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Li Y, Li C, Yan J, Liao Y, Qin C, Wang L, Huang Y, Yang C, Wang J, Ding X, Yang YY, Yuan P. Polymeric micellar nanoparticles for effective CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing in cancer. Biomaterials 2024; 309:122573. [PMID: 38677222 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2024.122573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)-associated protein 9 (Cas9) gene editing has attracted extensive attentions in various fields, however, its clinical application is hindered by the lack of effective and safe delivery system. Herein, we reported a cationic micelle nanoparticle composed of cholesterol-modified branched small molecular PEI (PEI-CHO) and biodegradable PEG-b-polycarbonate block copolymer (PEG-PC), denoted as PEG-PC/PEI-CHO/pCas9, for the CRISPR/Cas9 delivery to realize genomic editing in cancer. Specifically, PEI-CHO condensed pCas9 into nanocomplexes, which were further encapsulated into PEG-PC nanoparticles (PEG-PC/PEI-CHO/pCas9). PEG-PC/PEI-CHO/pCas9 had a PEG shell, protecting DNA from degradation by nucleases. Enhanced cellular uptake of PEG-PC/PEI-CHO/pCas9 nanoparticles was observed as compared to that mediated by Lipo2k/pCas9 nanoparticles, thus leading to significantly elevated transfection efficiency after escaping from endosomes via the proton sponge effect of PEI. In addition, the presence of PEG shell greatly improved biocompatibility, and significantly enhanced the in vivo tumor retention of pCas9 compared to PEI-CHO/pCas9. Notably, apparent downregulation of GFP expression could be achieved both in vitro and in vivo by using PEG-PC/PEI-CHO/pCas9-sgGFP nanoparticles. Furthermore, PEG-PC/PEI-CHO/pCas9-sgMcl1 induced effective apoptosis and tumor suppression in a HeLa tumor xenograft mouse model by downregulating Mcl1 expression. This work may provide an alternative paradigm for the efficient and safe genome editing in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhen Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Chun Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Jiachang Yan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Ying Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Chengyuan Qin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Lingyin Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Yi Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Chuan Yang
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 20 Biopolis Way, Centros #06-01, Singapore, 138668, Republic of Singapore
| | - Jianwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China.
| | - Xin Ding
- School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China.
| | - Yi Yan Yang
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 20 Biopolis Way, Centros #06-01, Singapore, 138668, Republic of Singapore.
| | - Peiyan Yuan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China.
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2
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Fang T, Chen G. Non-viral vector-based genome editing for cancer immunotherapy. Biomater Sci 2024; 12:3068-3085. [PMID: 38716572 DOI: 10.1039/d4bm00286e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Despite the exciting promise of cancer immunotherapy in the clinic, immune checkpoint blockade therapy and T cell-based therapies are often associated with low response rates, intrinsic and adaptive immune resistance, and systemic side effects. CRISPR-Cas-based genome editing appears to be an effective strategy to overcome these unmet clinical needs. As a safer delivery platform for the CRISPR-Cas system, non-viral nanoformulations have been recently explored to target tumor cells and immune cells, aiming to improve cancer immunotherapy on a gene level. In this review, we summarized the efforts of non-viral vector-based CRISPR-Cas-mediated genome editing in tumor cells and immune cells for cancer immunotherapy. Their design rationale and specific applications were highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianxu Fang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3G 0B1, Canada.
- Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3G 0B1, Canada
| | - Guojun Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3G 0B1, Canada.
- Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3G 0B1, Canada
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3
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Krishnan J, Poomalai P, Ravichandran A, Reddy A, Sureshkumar R. A Concise Review on Effect of PEGylation on the Properties of Lipid-Based Nanoparticles. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2024. [PMID: 38828531 DOI: 10.1089/adt.2024.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems have emerged as promising platforms for enhancing therapeutic efficacy while minimizing off-target effects. Among various strategies employed to optimize these systems, polyethylene glycol (PEG) modification, known as PEGylation-the covalent attachment of PEG to nanoparticles, has gained considerable attention for its ability to impart stealth properties to nanoparticles while also extending circulation time and improving biocompatibility. PEGylation extends to different drug delivery systems, in specific, nanoparticles for targeting cancer cells, where the concentration of drug in the cancer cells is improved by virtue of PEGylation. The primary challenge linked to PEGylation lies in its confirmation. Numerous research findings provide comprehensive insights into selecting PEG for various PEGylation methods. In this review, we have endeavored to consolidate the outcomes concerning the choice of PEG and diverse PEGylation techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janesha Krishnan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Center for Nano Engineering Science & Technology (C-NEST), JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, JSS College of Pharmacy, Ooty, India
| | - Praveena Poomalai
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Center for Nano Engineering Science & Technology (C-NEST), JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, JSS College of Pharmacy, Ooty, India
| | - Ashwin Ravichandran
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Center for Nano Engineering Science & Technology (C-NEST), JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, JSS College of Pharmacy, Ooty, India
| | - Aishwarya Reddy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Center for Nano Engineering Science & Technology (C-NEST), JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, JSS College of Pharmacy, Ooty, India
| | - Raman Sureshkumar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Center for Nano Engineering Science & Technology (C-NEST), JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, JSS College of Pharmacy, Ooty, India
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4
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Jaradat E, Meziane A, Lamprou DA. Conventional vs PEGylated loaded liposomal formulations by microfluidics for delivering hydrophilic chemotherapy. Int J Pharm 2024; 655:124077. [PMID: 38569975 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Developing drug delivery systems (DDSs) is one of the approaches used to improve cancer treatment, with the main goal of loading cancer drugs into a carrier targeting a specific organ and avoiding the distribution to healthy tissues. Nanoparticles (NPs) have been shown to be one of the optimum carriers that can be used as DDSs. Lipid-based NPs, such as liposomes, have been investigated in the current study due to their low toxicity and ability to carry hydrophilic and hydrophobic molecules. In the current studies, conventional liposomes composed of DPPC, and cholesterol and PEGylated liposomes composed of DPPC, cholesterol, and DSPE-PEG2000 are manufactured and loaded with Carboplatin. The study focused on investigating and comparing the impact of modifying the carboplatin-loaded liposomes with different concentrations of DSPE-PEG2000 on the NP diameter, polydispersity, ζ-potential, encapsulation efficiency (EE%), and drug release. The hydrodynamic microfluidic system was used to investigate any possible improvement in the EE% over other conventional methods. The results showed the microfluidic system's promising effect in enhancing the EE% of the Carboplatin. Moreover, the results showed a smaller diameter and higher stability of the PEGylated liposome. However, conventional liposomes represent better homogeneity and higher encapsulation efficiency for hydrophilic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman Jaradat
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | | | - Dimitrios A Lamprou
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK.
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5
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Yudin Kharismasari C, Irkham, Zein MIHL, Hardianto A, Nur Zakiyyah S, Umar Ibrahim A, Ozsoz M, Wahyuni Hartati Y. CRISPR/Cas12-based electrochemical biosensors for clinical diagnostic and food monitoring. Bioelectrochemistry 2024; 155:108600. [PMID: 37956622 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2023.108600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Each organism has a unique sequence of nitrogenous bases in in the form of DNA or RNA which distinguish them from other organisms. This characteristic makes nucleic acid-based detection extremely selective and compare to other molecular techniques. In recent years, several nucleic acid-based detection technology methods have been developed, one of which is the electrochemical biosensor. Electrochemical biosensors are known to have high sensitivity and accuracy. In addition, the ease of miniaturization of this electrochemical technique has garnered interest from many researchers. On the other hand, the CRISPR/Cas12 method has been widely used in detecting nucleic acids due to its highly selective nature. The CRISPR/Cas12 method is also reported to increase the sensitivity of electrochemical biosensors through the utilization of modified electrodes. The electrodes can be modified according to detection needs so that the biosensor's performance can be improved. This review discusses the application of CRISPR/Cas12-based electrochemical biosensors, as well as various electrode modifications that have been successfully used to improve the performance of these biosensors in the clinical and food monitoring fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clianta Yudin Kharismasari
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Padjajaran University, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia
| | - Irkham
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Padjajaran University, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia
| | - Muhammad Ihda H L Zein
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Padjajaran University, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia
| | - Ari Hardianto
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Padjajaran University, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia
| | - Salma Nur Zakiyyah
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Padjajaran University, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia
| | - Abdullahi Umar Ibrahim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Near East University, Mersin 99138, Turkey; Operational Research Centre in Healthcare, Near East University, Mersin 10, TRNC, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Ozsoz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Near East University, Mersin 99138, Turkey
| | - Yeni Wahyuni Hartati
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Padjajaran University, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia.
