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Zhang W, Wang M, Ji C, Liu X, Gu B, Dong T. Macrophage polarization in the tumor microenvironment: Emerging roles and therapeutic potentials. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 177:116930. [PMID: 38878638 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a combination of tumor cells and indigenous host stroma, which consists of tumor-infiltrating immune cells, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, pericytes, and non-cellular elements. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) represent the major tumor-infiltrating immune cell type and are generally polarized into two functionally contradictory subtypes, namely classical activated M1 macrophages and alternatively activated M2 macrophages. Macrophage polarization refers to how macrophages are activated at a given time and space. The interplay between the TME and macrophage polarization can influence tumor initiation and progression, making TAM a potential target for cancer therapy. Here, we review the latest investigations on factors orchestrating macrophage polarization in the TME, how macrophage polarization affects tumor progression, and the perspectives in modulating macrophage polarization for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenru Zhang
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Mengmeng Wang
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Chonghao Ji
- Department of Implantology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Xiaohui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 2A Nanwei Road, Xicheng District, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Bowen Gu
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, United States.
| | - Ting Dong
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China.
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2
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Liu W, Kuang T, Liu L, Deng W. The role of innate immune cells in the colorectal cancer tumor microenvironment and advances in anti-tumor therapy research. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1407449. [PMID: 39100676 PMCID: PMC11294098 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1407449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Innate immune cells in the colorectal cancer microenvironment mainly include macrophages, neutrophils, natural killer cells, dendritic cells and bone marrow-derived suppressor cells. They play a pivotal role in tumor initiation and progression through the secretion of diverse cytokines, chemokines, and other factors that govern these processes. Colorectal cancer is a common malignancy of the gastrointestinal tract, and understanding the role of innate immune cells in the microenvironment of CRC may help to improve therapeutic approaches to CRC and increase the good prognosis. In this review, we comprehensively explore the pivotal role of innate immune cells in the initiation and progression of colorectal cancer (CRC), alongside an extensive evaluation of the current landscape of innate immune cell-based immunotherapies, thereby offering valuable insights for future research strategies and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Wenhong Deng
- Department of General Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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3
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Feng Y, Qiao S, Chen J, Wen X, Chen Y, Song X, Xu J, Qiao X, Yang J, Zhang S, Feng Y, Gao Y. M2-Type Macrophages and Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts Combine to Promote Colorectal Cancer Liver Metastases. Onco Targets Ther 2024; 17:243-260. [PMID: 38558848 PMCID: PMC10981424 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s447502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose This research explored the association between CD163-labeled M2-type macrophages and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) in the tumor microenvironment (TME) of 38 colorectal cancer (CRC) liver metastases. In addition, we investigated the correlation differences between M2-type macrophages and CAFs in the tumor microenvironments of 38 primary colorectal cancer patients with confirmed liver metastases and 946 colorectal cancer patients, as well as possible mechanisms of action between the two cells. Methods The Immunohistochemistry (IHC) method was applied to detect the expression levels of M2-type macrophages and CAFs in the tissues of 984 cases of CRC and to analyze the correlation between M2-type macrophages and CAFs in colorectal cancer tissues. The IHC method was also applied to detect the expression levels of M2-type macrophages and CAFs in the liver metastases of 38 cases of CRC in the experimental group and to analyze the correlation between the two cells in liver metastases. Results 1. M2-type macrophages and CAFs expression were significantly higher in 38 primary colorectal cancer patients compared to 946 controls, and the expression of M2-type macrophages was significantly positively correlated with CAFs. 2. In 984 CRC cases, M2-type macrophages and CAFs expression levels were significantly higher in the cancer tissues than in the paired paracancerous tissues. 3. The expression levels of M2-type macrophages and CAFs in primary colorectal cancer were significantly higher in the experimental group than in colorectal cancer tissues without distant metastasis. Conclusion M2-type macrophages and CAFs are involved in the development of the colorectal cancer tumor microenvironment, and their interaction influences the initiation and progression of liver metastasis in colorectal cancer. It may provide new clinical ideas for early diagnosis of CRC liver metastases and searching for immune targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunpeng Feng
