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Zhang L, Zhu D, Jiang J, Min Z, Fa Z. The ubiquitin E3 ligase MDM2 induces chemoresistance in colorectal cancer by degradation of ING3. Carcinogenesis 2023; 44:562-575. [PMID: 37279970 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgad040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemoresistance is an obstacle for colorectal cancer (CRC) treatment. This study investigates the role of the ubiquitin E3 ligase MDM2 in affecting cell growth and chemosensitivity in CRC cells by modifying the transcription factor inhibitor of growth protein 3 (ING3). The expression of MDM2 and ING3 in CRC tissues was predicted by bioinformatics analysis, followed by expression validation and their interaction in CRC HCT116 and LS180 cells. Ectopic overexpression or knockdown of MDM2/ING3 was performed to test their effect on proliferation and apotptosis as well as chemosensitivity of CRC cells. Finally, the effect of MDM2/ING3 expression on the in vivo tumorigenesis of CRC cells was examined through subcutaneous tumor xenograft experiment in nude mice. MDM2 promoted ubiquitin-proteasome pathway degradation of ING3 through ubiquitination and diminished its protein stability. Overexpression of MDM2 downregulated ING3 expression, which promoted CRC cell proliferation and inhibited the apoptosis. The enhancing role of MDM2 in tumorigenesis and resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs was also confirmed in vivo. Our findings highlight that MDM2 modifies the transcription factor ING3 by ubiquitination-proteasome pathway degradation, thus reducing ING3 protein stability, which finally promotes CRC cell growth and chemoresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang Zhang
- General Surgery Department, Wujin Hospital Affiliated with Jiangsu University, The Wujin Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University, Changzhou 213004, P. R. China
| | - Dagang Zhu
- General Surgery Department, Wujin Hospital Affiliated with Jiangsu University, The Wujin Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University, Changzhou 213004, P. R. China
| | - Jiwen Jiang
- General Surgery Department, Wujin Hospital Affiliated with Jiangsu University, The Wujin Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University, Changzhou 213004, P. R. China
| | - Zhenyu Min
- General Surgery Department, Wujin Hospital Affiliated with Jiangsu University, The Wujin Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University, Changzhou 213004, P. R. China
| | - Zhenzhong Fa
- General Surgery Department, Wujin Hospital Affiliated with Jiangsu University, The Wujin Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University, Changzhou 213004, P. R. China
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2
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Azemin WA, Alias N, Ali AM, Shamsir MS. In silico analysis prediction of HepTH1-5 as a potential therapeutic agent by targeting tumour suppressor protein networks. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:1141-1167. [PMID: 34935583 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2021.2017349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Many studies reported that the activation of tumour suppressor protein, p53 induced the human hepcidin expression. However, its expression decreased when p53 was silenced in human hepatoma cells. Contrary to Tilapia hepcidin TH1-5, HepTH1-5 was previously reported to trigger the p53 activation through the molecular docking approach. The INhibitor of Growth (ING) family members are also shown to directly interact with p53 and promote cell cycle arrest, senescence, apoptosis and participate in DNA replication and DNA damage responses to suppress the tumour initiation and progression. However, the interrelation between INGs and HepTH1-5 remains unknown. Therefore, this study aims to identify the mechanism and their protein interactions using in silico approaches. The finding revealed that HepTH1-5 and its ligands had interacted mostly on hotspot residues of ING proteins which involved in histone modifications via acetylation, phosphorylation, and methylation. This proves that HepTH1-5 might implicate in an apoptosis signalling pathway and preserve the protein structure and function of INGs by reducing the perturbation of histone binding upon oxidative stress response. This study would provide theoretical guidance for the design and experimental studies to decipher the role of HepTH1-5 as a potential therapeutic agent for cancer therapy. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Atirah Azemin
- Faculty of Bioresources and Food Industry, School of Agriculture Science and Biotechnology, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Besut, Malaysia.,Faculty of Science, Bioinformatics Research Group (BIRG), Department of Biosciences, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Malaysia
| | - Nadiawati Alias
- Faculty of Bioresources and Food Industry, School of Agriculture Science and Biotechnology, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Besut, Malaysia
| | - Abdul Manaf Ali
- Faculty of Bioresources and Food Industry, School of Agriculture Science and Biotechnology, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Besut, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Shahir Shamsir
- Faculty of Science, Bioinformatics Research Group (BIRG), Department of Biosciences, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Malaysia.,Faculty of Applied Sciences and Technology, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Pagoh Higher Education Hub, Muar, Malaysia
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3