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6
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Fernandes S, Cassani M, Cavalieri F, Forte G, Caruso F. Emerging Strategies for Immunotherapy of Solid Tumors Using Lipid-Based Nanoparticles. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2305769. [PMID: 38054651 PMCID: PMC10885677 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202305769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
The application of lipid-based nanoparticles for COVID-19 vaccines and transthyretin-mediated amyloidosis treatment have highlighted their potential for translation to cancer therapy. However, their use in delivering drugs to solid tumors is limited by ineffective targeting, heterogeneous organ distribution, systemic inflammatory responses, and insufficient drug accumulation at the tumor. Instead, the use of lipid-based nanoparticles to remotely activate immune system responses is an emerging effective strategy. Despite this approach showing potential for treating hematological cancers, its application to treat solid tumors is hampered by the selection of eligible targets, tumor heterogeneity, and ineffective penetration of activated T cells within the tumor. Notwithstanding, the use of lipid-based nanoparticles for immunotherapy is projected to revolutionize cancer therapy, with the ultimate goal of rendering cancer a chronic disease. However, the translational success is likely to depend on the use of predictive tumor models in preclinical studies, simulating the complexity of the tumor microenvironment (e.g., the fibrotic extracellular matrix that impairs therapeutic outcomes) and stimulating tumor progression. This review compiles recent advances in the field of antitumor lipid-based nanoparticles and highlights emerging therapeutic approaches (e.g., mechanotherapy) to modulate tumor stiffness and improve T cell infiltration, and the use of organoids to better guide therapeutic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soraia Fernandes
- Center for Translational Medicine (CTM)International Clinical Research Centre (ICRC)St. Anne HospitalBrno656 91Czech Republic
- Department of Chemical EngineeringThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVictoria3010Australia
| | - Marco Cassani
- Center for Translational Medicine (CTM)International Clinical Research Centre (ICRC)St. Anne HospitalBrno656 91Czech Republic
- Department of Chemical EngineeringThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVictoria3010Australia
| | - Francesca Cavalieri
- School of ScienceRMIT UniversityMelbourneVictoria3000Australia
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie ChimicheUniversita di Roma “Tor Vergata”Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1Rome00133Italy
| | - Giancarlo Forte
- Center for Translational Medicine (CTM)International Clinical Research Centre (ICRC)St. Anne HospitalBrno656 91Czech Republic
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine & SciencesKing's College LondonLondonSE5 9NUUK
| | - Frank Caruso
- Department of Chemical EngineeringThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVictoria3010Australia
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Sanati M, Afshari AR, Ahmadi SS, Kesharwani P, Sahebkar A. Advances in liposome-based delivery of RNA therapeutics for cancer treatment. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2024; 204:177-218. [PMID: 38458738 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2023.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Liposomal drug delivery systems stand as versatile therapeutic platforms for precisely targeting related elements in cancerous tissues owing to their intrinsic passive and acquired active targeting capabilities and exceptional compatibility with physiologic environments. When the capacity of liposomes as nanocarriers is combined with the revolutionary potential of RNA therapies in affecting undruggable targets, the outcome would be promising drug candidates as game-changers in the cancer treatment arena. However, optimizing liposome composition, physicochemical properties, and surface chemistry is paramount to maximizing their pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic attributes. This review highlighted the potential of liposomes as nanovehicles for RNA therapeutics through a literature review and looked at the most recent preclinical and clinical advancements in utilizing liposomal RNA therapeutics for cancer management. Notably, the discovery of novel targets, advancements in liposome engineering, and organizing well-planned clinical trials would help uncover the incredible potential of these nanotherapeutics in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Sanati
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran; Experimental and Animal Study Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Amir R Afshari
- Natural Products and Medicinal Plants Research Center, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Seyed Sajad Ahmadi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Khatam-Ol-Anbia Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Prashant Kesharwani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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8
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Damm D, Suleiman E, Wagner JT, Klessing S, Pfister F, Elsayed H, Walkenfort B, Stobrawe J, Mayer J, Lehner E, Müller-Schmucker SM, Hasenberg M, Wyatt RT, Vorauer-Uhl K, Temchura V, Überla K. Modulation of immune responses to liposomal vaccines by intrastructural help. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2023; 192:112-125. [PMID: 37797679 PMCID: PMC10872448 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2023.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
The encapsulation of HIV-unrelated T helper peptides into liposomal vaccines presenting trimers of the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) on the surface (T helper liposomes) may recruit heterologous T cells to provide help for Env-specific B cells. This mechanism called intrastructural help can modulate the HIV-specific humoral immune response. In this study, we used cationic T helper liposomes to induce intrastructural help effects in a small animal model. The liposomes were functionalized with Env trimers by a tag-free approach designed to enable a simplified GMP production. The pre-fusion conformation of the conjugated Env trimers was verified by immunogold electron microscopy (EM) imaging and flow cytometry. The liposomes induced strong activation of Env-specific B cells in vitro. In comparison to previously established anionic liposomes, cationic T helper liposomes were superior in CD4+ T cell activation after uptake by dendritic cells. Moreover, the T helper liposomes were able to target Env-specific B cells in secondary lymphoid organs after intramuscular injection. We also observed efficient T helper cell activation and proliferation in co-cultures with Env-specific B cells in the presence of cationic T helper liposomes. Mouse immunization experiments with cationic T helper liposomes further revealed a modulation of the Env-specific IgG subtype distribution and enhancement of the longevity of antibody responses by ovalbumin- and Hepatitis B (HBV)-specific T cell help. Thus, clinical evaluation of the concept of intrastructural help seems warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Damm
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Ehsan Suleiman
- Polymun Scientific Immunbiologische Forschung GmbH, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria.
| | - Jannik T Wagner
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Stephan Klessing
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Felix Pfister
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Section of Experimental Oncology and Nanomedicine (SEON), University Hospital Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Hassan Elsayed
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Centre, Egypt
| | - Bernd Walkenfort
- Imaging Center Essen (IMCES), Electron Microscopy Unit (EMU), Faculty of Medicine, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany.
| | - Jule Stobrawe
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Julia Mayer
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Elisabeth Lehner
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Sandra M Müller-Schmucker
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Mike Hasenberg
- Imaging Center Essen (IMCES), Electron Microscopy Unit (EMU), Faculty of Medicine, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany.
| | | | - Karola Vorauer-Uhl
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Vladimir Temchura
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Klaus Überla
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
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Lin YQ, Feng KK, Lu JY, Le JQ, Li WL, Zhang BC, Li CL, Song XH, Tong LW, Shao JW. CRISPR/Cas9-based application for cancer therapy: Challenges and solutions for non-viral delivery. J Control Release 2023; 361:727-749. [PMID: 37591461 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing is a promising therapeutic technique, which makes precise and rapid gene editing technology possible on account of its high sensitivity and efficiency. CRISPR/Cas9 system has been proved to able to effectively disrupt and modify genes, which shows great potential for cancer treatment. Current researches proves that virus vectors are capable of effectively delivering the CRISPR/Cas9 system, but immunogenicity and carcinogenicity caused by virus transmission still trigger serious consequences. Therefore, the greatest challenge of CRISPR/Cas9 for cancer therapy lies on how to deliver it to the target tumor site safely and effectively. Non-viral delivery systems with specific targeting, high loading capacity, and low immune toxicity are more suitable than viral vectors, which limited by uncontrollable side effects. Their medical advances and applications have been widely concerned. Herein, we present the molecule mechanism and different construction strategies of CRISPR/Cas9 system for editing genes at the beginning of this research. Subsequently, several common CRISPR/Cas9 non-viral deliveries for cancer treatment are introduced. Lastly, based on the main factors limiting the delivery efficiency of non-viral vectors proposed in the existing researches and literature, we summarize and discuss the main methods to solve these limitations in the existing tumor treatment system, aiming to introduce further optimization and innovation of the CRISPR/Cas9 non-viral delivery system suitable for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Qi Lin
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Metastasis Chemoprevention and Chemotherapy, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Ke-Ke Feng
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Metastasis Chemoprevention and Chemotherapy, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Jie-Ying Lu
- Faculty of Foreign Studies, Guangdong Baiyun University, Guangzhou 510450, China
| | - Jing-Qing Le
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Metastasis Chemoprevention and Chemotherapy, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Wu-Lin Li
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Metastasis Chemoprevention and Chemotherapy, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Bing-Chen Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Metastasis Chemoprevention and Chemotherapy, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Cheng-Lei Li
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Metastasis Chemoprevention and Chemotherapy, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Xun-Huan Song
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Metastasis Chemoprevention and Chemotherapy, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Ling-Wu Tong
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Metastasis Chemoprevention and Chemotherapy, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Jing-Wei Shao
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Metastasis Chemoprevention and Chemotherapy, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China.
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Pavelić K, Pavelić SK, Bulog A, Agaj A, Rojnić B, Čolić M, Trivanović D. Nanoparticles in Medicine: Current Status in Cancer Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12827. [PMID: 37629007 PMCID: PMC10454499 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is still a leading cause of deaths worldwide, especially due to those cases diagnosed at late stages with metastases that are still considered untreatable and are managed in such a way that a lengthy chronic state is achieved. Nanotechnology has been acknowledged as one possible solution to improve existing cancer treatments, but also as an innovative approach to developing new therapeutic solutions that will lower systemic toxicity and increase targeted action on tumors and metastatic tumor cells. In particular, the nanoparticles studied in the context of cancer treatment include organic and inorganic particles whose role may often be expanded into diagnostic applications. Some of the best studied nanoparticles include metallic gold and silver nanoparticles, quantum dots, polymeric nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes and graphene, with diverse mechanisms of action such as, for example, the increased induction of reactive oxygen species, increased cellular uptake and functionalization properties for improved targeted delivery. Recently, novel nanoparticles for improved cancer cell targeting also include nanobubbles, which have already demonstrated increased localization of anticancer molecules in tumor tissues. In this review, we will accordingly present and discuss state-of-the-art nanoparticles and nano-formulations for cancer treatment and limitations for their application in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krešimir Pavelić
- Faculty of Medicine, Juraj Dobrila University of Pula, Zagrebačka 30, 52100 Pula, Croatia
| | - Sandra Kraljević Pavelić
- Faculty of Health Studies, University of Rijeka, Ulica Viktora Cara Emina 5, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Aleksandar Bulog
- Teaching Institute for Public Health of Primorsko-Goranska County, Krešimirova Ulica 52, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Braće Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Andrea Agaj
- Faculty of Medicine, Juraj Dobrila University of Pula, Zagrebačka 30, 52100 Pula, Croatia
| | - Barbara Rojnić
- Faculty of Medicine, Juraj Dobrila University of Pula, Zagrebačka 30, 52100 Pula, Croatia
| | - Miroslav Čolić
- Clear Water Technology Inc., 13008 S Western Avenue, Gardena, CA 90429, USA;
| | - Dragan Trivanović
- Faculty of Medicine, Juraj Dobrila University of Pula, Zagrebačka 30, 52100 Pula, Croatia
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, General Hospital Pula, Santorijeva 24a, 52200 Pula, Croatia
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11
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Rabiee N. Natural components as surface engineering agents for CRISPR delivery. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023:116333. [PMID: 37286127 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This perspective article discusses the potential of using natural and environmentally friendly components as surface engineering agents for CRISPR delivery. Traditional delivery methods for CRISPR components have limitations and safety concerns, and surface engineering has emerged as a promising approach. The perspective provides an overview of current research, including the use of lipids, proteins, natural components (like leaf extracts), and polysaccharides to modify the surface of nanoparticles and improve delivery efficiency. The advantages of using natural components include biocompatibility, biodegradability, engineered functionality, cost-effectiveness, and environmental friendliness. The author also discusses the challenges and future perspective of this field, such as a better understanding of underlying mechanisms and optimization of delivery methods for different cell types and tissues, as well as the generation of novel inorganic nanomaterials, including MOF and MXene, for CRISPR delivery, and their synergistic potentials using leaf extracts and natural components. The use of natural components as surface engineering agents for CRISPR delivery has the potential to overcome the limitations of traditional delivery methods, eliminating the biological challenges, and represents a promising area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navid Rabiee
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, 6150, Australia; School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia.
