cell microvillar dynamics and TCR conformational changes were demonstrated upon DC antigen presentation. Caspase-11-driven hyperactive DCs were recently reported to convert effectors into memory T cells. DCs were also reported to crosstalk with NK cells. Additionally, DCs are the most important sentinel cells for immune surveillance in the tumor microenvironment. Alongside DC biology, we review the latest developments for DC-based tumor immunotherapy in preclinical studies and clinical trials. Personalized DC vaccine-induced T cell immunity, which targets tumor-specific antigens, has been demonstrated to be a promising form of tumor immunotherapy in patients with melanoma. Importantly, allogeneic-IgG-loaded and HLA-restricted neoantigen DC vaccines were discovered to have robust anti-tumor effects in mice. Our comprehensive review of DC biology and its role in tumor immunotherapy aids in the understanding of DCs as the mentors of T cells and as novel tumor immunotherapy cells with immense potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510095, China.,Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yangtze University, 1 Nanhuan Road, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China.,Department of Gynaecology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ying Xiang
- Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yangtze University, 1 Nanhuan Road, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China
| | | | - Xian-Wang Wang
- Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yangtze University, 1 Nanhuan Road, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yangtze University, 1 Nanhuan Road, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China
| | - Xiao-Chun Peng
- Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yangtze University, 1 Nanhuan Road, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China.,Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China
| | - Xiao-Qin Liu
- Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yangtze University, 1 Nanhuan Road, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China.,Department of Medical Imaging, School of Basic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yangtze University, 1 Nanhuan Road, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China
| | - Na Li
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Jun-Ting Cheng
- Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yangtze University, 1 Nanhuan Road, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China
| | - Yan-Ning Lyv
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Endemic Diseases Prevention and Control, Beijing Center for Diseases Prevention and Control, Beijing, 100013, China
| | - Shu-Zhong Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510095, China
| | - Zhaowu Ma
- Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yangtze University, 1 Nanhuan Road, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China. .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China.
| | - Qing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China. .,Institute of Sun Yat-sen University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Hong-Wu Xin
- Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yangtze University, 1 Nanhuan Road, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China. .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China. .,People's Hospital of Lianjiang, Lianjiang, 524400, Guangdong, China.
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18
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Cai WQ, Zeng LS, Wang LF, Wang YY, Cheng JT, Zhang Y, Han ZW, Zhou Y, Huang SL, Wang XW, Peng XC, Xiang Y, Ma Z, Cui SZ, Xin HW. The Latest Battles Between EGFR Monoclonal Antibodies and Resistant Tumor Cells. Front Oncol 2020; 10:1249. [PMID: 32793499 PMCID: PMC7393266 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a tyrosine kinase receptor involved in homeostatic regulation of normal cells and carcinogenesis of epithelial malignancies. With rapid development of the precision medicine era, a series of new therapies targeting EGFR are underway. Four EGFR monoclonal antibody drugs (cetuximab, panitumumab, nimotuzumab, and necitumumab) are already on the market, and a dozen other EGFR monoclonal antibodies are in clinical trials. Here, we comprehensively review the newly identified biological properties and anti-tumor mechanisms of EGFR monoclonal antibodies. We summarize recently completed and ongoing clinical trials of the classic and new EGFR monoclonal antibodies. More importantly, according to our new standard, we re-classify the complex evolving tumor cell resistance mechanisms, including those involving exosomes, non-coding RNA and the tumor microenvironment, against EGFR monoclonal antibodies. Finally, we analyzed the limitations of EGFR monoclonal antibody therapy, and discussed the current strategies overcoming EGFR related drug resistance. This review will help us better understand the latest battles between EGFR monoclonal antibodies and resistant tumor cells, and the future directions to develop anti-tumor EGFR monoclonal antibodies with durable effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Qi Cai
- Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Health Science Center, School of Basic Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Li-Si Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li-Feng Wang
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Lianjiang People's Hospital, Lianjiang, China
| | - Ying-Ying Wang
- Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Health Science Center, School of Basic Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Jun-Ting Cheng
- Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Health Science Center, School of Basic Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Health Science Center, School of Basic Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Zi-Wen Han
- Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Health Science Center, School of Basic Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Health Science Center, School of Basic Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Shao-Li Huang
- Department of Clinical laboratory, Lianjiang People's Hospital, Lianjiang, China
| | - Xian-Wang Wang
- Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Health Science Center, School of Basic Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Chun Peng
- Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China.,Department of Pathophysiology, Health Science Center, School of Basic Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Ying Xiang
- Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Health Science Center, School of Basic Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Zhaowu Ma
- Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Health Science Center, School of Basic Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Shu-Zhong Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong-Wu Xin
- Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Health Science Center, School of Basic Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
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19
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Cheng JT, Wang YY, Zhu LZ, Zhang Y, Cai WQ, Han ZW, Zhou Y, Wang XW, Peng XC, Xiang Y, Yang HY, Cui SZ, Ma Z, Liu BR, Xin HW. Novel transcription regulatory sequences and factors of the immune evasion protein ICP47 (US12) of herpes simplex viruses. Virol J 2020; 17:101. [PMID: 32650799 PMCID: PMC7377220 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-020-01365-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Herpes simplex virus (HSV) can cause encephalitis. Its infected cell polypeptide 47 (ICP47), encoded by immediate-early gene US12, promotes immune escape. ICP47 was modified in the clinically approved oncolytic HSV (oHSV) T-Vec. However, transcription regulatory sequence (TRS) and transcription regulatory factor (TRF) of HSV US12 are seldom reported. METHODS Previously, our laboratory isolated a new HSV strain named HSV-1-LXMW from a male patient with oral herpes in Beijing, China. Firstly, the genetic tree was used to analyze its genetic relationship. The US12 TRS and TRF in HSV-1-LXMW were found by using predictive software. Secondly, the further verification by the multi-sequence comparative analysis shown that the upstream DNA sequence of HSV US12 gene contained the conserved region. Finally, the results of literature search shown that the expression of transcription factors was related to the tissue affinity of HSV-1 and HSV-2, so as to increase the new understanding of the transcriptional regulation of HSV biology and oncolytic virus (OVs) therapy. RESULTS Here we reported the transcriptional regulation region sequence of our new HSV-1-LXMW, and its close relationship with HSV-1-CR38 and HSV-1-17. Importantly we identified eight different kinds of novel TRSs and TRFs of HSV US12 for the first time, and found they are conserved among HSV-1 (c-Rel, Elk-1, Pax-4), HSV-2 (Oct-1, CF2-II, E74A, StuAp) or both HSVs (HNF-4). The TRFs c-Rel and Oct-1 are biologically functional respectively in immune escape and viral replication during HSV infection. CONCLUSIONS Our findings have important implication to HSV biology, infection, immunity and oHSVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ting Cheng
- Laboratory of Oncology, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, 1 Nanhuan Road, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China
| | - Ying-Ying Wang
- Laboratory of Oncology, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, 1 Nanhuan Road, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China
| | - Lin-Zhong Zhu
- Department of Interventional Therapy, Key laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute. 52, Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Laboratory of Oncology, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, 1 Nanhuan Road, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China
| | - Wen-Qi Cai
- Laboratory of Oncology, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, 1 Nanhuan Road, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China
| | - Zi-Wen Han
- Laboratory of Oncology, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, 1 Nanhuan Road, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- Laboratory of Oncology, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, 1 Nanhuan Road, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China
| | - Xian-Wang Wang
- Laboratory of Oncology, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, 1 Nanhuan Road, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, 1 Nanhuan Road, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China
| | - Xiao-Chun Peng
- Laboratory of Oncology, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, 1 Nanhuan Road, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China.,Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China
| | - Ying Xiang
- Laboratory of Oncology, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, 1 Nanhuan Road, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China
| | - Hui-Yu Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Shu-Zhong Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Affiliated Cancer Hospital Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510095, China
| | - Zhaowu Ma
- Laboratory of Oncology, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, 1 Nanhuan Road, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China. .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China.
| | - Bing-Rong Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.
| | - Hong-Wu Xin
- Laboratory of Oncology, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, 1 Nanhuan Road, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China. .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China. .,Lianjiang People's Hospital, Guangdong, 524400, China.