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Heliez L, Ricordel C, Becuwe P, Pedeux R. Newly identified tumor suppressor functions of ING proteins. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2023; 68:102324. [PMID: 36521226 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2022.102324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The INhibitor of Growth (ING) proteins (ING1, ING2, ING3, ING4 and ING5) are a family of epigenetic regulators. Their decreased expression in numerous cancers led to identifying the ING proteins as gatekeeper tumor suppressors as they regulate cell cycle progression, apoptosis and senescence. Subsequently, they were also described as caretaker tumor suppressors through their involvement in DNA replication and the DNA damage response (DDR). Recent studies have identified new interactions of the ING proteins with proteins or pathways implicated in cell proliferation, the maintenance of stem cells pluripotency or the DDR. Furthermore, the ING proteins have been identified as regulators of ribosomal RNA synthesis and of mRNA stability and as regulators of mitochondrial DNA transcription resulting in the regulation of metabolism. These new findings highlight new antitumorigenic activities of the ING proteins that are potential targets for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léane Heliez
- Univ Rennes 1, INSERM, OSS (Oncogenesis Stress Signaling), UMR_S 1242, CLCC Eugene Marquis, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - Charles Ricordel
- Univ Rennes 1, INSERM, OSS (Oncogenesis Stress Signaling), UMR_S 1242, CLCC Eugene Marquis, F-35000, Rennes, France; Service de Pneumologie, CHU de Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Philippe Becuwe
- Univ Rennes 1, INSERM, OSS (Oncogenesis Stress Signaling), UMR_S 1242, CLCC Eugene Marquis, F-35000, Rennes, France; Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, Université de Lorraine, 54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy CEDEX, France
| | - Rémy Pedeux
- Univ Rennes 1, INSERM, OSS (Oncogenesis Stress Signaling), UMR_S 1242, CLCC Eugene Marquis, F-35000, Rennes, France.
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4
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Zhang K, Wu Q, Liu W, Wang Y, Zhao L, Chen J, Liu H, Liu S, Li J, Zhang W, Zhan Q. FAM135B sustains the reservoir of Tip60-ATM assembly to promote DNA damage response. Clin Transl Med 2022; 12:e945. [PMID: 35979619 PMCID: PMC9386324 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, the mechanism by which cells adapt to intrinsic and extrinsic stresses has received considerable attention. Tat-interactive protein 60-kDa/ataxia-telangiectasia-mutated (TIP60/ATM) axis-mediated DNA damage response (DDR) is vital for maintaining genomic integrity. METHODS Protein levels were detected by western blot, protein colocalisation was examined by immunofluorescence (IF) and protein interactions were measured by co-immunoprecipitation, proximity ligation assay and GST pull-down assays. Flow cytometry, comet assay and IF assays were used to explore the biological functions of sequence similarity 135 family member B (FAM135B) in DDR. Xenograft tumour, FAM135B transgenic mouse models and immunohistochemistry were utilised to confirm in vitro observations. RESULTS We identified a novel DDR regulator FAM135B which could protect cancer cells from genotoxic stress in vitro and in vivo. The overexpression of FAM135B promoted the removal of γH2AX and 53BP1 foci, whereas the elimination of FAM135B attenuated these effects. Consistently, our findings revealed that FAM135B could promote homologous recombination and non-homologous end-joining repairs. Further study demonstrated that FAM135B physically bound to the chromodomain of TIP60 and improved its histone acetyltransferase activity. Moreover, FAM135B enhanced the interactions between TIP60 and ATM under resting conditions. Intriguingly, the protein levels of FAM135B dramatically decreased following DNA damage stress but gradually increased during the DNA repair period. Thus, we proposed a potential DDR mechanism where FAM135B sustains a reservoir of pre-existing TIP60-ATM assemblies under resting conditions. Once cancer cells suffer DNA damage, FAM135B is released from TIP60, and the functioning pre-assembled TIP60-ATM complex participates in DDR. CONCLUSIONS We characterised FAM135B as a novel DDR regulator and further elucidated the role of the TIP60-ATM axis in response to DNA damage, which suggests that targeting FAM135B in combination with radiation therapy or chemotherapy could be a potentially effective approach for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing)Laboratory of Molecular OncologyPeking University Cancer Hospital & InstituteBeijingChina
| | - Qingnan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing)Laboratory of Molecular OncologyPeking University Cancer Hospital & InstituteBeijingChina
- Research Unit of Molecular Cancer ResearchChinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Wenzhong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing)Laboratory of Molecular OncologyPeking University Cancer Hospital & InstituteBeijingChina
| | - Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing)Laboratory of Molecular OncologyPeking University Cancer Hospital & InstituteBeijingChina
- Research Unit of Molecular Cancer ResearchChinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Lianmei Zhao
- Research CenterThe Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical UniversityShijiazhuangHebeiChina
| | - Jie Chen
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing)Laboratory of Molecular OncologyPeking University Cancer Hospital & InstituteBeijingChina
- Research Unit of Molecular Cancer ResearchChinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Haoyu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing)Laboratory of Molecular OncologyPeking University Cancer Hospital & InstituteBeijingChina
| | - Siqi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing)Laboratory of Molecular OncologyPeking University Cancer Hospital & InstituteBeijingChina
| | - Jinting Li