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12
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Kansız S, Elçin YM. Advanced liposome and polymersome-based drug delivery systems: Considerations for physicochemical properties, targeting strategies and stimuli-sensitive approaches. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 317:102930. [PMID: 37290380 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2023.102930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Liposomes and polymersomes are colloidal vesicles that are self-assembled from lipids and amphiphilic polymers, respectively. Because of their ability to encapsulate both hydrophilic and hydrophobic therapeutics, they are of great interest in drug delivery research. Today, the applications of liposomes and polymersomes have expanded to a wide variety of complex therapeutic molecules, including nucleic acids, proteins and enzymes. Thanks to their chemical versatility, they can be tailored to different drug delivery applications to achieve maximum therapeutic index. This review article evaluates liposomes and polymersomes from a perspective that takes into account the physical and biological barriers that reduce the efficiency of the drug delivery process. In this context, the design approaches of liposomes and polymersomes are discussed with representative examples in terms of their physicochemical properties (size, shape, charge, mechanical), targeting strategies (passive and active) and response to different stimuli (pH, redox, enzyme, temperature, light, magnetic field, ultrasound). Finally, the challenges limiting the transition from laboratory to practice, recent clinical developments, and future perspectives are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyithan Kansız
- Tissue Engineering, Biomaterials and Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Ankara University Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Yaşar Murat Elçin
- Tissue Engineering, Biomaterials and Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Ankara University Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Ankara, Turkey; Biovalda Health Technologies, Inc., Ankara, Turkey.
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13
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Cai B, Chang S, Tian Y, Zhen S. CRISPR/Cas9 for hepatitis B virus infection treatment. Immun Inflamm Dis 2023; 11:e866. [PMID: 37249290 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remains a global health challenge. Despite the availability of effective preventive vaccines, millions of people are at risk of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Current drug therapies inhibit viral replication, slow the progression of liver fibrosis and reduce infectivity, but they rarely remove the covalently sealed circular DNA (cccDNA) of the virus that causes HBV persistence. Alternative treatment strategies, including those based on CRISPR/cas9 knockout virus gene, can effectively inhibit HBV replication, so it has a good prospect. During chronic infection, some virus gene knockouts based on CRISPR/cas9 may even lead to cccDNA inactivation. This paper reviews the progress of different HBV CRISPR/cas9, vectors for delivering to the liver, and the current situation of preclinical and clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Cai
- Center of Medical Genetics, Northwest Women's and Children's Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR. China
| | - Shixue Chang
- Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR. China
| | - Yuhan Tian
- Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR. China
| | - Shuai Zhen
- Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR. China
- Genetic Disease Diagnosis Center of Shaanxi province, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR. China
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14
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Balgobind A, Daniels A, Ariatti M, Singh M. HER2/neu Oncogene Silencing in a Breast Cancer Cell Model Using Cationic Lipid-Based Delivery Systems. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15041190. [PMID: 37111675 PMCID: PMC10142055 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15041190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The overexpression of the human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2/neu) oncogene is predictive of adverse breast cancer prognosis. Silencing the HER2/neu overexpression using siRNA may be an effective treatment strategy. Major requirements for siRNA-based therapy are safe, stable, and efficient delivery systems to channel siRNA into target cells. This study assessed the efficacy of cationic lipid-based systems for the delivery of siRNA. Cationic liposomes were formulated with equimolar ratios of the respective cholesteryl cytofectins, 3β-N-(N', N'-dimethylaminopropyl)-carbamoyl cholesterol (Chol-T) or N, N-dimethylaminopropylaminylsuccinylcholesterylformylhydrazide (MS09), with the neutral helper lipid, dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE), with and without a polyethylene glycol stabilizer. All cationic liposomes efficiently bound, compacted, and protected the therapeutic siRNA against nuclease degradation. Liposomes and siRNA lipoplexes were spherical, <200 nm in size, with moderate particle size distributions (PDI < 0.4). The siRNA lipoplexes exhibited minimal dose-dependent cytotoxicity and effective HER2/neu siRNA transfection in the HER2/neu overexpressing SKBR-3 cells. The non-PEGylated Chol-T-siRNA lipoplexes induced the highest HER2/neu silencing at the mRNA (10000-fold decrease) and protein levels (>111.6-fold decrease), surpassing that of commercially available Lipofectamine 3000 (4.1-fold reduction in mRNA expression). These cationic liposomes are suitable carriers of HER2/neu siRNA for gene silencing in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adhika Balgobind
- Nano-Gene and Drug Delivery Laboratory, Discipline of Biochemistry, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Aliscia Daniels
- Nano-Gene and Drug Delivery Laboratory, Discipline of Biochemistry, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Mario Ariatti
- Nano-Gene and Drug Delivery Laboratory, Discipline of Biochemistry, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Moganavelli Singh
- Nano-Gene and Drug Delivery Laboratory, Discipline of Biochemistry, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa
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15
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Sinclair F, Begum AA, Dai CC, Toth I, Moyle PM. Recent advances in the delivery and applications of nonviral CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2023; 13:1500-1519. [PMID: 36988873 PMCID: PMC10052255 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-023-01320-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
The CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)/Cas9 genome editing system has been a major technological breakthrough that has brought revolutionary changes to genome editing for therapeutic and diagnostic purposes and precision medicine. With the advent of the CRISPR/Cas9 system, one of the critical limiting factors has been the safe and efficient delivery of this system to cells or tissues of interest. Several approaches have been investigated to find delivery systems that can attain tissue-targeted delivery, lowering the chances of off-target editing. While viral vectors have shown promise for in vitro, in vivo and ex vivo delivery of CRISPR/Cas9, their further clinical applications have been restricted due to shortcomings including limited cargo packaging capacity, difficulties with large-scale production, immunogenicity and insertional mutagenesis. Rapid progress in nonviral delivery vectors, including the use of lipid, polymer, peptides, and inorganic nanoparticle-based delivery systems, has established nonviral delivery approaches as a viable alternative to viral vectors. This review will introduce the molecular mechanisms of the CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing system, current strategies for delivering CRISPR/Cas9-based tools, an overview of strategies for overcoming off-target genome editing, and approaches for improving genome targeting and tissue targeting. We will also highlight current developments and recent clinical trials for the delivery of CRISPR/Cas9. Finally, future directions for overcoming the limitations and adaptation of this technology for clinical trials will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frazer Sinclair
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Anjuman A Begum
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia.
| | - Charles C Dai
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Istvan Toth
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Peter M Moyle
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia.
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16
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Kedlaya MN, Puzhankara L, Prasad R, Raj A. Periodontal Disease Pathogens, Pathogenesis, and Therapeutics: The CRISPR-Cas Effect. CRISPR J 2023; 6:90-98. [PMID: 36939849 DOI: 10.1089/crispr.2022.0094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodontal disease (PD) is an immune-inflammatory disease affecting the supporting structures of the teeth, which results in progressive destruction of the hard and soft tissues surrounding teeth, ultimately resulting in tooth loss. The primary etiological factor for this disease is the presence of pathogenic microorganisms. Pathogenic bacteria face antagonistic conditions and foreign DNA components during the infection stage and depend on defense mechanisms such as clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-Cas to counter them. Virulence genes regulated by the CRISPR-Cas system are often expressed by bacteria as part of the stress response to the presence of stress conditions and foreign elements. There is ever-growing evidence regarding the role of CRISPR-Cas in virulence of periodontal pathogens. The same CRISPR-Cas system may also be targeted to reduce bacterial virulence and it may also be utilized to develop diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for prevention and control of PD progression. This review article describes the CRISPR-Cas systems in the periodontal dysbiotic microbial communities, their role in the virulence of periodontal pathogens, and their potential role in understanding the pathogenesis of periodontitis and treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhurya N Kedlaya
- Department of Periodontology, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Faculty of Dental Sciences, Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Lakshmi Puzhankara
- Department of Periodontology, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Faculty of Dental Sciences, Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Rohit Prasad
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Akshatha Raj
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bengaluru, India
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17
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Bhatia S, Pooja, Yadav SK. CRISPR-Cas for genome editing: Classification, mechanism, designing and applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 238:124054. [PMID: 36933595 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Clustered regularly interspersed short pallindromic repeats (CRISPR) and CRISPR associated proteins (Cas) system (CRISPR-Cas) came into light as prokaryotic defence mechanism for adaptive immune response. CRISPR-Cas works by integrating short sequences of the target genome (spacers) into the CRISPR locus. The locus containing spacers interspersed repeats is further expressed into small guide CRISPR RNA (crRNA) which is then deployed by the Cas proteins to evade the target genome. Based on the Cas proteins CRISPR-Cas is classified according to polythetic system of classification. The characteristic of the CRISPR-Cas9 system to target DNA sequences using programmable RNAs has opened new arenas due to which today CRISPR-Cas has evolved as cutting end technique in the field of genome editing. Here, we discuss about the evolution of CRISPR, its classification and various Cas systems including the designing and molecular mechanism of CRISPR-Cas. Applications of CRISPR-Cas as a genome editing tools are also highlighted in the areas such as agriculture, and anticancer therapy. Briefly discuss the role of CRISPR and its Cas systems in the diagnosis of COVID-19 and its possible preventive measures. The challenges in existing CRISP-Cas technologies and their potential solutions are also discussed briefly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simran Bhatia
- Center of Innovative and applied Bioprocessing, Sector-81, Knowledge City, Mohali, India; Regional Center for Biotechnology, Faridabad, India
| | - Pooja
- Center of Innovative and applied Bioprocessing, Sector-81, Knowledge City, Mohali, India
| | - Sudesh Kumar Yadav
- Center of Innovative and applied Bioprocessing, Sector-81, Knowledge City, Mohali, India; Regional Center for Biotechnology, Faridabad, India.