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20
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The old CEACAMs find their new role in tumor immunotherapy. Invest New Drugs 2020; 38:1888-1898. [PMID: 32488569 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-020-00955-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecules (CEACAMs) contain 12 family members(CEACAM1、CEACAM3、CEACAM4、CEACAM5、CEACAM6、CEACAM7、CEACAM8、CEACAM16、CEACAM18、CEACAM19、CEACAM20 and CEACAM21)and are expressed diversely in different normal and tumor tissues. CEA (CEACAM5) has been used as a tumor biomarker since 1965. Here we review the latest research and development of the structures, expression, and function of CEACAMs in normal and tumor tissues, and their application in the tumor diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment. We focus on recent clinical studies of CEA targeted cancer immunotherapies, including bispecific antibody (BsAb) for radio-immuno-therapy and imaging, bispecific T cell engager (BiTE) and chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CAR-T). We summarize the promising clinical relevance and challenges of these approaches and give perspective view for future research. This review has important implications in understanding the diversified biology of CEACAMs in normal and tumor tissues, and their new role in tumor immunotherapy.
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21
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The approved gene therapy drugs worldwide: from 1998 to 2019. Biotechnol Adv 2020; 40:107502. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.107502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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22
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Zhang Y, Xin Q, Zhang JY, Wang YY, Cheng JT, Cai WQ, Han ZW, Zhou Y, Cui SZ, Peng XC, Wang XW, Ma Z, Xiang Y, Su XL, Xin HW. Transcriptional Regulation of Latency-Associated Transcripts (LATs) of Herpes Simplex Viruses. J Cancer 2020; 11:3387-3399. [PMID: 32231745 PMCID: PMC7097949 DOI: 10.7150/jca.40186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex viruses (HSVs) cause cold sores and genital herpes and can establish lifelong latent infection in neurons. An engineered oncolytic HSV (oHSV) has recently been approved to treat tumors in clinics. HSV latency-associated transcripts (LATs) are associated with the latent infection, but LAT transcriptional regulation was seldom reported. For a better treatment of HSV infection and tumors, here we sequenced the LAT encoding DNA and LAT transcription regulatory region of our recently isolated new strain HSV-1-LXMW and did comparative analysis of the sequences together with those of other four HSV-1 and two HSV-2 strains. Phylogenetic analysis of LATs revealed that HSV-1-LXMW is evolutionarily close to HSV-1-17 from MRC University, Glasgow, UK. For the first time, Using a weight matrix-based program Match and multi-sequences alignment of the 6 HSV strains, we identified HSV LAT transcription regulatory sequences that bind to 9 transcription factors: AP-1, C-REL, Comp1, E2F, Hairy, HFH-3, Kr, TCF11/MAFG, v-Myb. Interestingly, these transcription regulatory sequences and factors are either conserved or unique among LATs of HSV-1 and HSV-2, suggesting they are potentially functional. Furthermore, literature analysis found that the transcription factors v-myb and AP-1 family member JunD are functional in regulating HSV gene transcription, including LAT transcription. For the first time, we discovered seven novel transcription factors and their corresponding transcription regulatory sequences of HSV LATs. Based on our findings and other reports, we proposed potential mechanisms of the initiation and maintenance of HSV latent infection. Our findings may have significant implication in our understanding of HSV latency and engineering of better oncolytic HSVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Nanhuan Road, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, China.,Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, 1 Nanhuan Road, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, China
| | - Qiang Xin
- Clinical Medical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010050, China
| | - Jun-Yi Zhang
- Department of Neural Surgery, People's Hospital of Dongsheng District of Erdos City, Erdos, Inner Mongolia, 017000, China
| | - Ying-Ying Wang
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Nanhuan Road, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, China.,Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, 1 Nanhuan Road, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, China
| | - Jun-Ting Cheng
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Nanhuan Road, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, China.,Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, 1 Nanhuan Road, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, China
| | - Wen-Qi Cai
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Nanhuan Road, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, China.,Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, 1 Nanhuan Road, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, China
| | - Zi-Wen Han
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Nanhuan Road, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, China.,Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, 1 Nanhuan Road, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Nanhuan Road, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, China.,Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, 1 Nanhuan Road, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, China
| | - Shu-Zhong Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Affiliated Cancer Hospital Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510095, China
| | - Xiao-Chun Peng