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing)Laboratory of Molecular OncologyPeking University Cancer Hospital & InstituteBeijingChina
| | - Weimin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing)Laboratory of Molecular OncologyPeking University Cancer Hospital & InstituteBeijingChina
- Institute of Cancer ResearchShenzhen Bay LaboratoryShenzhenChina
- Research Unit of Molecular Cancer ResearchChinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingChina
- Department of OncologyCancer InstitutePeking University Shenzhen HospitalShenzhen Peking University‐Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (PKU‐HKUST) Medical CenterShenzhenChina
| | - Qimin Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing)Laboratory of Molecular OncologyPeking University Cancer Hospital & InstituteBeijingChina
- Institute of Cancer ResearchShenzhen Bay LaboratoryShenzhenChina
- Research Unit of Molecular Cancer ResearchChinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingChina
- Department of OncologyCancer InstitutePeking University Shenzhen HospitalShenzhen Peking University‐Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (PKU‐HKUST) Medical CenterShenzhenChina
- Peking University International Cancer InstituteBeijingChina
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5
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Su Y, Wu T, Yu XY, Huo WB, Wang SH, Huan C, Liu YM, Liu JM, Cui MN, Li XH, Yu JH. Inhibitory effect of tanshinone IIA, resveratrol and silibinin on enterovirus 68 production through inhibiting ATM and DNA-PK pathway. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 99:153977. [PMID: 35305353 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.153977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human enterovirus 68 (EV68) is a primary etiological agent for respiratory illnesses, while no effective drug has yet used in clinics largely because the pathogenesis of EV68 is not clear. DNA damage response (DDR) responds to cellular DNA breaks and is also involved in viral replication. Three DDR pathways includes ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM), ATM and Rad3-related (ATR), and DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK). Natural products proved to be an excellent source for the discovery and isolation of novel antivirals. Among them, tanshinone IIA, resveratrol, silibinin, rutin and quercetin are reported to target DDR, therefore their roles in anti-EV68 are investigated in this study. PURPOSE This study investigated the anti-EV68 ability of various natural compounds related to DDR. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS The methods include cell counting, flow cytometry, western blot, Immunofluorescence staining, comet assays, quantitative real-time RT PCR and short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) for analysis of cell number, cell cycle, protein expression, protein location, DNA damage, mRNA level and knock down target gene, respectively. RESULTS EV68 infection induced DDR. Down-regulation or inhibition of ATM or DNA-PK lowered DDR in EV68-infected cells and mitigated viral protein expression, however, down-regulation or inhibition of ATR unexpectedly up-regulated DDR, and promoted viral protein expression. Meanwhile tanshinone IIA, resveratrol, and silibinin inhibited ATM and/or DNA-PK activation and decreased viral proliferation, while rutin and quercetin inhibited ATR activation and promoted viral production. The role of them in ATM, DNA-PK and ATR activation was consistent with previous reports. CONCLUSION Tanshinone IIA, resveratrol and silibinin inhibited EV68 proliferation through inhibiting ATM and/or DNA-PK activation, and they were effective anti-EV68 candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Su
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China; Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ting Wu
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Yu
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wen-Bo Huo
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shao-Hua Wang
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chen Huan
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yu-Meng Liu
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jin-Ming Liu
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Min-Na Cui
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xin-Hua Li
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jing-Hua Yu
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China; Center for Pathogen Biology and Infectious Diseases, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
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6
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Song Y, Hou G, Diep J, Ooi YS, Akopyants NS, Beverley SM, Carette JE, Greenberg HB, Ding S. Inhibitor of growth protein 3 epigenetically silences endogenous retroviral elements and prevents innate immune activation. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:12706-12715. [PMID: 34791430 PMCID: PMC8682784 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab1070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) are subject to transcriptional repression in adult tissues, in part to prevent autoimmune responses. However, little is known about the epigenetic silencing of ERV expression. Here, we describe a new role for inhibitor of growth family member 3 (ING3), to add to an emerging group of ERV transcriptional regulators. Our results show that ING3 binds to several ERV promoters (for instance MER21C) and establishes an EZH2-mediated H3K27 trimethylation modification. Loss of ING3 leads to decreases of H3K27 trimethylation enrichment at ERVs, induction of MDA5-MAVS-interferon signaling, and functional inhibition of several virus infections. These data demonstrate an important new function of ING3 in ERV silencing and contributing to innate immune regulation in somatic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhua Song