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18
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Spleis H, Sandmeier M, Claus V, Bernkop-Schnürch A. Surface design of nanocarriers: Key to more efficient oral drug delivery systems. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 313:102848. [PMID: 36780780 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2023.102848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
As nanocarriers (NCs) can improve the solubility of drugs, prevent their degradation by gastrointestinal (GI) enzymes and promote their transport across the mucus gel layer and absorption membrane, the oral bioavailability of these drugs can be substantially enhanced. All these properties of NCs including self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS), solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs), nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs), liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, inorganic nanoparticles and polymeric micelles depend mainly on their surface chemistry. In particular, interaction with food, digestive enzymes, bile salts and electrolytes, diffusion behaviour across the mucus gel layer and fate on the absorption membrane are determined by their surface. Bioinert surfaces limiting interactions with gastrointestinal fluid and content as well as with mucus, adhesive surfaces providing an intimate contact with the GI mucosa and absorption enhancing surfaces can be designed. Furthermore, charge converting surfaces shifting their zeta potential from negative to positive directly at the absorption membrane and surfaces providing a targeted drug release are advantageous. In addition to these passive surfaces, even active surfaces cleaving mucus glycoproteins on their way through the mucus gel layer can be created. Within this review, we provide an overview on these different surfaces and discuss their impact on the performance of NCs in the GI tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Spleis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, Innsbruck 6020, Austria; Thiomatrix Forschungs und Beratungs GmbH, Trientlgasse 65, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Matthias Sandmeier
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, Innsbruck 6020, Austria; Thiomatrix Forschungs und Beratungs GmbH, Trientlgasse 65, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Victor Claus
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, Innsbruck 6020, Austria; Thiomatrix Forschungs und Beratungs GmbH, Trientlgasse 65, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Andreas Bernkop-Schnürch
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, Innsbruck 6020, Austria.
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19
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Agha A, Waheed W, Stiharu I, Nerguizian V, Destgeer G, Abu-Nada E, Alazzam A. A review on microfluidic-assisted nanoparticle synthesis, and their applications using multiscale simulation methods. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2023; 18:18. [PMID: 36800044 PMCID: PMC9936499 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-023-03792-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Recent years have witnessed an increased interest in the development of nanoparticles (NPs) owing to their potential use in a wide variety of biomedical applications, including drug delivery, imaging agents, gene therapy, and vaccines, where recently, lipid nanoparticle mRNA-based vaccines were developed to prevent SARS-CoV-2 causing COVID-19. NPs typically fall into two broad categories: organic and inorganic. Organic NPs mainly include lipid-based and polymer-based nanoparticles, such as liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, polymersomes, dendrimers, and polymer micelles. Gold and silver NPs, iron oxide NPs, quantum dots, and carbon and silica-based nanomaterials make up the bulk of the inorganic NPs. These NPs are prepared using a variety of top-down and bottom-up approaches. Microfluidics provide an attractive synthesis alternative and is advantageous compared to the conventional bulk methods. The microfluidic mixing-based production methods offer better control in achieving the desired size, morphology, shape, size distribution, and surface properties of the synthesized NPs. The technology also exhibits excellent process repeatability, fast handling, less sample usage, and yields greater encapsulation efficiencies. In this article, we provide a comprehensive review of the microfluidic-based passive and active mixing techniques for NP synthesis, and their latest developments. Additionally, a summary of microfluidic devices used for NP production is presented. Nonetheless, despite significant advancements in the experimental procedures, complete details of a nanoparticle-based system cannot be deduced from the experiments alone, and thus, multiscale computer simulations are utilized to perform systematic investigations. The work also details the most common multiscale simulation methods and their advancements in unveiling critical mechanisms involved in nanoparticle synthesis and the interaction of nanoparticles with other entities, especially in biomedical and therapeutic systems. Finally, an analysis is provided on the challenges in microfluidics related to nanoparticle synthesis and applications, and the future perspectives, such as large-scale NP synthesis, and hybrid formulations and devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulrahman Agha
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Waqas Waheed
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE
- System on Chip Center, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | | | | | - Ghulam Destgeer
- Department of Electrical Engineering, School of Computation, Information and Technology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Eiyad Abu-Nada
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Anas Alazzam
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE.
- System on Chip Center, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE.
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20
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Nsairat H, AlShaer W, Odeh F, Essawi E, Khater D, Bawab AA, El-Tanani M, Awidi A, Mubarak MS. Recent Advances in Using Liposomes for Delivery of Nucleic Acid-Based Therapeutics. OPENNANO 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.onano.2023.100132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
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21
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Yaghoobi A, Nazerian Y, Meymand AZ, Ansari A, Nazerian A, Niknejad H. Hypoxia-sensitive miRNA regulation via CRISPR/dCas9 loaded in hybrid exosomes: A novel strategy to improve embryo implantation and prevent placental insufficiency during pregnancy. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 10:1082657. [PMID: 36704201 PMCID: PMC9871368 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1082657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Assisted reproductive techniques as a new regenerative medicine approach have significantly contributed to solving infertility problems that affect approximately 15% of couples worldwide. However, the success rate of an in vitro fertilization (IVF) cycle remains only about 20%-30%, and 75% of these losses are due to implantation failure (the crucial rate-limiting step of gestation). Implantation failure and abnormal placenta formation are mainly caused by defective adhesion, invasion, and angiogenesis. Placental insufficiency endangers both the mother's and the fetus's health. Therefore, we suggested a novel treatment strategy to improve endometrial receptivity and implantation success rate. In this strategy, regulating mir-30d expression as an upstream transcriptomic modifier of the embryo implantation results in modified expression of the involved genes in embryonic adhesion, invasion, and angiogenesis and consequently impedes implantation failure. For this purpose, "scaffold/matrix attachment regions (S/MARs)" are employed as non-viral episomal vectors, transfecting into trophoblasts by exosome-liposome hybrid carriers. These vectors comprise CRISPR/dCas9 with a guide RNA to exclusively induce miR-30d gene expression in hypoxic stress conditions. In order to avoid concerns about the fetus's genetic manipulation, our vector would be transfected specifically into the trophoblast layer of the blastocyst via binding to trophoblast Erb-B4 receptors without entering the inner cell mass. Additionally, S/MAR episomal vectors do not integrate with the original cell DNA. As an on/off regulatory switch, a hypoxia-sensitive promoter (HRE) is localized upstream of dCas9. The miR-30d expression increases before and during the implantation and placental insufficiency conditions and is extinguished after hypoxia elimination. This hypothesis emphasizes that improving the adhesion, invasion, and angiogenesis in the uterine microenvironment during pregnancy will result in increased implantation success and reduced placental insufficiency, as a new insight in translational medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Yaghoobi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yasaman Nazerian
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arman Zeinaddini Meymand
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Ansari
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Hassan Niknejad
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,*Correspondence: Hassan Niknejad,
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22
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Intelligent nanotherapeutic strategies for the delivery of CRISPR system. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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23
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Updates on Responsive Drug Delivery Based on Liposome Vehicles for Cancer Treatment. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14102195. [PMID: 36297630 PMCID: PMC9608678 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14102195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Liposomes are well-known nanoparticles with a non-toxic nature and the ability to incorporate both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs simultaneously. As modern drug delivery formulations are produced by emerging technologies, numerous advantages of liposomal drug delivery systems over conventional liposomes or free drug treatment of cancer have been reported. Recently, liposome nanocarriers have exhibited high drug loading capacity, drug protection, improved bioavailability, enhanced intercellular delivery, and better therapeutic effect because of resounding success in targeting delivery. The site targeting of smart responsive liposomes, achieved through changes in their physicochemical and morphological properties, allows for the controlled release of active compounds under certain endogenous or exogenous stimuli. In that way, the multifunctional and stimuli-responsive nanocarriers for the drug delivery of cancer therapeutics enhance the efficacy of treatment prevention and fighting over metastases, while limiting the systemic side effects on healthy tissues and organs. Since liposomes constitute promising nanocarriers for site-targeted and controlled anticancer drug release, this review focuses on the recent progress of smart liposome achievements for anticancer drug delivery applications.