- The Second Ward of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, 12100, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shifeng Qiao
- The Second Ward of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, 12100, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie Chen
- The Second Ward of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, 12100, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin Wen
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, 12100, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanlei Chen
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyu Song
- The Second Ward of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, 12100, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiaxin Xu
- The Second Ward of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, 12100, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiucheng Qiao
- The Second Ward of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, 12100, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, 12100, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shenshen Zhang
- The Second Ward of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, 12100, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang Feng
- The Second Ward of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, 12100, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu Gao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, 12100, People’s Republic of China
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Kawamura I, Ohe R, Suzuki K, Kabasawa T, Kitaoka T, Takahara D, Kono M, Uchiyama N, Musha H, Futakuchi M, Motoi F. Neighboring macrophage-induced alteration in the phenotype of colorectal cancer cells in the tumor budding area. Cancer Cell Int 2024; 24:107. [PMID: 38486225 PMCID: PMC10938821 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-024-03292-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A higher number of tumor buds in the invasive front of colorectal cancer (CRC) specimens has been shown to contribute to a poor prognosis in CRC patients. Because macrophages (Mφs) have been demonstrated to alter the phenotype of cancer cells, we hypothesized that the phenotype of CRC cells in the tumor budding (TB) area might be changed by the interaction between CRC cells and Mφs. METHODS We assessed the expression of topoisomerase 1 in CRC cells to estimate the acquisition of chemoresistance in CRC. To demonstrate the tumor-stromal interaction between CRC cells and Mφs, we assessed two histological findings, the number of Mφs per single CRC cell and the proximity between CRC cells and Mφs by histological spatial analysis using HALO software. RESULTS The expression levels of topoisomerase 1 in CRC cells were decreased in deeper areas, especially in the TB area, compared to the surface area. Our histological spatial analysis revealed that 2.6 Mφs located within 60 μm of a single CRC cell were required to alter the phenotype of the CRC cell. Double-immunofluorescence staining revealed that higher Mφs were positive for interleukin-6 (IL-6) in the TB area and that AE1/AE3-positive CRC cells were also positive for phospho-STAT3 (pSTAT3) in the TB area; thus, the IL-6 receptor (IL-6R)/STAT3 signaling pathway in CRC cells was upregulated by IL-6 derived from neighboring Mφs. CONCLUSION IL-6 secreted from the neighboring Mφs would alter the phenotype of CRC cells via IL-6R/STAT3 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ichiro Kawamura
- Department of Surgery I, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
- Department of Pathology, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata, 990-9585, Japan
| | - Rintaro Ohe
- Department of Pathology, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata, 990-9585, Japan.
| | - Kazushi Suzuki
- Department of Pathology, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata, 990-9585, Japan
| | - Takanobu Kabasawa
- Department of Pathology, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata, 990-9585, Japan
| | - Takumi Kitaoka
- Department of Pathology, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata, 990-9585, Japan
| | - Daiichiro Takahara
- Department of Pathology, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata, 990-9585, Japan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Michihisa Kono
- Department of Surgery I, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
- Department of Pathology, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata, 990-9585, Japan
| | - Naoya Uchiyama
- Department of Pathology, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata, 990-9585, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Musha
- Department of Surgery I, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Futakuchi
- Department of Pathology, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata, 990-9585, Japan
| | - Fuyuhiko Motoi
- Department of Surgery I, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
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Sun M, Zhong X, Dai M, Feng X, Tang C, Cao L, Liu L. Antibacterial microneedle patch releases oxygen to enhance diabetic wound healing. Mater Today Bio 2024; 24:100945. [PMID: 38229885 PMCID: PMC10789642 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2024.100945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Cell growth and metabolism require an adequate supply of oxygen. However, obtaining sufficient oxygen from the blood circulating around diabetic wounds is challenging. Nevertheless, achieving a continuous and stable oxygen supply is required for these wounds to heal. Hence, in this study, we report a novel antibacterial oxygen-producing silk fibroin methacryloyl hydrogel microneedle (MN) patch comprising tips encapsulated with calcium peroxide and catalase and a base coated with antibacterial Ag nanoparticles (AgNPs). The tip of the MN patch continuously releases oxygen and inhibits the production of reactive oxygen species. This accelerates diabetic wound healing by promoting cellular accretion and migration, macrophage M2 polarization, and angiogenesis. The AgNPs at the base of the MN patch effectively combat microbial infection, further facilitating wound repair. These findings suggest that using this multifunctional oxygen-producing MN patch may be a promising strategy for diabetic wound healing in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengli Sun