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Palo Alto Veterans Institute of Research, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA.,Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Gaopeng Hou
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jonathan Diep
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yaw Shin Ooi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Natalia S Akopyants
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Stephen M Beverley
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jan E Carette
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Harry B Greenberg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Palo Alto Veterans Institute of Research, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Siyuan Ding
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
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7
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Ren H, Ma C, Peng H, Zhang B, Zhou L, Su Y, Gao X, Huang H. Micronucleus production, activation of DNA damage response and cGAS-STING signaling in syncytia induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection. Biol Direct 2021; 16:20. [PMID: 34674770 PMCID: PMC8530504 DOI: 10.1186/s13062-021-00305-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infection could cause severe acute respiratory syndrome, largely attributed to dysregulated immune activation and extensive lung tissue damage. However, the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Here, we reported that viral infection could induce syncytia formation within cells expressing ACE2 and the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, leading to the production of micronuclei with an average rate of about 4 per syncytium (> 93%). Remarkably, these micronuclei were manifested with a high level of activation of both DNA damage response and cGAS-STING signaling, as indicated by micronucleus translocation of γH2Ax and cGAS, and upregulation of their respective downstream target genes. Since activation of these signaling pathways were known to be associated with cellular catastrophe and aberrant immune activation, these findings help explain the pathological effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection at cellular and molecular levels, and provide novel potential targets for COVID-19 therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Ren
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital of Capital Medical University, 10 TIEYI Road, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Chaobing Ma
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital of Capital Medical University, 10 TIEYI Road, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Haoran Peng
- Department of Microbiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital of Capital Medical University, 10 TIEYI Road, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Lulin Zhou
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital of Capital Medical University, 10 TIEYI Road, Beijing, 100038, China
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Yan Su
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital of Capital Medical University, 10 TIEYI Road, Beijing, 100038, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230022, China
| | - Xiaoyan Gao
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital of Capital Medical University, 10 TIEYI Road, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Hongyan Huang
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital of Capital Medical University, 10 TIEYI Road, Beijing, 100038, China.
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A Novel Splice Variant of the Inhibitor of Growth 3 Lacks the Plant Homeodomain and Regulates Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Prostate Cancer Cells. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11081152. [PMID: 34439818 PMCID: PMC8392754 DOI: 10.3390/biom11081152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibitor of growth 3 (ING3) is one of five members of the ING tumour suppressor family, characterized by a highly conserved plant homeodomain (PHD) as a reader of the histone mark H3K4me3. ING3 was reported to act as a tumour suppressor in many different cancer types to regulate apoptosis. On the other hand, ING3 levels positively correlate with poor survival prognosis of prostate cancer (PCa) patients. In PCa cells, ING3 acts rather as an androgen receptor (AR) co-activator and harbours oncogenic properties in PCa. Here, we show the identification of a novel ING3 splice variant in both the human PCa cell line LNCaP and in human PCa patient specimen. The novel ING3 splice variant lacks exon 11, ING3∆ex11, which results in deletion of the PHD, providing a unique opportunity to analyse functionally the PHD of ING3 by a natural splice variant. Functionally, overexpression of ING3Δex11 induced morphological changes of LNCaP-derived 3D spheroids with generation of lumen and pore-like structures within spheroids. Since these structures are an indicator of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), key regulatory factors and markers for EMT were analysed. The data suggest that in contrast to ING3, ING3Δex11 specifically modulates the expression of key EMT-regulating upstream transcription factors and induces the expression of EMT markers, indicating that the PHD of ING3 inhibits EMT. In line with this, ING3 knockdown also induced the expression of EMT markers, confirming the impact of ING3 on EMT regulation. Further, ING3 knockdown induced cellular senescence via a pathway leading to cell cycle arrest, indicating an oncogenic role for ING3 in PCa. Thus, the data suggest that the ING3Δex11 splice variant lacking functional PHD exhibits oncogenic characteristics through triggering EMT in PCa cells.