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24
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Allemailem KS, Alsahli MA, Almatroudi A, Alrumaihi F, Alkhaleefah FK, Rahmani AH, Khan AA. Current updates of CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing and targeting within tumor cells: an innovative strategy of cancer management. CANCER COMMUNICATIONS (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2022; 42:1257-1287. [PMID: 36209487 PMCID: PMC9759771 DOI: 10.1002/cac2.12366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-associated protein (CRISPR/Cas9), an adaptive microbial immune system, has been exploited as a robust, accurate, efficient and programmable method for genome targeting and editing. This innovative and revolutionary technique can play a significant role in animal modeling, in vivo genome therapy, engineered cell therapy, cancer diagnosis and treatment. The CRISPR/Cas9 endonuclease system targets a specific genomic locus by single guide RNA (sgRNA), forming a heteroduplex with target DNA. The Streptococcus pyogenes Cas9/sgRNA:DNA complex reveals a bilobed architecture with target recognition and nuclease lobes. CRISPR/Cas9 assembly can be hijacked, and its nanoformulation can be engineered as a delivery system for different clinical utilizations. However, the efficient and safe delivery of the CRISPR/Cas9 system to target tissues and cancer cells is very challenging, limiting its clinical utilization. Viral delivery strategies of this system may have many advantages, but disadvantages such as immune system stimulation, tumor promotion risk and small insertion size outweigh these advantages. Thus, there is a desperate need to develop an efficient non-viral physical delivery system based on simple nanoformulations. The delivery strategies of CRISPR/Cas9 by a nanoparticle-based system have shown tremendous potential, such as easy and large-scale production, combination therapy, large insertion size and efficient in vivo applications. This review aims to provide in-depth updates on Streptococcus pyogenic CRISPR/Cas9 structure and its mechanistic understanding. In addition, the advances in its nanoformulation-based delivery systems, including lipid-based, polymeric structures and rigid NPs coupled to special ligands such as aptamers, TAT peptides and cell-penetrating peptides, are discussed. Furthermore, the clinical applications in different cancers, clinical trials and future prospects of CRISPR/Cas9 delivery and genome targeting are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled S. Allemailem
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical SciencesQassim UniversityBuraydahSaudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed A Alsahli
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical SciencesQassim UniversityBuraydahSaudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad Almatroudi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical SciencesQassim UniversityBuraydahSaudi Arabia
| | - Faris Alrumaihi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical SciencesQassim UniversityBuraydahSaudi Arabia
| | | | - Arshad Husain Rahmani
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical SciencesQassim UniversityBuraydahSaudi Arabia
| | - Amjad Ali Khan
- Department of Basic Health SciencesCollege of Applied Medical SciencesQassim UniversityBuraydahSaudi Arabia
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25
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Rani V, Prabhu A. CRISPR-Cas9 based non-viral approaches in nanoparticle elicited therapeutic delivery. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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26
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Paez-Perez M, Russell IA, Cicuta P, Di Michele L. Modulating membrane fusion through the design of fusogenic DNA circuits and bilayer composition. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:7035-7044. [PMID: 36000473 PMCID: PMC9516350 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm00863g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Membrane fusion is a ubiquitous phenomenon linked to many biological processes, and represents a crucial step in liposome-based drug delivery strategies. The ability to control, ever more precisely, membrane fusion pathways would thus be highly valuable for next generation nano-medical solutions and, more generally, the design of advanced biomimetic systems such as synthetic cells. In this article, we present fusogenic nanostructures constructed from synthetic DNA which, different from previous solutions, unlock routes for modulating the rate of fusion and making it conditional to the presence of soluble DNA molecules, thus demonstrating how membrane fusion can be controlled through simple DNA-based molecular circuits. We then systematically explore the relationship between lipid-membrane composition, its biophysical properties, and measured fusion efficiency, linking our observations to the stability of transition states in the fusion pathway. Finally, we observe that specific lipid compositions lead to the emergence of complex bilayer architectures in the fusion products, such as nested morphologies, which are accompanied by alterations in biophysical behaviour. Our findings provide multiple, orthogonal strategies to program lipid-membrane fusion, which leverage the design of either the fusogenic DNA constructs or the physico/chemical properties of the membranes, and could thus be valuable in applications where some design parameters are constrained by other factors such as material cost and biocompatibility, as it is often the case in biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Paez-Perez
- Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK.
- fabriCELL, Imperial College London, Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - I Alasdair Russell
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Pietro Cicuta
- Biological and Soft Systems, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK.
| | - Lorenzo Di Michele
- Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK.
- fabriCELL, Imperial College London, Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK
- Biological and Soft Systems, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK.
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Nie D, Guo T, Yue M, Li W, Zong X, Zhu Y, Huang J, Lin M. Research Progress on Nanoparticles-Based CRISPR/Cas9 System for Targeted Therapy of Tumors. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12091239. [PMID: 36139078 PMCID: PMC9496048 DOI: 10.3390/biom12091239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a genetic mutation disease that seriously endangers the health and life of all human beings. As one of the most amazing academic achievements in the past decade, CRISPR/Cas9 technology has been sought after by many researchers due to its powerful gene editing capability. CRISPR/Cas9 technology shows great potential in oncology, and has become one of the most promising technologies for cancer genome-editing therapeutics. However, its efficiency and the safety issues of in vivo gene editing severely limit its widespread application. Therefore, developing a suitable delivery method for the CRISPR/Cas9 system is an urgent problem to be solved at present. Rapid advances in nanomedicine suggest nanoparticles could be a viable option. In this review, we summarize the latest research on the potential use of nanoparticle-based CRISPR/Cas9 systems in cancer therapeutics, in order to further their clinical application. We hope that this review will provide a novel insight into the CRISPR/Cas9 system and offer guidance for nanocarrier designs that will enable its use in cancer clinical applications.
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Non-Viral Delivery of CRISPR/Cas Cargo to the Retina Using Nanoparticles: Current Possibilities, Challenges, and Limitations. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14091842. [PMID: 36145593 PMCID: PMC9503525 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14091842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of the CRISPR/Cas system and its development into a powerful genome engineering tool have revolutionized the field of molecular biology and generated excitement for its potential to treat a wide range of human diseases. As a gene therapy target, the retina offers many advantages over other tissues because of its surgical accessibility and relative immunity privilege due to its blood–retinal barrier. These features explain the large advances made in ocular gene therapy over the past decade, including the first in vivo clinical trial using CRISPR gene-editing reagents. Although viral vector-mediated therapeutic approaches have been successful, they have several shortcomings, including packaging constraints, pre-existing anti-capsid immunity and vector-induced immunogenicity, therapeutic potency and persistence, and potential genotoxicity. The use of nanomaterials in the delivery of therapeutic agents has revolutionized the way genetic materials are delivered to cells, tissues, and organs, and presents an appealing alternative to bypass the limitations of viral delivery systems. In this review, we explore the potential use of non-viral vectors as tools for gene therapy, exploring the latest advancements in nanotechnology in medicine and focusing on the nanoparticle-mediated delivery of CRIPSR genetic cargo to the retina.
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Fang T, Cao X, Ibnat M, Chen G. Stimuli-responsive nanoformulations for CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing. J Nanobiotechnology 2022; 20:354. [PMID: 35918694 PMCID: PMC9344766 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-022-01570-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The CRISPR-Cas9 technology has changed the landscape of genome editing and has demonstrated extraordinary potential for treating otherwise incurable diseases. Engineering strategies to enable efficient intracellular delivery of CRISPR-Cas9 components has been a central theme for broadening the impact of the CRISPR-Cas9 technology. Various non-viral delivery systems for CRISPR-Cas9 have been investigated given their favorable safety profiles over viral systems. Many recent efforts have been focused on the development of stimuli-responsive non-viral CRISPR-Cas9 delivery systems, with the goal of achieving efficient and precise genome editing. Stimuli-responsive nanoplatforms are capable of sensing and responding to particular triggers, such as innate biological cues and external stimuli, for controlled CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing. In this Review, we overview the recent advances in stimuli-responsive nanoformulations for CRISPR-Cas9 delivery, highlight the rationale of stimuli and formulation designs, and summarize their biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianxu Fang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3G 0B1, Canada.,Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3G 0B1, Canada
| | - Xiaona Cao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3G 0B1, Canada.,Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3G 0B1, Canada.,School of Nursing, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Mysha Ibnat
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3G 0B1, Canada.,Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3G 0B1, Canada
| | - Guojun Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3G 0B1, Canada. .,Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3G 0B1, Canada.
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Zhi H, Zhou S, Pan W, Shang Y, Zeng Z, Zhang H. The Promising Nanovectors for Gene Delivery in Plant Genome Engineering. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158501. [PMID: 35955636 PMCID: PMC9368765 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly efficient gene delivery systems are essential for genetic engineering in plants. Traditional delivery methods have been widely used, such as Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, polyethylene glycol (PEG)-mediated delivery, biolistic particle bombardment, and viral transfection. However, genotype dependence and other drawbacks of these techniques limit the application of genetic engineering, particularly genome editing in many crop plants. There is a great need to develop newer gene delivery vectors or methods. Recently, nanomaterials such as mesoporous silica particles (MSNs), AuNPs, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and layer double hydroxides (LDHs), have emerged as promising vectors for the delivery of genome engineering tools (DNA, RNA, proteins, and RNPs) to plants in a species-independent manner with high efficiency. Some exciting results have been reported, such as the successful delivery of cargo genes into plants and the generation of genome stable transgenic cotton and maize plants, which have provided some new routines for genome engineering in plants. Thus, in this review, we summarized recent progress in the utilization of nanomaterials for plant genetic transformation and discussed the advantages and limitations of different methods. Furthermore, we emphasized the advantages and potential broad applications of nanomaterials in plant genome editing, which provides guidance for future applications of nanomaterials in plant genetic engineering and crop breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Zhi
- School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; (H.Z.); (S.Z.); (W.P.)