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325200, China
| | - Xiqiang Zhong
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325200, China
| | - Minghai Dai
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325200, China
| | - Xujun Feng
- Jiujiang City Key Laboratory of Cell Therapy, The First Hospital of Jiujiang City, Jiujiang, 332000, China
| | - Chengxuan Tang
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325200, China
| | - Lingling Cao
- Jiujiang City Key Laboratory of Cell Therapy, The First Hospital of Jiujiang City, Jiujiang, 332000, China
| | - Liangle Liu
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325200, China
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6
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Hou S, Zhao Y, Chen J, Lin Y, Qi X. Tumor-associated macrophages in colorectal cancer metastasis: molecular insights and translational perspectives. J Transl Med 2024; 22:62. [PMID: 38229160 PMCID: PMC10792812 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-024-04856-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is the leading cause of high mortality in colorectal cancer (CRC), which is not only driven by changes occurring within the tumor cells, but is also influenced by the dynamic interaction between cancer cells and components in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Currently, the exploration of TME remodeling and its impact on CRC metastasis has attracted increasing attention owing to its potential to uncover novel therapeutic avenues. Noteworthy, emerging studies suggested that tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) within the TME played important roles in CRC metastasis by secreting a variety of cytokines, chemokines, growth factors and proteases. Moreover, TAMs are often associated with poor prognosis and drug resistance, making them promising targets for CRC therapy. Given the prognostic and clinical value of TAMs, this review provides an updated overview on the origin, polarization and function of TAMs, and discusses the mechanisms by which TAMs promote the metastatic cascade of CRC. Potential TAM-targeting techniques for personalized theranostics of metastatic CRC are emphasized. Finally, future perspectives and challenges for translational applications of TAMs in CRC development and metastasis are proposed to help develop novel TAM-based strategies for CRC precision medicine and holistic healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Hou
- School of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215011, China
| | - Yuanchun Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215011, China
| | - Jiajia Chen
- School of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215011, China
| | - Yuxin Lin
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, China.
- Center for Systems Biology, Department of Bioinformatics, School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
| | - Xin Qi
- School of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215011, China.
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Suwatthanarak T, Thanormjit K, Suwatthanarak T, Acharayothin O, Methasate A, Chinswangwatanakul V, Tanjak P. Spatial Transcriptomic Profiling of Tetraspanins in Stage 4 Colon Cancer from Primary Tumor and Liver Metastasis. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:126. [PMID: 38255741 PMCID: PMC10817616 DOI: 10.3390/life14010126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Stage 4 colon cancer (CC) presents a significant global health challenge due to its poor prognosis and limited treatment options. Tetraspanins, the transmembrane proteins involved in crucial cancer processes, have recently gained attention as diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets. However, their spatial expression and potential roles in stage 4 CC tissues remain unknown. Using the GeoMx digital spatial profiler, we profiled all 33 human tetraspanin genes in 48 areas within stage 4 CC tissues, segmented into immune, fibroblast, and tumor compartments. Our results unveiled diverse gene expression patterns across different primary tumor sub-regions. CD53 exhibited distinct overexpression in the immune compartment, hinting at a potential role in immune modulation. TSPAN9 was specifically overexpressed in the fibroblast compartment, suggesting involvement in tumor invasion and metastasis. CD9, CD151, TSPAN1, TSPAN3, TSPAN8, and TSPAN13 displayed specific overexpression in the tumor compartment, indicating potential roles in tumor growth. Furthermore, our differential analysis revealed significant spatial changes in tetraspanin expression between patient-matched stage 4 primary CC and metastatic liver tissues. These findings provide spatially resolved insights into the expression and potential roles of tetraspanins in stage 4 CC progression, proposing their utility as diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets. Understanding this landscape is beneficial for tailoring therapeutic strategies to specific sub-tumor regions in the context of stage 4 CC and liver metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanawat Suwatthanarak
- Siriraj Cancer Center, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand; (T.S.); (K.T.); (V.C.)