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9
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ING2 tumor suppressive protein translocates into mitochondria and is involved in cellular metabolism homeostasis. Oncogene 2021; 40:4111-4123. [PMID: 34017078 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-01832-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
ING2 (Inhibitor of Growth 2) is a tumor suppressor gene that has been implicated in critical biological functions (cell-cycle regulation, replicative senescence, DNA repair and DNA replication), most of which are recognized hallmarks of tumorigenesis occurring in the cell nucleus. As its close homolog ING1 has been recently observed in the mitochondrial compartment, we hypothesized that ING2 could also translocate into the mitochondria and be involved in new biological functions. In the present study, we demonstrate that ING2 is imported in the inner mitochondrial fraction in a redox-sensitive manner in human cells and that this mechanism is modulated by 14-3-3η protein expression. Remarkably, ING2 is necessary to maintain mitochondrial ultrastructure integrity without interfering with mitochondrial networks or polarization. We observed an interaction between ING2 and mtDNA under basal conditions. This interaction appears to be mediated by TFAM, a critical regulator of mtDNA integrity. The loss of mitochondrial ING2 does not impair mtDNA repair, replication or transcription but leads to a decrease in mitochondrial ROS production, suggesting a detrimental impact on OXPHOS activity. We finally show using multiple models that ING2 is involved in mitochondrial respiration and that its loss confers a protection against mitochondrial respiratory chain inhibition in vitro. Consequently, we propose a new tumor suppressor role for ING2 protein in the mitochondria as a metabolic shift gatekeeper during tumorigenesis.
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10
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Li H, Zhang H, Tan X, Liu D, Guo R, Wang M, Tang Y, Zheng K, Chen W, Li H, Tan M, Wang K, Liu R, Tang S. Overexpression of ING3 is associated with attenuation of migration and invasion in breast cancer. Exp Ther Med 2021; 22:699. [PMID: 34007308 PMCID: PMC8120550 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibitor of growth 3 (ING3) has been identified as a potential cancer drug target, but little is known about its role in breast cancer. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate ING3 expression in breast cancer, its clinical value, and how ING3 influences the migration and invasion of breast cancer cells. The Cancer Genome Atlas and UALCAN databases were used to analyze ING3 expression in cancer tissues and normal tissues. Survival analysis was performed using the UALCAN, UCSC Xena and KM-plot databases. In addition, reverse transcription-quantitative PCR and western blot analyses were performed to detect ING3 mRNA and protein expression levels. ING3 was overexpressed via lentiviral vector transfection, while the Transwell and wound healing assays were performed to assess the cell migratory and invasive abilities. Protein interaction and pathway analyses were performed using the GeneMANIA and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes databases, respectively. The results demonstrated that ING3 expression was significantly lower in cancer tissues compared with normal tissues (P<0.05). In addition, luminal A and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-enriched breast cancer tissues expressed lower levels of ING3 compared with normal breast tissues. Notably, statistically significant differences were observed in long-term survival between patients with luminal A (P=0.04) and HER2-enriched (P=0.008) breast cancer, with high and low expression levels of ING3. The results of the Transwell migration and invasion assays demonstrated that overexpression of ING3 significantly inhibited the migratory and invasive abilities of MCF7 (P<0.05) and HCC1937 (P<0.05) cells. The results of the wound healing assay demonstrated that the percentage wound closure significantly decreased in cells transfected with LV5-ING3 compared with the negative control group at 12 h (P<0.05) and 24 h (P<0.01). The PI3K/AKT, JAK/STAT, NF-κB and Wnt/β-catenin pathways are the potential pathways regulated by ING3. Notably, overexpression of ING3 inhibited migration and invasion in vitro. However, further studies are required to determine whether ING3 regulates the biological behavior of breast cancer via tumor-related pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimeng Li
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Cancer Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan 650118, P.R. China
| | - Hengyu Zhang
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Cancer Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan 650118, P.R. China
| | - Xin Tan
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Cancer Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan 650118, P.R. China
| | - Dequan Liu
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Cancer Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan 650118, P.R. China
| | - Rong Guo
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Cancer Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan 650118, P.R. China
| | - Maohua Wang
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Cancer Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan 650118, P.R. China
| | - Yiyin Tang
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Cancer Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan 650118, P.R. China
| | - Kai Zheng
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Cancer Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan 650118, P.R. China
| | - Wenlin Chen
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Cancer Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan 650118, P.R. China
| | - Hongwan Li
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Cancer Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan 650118, P.R. China
| | - Mingjian Tan
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Cancer Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan 650118, P.R. China
| | - Ke Wang
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Cancer Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan 650118, P.R. China
| | - Rui Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650101, P.R. China
| | - Shicong Tang
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Cancer Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan 650118, P.R. China