- Institute of Advanced Agricultural Science, Peking University, Weifang 261000, China;
| | - Shengen Zhou
- School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; (H.Z.); (S.Z.); (W.P.)
- Institute of Advanced Agricultural Science, Peking University, Weifang 261000, China;
| | - Wenbo Pan
- School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; (H.Z.); (S.Z.); (W.P.)
- Institute of Advanced Agricultural Science, Peking University, Weifang 261000, China;
| | - Yun Shang
- Institute of Advanced Agricultural Science, Peking University, Weifang 261000, China;
| | - Zhanghua Zeng
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, CAAS Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing 100081, China;
| | - Huawei Zhang
- Institute of Advanced Agricultural Science, Peking University, Weifang 261000, China;
- Correspondence:
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Jamehdor S, Pajouhanfar S, Saba S, Uzan G, Teimoori A, Naserian S. Principles and Applications of CRISPR Toolkit in Virus Manipulation, Diagnosis, and Virus-Host Interactions. Cells 2022; 11:999. [PMID: 35326449 PMCID: PMC8946942 DOI: 10.3390/cells11060999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses are one of the most important concerns for human health, and overcoming viral infections is a worldwide challenge. However, researchers have been trying to manipulate viral genomes to overcome various disorders, including cancer, for vaccine development purposes. CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) is becoming one of the most functional and widely used tools for RNA and DNA manipulation in multiple organisms. This approach has provided an unprecedented opportunity for creating simple, inexpensive, specific, targeted, accurate, and practical manipulations of viruses, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1), and vaccinia virus. Furthermore, this method can be used to make an effective and precise diagnosis of viral infections. Nevertheless, a valid and scientifically designed CRISPR system is critical to make more effective and accurate changes in viruses. In this review, we have focused on the best and the most effective ways to design sgRNA, gene knock-in(s), and gene knock-out(s) for virus-targeted manipulation. Furthermore, we have emphasized the application of CRISPR technology in virus diagnosis and in finding significant genes involved in virus-host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saleh Jamehdor
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan 989155432609, Iran;
| | - Sara Pajouhanfar
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA;
| | - Sadaf Saba
- Center for Molecular Medicine & Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA;
| | - Georges Uzan
- INSERM UMR-S-MD 1197, Hôpital Paul Brousse, 94800 Villejuif, France;
- Paris-Saclay University, 94800 Villejuif, France
| | - Ali Teimoori
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan 6517838738, Iran
| | - Sina Naserian
- INSERM UMR-S-MD 1197, Hôpital Paul Brousse, 94800 Villejuif, France;
- Paris-Saclay University, 94800 Villejuif, France
- CellMedEx, 94100 Saint Maur Des Fossés, France
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Chew BC, Liew FF, Tan HW, Chung I. Chemical Advances in Therapeutic Application of Exosomes and Liposomes. Curr Med Chem 2022; 29:4445-4473. [PMID: 35189798 DOI: 10.2174/0929867329666220221094044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes and liposomes are vesicular nanoparticles that can encapsulate functional cargo. The chemical similarities between naturally occurring exosomes and synthetic liposomes have accelerated the development of exosome mimetics as a therapeutic drug delivery platform under physiological and pathological environments. To maximise the applications of exosomes and liposomes in the clinical setting, it is essential to look into their basic chemical properties and utilise these characteristics to optimise the preparation, loading, modification and hybridisation. This review summarises the chemical and biological properties of both exosomal and liposomal systems as well as some of the challenges related to their production and application. This article concludes with a discussion on potential perspectives for the integration of exosomal and liposomal technologies in mapping better approaches for their biomedical use, especially in therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boon Cheng Chew
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Jalan Universiti, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Fong Fong Liew
- Department of Oral Biology and Biomedical Science, Faculty of Dentistry, MAHSA University, Jalan SP2, Bandar Saujana Putra, 42610 Jenjarom, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hsiao Wei Tan
- Institute of Research Management and Services, Research and Innovation Management Complex, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ivy Chung
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Jalan Universiti, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Thapa Magar K, Boafo GF, Li X, Chen Z, He W. Liposome-based delivery of biological drugs. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2021.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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34
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van Hees M, Slott S, Hansen AH, Kim HS, Ji HP, Astakhova K. New approaches to moderate CRISPR-Cas9 activity: Addressing issues of cellular uptake and endosomal escape. Mol Ther 2022; 30:32-46. [PMID: 34091053 PMCID: PMC8753288 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2021.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
CRISPR-Cas9 is rapidly entering molecular biology and biomedicine as a promising gene-editing tool. A unique feature of CRISPR-Cas9 is a single-guide RNA directing a Cas9 nuclease toward its genomic target. Herein, we highlight new approaches for improving cellular uptake and endosomal escape of CRISPR-Cas9. As opposed to other recently published works, this review is focused on non-viral carriers as a means to facilitate the cellular uptake of CRISPR-Cas9 through endocytosis. The majority of non-viral carriers, such as gold nanoparticles, polymer nanoparticles, lipid nanoparticles, and nanoscale zeolitic imidazole frameworks, is developed with a focus toward optimizing the endosomal escape of CRISPR-Cas9 by taking advantage of the acidic environment in the late endosomes. Among the most broadly used methods for in vitro and ex vivo ribonucleotide protein transfection are electroporation and microinjection. Thus, other delivery formats are warranted for in vivo delivery of CRISPR-Cas9. Herein, we specifically revise the use of peptide and nanoparticle-based systems as platforms for CRISPR-Cas9 delivery in vivo. Finally, we highlight future perspectives of the CRISPR-Cas9 gene-editing tool and the prospects of using non-viral vectors to improve its bioavailability and therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja van Hees
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Sofie Slott
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Heon Seok Kim
- School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94350, USA
| | - Hanlee P. Ji
- School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94350, USA
| | - Kira Astakhova
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark,Corresponding author: Kira Astakhova, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark.
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Jerzykiewicz J, Czogalla A. Polyethyleneimine-Based Lipopolyplexes as Carriers in Anticancer Gene Therapies. MATERIALS 2021; 15:ma15010179. [PMID: 35009324 PMCID: PMC8746209 DOI: 10.3390/ma15010179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Recent years have witnessed rapidly growing interest in application of gene therapies for cancer treatment. However, this strategy requires nucleic acid carriers that are both effective and safe. In this context, non-viral vectors have advantages over their viral counterparts. In particular, lipopolyplexes—nanocomplexes consisting of nucleic acids condensed with polyvalent molecules and enclosed in lipid vesicles—currently offer great promise. In this article, we briefly review the major aspects of developing such non-viral vectors based on polyethyleneimine and outline their properties in light of anticancer therapeutic strategies. Finally, examples of current in vivo studies involving such lipopolyplexes and possibilities for their future development are presented.
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Abstract
Genetic diseases present formidable hurdles in maintaining a good quality of life for those suffering from these ailments. Often, patients look to inadequate treatments to manage symptoms, which can result in harmful effects on the body. Through genetic engineering, scientists utilize the clustered regularly short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)-associated protein, known as Cas9, to treat the root of the problem. The Cas9 protein is often codelivered with guide RNAs or in ribonucleoprotein complexes (RNP) to ensure targeted delivery of the genetic tool as well as to limit off-target effects. This paper provides an overview of the current advances made toward the encapsulation and delivery of Cas9 to desired locations in the body through encapsulating nanoparticles. Several factors must be considered when employing the Cas9 system to allow gene editing to occur. Material selection is crucial to protect the payload of the delivery vector. Current literature indicates that lipid- and polymer-based nanoparticles show the most potential as delivery vessels for Cas9. Lipid nanoparticles greatly outpace polymer-based nanoparticles in the clinic, despite the benefits that polymers may introduce. When developing translatable systems, there are factors that have not yet been considered that are relevant to Cas9 delivery that are highlighted in this Viewpoint. The proper functioning of Cas9 is dependent on maintaining a proper internal environment; however, there are gaps in the literature regarding these optimal conditions. Interactions between charges of the Cas9 protein, codelivered molecules, and delivery vehicles could impact the effectiveness of the gene editing taking place. While the internal charges of nanoparticles and their effects on Cas9 are presently undetermined, nanoparticles currently offer the ideal delivery method for the Cas9 protein due to their adequate size, modifiable external charge, and ability to be modified. Overall, a cationic lipid-/polymer-based nanoparticle system was found to have the most prospects in Cas9 delivery thus far. By understanding the successes of other systems, translatable, polymer-based delivery vehicles may be developed.
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Pre-Clinical and Clinical Applications of Small Interfering RNAs (siRNA) and Co-Delivery Systems for Pancreatic Cancer Therapy. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123348. [PMID: 34943856 PMCID: PMC8699513 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PC) is one of the leading causes of death and is the fourth most malignant tumor in men. The epigenetic and genetic alterations appear to be responsible for development of PC. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) is a powerful genetic tool that can bind to its target and reduce expression level of a specific gene. The various critical genes involved in PC progression can be effectively targeted using diverse siRNAs. Moreover, siRNAs can enhance efficacy of chemotherapy and radiotherapy in inhibiting PC progression. However, siRNAs suffer from different off target effects and their degradation by enzymes in serum can diminish their potential in gene silencing. Loading siRNAs on nanoparticles can effectively protect them against degradation and can inhibit off target actions by facilitating targeted delivery. This can lead to enhanced efficacy of siRNAs in PC therapy. Moreover, different kinds of nanoparticles such as polymeric nanoparticles, lipid nanoparticles and metal nanostructures have been applied for optimal delivery of siRNAs that are discussed in this article. This review also reveals that how naked siRNAs and their delivery systems can be exploited in treatment of PC and as siRNAs are currently being applied in clinical trials, significant progress can be made by translating the current findings into the clinical settings.