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Nanhuan Road, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, China.,Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, 1 Nanhuan Road, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, China.,Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, China
| | - Xian-Wang Wang
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Nanhuan Road, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, China.,Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, 1 Nanhuan Road, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, 1 Nanhuan Road, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, China
| | - Zhaowu Ma
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Nanhuan Road, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, China.,Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, 1 Nanhuan Road, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, China
| | - Ying Xiang
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Nanhuan Road, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, China.,Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, 1 Nanhuan Road, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, China
| | - Xiu-Lan Su
- Clinical Medical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010050, China
| | - Hong-Wu Xin
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Nanhuan Road, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, China.,Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, 1 Nanhuan Road, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, China
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23
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Navabpour S, Kwapis JL, Jarome TJ. A neuroscientist's guide to transgenic mice and other genetic tools. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 108:732-748. [PMID: 31843544 PMCID: PMC8049509 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The past decade has produced an explosion in the number and variety of genetic tools available to neuroscientists, resulting in an unprecedented ability to precisely manipulate the genome and epigenome in behaving animals. However, no single resource exists that describes all of the tools available to neuroscientists. Here, we review the genetic, transgenic, and viral techniques that are currently available to probe the complex relationship between genes and cognition. Topics covered include types of traditional transgenic mouse models (knockout, knock-in, reporter lines), inducible systems (Cre-loxP, Tet-On, Tet-Off) and cell- and circuit-specific systems (TetTag, TRAP, DIO-DREADD). Additionally, we provide details on virus-mediated and siRNA/shRNA approaches, as well as a comprehensive discussion of the myriad manipulations that can be made using the CRISPR-Cas9 system, including single base pair editing and spatially- and temporally-regulated gene-specific transcriptional control. Collectively, this review will serve as a guide to assist neuroscientists in identifying and choosing the appropriate genetic tools available to study the complex relationship between the brain and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaghayegh Navabpour
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute, Translational Biology, Medicine and Health, Roanoke, VA, USA
| | - Janine L Kwapis
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, College Park, PA, USA; Center for the Molecular Investigation of Neurological Disorders (CMIND), Pennsylvania State University, College Park, PA, USA.
| | - Timothy J Jarome
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute, Translational Biology, Medicine and Health, Roanoke, VA, USA; Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA; School of Neuroscience, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
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24
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Koganti R, Yadavalli T, Shukla D. Current and Emerging Therapies for Ocular Herpes Simplex Virus Type-1 Infections. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7100429. [PMID: 31658632 PMCID: PMC6843252 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7100429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) is a neurotropic, double-stranded DNA virus that can cause a wide variety of diseases, including many ocular pathologies. It is one of the leading causes of infectious blindness in the United States. Because of its ubiquitous nature and its potential to cause serious ocular maladies, there is a significant need for more effective antiviral therapies against ocular HSV-1. In this review, we discuss the lifecycle of HSV-1 as it pertains to corneal infections and the clinically approved as well as emerging treatments to combat HSV-1 infections. We also highlight some newly identified host targets for the antiviral drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghuram Koganti
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1855 W. Taylor St, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | - Tejabhiram Yadavalli
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1855 W. Taylor St, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | - Deepak Shukla
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1855 W. Taylor St, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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25