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand; (T.S.); (O.A.); (A.M.)
| | - Kullanist Thanormjit
- Siriraj Cancer Center, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand; (T.S.); (K.T.); (V.C.)
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand; (T.S.); (O.A.); (A.M.)
| | - Tharathorn Suwatthanarak
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand; (T.S.); (O.A.); (A.M.)
| | - Onchira Acharayothin
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand; (T.S.); (O.A.); (A.M.)
| | - Asada Methasate
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand; (T.S.); (O.A.); (A.M.)
| | - Vitoon Chinswangwatanakul
- Siriraj Cancer Center, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand; (T.S.); (K.T.); (V.C.)
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand; (T.S.); (O.A.); (A.M.)
| | - Pariyada Tanjak
- Siriraj Cancer Center, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand; (T.S.); (K.T.); (V.C.)
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand; (T.S.); (O.A.); (A.M.)
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8
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Yue M, Chen MM, Zhang B, Wang Y, Li P, Zhao Y. The functional roles of chemokines and chemokine receptors in colorectal cancer progression. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 170:116040. [PMID: 38113624 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.116040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is a common malignancy with significant rates of morbidity and mortality. A number of factors, including the tumor microenvironment, chemokines, the inflammatory response, have an impact on the development of colorectal cancer. A critical component of the tumor microenvironment is chemokines. Various cell subsets are attracted to the tumor microenvironment through interactions with chemokine receptors. These cells have varying effects on the development of the tumor and the effectiveness of treatment. Additionally, chemokines can participate in inflammatory processes and have effects that are either pro- or anti-tumor. Chemokines can be exploited as targets for medication resistance and treatment in colorectal cancer. In this review, we discuss the expression of chemokines and chemokine receptors, and their relationship with immune cells in the tumor microenvironment. At the same time, we also collect and discuss the significance of chemokines and chemokine receptors in colorectal cancer progression, and their potential as molecular targets for CRC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingli Yue
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Meng-Meng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cancer and Immune Cells of Qingdao, Qingdao 266021, China; Qingdao Restore Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Qingdao, Shandong 266111, PR China
| | - Bingqiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cancer and Immune Cells of Qingdao, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Yin Wang
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Peifeng Li
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Yi Zhao
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China; Key Laboratory of Birth Regulation and Control Technology of National Health Commission of China, Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital of Shandong Province affiliated to Qingdao University, Shandong Province, China.
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9
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Chen H, Zhai C, Xu X, Wang H, Han W, Shen J. Multilevel Heterogeneity of Colorectal Cancer Liver Metastasis. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 16:59. [PMID: 38201487 PMCID: PMC10778489 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16010059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer liver metastasis (CRLM) is a highly heterogeneous disease. Therapies that target both primary foci and liver metastasis are severely lacking. Therefore, understanding the features of metastatic tumor cells in the liver is valuable for the overall control of CRLM patients. In this review, we summarize the heterogeneity exhibited in CRLM from five aspects (gene, transcriptome, protein, metabolism, and immunity). In addition to genetic heterogeneity, the other four aspects exhibit significant heterogeneity. Compared to primary CRC, the dysregulation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related proteins, the enhanced metabolic activity, and the increased infiltration of immunosuppressive cells are detected in CRLM. Preclinical evidence shows that targeting the EMT process or enhancing cellular metabolism may represent a novel approach to increasing the therapeutic efficacy of CRLM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Weidong Han
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China; (H.C.); (C.Z.); (X.X.); (H.W.)
| | - Jiaying Shen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China; (H.C.); (C.Z.); (X.X.); (H.W.)