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Cao G, Xuan X, Zhang R, Hu J, Dong H. Gene Therapy for Cardiovascular Disease: Basic Research and Clinical Prospects. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:760140. [PMID: 34805315 PMCID: PMC8602679 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.760140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the vital role of genetic factors in human diseases have been widely recognized by scholars with the deepening of life science research, accompanied by the rapid development of gene-editing technology. In early years, scientists used homologous recombination technology to establish gene knock-out and gene knock-in animal models, and then appeared the second-generation gene-editing technology zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs) and transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) that relied on nucleic acid binding proteins and endonucleases and the third-generation gene-editing technology that functioned through protein-nucleic acids complexes-CRISPR/Cas9 system. This holds another promise for refractory diseases and genetic diseases. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) has always been the focus of clinical and basic research because of its high incidence and high disability rate, which seriously affects the long-term survival and quality of life of patients. Because some inherited cardiovascular diseases do not respond well to drug and surgical treatment, researchers are trying to use rapidly developing genetic techniques to develop initial attempts. However, significant obstacles to clinical application of gene therapy still exists, such as insufficient understanding of the nature of cardiovascular disease, limitations of genetic technology, or ethical concerns. This review mainly introduces the types and mechanisms of gene-editing techniques, ethical concerns of gene therapy, the application of gene therapy in atherosclerosis and inheritable cardiovascular diseases, in-stent restenosis, and delivering systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genmao Cao
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xuezhen Xuan
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Ruijing Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jie Hu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Honglin Dong
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
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Yan T, Yang K, Chen C, Zhou Z, Shen P, Jia Y, Xue Y, Zhang Z, Shen X, Han X. Synergistic photothermal cancer immunotherapy by Cas9 ribonucleoprotein-based copper sulfide nanotherapeutic platform targeting PTPN2. Biomaterials 2021; 279:121233. [PMID: 34749073 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.121233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Photothermal therapy (PTT) is a promising strategy for the treatment of advanced malignant neoplasm. However, the anti-tumor efficacy by PTT alone is insufficient to control tumor growth and metastasis. Here, we report a multifunctional nanotherapeutic system exerting a combined PTT and immunotherapy to synergistically enhance the therapeutic effect on melanoma. In particular, we selected the semiconductor nanomaterial copper sulfide (CuS), which served not only as a near-infrared (NIR) light-triggered photothermal converter for tumor hyperthermia but as a basic carrier to modify Cas9 ribonucleoprotein targeting PTPN2 on its surface. Efficient PTPN2 depletion was observed after the treatment of CuS-RNP@PEI nanoparticles, which caused the accumulation of intratumoral infiltrating CD8 T lymphocytes in tumor-bearing mice and upregulated the expression levels of IFN-ᵧ and TNF-α in tumor tissue, thus sensitizing tumors to immunotherapy. In addition, the effect worked synergistically with tumor ablation and immunogenic cell death (ICD) induced by PTT to amplify anti-tumor efficacy. Taken together, this exogenously controlled method provides a simple and effective treatment option for advanced malignant neoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Kaiyong Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Chao Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Zhiruo Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Peiliang Shen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yuanyuan Jia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yu Xue
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Zhenyu Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Xu Shen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Xin Han
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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Jia L, Zhang P, Sun H, Dai Y, Liang S, Bai X, Feng L. Optimization of Nanoparticles for Smart Drug Delivery: A Review. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:2790. [PMID: 34835553 PMCID: PMC8622036 DOI: 10.3390/nano11112790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticle delivery systems have good application prospects in the treatment of various diseases, especially in cancer treatment. The effect of drug delivery is regulated by the properties of nanoparticles. There have been many studies focusing on optimizing the structure of nanoparticles in recent years, and a series of achievements have been made. This review summarizes the optimization strategies of nanoparticles from three aspects-improving biocompatibility, increasing the targeting efficiency of nanoparticles, and improving the drug loading rate of nanoparticles-aiming to provide some theoretical reference for the subsequent drug delivery of nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Jia
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China; (L.J.); (P.Z.); (H.S.); (Y.D.); (S.L.)
| | - Peng Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China; (L.J.); (P.Z.); (H.S.); (Y.D.); (S.L.)
| | - Hongyan Sun
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China; (L.J.); (P.Z.); (H.S.); (Y.D.); (S.L.)
| | - Yuguo Dai
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China; (L.J.); (P.Z.); (H.S.); (Y.D.); (S.L.)
| | - Shuzhang Liang
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China; (L.J.); (P.Z.); (H.S.); (Y.D.); (S.L.)
| | - Xue Bai
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China; (L.J.); (P.Z.); (H.S.); (Y.D.); (S.L.)
| | - Lin Feng
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China; (L.J.); (P.Z.); (H.S.); (Y.D.); (S.L.)
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
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Hausig F, Sobotta FH, Richter F, Harz DO, Traeger A, Brendel JC. Correlation between Protonation of Tailor-Made Polypiperazines and Endosomal Escape for Cytosolic Protein Delivery. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:35233-35247. [PMID: 34283557 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c00829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Responsive polymers, which become protonated at decreasing pH, are considered a milestone in the development of synthetic cell entry vectors. Exact correlations between their properties and their ability to escape the endosome, however, often remain elusive due to hydrophobic interactions or limitations in the design of water-soluble materials with suitable basicity. Here, we present a series of well-defined, hydrophilic polypiperazines, where systematic variation of the amino moiety facilitates an unprecedented fine-tuning of the basicity or pKa value within the physiologically relevant range (pH 6-7.4). Coincubation of HEK 293T cells with various probes, including small fluorophores or functioning proteins, revealed a rapid increase of endosomal release for polymers with pKa values above 6.5 or 7 in serum-free or serum-containing media, respectively. Similarly, cytotoxic effects became severe at increased pKa values (>7). Although the window for effective transport appears narrow, the discovered correlations offer a principal guideline for the design of effective polymers for endosomal escape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Hausig
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Fabian H Sobotta
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Friederike Richter
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Dominic O Harz
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Anja Traeger
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Johannes C Brendel
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
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Chen C, Ma Y, Du S, Wu Y, Shen P, Yan T, Li X, Song Y, Zha Z, Han X. Controlled CRISPR-Cas9 Ribonucleoprotein Delivery for Sensitized Photothermal Therapy. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2101155. [PMID: 34269521 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202101155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Manipulation of CRISPR delivery for stimuli-responsive gene editing is crucial for cancer therapeutics through maximizing efficacy and minimizing side-effects. However, realizing controlled gene editing for synergistic combination therapy remains a key challenge. Here, a near-infrared (NIR) light-triggered thermo-responsive copper sulfide (CuS) multifunctional nanotherapeutic platform is constructed to achieve controlled release of CRISPR-Cas9 ribonucleoprotein (RNP) and doxorubicin for tumor synergistic combination therapy involving in gene therapy, mild-photothermal therapy (PTT), and chemotherapy. The semiconductor CuS serves as a "photothermal converter" and can stably convert NIR light (808 nm) into local thermal effect to provide photothermal stimulation. The double-strand formed between CuS nanoparticle-linked DNA fragments and single-guide RNA is employed as a controlled element in response to photothermal stimulation for controlled gene editing and drug release. Hsp90α, one subunit of heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90), is targeted by Cas9 RNP to reduce tumor heat tolerance for enhanced mild-PTT effects (≈43 °C). Significant synergistic therapy efficacy can be observed by twice NIR light irradiation both in vitro and in vivo, compared to PTT alone. Overall, this exogenously controlled method provides a versatile strategy for controlled gene editing and drug release with potentially synergistic combination therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yupei Ma
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Shiyu Du
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yueyao Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Peiliang Shen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Tao Yan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Xueqing Li
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yujun Song
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Zhengbao Zha
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Xin Han
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
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Exosome/Liposome-like Nanoparticles: New Carriers for CRISPR Genome Editing in Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147456. [PMID: 34299081 PMCID: PMC8304373 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapid developments in the field of plant genome editing using clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein (Cas) systems necessitate more detailed consideration of the delivery of the CRISPR system into plants. Successful and safe editing of plant genomes is partly based on efficient delivery of the CRISPR system. Along with the use of plasmids and viral vectors as cargo material for genome editing, non-viral vectors have also been considered for delivery purposes. These non-viral vectors can be made of a variety of materials, including inorganic nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, liposomes, and protein- and peptide-based nanoparticles, as well as nanoscale polymeric materials. They have a decreased immune response, an advantage over viral vectors, and offer additional flexibility in their design, allowing them to be functionalized and targeted to specific sites in a biological system with low cytotoxicity. This review is dedicated to describing the delivery methods of CRISPR system into plants with emphasis on the use of non-viral vectors.