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11
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Jacquet K, Binda O. ING Proteins: Tumour Suppressors or Oncoproteins. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13092110. [PMID: 33925563 PMCID: PMC8123807 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13092110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The INhibitor of Growth family was defined in the mid-1990s by the identification of a tumour suppressor, ING1, and subsequent expansion of the family based essentially on sequence similarities. However, later work and more recent investigations demonstrate that at least a few ING proteins are actually required for normal proliferation of eukaryotic cells, from yeast to human. ING proteins are also part of a larger family of chromatin-associated factors marked by a plant homeodomain (PHD), which mediates interactions with methylated lysine residues. Herein, we discuss the role of ING proteins and their various roles in chromatin signalling in the context of cancer development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Jacquet
- Institut NeuroMyoGène (INMG), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5310, INSERM U 1217, 69008 Lyon, France;
| | - Olivier Binda
- Institut NeuroMyoGène (INMG), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5310, INSERM U 1217, 69008 Lyon, France;
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
- Correspondence:
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12
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Li X, Ding D, Chen W, Liu Y, Pan H, Hu J. Growth differentiation factor 11 mitigates cardiac radiotoxicity via activating AMPKα. Free Radic Res 2021; 55:176-185. [PMID: 33557626 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2021.1885653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac radiotoxicity largely impedes the therapeutic benefits of radiotherapy to malignancies. Growth differentiation factor 11 (GDF11) is implicated in the pathogenesis of cardiac diseases under different pathological conditions. This study aims to investigate the role and underlying mechanisms of GDF11 on cardiac radiotoxicity. Mice were injected with cardiotropic adeno-associated virus 9 carrying the full-length mouse GDF11 gene or negative control under a cTnT promoter from the tail vein, and then received a single dose of 20 Gray (Gy) whole-heart irradiation (WHI) for 16 weeks to imitate cardiac radiotoxicity. Compound C (CC, 20 mg/kg) was intraperitoneally injected every two days at 1 week before WHI stimulation to inhibit 5' AMP-activated protein kinase α (AMPKα). Cardiac GDF11 expression was significantly suppressed at both the protein and mRNA levels. GDF11 overexpression decreased oxidative stress, apoptosis, and fibrosis in radiated hearts, thereby mitigating cardiac radiotoxicity, and dysfunction. Further detection revealed that GDF11 activated AMPKα to reduce radiation-induced oxidative damage and that AMPKα inhibition by CC offset the cardioprotective effects by GDF11. GDF11 mitigates cardiac radiotoxicity via activating AMPKα and it is a promising candidate to treat cardiac radiotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Li
- Department of Ultrasound Imaging, Hubei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Dong Ding
- Department of Radiology, Hubei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Ultrasound Imaging, Hubei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Radiology, Hubei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Haisong Pan
- Department of Radiology, Hubei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Jun Hu
- Department of Radiology, Hubei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, PR China
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13
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Wang C, Li J. A Deep Learning Framework Identifies Pathogenic Noncoding Somatic Mutations from Personal Prostate Cancer Genomes. Cancer Res 2020; 80:4644-4654. [PMID: 32907840 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-20-1791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Our understanding of noncoding mutations in cancer genomes has been derived primarily from mutational recurrence analysis by aggregating clinical samples on a large scale. These cohort-based approaches cannot directly identify individual pathogenic noncoding mutations from personal cancer genomes. Therefore, although most somatic mutations are localized in the noncoding cancer genome, their effects on driving tumorigenesis and progression have not been systematically explored and noncoding somatic alleles have not been leveraged in current clinical practice to guide personalized screening, diagnosis, and treatment. Here, we present a deep learning framework to capture pathogenic noncoding mutations in personal cancer genomes, which perturb gene regulation by altering chromatin architecture. We deployed the system specifically for localized prostate cancer by integrating large-scale prostate cancer genomes and the prostate-specific epigenome. We exhaustively evaluated somatic mutations in each patient's genome and agnostically identified thousands of somatic alleles altering the prostate epigenome. Functional genomic analyses subsequently demonstrated that affected genes displayed differential expression in prostate tumor samples, were vulnerable to expression alterations, and were convergent onto androgen receptor-mediated signaling pathways. Accumulation of pathogenic regulatory mutations in these affected genes was predictive of clinical observations, suggesting potential clinical utility of this approach. Overall, the deep learning framework has significantly expanded our view of somatic mutations in the vast noncoding genome, uncovered novel genes in localized prostate cancer, and will foster the development of personalized screening and therapeutic strategies for prostate cancer. SIGNIFICANCE: This study's characterization of the noncoding genome in prostate cancer reveals mutational signatures predictive of clinical observations, which may serve as a powerful prognostic tool in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Wang
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, The Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, The Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Jingjing Li
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, The Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, The Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.