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10
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Yi M, Li T, Niu M, Mei Q, Zhao B, Chu Q, Dai Z, Wu K. Exploiting innate immunity for cancer immunotherapy. Mol Cancer 2023; 22:187. [PMID: 38008741 PMCID: PMC10680233 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-023-01885-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapies have revolutionized the treatment paradigms of various types of cancers. However, most of these immunomodulatory strategies focus on harnessing adaptive immunity, mainly by inhibiting immunosuppressive signaling with immune checkpoint blockade, or enhancing immunostimulatory signaling with bispecific T cell engager and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell. Although these agents have already achieved great success, only a tiny percentage of patients could benefit from immunotherapies. Actually, immunotherapy efficacy is determined by multiple components in the tumor microenvironment beyond adaptive immunity. Cells from the innate arm of the immune system, such as macrophages, dendritic cells, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, neutrophils, natural killer cells, and unconventional T cells, also participate in cancer immune evasion and surveillance. Considering that the innate arm is the cornerstone of the antitumor immune response, utilizing innate immunity provides potential therapeutic options for cancer control. Up to now, strategies exploiting innate immunity, such as agonists of stimulator of interferon genes, CAR-macrophage or -natural killer cell therapies, metabolic regulators, and novel immune checkpoint blockade, have exhibited potent antitumor activities in preclinical and clinical studies. Here, we summarize the latest insights into the potential roles of innate cells in antitumor immunity and discuss the advances in innate arm-targeted therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yi
- Cancer Center, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Science, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030032, People's Republic of China
- Department of Breast Surgery, College of Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianye Li
- Department of Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310000, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengke Niu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Mei
- Cancer Center, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Science, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030032, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Zhao
- Department of Breast Surgery, College of Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Chu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhijun Dai
- Department of Breast Surgery, College of Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Kongming Wu
- Cancer Center, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Science, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030032, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China.
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11
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Lascano D, Zobel MJ, Lee WG, Chen SY, Zamora A, Asuelime GE, Choi SY, Chronopoulos A, Asgharzadeh S, Marachelian A, Park J, Sheard MA, Kim ES. Anti-CCL2 antibody combined with etoposide prolongs survival in a minimal residual disease mouse model of neuroblastoma. Sci Rep 2023; 13:19915. [PMID: 37964011 PMCID: PMC10645976 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46968-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) is a monocyte chemoattractant that promotes metastatic disease and portends a poor prognosis in many cancers. To determine the potential of anti-CCL2 inhibition as a therapy for recurrent metastatic disease in neuroblastoma, a mouse model of minimal residual disease was utilized in which residual disease was treated with anti-CCL2 monoclonal antibody with etoposide. The effect of anti-CCL2 antibody on neuroblastoma cells was determined in vitro with cell proliferation, transwell migration, and 2-dimensional chemotaxis migration assays. The in vivo efficacy of anti-CCL2 antibody and etoposide against neuroblastoma was assessed following resection of primary tumors formed by two cell lines or a patient-derived xenograft (PDX) in immunodeficient NOD-scid gamma mice. In vitro, anti-CCL2 antibody did not affect cell proliferation but significantly inhibited neuroblastoma cell and monocyte migration towards an increasing CCL2 concentration gradient. Treatment of mice with anti-CCL2 antibody combined with etoposide significantly increased survival of mice after resection of primary tumors, compared to untreated mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny Lascano
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michael J Zobel
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - William G Lee
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Stephanie Y Chen
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Abigail Zamora
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Grace E Asuelime
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - So Yung Choi
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Research Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Antonios Chronopoulos
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Shahab Asgharzadeh
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Araz Marachelian
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jinseok Park
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michael A Sheard
- The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Eugene S Kim
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 116 N. Robertson Blvd, Suite PACT 700, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA.