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Abdeen AA, Cosgrove BD, Gersbach CA, Saha K. Integrating Biomaterials and Genome Editing Approaches to Advance Biomedical Science. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 2021; 23:493-516. [PMID: 33909475 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-bioeng-122019-121602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The recent discovery and subsequent development of the CRISPR-Cas9 (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat-CRISPR-associated protein 9) platform as a precise genome editing tool have transformed biomedicine. As these CRISPR-based tools have matured, multiple stages of the gene editing process and the bioengineering of human cells and tissues have advanced. Here, we highlight recent intersections in the development of biomaterials and genome editing technologies. These intersections include the delivery of macromolecules, where biomaterial platforms have been harnessed to enable nonviral delivery of genome engineering tools to cells and tissues in vivo. Further, engineering native-like biomaterial platforms for cell culture facilitates complex modeling of human development and disease when combined with genome engineering tools. Deeper integration of biomaterial platforms in these fields could play a significant role in enabling new breakthroughs in the application of gene editing for the treatment of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amr A Abdeen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53715, USA
| | - Brian D Cosgrove
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Center for Advanced Genomic Technologies, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA;
| | - Charles A Gersbach
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Center for Advanced Genomic Technologies, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA; .,Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - Krishanu Saha
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53715, USA.,McPherson Eye Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, USA;
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Salekdeh PR, Ma'mani L, Tavakkoly-Bazzaz J, Mousavi H, Modarressi MH, Salekdeh GH. Bi-functionalized aminoguanidine-PEGylated periodic mesoporous organosilica nanoparticles: a promising nanocarrier for delivery of Cas9-sgRNA ribonucleoproteine. J Nanobiotechnology 2021; 19:95. [PMID: 33789675 PMCID: PMC8011395 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-021-00838-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a great interest in the efficient intracellular delivery of Cas9-sgRNA ribonucleoprotein complex (RNP) and its possible applications for in vivo CRISPR-based gene editing. In this study, a nanoporous mediated gene-editing approach has been successfully performed using a bi-functionalized aminoguanidine-PEGylated periodic mesoporous organosilica (PMO) nanoparticles (RNP@AGu@PEG1500-PMO) as a potent and biocompatible nanocarrier for RNP delivery. RESULTS The bi-functionalized MSN-based nanomaterials have been fully characterized using electron microscopy (TEM and SEM), nitrogen adsorption measurements, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Attenuated Total Reflectance-Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and dynamic light scattering (DLS). The results confirm that AGu@PEG1500-PMO can be applied for gene-editing with an efficiency of about 40% as measured by GFP gene knockdown of HT1080-GFP cells with no notable change in the morphology of the cells. CONCLUSIONS Due to the high stability and biocompatibility, simple synthesis, and cost-effectiveness, the developed bi-functionalized PMO-based nano-network introduces a tailored nanocarrier that has remarkable potential as a promising trajectory for biomedical and RNP delivery applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pardis Rahimi Salekdeh
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Ma'mani
- Department of Nanotechnology, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran (ABRII), Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran.
| | - Javad Tavakkoly-Bazzaz
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Mousavi
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Ghasem Hosseini Salekdeh
- Department of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran (ABRII), Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran.
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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46
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Briolay T, Petithomme T, Fouet M, Nguyen-Pham N, Blanquart C, Boisgerault N. Delivery of cancer therapies by synthetic and bio-inspired nanovectors. Mol Cancer 2021; 20:55. [PMID: 33761944 PMCID: PMC7987750 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-021-01346-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As a complement to the clinical development of new anticancer molecules, innovations in therapeutic vectorization aim at solving issues related to tumor specificity and associated toxicities. Nanomedicine is a rapidly evolving field that offers various solutions to increase clinical efficacy and safety. MAIN: Here are presented the recent advances for different types of nanovectors of chemical and biological nature, to identify the best suited for translational research projects. These nanovectors include different types of chemically engineered nanoparticles that now come in many different flavors of 'smart' drug delivery systems. Alternatives with enhanced biocompatibility and a better adaptability to new types of therapeutic molecules are the cell-derived extracellular vesicles and micro-organism-derived oncolytic viruses, virus-like particles and bacterial minicells. In the first part of the review, we describe their main physical, chemical and biological properties and their potential for personalized modifications. The second part focuses on presenting the recent literature on the use of the different families of nanovectors to deliver anticancer molecules for chemotherapy, radiotherapy, nucleic acid-based therapy, modulation of the tumor microenvironment and immunotherapy. CONCLUSION This review will help the readers to better appreciate the complexity of available nanovectors and to identify the most fitting "type" for efficient and specific delivery of diverse anticancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Briolay
- Université de Nantes, Inserm, CRCINA, F-44000, Nantes, France
| | | | - Morgane Fouet
- Université de Nantes, Inserm, CRCINA, F-44000, Nantes, France
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Poletto E, Baldo G. Creating cell lines for mimicking diseases. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2021; 181:59-87. [PMID: 34127202 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2021.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cell lines can be good models for the disease they are derived from but can also be used to study general physiological and pathological processes. They can also be used to generate cell models of diseases when primary cultures are not available. Recent genome editing tools have been very promising tools toward creating cell models to mimic diseases in vitro. In this chapter, we highlight techniques used to obtain genome-edited cell lines, including cell line selection, transfection and gene editing tools available, together with methods of phenotype characterization and, lastly, a few examples of how in vitro disease models were created using CRISPR-Cas9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edina Poletto
- Gene Therapy Center, Centro de Pesquisa Experimental, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Post-Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Baldo
- Gene Therapy Center, Centro de Pesquisa Experimental, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Post-Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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48
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Gohil N, Bhattacharjee G, Lam NL, Perli SD, Singh V. CRISPR-Cas systems: Challenges and future prospects. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2021; 180:141-151. [PMID: 33934835 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2021.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The advancement gained over the past couple of decades in clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and CRISPR associated proteins (CRISPR-Cas) systems have revolutionized the field of synthetic biology, therapeutics, diagnostics and metabolic engineering. The technique has enabled the process of genome editing to be very precise, rapid, cost-effective and highly efficient which were the downfalls for the previously debuted zinc finger nucleases (ZFN) and transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALEN) technologies. However, despite its great potential, challenges including off-target activity, method of delivery, ethical and regulatory issues still remain unresolved for the CRISPR-Cas systems. In this chapter, we present and point out the obstacles faced in implementation of the CRISPR-Cas system along with its future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisarg Gohil
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Indrashil University, Rajpur, Mehsana, Gujarat, India
| | - Gargi Bhattacharjee
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Indrashil University, Rajpur, Mehsana, Gujarat, India
| | - Navya Lavina Lam
- The J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Samuel D Perli
- The J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Vijai Singh
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Indrashil University, Rajpur, Mehsana, Gujarat, India.
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Martinez-Escobar A, Luna-Callejas B, Ramón-Gallegos E. CRISPR-dCas9-Based Artificial Transcription Factors to Improve Efficacy of Cancer Treatment With Drug Repurposing: Proposal for Future Research. Front Oncol 2021; 10:604948. [PMID: 33614489 PMCID: PMC7887379 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.604948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the high resistance that cancer has shown to conventional therapies, it is difficult to treat this disease, particularly in advanced stages. In recent decades, treatments have been improved, being more specific according to the characteristics of the tumor, becoming more effective, less toxic, and invasive. Cancer can be treated by the combination of surgery, radiation therapy, and/or drug administration, but therapies based on anticancer drugs are the main cancer treatment. Cancer drug development requires long-time preclinical and clinical studies and is not cost-effective. Drug repurposing is an alternative for cancer therapies development since it is faster, safer, easier, cheaper, and repurposed drugs do not have serious side effects. However, cancer is a complex, heterogeneous, and highly dynamic disease with multiple evolving molecular constituents. This tumor heterogeneity causes several resistance mechanisms in cancer therapies, mainly the target mutation. The CRISPR-dCas9-based artificial transcription factors (ATFs) could be used in cancer therapy due to their possibility to manipulate DNA to modify target genes, activate tumor suppressor genes, silence oncogenes, and tumor resistance mechanisms for targeted therapy. In addition, drug repurposing combined with the use of CRISPR-dCas9-based ATFs could be an alternative cancer treatment to reduce cancer mortality. The aim of this review is to describe the potential of the repurposed drugs combined with CRISPR-dCas9-based ATFs to improve the efficacy of cancer treatment, discussing the possible advantages and disadvantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Martinez-Escobar
- Environmental Cytopathology Laboratory, Department of Morphology, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Benjamín Luna-Callejas
- Environmental Cytopathology Laboratory, Department of Morphology, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Eva Ramón-Gallegos
- Environmental Cytopathology Laboratory, Department of Morphology, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
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50
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Barbour A, Glogauer J, Grinfeld L, Ostadsharif Memar R, Fine N, Tenenbaum H, Glogauer M. The role of CRISPR-Cas in advancing precision periodontics. J Periodontal Res 2021; 56:454-461. [PMID: 33452819 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The significant advancement of molecular biology has revolutionized medicine and provided important technologies to further clinical research development. Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) are DNA sequences derived from bacteriophages which have previously infected the bacterial species. The CRISPR-Cas system plays a key role in bacterial defense by detecting and destroying DNA fragments during subsequent bacteriophage invasions. The Cas9 enzyme recognizes and cleaves new invading CRISPR-complementary DNA sequences. Researchers have taken advantage of this biological device to manipulate microbes' genes and develop novel therapeutics to tackle systemic disease. In this review, we discuss the potential of utilizing CRISPR-Cas systems in the periodontal field to develop personalized periodontal care. We summarize promising attempts to bring this technology to the clinical setting. Finally, we provide insights regarding future developments to best utilize the CRISPR-Cas systems to advance precision periodontics. Although further research is imperative to evaluate the safety and potential of using CRISPR-Cas to develop precision periodontics approaches, few studies showed promising data to support the investment into this important technology in the dental sector. CRISPR-Cas9 can be a useful tool to create knockouts in vitro and in vivo as a screening tool to identify cellular pathways involved in the pathogenesis of periodontitis. Alternative CRISPR systems such as CRISPRa, CRISPRi, and Cas13 can be used to modify the transcriptome and gene expression of genes involved in periodontitis progression. CRISPR systems such as Cas3 can be used to target the periodontal biofilm and to develop new strategies to reduce or eliminate periodontal pathogens. Currently, the utility of CRISPR-Cas applications in clinical settings is limited. Through this review, we hope to foster further discussion in the periodontal research and clinical communities with respect to the potential clinical application of novel, CRISPR-Cas based, therapeutics for periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Judah Glogauer
- Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Lis Grinfeld
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Noah Fine
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Howard Tenenbaum
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Dentistry, Centre for Advanced Dental Research and Care, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michael Glogauer
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Dental Oncology, Maxillofacial and Ocular Prosthetics, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
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