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Liu XQ, Xin HY, Lyu YN, Ma ZW, Peng XC, Xiang Y, Wang YY, Wu ZJ, Cheng JT, Ji JF, Zhong JX, Ren BX, Wang XW, Xin HW. Oncolytic herpes simplex virus tumor targeting and neutralization escape by engineering viral envelope glycoproteins. Drug Deliv 2019; 25:1950-1962. [PMID: 30799657 PMCID: PMC6282442 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2018.1534895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic herpes simplex viruses (oHSVs) have been approved for clinical usage and become more and more popular for tumor virotherapy. However, there are still many issues for the oHSVs used in clinics and clinical trials. The main issues are the limited anti-tumor effects, intratumor injection, and some side effects. To overcome such challenges, here we review the genetic engineering of the envelope glycoproteins for oHSVs to target tumors specifically, and at the same time we summarize the many neutralization antibodies against the envelope glycoproteins and align the neutralization epitopes with functional domains of the respective glycoproteins for future identification of new functions of the glycoproteins and future engineering of the epitopes to escape from host neutralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Qin Liu
- a Faculty of Medicine, The Second School of Clinical Medicine , Yangtze University, Nanhuan , Jingzhou , Hubei , China.,b Laboratory of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine , Yangtze University , Jingzhou , Hubei , China.,c Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine , Yangtze University , Jingzhou , Hubei , China.,d Department of Nursing and Medical Imaging Technology , Yangtze University , Jingzhou , Hubei , China
| | - Hong-Yi Xin
- e Star Array Pte Ltd , JTC Medtech Hub , Singapore , Singapore
| | - Yan-Ning Lyu
- f Institute for Infectious Diseases and Endemic Diseases Prevention and Control, Beijing Center for Diseases Prevention and Control , Beijing , China
| | - Zhao-Wu Ma
- a Faculty of Medicine, The Second School of Clinical Medicine , Yangtze University, Nanhuan , Jingzhou , Hubei , China.,b Laboratory of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine , Yangtze University , Jingzhou , Hubei , China.,c Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine , Yangtze University , Jingzhou , Hubei , China
| | - Xiao-Chun Peng
- a Faculty of Medicine, The Second School of Clinical Medicine , Yangtze University, Nanhuan , Jingzhou , Hubei , China.,b Laboratory of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine , Yangtze University , Jingzhou , Hubei , China.,g Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine , Yangtze University , Jingzhou , Hubei , China
| | - Ying Xiang
- a Faculty of Medicine, The Second School of Clinical Medicine , Yangtze University, Nanhuan , Jingzhou , Hubei , China.,b Laboratory of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine , Yangtze University , Jingzhou , Hubei , China.,c Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine , Yangtze University , Jingzhou , Hubei , China
| | - Ying-Ying Wang
- a Faculty of Medicine, The Second School of Clinical Medicine , Yangtze University, Nanhuan , Jingzhou , Hubei , China.,b Laboratory of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine , Yangtze University , Jingzhou , Hubei , China.,c Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine , Yangtze University , Jingzhou , Hubei , China
| | - Zi-Jun Wu
- a Faculty of Medicine, The Second School of Clinical Medicine , Yangtze University, Nanhuan , Jingzhou , Hubei , China.,b Laboratory of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine , Yangtze University , Jingzhou , Hubei , China.,c Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine , Yangtze University , Jingzhou , Hubei , China.,d Department of Nursing and Medical Imaging Technology , Yangtze University , Jingzhou , Hubei , China
| | - Jun-Ting Cheng
- a Faculty of Medicine, The Second School of Clinical Medicine , Yangtze University, Nanhuan , Jingzhou , Hubei , China.,b Laboratory of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine , Yangtze University , Jingzhou , Hubei , China.,c Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine , Yangtze University , Jingzhou , Hubei , China
| | - Jia-Fu Ji
- h Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery , Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute , Haidian , Beijing , China
| | - Ji-Xin Zhong
- i Cardiovascular Research Institute , Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland , OH , USA
| | - Bo-Xu Ren
- a Faculty of Medicine, The Second School of Clinical Medicine , Yangtze University, Nanhuan , Jingzhou , Hubei , China.,d Department of Nursing and Medical Imaging Technology , Yangtze University , Jingzhou , Hubei , China
| | - Xian-Wang Wang
- a Faculty of Medicine, The Second School of Clinical Medicine , Yangtze University, Nanhuan , Jingzhou , Hubei , China.,b Laboratory of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine , Yangtze University , Jingzhou , Hubei , China.,j Faculty of Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Basic Medicine , Yangtze University , Jingzhou , Hubei , China
| | - Hong-Wu Xin
- a Faculty of Medicine, The Second School of Clinical Medicine , Yangtze University, Nanhuan , Jingzhou , Hubei , China.,b Laboratory of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine , Yangtze University , Jingzhou , Hubei , China.,c Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine , Yangtze University , Jingzhou , Hubei , China
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26
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Wang YY, Lyu YN, Xin HY, Cheng JT, Liu XQ, Wang XW, Peng XC, Xiang Y, Xin VW, Lu CB, Ren BX, Liang YF, Ji JF, Ma Z, Cui SZ, Xin HW. Identification of Putative UL54 (ICP27) Transcription Regulatory Sequences Binding to Oct-1, v-Myb, Pax-6 and Hairy in Herpes Simplex Viruses. J Cancer 2019; 10:430-440. [PMID: 30719137 PMCID: PMC6360293 DOI: 10.7150/jca.29787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