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14
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Tang HL, Xu L, Chen XQ. [Bortezomib interferes with DNA repair and exerts synergistic anti-multiple myeloma activity with doxorubicin]. ZHONGHUA XUE YE XUE ZA ZHI = ZHONGHUA XUEYEXUE ZAZHI 2020; 41:417-421. [PMID: 32536140 PMCID: PMC7342068 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-2727.2020.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H L Tang
- Department of Hematology, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Hematologic Diseases Center of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - L Xu
- Department of Hematology, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Hematologic Diseases Center of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - X Q Chen
- Department of Hematology, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Hematologic Diseases Center of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Xi'an 710032, China
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15
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[Bortezomib interferes with DNA repair and exerts synergistic anti-multiple myeloma activity with doxorubicin]. ZHONGHUA XUE YE XUE ZA ZHI = ZHONGHUA XUEYEXUE ZAZHI 2020; 41. [PMID: 32536140 PMCID: PMC7342068 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-2727.2020.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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16
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Fink D, Yau T, Nabbi A, Wagner B, Wagner C, Hu SM, Lang V, Handschuh S, Riabowol K, Rülicke T. Loss of Ing3 Expression Results in Growth Retardation and Embryonic Death. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 12:cancers12010080. [PMID: 31905726 PMCID: PMC7017303 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12010080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The ING3 candidate tumour suppressor belongs to a family of histone modifying proteins involved in regulating cell proliferation, senescence, apoptosis, chromatin remodeling, and DNA repair. It is a stoichiometric member of the minimal NuA4 histone acetyl transferase (HAT) complex consisting of EAF6, EPC1, ING3, and TIP60. This complex is responsible for the transcription of an essential cascade of genes involved in embryonic development and in tumour suppression. ING3 has been linked to head and neck and hepatocellular cancers, although its status as a tumour suppressor has not been well established. Recent studies suggest a pro-metastasis role in prostate cancer progression. Here, we describe a transgenic mouse strain with insertional mutation of an UbC-mCherry expression cassette into the endogenous Ing3 locus, resulting in the disruption of ING3 protein expression. Homozygous mutants are embryonically lethal, display growth retardation, and severe developmental disorders. At embryonic day (E) 10.5, the last time point viable homozygous embryos were found, they were approximately half the size of heterozygous mice that develop normally. µCT analysis revealed a developmental defect in neural tube closure, resulting in the failure of formation of closed primary brain vesicles in homozygous mid-gestation embryos. This is consistent with high ING3 expression levels in the embryonic brains of heterozygous and wild type mice and its lack in homozygous mutant embryos that show a lack of ectodermal differentiation. Our data provide direct evidence that ING3 is an essential factor for normal embryonic development and that it plays a fundamental role in prenatal brain formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Fink
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (T.Y.); (B.W.); (S.M.H.); (V.L.); (T.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43-(0)-1-25077-2820
| | - Tienyin Yau
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (T.Y.); (B.W.); (S.M.H.); (V.L.); (T.R.)
| | - Arash Nabbi
- Departments of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and Oncology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; (A.N.); (K.R.)
| | - Bettina Wagner
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (T.Y.); (B.W.); (S.M.H.); (V.L.); (T.R.)
| | - Christine Wagner
- Division of Immunology, Allergy and Infectious Diseases (DIAID), Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Shiting Misaki Hu
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (T.Y.); (B.W.); (S.M.H.); (V.L.); (T.R.)
| | - Viktor Lang
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (T.Y.); (B.W.); (S.M.H.); (V.L.); (T.R.)
| | - Stephan Handschuh
- VetImaging, VetCore Facility for Research, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Karl Riabowol
- Departments of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and Oncology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; (A.N.); (K.R.)
| | - Thomas Rülicke
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (T.Y.); (B.W.); (S.M.H.); (V.L.); (T.R.)