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12
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Aizaz M, Khan A, Khan F, Khan M, Musad Saleh EA, Nisar M, Baran N. The cross-talk between macrophages and tumor cells as a target for cancer treatment. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1259034. [PMID: 38033495 PMCID: PMC10682792 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1259034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages represent an important component of the innate immune system. Under physiological conditions, macrophages, which are essential phagocytes, maintain a proinflammatory response and repair damaged tissue. However, these processes are often impaired upon tumorigenesis, in which tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) protect and support the growth, proliferation, and invasion of tumor cells and promote suppression of antitumor immunity. TAM abundance is closely associated with poor outcome of cancer, with impediment of chemotherapy effectiveness and ultimately a dismal therapy response and inferior overall survival. Thus, cross-talk between cancer cells and TAMs is an important target for immune checkpoint therapies and metabolic interventions, spurring interest in it as a therapeutic vulnerability for both hematological cancers and solid tumors. Furthermore, targeting of this cross-talk has emerged as a promising strategy for cancer treatment with the antibody against CD47 protein, a critical macrophage checkpoint recognized as the "don't eat me" signal, as well as other metabolism-focused strategies. Therapies targeting CD47 constitute an important milestone in the advancement of anticancer research and have had promising effects on not only phagocytosis activation but also innate and adaptive immune system activation, effectively counteracting tumor cells' evasion of therapy as shown in the context of myeloid cancers. Targeting of CD47 signaling is only one of several possibilities to reverse the immunosuppressive and tumor-protective tumor environment with the aim of enhancing the antitumor response. Several preclinical studies identified signaling pathways that regulate the recruitment, polarization, or metabolism of TAMs. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the role of macrophages in cancer progression and the mechanisms by which they communicate with tumor cells. Additionally, we dissect various therapeutic strategies developed to target macrophage-tumor cell cross-talk, including modulation of macrophage polarization, blockade of signaling pathways, and disruption of physical interactions between leukemia cells and macrophages. Finally, we highlight the challenges associated with tumor hypoxia and acidosis as barriers to effective cancer therapy and discuss opportunities for future research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Aizaz
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Aakif Khan
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Faisal Khan
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Maria Khan
- Center of Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Ebraheem Abdu Musad Saleh
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts & Science, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maryum Nisar
- School of Interdisciplinary Engineering & Sciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Natalia Baran
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
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13
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Ballarò C, Quaranta V, Giannelli G. Colorectal Liver Metastasis: Can Cytokines Make the Difference? Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:5359. [PMID: 38001618 PMCID: PMC10670198 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15225359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Metastasis is the prime driver of CRC-related mortality, and the liver is the organ most frequently involved. Despite the overall success of current treatments, colorectal liver metastasis (CRLM) is associated with poor prognoses and a survival rate of only 14%. Recent studies have highlighted the importance of the tumor microenvironment (TME) and the crosstalk within it in determining the invasion of distant organs by circulating cancer cells. In the TME, cellular communication is mediated via soluble molecules, among which cytokines have recently emerged as key regulators, involved in every aspect of tumor progression and the metastatic cascade. Indeed, in the serum of CRC patients elevated levels of several cytokines are associated with cancer development and progression. The current review evaluates the role of different cytokines during CRLM development. Additionally, considering the increasing amount of data concerning the importance of cytokine complex networks, we outline the potential of combination treatments using targeted cytokines together with other well-established therapies, such as immune checkpoint blockades, chemotherapy, or gene therapy, to improve therapeutic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Costanza Ballarò
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, National Institute of Gastroenterology, IRCCS “S. de Bellis” Research Hospital, Via Turi 27, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy
| | - Valeria Quaranta
- Laboratory of Personalized Medicine, National Institute of Gastroenterology, IRCCS “S. de Bellis” Research Hospital, Via Turi 27, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy;
| | - Gianluigi Giannelli
- Scientific Direction, National Institute of Gastroenterology, IRCCS “S. de Bellis” Research Hospital, Via Turi 27, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy;