An oncolytic herpes simplex virus (oHSV) has proven amenable in oncolytic virotherapy and was approved to treat melanoma. The immediate-early (IE) protein ICP27 encoded by gene UL54 is essential for HSV infection. Post-transcriptional modification of UL54 would increase tumor targeting of oHSVs. However, UL54 gene transcription regulatory sequences and factors were not reported yet. Here we isolated a new strain LXMW of type 1 HSV (HSV-1-LXMW) in China and found it's closely related to HSV-1 strains Patton and H129 in the US by the first and next generation DNA sequencing viral DNA phylogenetic analysis. Using a weight matrix-based program Match, we found the UL54 transcription regulatory sequences binding to the transcription factors Oct-1, v-Myb and Pax-6 in HSV-1-LXMW, while the sequences binding to Oct-1 and Hairy in a HSV-2 strain. Further validation showed that HSV-1 and HSV-2 shared the common sequence binding to Oct-1, but had unique sequences to bind v-Myb and Pax-6, or Hairy, respectively, by DNA sequence alignment of total 11 HSV strains. The published results howed that the expression of transcription factors is consistent with the tissue tropism of HSV-1 and HSV-2. In the current article a new HSV-1 strain LXMW was isolated and its putative HSV UL54 transcription regulatory sequences and factors were identified for the first time. Our findings highlight the new understanding of the principles of transcriptional regulation in HSV biology and oncolytic virotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Ying Wang
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Department of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, China.,Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, China
| | - Yan-Ning Lyu
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Endemic Diseases Prevention and Control, Beijing Center for Diseases Prevention and Control, Beijing, 100013, China
| | - Hong-Yi Xin
- Animal Health Biotechnology, Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604
| | - Jun-Ting Cheng
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Department of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, China.,Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, China
| | - Xiao-Qin Liu
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Department of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, China.,Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, China.,Department of Medical Imaging, School of Basic Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, China
| | - Xian-Wang Wang
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Department of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, China.,Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Yangtze University, 1 Nanhuan Road, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, China
| | - Xiao-Chun Peng
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Department of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, China.,Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, China.,Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, China
| | - Ying Xiang
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Department of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, China.,Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, China
| | - Victoria W Xin
- Montgomery Blair High School Magnet Program Class of 2020, Silver Spring, MD 20901-2451, USA
| | - Cheng-Biao Lu
- Laboratory of Neuronal Network and Brain Diseases Modulation, School of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei Province, China
| | - Bo-Xu Ren
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Department of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, China.,Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, China
| | - Yan-Fang Liang
- Department of Radiology, Guangzhou Medical University Cancer Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jia-Fu Ji
- Gastrointestinal Cancer Center, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Zhaowu Ma
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Department of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, China.,Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, China
| | - Shu-Zhong Cui
- Department of Theromotherapy, Guangzhou Medical University Cancer Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong-Wu Xin
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Department of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, China.,Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, China
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Tang Y, Fu Y. Class 2 CRISPR/Cas: an expanding biotechnology toolbox for and beyond genome editing. Cell Biosci 2018; 8:59. [PMID: 30459943 PMCID: PMC6233275 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-018-0255-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Artificial nuclease-dependent DNA cleavage systems (zinc-finger nuclease, ZFN; transcription activator like effectors, TALENs) and exogenous nucleic acid defense systems (CRISPR/Cas) have been used in the new era for genome modification. The most widely used toolbox for genome editing, modulation and detection contains Types II, V and VI of CRISPR/Cas Class 2 systems, categorized and characterized by Cas9, Cas12a and Cas13 respectively. In this review, we (1) elaborate on the definition, classification, structures of CRISPR/Cas Class 2 systems; (2) advance our understanding of new molecular mechanisms and recent progress in their applications, especially beyond genome-editing applications; (3) provide the insights on the specificity, efficiency and versatility of each tool; (4) elaborate the enhancement on specificity and efficiency of the CRISPR/Cas toolbox. The expanding and concerted usage of the CRISPR/Cas tools is making them more powerful in genome editing and other biotechnology applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyi Tang
- MicroAnaly (Shanghai) Gene Technologies Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Fu
- MicroAnaly (Shanghai) Gene Technologies Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
- Anhui MicroAnaly Gene Technologies Co., Ltd, Chaohu, Anhui China
- National Gene Research Center, Chaohu, Anhui China
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