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17
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Archambeau J, Blondel A, Pedeux R. Focus-ING on DNA Integrity: Implication of ING Proteins in Cell Cycle Regulation and DNA Repair Modulation. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 12:cancers12010058. [PMID: 31878273 PMCID: PMC7017203 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12010058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The ING family of tumor suppressor genes is composed of five members (ING1-5) involved in cell cycle regulation, DNA damage response, apoptosis and senescence. All ING proteins belong to various HAT or HDAC complexes and participate in chromatin remodeling that is essential for genomic stability and signaling pathways. The gatekeeper functions of the INGs are well described by their role in the negative regulation of the cell cycle, notably by modulating the stability of p53 or the p300 HAT activity. However, the caretaker functions are described only for ING1, ING2 and ING3. This is due to their involvement in DNA repair such as ING1 that participates not only in NERs after UV-induced damage, but also in DSB repair in which ING2 and ING3 are required for accumulation of ATM, 53BP1 and BRCA1 near the lesion and for the subsequent repair. This review summarizes evidence of the critical roles of ING proteins in cell cycle regulation and DNA repair to maintain genomic stability.
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18
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Dantas A, Al Shueili B, Yang Y, Nabbi A, Fink D, Riabowol K. Biological Functions of the ING Proteins. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1817. [PMID: 31752342 PMCID: PMC6896041 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11111817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The proteins belonging to the inhibitor of growth (ING) family of proteins serve as epigenetic readers of the H3K4Me3 histone mark of active gene transcription and target histone acetyltransferase (HAT) or histone deacetylase (HDAC) protein complexes, in order to alter local chromatin structure. These multidomain adaptor proteins interact with numerous other proteins to facilitate their localization and the regulation of numerous biochemical pathways that impinge upon biological functions. Knockout of some of the ING genes in murine models by various groups has verified their status as tumor suppressors, with ING1 knockout resulting in the formation of large clear-cell B-lymphomas and ING2 knockout increasing the frequency of ameloblastomas, among other phenotypic effects. ING4 knockout strongly affects innate immunity and angiogenesis, and INGs1, ING2, and ING4 have been reported to affect apoptosis in different cellular models. Although ING3 and ING5 knockouts have yet to be published, preliminary reports indicate that ING3 knockout results in embryonic lethality and that ING5 knockout may have postpartum effects on stem cell maintenance. In this review, we compile the known information on the domains of the INGs and the effects of altering ING protein expression, to better understand the functions of this adaptor protein family and its possible uses for targeted cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Dantas
- Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Oncology, University of Calgary, 374 HMRB, 3330 Hospital Dr. NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; (A.D.); (B.A.S.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Buthaina Al Shueili
- Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Oncology, University of Calgary, 374 HMRB, 3330 Hospital Dr. NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; (A.D.); (B.A.S.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Yang Yang
- Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Oncology, University of Calgary, 374 HMRB, 3330 Hospital Dr. NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; (A.D.); (B.A.S.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Arash Nabbi
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Dieter Fink
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Department for Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Karl Riabowol
- Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Oncology, University of Calgary, 374 HMRB, 3330 Hospital Dr. NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; (A.D.); (B.A.S.); (Y.Y.)
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19
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Abstract
Alterations in DNA damage response (DDR) pathways are hallmarks of cancer. Incorrect repair of DNA lesions often leads to genomic instability. Ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM), a core component of the DNA repair system, is activated to enhance the homologous recombination (HR) repair pathway upon DNA double-strand breaks. Although ATM signaling has been widely studied in different types of cancer, its research is still lacking compared with other DDR-involved molecules such as PARP and ATR. There is still a vast research opportunity for the development of ATM inhibitors as anticancer agents. Here, we focus on the recent findings of ATM signaling in DNA repair of cancer. Previous studies have identified several partners of ATM, some of which promote ATM signaling, while others have the opposite effect. ATM inhibitors, including KU-55933, KU-60019, KU-59403, CP-466722, AZ31, AZ32, AZD0156, and AZD1390, have been evaluated for their antitumor effects. It has been revealed that ATM inhibition increases a cancer cell's sensitivity to radiotherapy. Moreover, the combination with PARP or ATR inhibitors has synergistic lethality in some cancers. Of note, among these ATM inhibitors, AZD0156 and AZD1390 achieve potent and highly selective ATM kinase inhibition and have an excellent ability to penetrate the blood-brain barrier. Currently, AZD0156 and AZD1390 are under investigation in phase I clinical trials. Taken together, targeting ATM may be a promising strategy for cancer treatment. Hence, further development of ATM inhibitors is urgently needed in cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Hua Jin
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Do-Youn Oh
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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