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14
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Deng S, Cheng D, Wang J, Gu J, Xue Y, Jiang Z, Qin L, Mao F, Cao Y, Cai K. MYL9 expressed in cancer-associated fibroblasts regulate the immune microenvironment of colorectal cancer and promotes tumor progression in an autocrine manner. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2023; 42:294. [PMID: 37926835 PMCID: PMC10626665 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-023-02863-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The tumor microenvironment (TME) is an important factor that regulates the progression of colorectal cancer (CRC). Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are the main mesenchymal cells in the TME and play a vital role in tumor progression; however, the specific underlying mechanisms require further study. METHODS Multiple single-cell and transcriptome data were analyzed and validated. Primary CAFs isolation, CCK8 assay, co-culture assay, western blotting, multiple immunofluorescence, qRT-PCR, ELISA, immunoprecipitation, ChIP, double luciferase, and animal experiments were used to explore the potential mechanism of MYL9 regulation in CRC. RESULTS Our findings revealed that MYL9 was predominantly localized and expressed in CAFs rather than in CRC cells, and bioinformatics analysis revealed that high MYL9 expression was strongly associated with poor overall and disease-free survival in various tumors. In addition, high MYL9 expression is closely associated with M2 macrophage infiltration, which can lead to an immunosuppressive microenvironment in CRC, making it insensitive to immunotherapy. Mechanically, MYL9 can regulate the secretion of CAFs on CCL2 and TGF-β1, thus affecting the immune microenvironment and progression of CRC. In addition, MYL9 bounded with IQGAP1 to regulate CCL2 and TGF-β1 secretion through the ERK 1/2 pathway, and CCL2 and TGF-β1 synergistically promoted CRC cells progression through the PI3K-AKT pathway. Furthermore, MYL9 promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in CRC. During the upstream regulation of MYL9 in CAFs, we found that the EMT transcription factor ZEB1 could bind to the MYL9 promoter in CAFs, enhancing the activity and function of MYL9. Therefore, MYL9 is predominantly expressed in CAFs and can indirectly influence tumor biology and EMT by affecting CAFs protein expression in CRC. CONCLUSIONS MYL9 regulates the secretion of cytokines and chemokines in CAFs, which can affect the immune microenvironment of CRC and promote CRC progression. The relationship between MYL9 expression and CRC clinical staging and immunotherapy is closer in CAFs than in tumor cells; therefore, studies using CAFs as a model deserve more attention when exploring tumor molecular targets in clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenghe Deng
- Center for Liver Transplantation, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Denglong Cheng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Junnan Gu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Yifan Xue
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Zhenxing Jiang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Le Qin
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Fuwei Mao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Yinghao Cao
- Department of Digestive Surgical Oncology, Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
| | - Kailin Cai
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
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15
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Khan S, Falahati M, Cho WC, Vahdani Y, Siddique R, Sharifi M, Jaragh-Alhadad LA, Haghighat S, Zhang X, Ten Hagen TLM, Bai Q. Core-shell inorganic NP@MOF nanostructures for targeted drug delivery and multimodal imaging-guided combination tumor treatment. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 321:103007. [PMID: 37812992 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2023.103007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that metal-organic framework (MOF) nanostructures have unique characteristics such as high porosity, large surface areas and adjustable functionalities, so they are ideal candidates for developing drug delivery systems (DDSs) as well as theranostic platforms in cancer treatment. Despite the large number of MOF nanostructures that have been discovered, conventional MOF-derived nanosystems only have a single biofunctional MOF source with poor colloidal stability. Accordingly, developing core-shell MOF nanostructures with good colloidal stability is a useful method for generating efficient drug delivery, multimodal imaging and synergistic therapeutic systems. The preparation of core-shell MOF nanostructures has been done with a variety of materials, but inorganic nanoparticles (NPs) are highly effective for drug delivery and imaging-guided tumor treatment. Herein, we aimed to overview the synthesis of core-shell inorganic NP@MOF nanostructures followed by the application of core-shell MOFs derived from magnetic, quantum dots (QDs), gold (Au), and gadolinium (Gd) NPs in drug delivery and imaging-guided tumor treatment. Afterward, we surveyed different factors affecting prolonged drug delivery and cancer therapy, cellular uptake, biocompatibility, biodegradability, and enhanced permeation and retention (EPR) effect of core-shell MOFs. Last but not least, we discussed the challenges and the prospects of the field. We envision this article may hold great promise in providing valuable insights regarding the application of hybrid nanostructures as promising and potential candidates for multimodal imaging-guided combination cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suliman Khan
- Medical Research Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Mojtaba Falahati
- Precision Medicine in Oncology (PrMiO), Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Nanomedicine Innovation Center Erasmus (NICE), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - William C Cho
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yasaman Vahdani
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Montreal, Canada
| | - Rabeea Siddique
- Medical Research Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Majid Sharifi
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran; Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | | | - Setareh Haghighat
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Advanced Sciences and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Xiaoju Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Timo L M Ten Hagen
- Precision Medicine in Oncology (PrMiO), Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Nanomedicine Innovation Center Erasmus (NICE), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Qian Bai
- Medical Research Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
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16
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Yuan J. CCR2: A characteristic chemokine receptor in normal and pathological intestine. Cytokine 2023; 169:156292. [PMID: 37437448 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2023.156292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
C-C motif chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2), together with its ligands, especially C-C motif ligand 2 (CCL2), to which CCR2 has the highest affinity, form a noteworthy signaling pathway in recruiting macrophages for the immune responses among variegated disorders in vivo environment. Scientometric methods are used to analyze intestine-related CCR2 expression. We describe the current knowledge on biological function of CCR2 in physiological intestine in three dimensions, namely its effects on stromal cells, angiogenesis, and remodeling. However, anomalous expression of CCR2 has also been conveyed to correlate with detrimental outcomes in intestine, such as infective colitis, inflammatory bowel disease, carcinogenesis, and colon-related metastasis. In this article, we briefly summarize recent experimental works on CCR2 and its ligands, mostly CCL2, in intestinal-related physiological and pathological states to ravel out their working mechanisms in intestinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Yuan
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Department of Experimental, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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17
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Xu Y, Li L, Yang W, Zhang K, Zhang Z, Yu C, Qiu J, Cai L, Gong Y, Zhang Z, Zhou J, Gong K. TRAF2 promotes M2-polarized tumor-associated macrophage infiltration, angiogenesis and cancer progression by inhibiting autophagy in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2023; 42:159. [PMID: 37415241 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-023-02742-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The management of advanced clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) remains a major challenge in clinical practice, and the construction of more reliable prognostic prediction models and the further elucidation of key molecular mechanisms of tumor progression are topics in urgent need of in-depth investigation. METHODS We used CIBERSORT to estimate the proportion of 22 tumor-infiltrating immune cell types in the TCGA-KIRC cohort. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis, least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression analysis were used to build risk prediction models. Expression patterns and clinical significance of TRAF2 were determined through bioinformatics analysis, real-time qPCR, Western Blot, immunohistochemistry. GSEA analysis, transmission electron microscopy, 2D/3D colony formation assay, cell migration and invasion assay, and tube-formation assay were used to investigate the underlying function and mechanism of the TRAF2/M2 macrophage/autophagy axis. RESULTS We constructed a novel prognostic prediction model based on M2 macrophage-related genes, which was identified as an accurate, independent and specific prognostic risk model for ccRCC patients. A reliable nomogram was constructed to predict 1-, 3-, and 5-year overall survival for patients with ccRCC. As one of the constituent genes of the risk model, TRAF2 was determined to be upregulated in ccRCC and associated with poor clinical prognosis. We found that TRAF2 promotes malignant progression of ccRCC by regulating macrophage polarization, migration and angiogenesis. Mechanistically, we found that TRAF2 promotes the polarization of M2 macrophages, and this chemotaxis is achieved in an autophagy-dependent pathway. Orthotopic tumor growth assay results revealed that TRAF2 plays a key role as a promotor of ccRCC growth and metastasis. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, this risk model is highly predictive of prognostic in ccRCC patients, which is expected to promote improved treatment evaluation and comprehensive management of ccRCC. Moreover, our findings reveal that the TRAF2/M2 macrophage/autophagy axis plays a key regulatory role in the malignant progression of ccRCC, and suggest that TRAF2 is a potential novel therapeutic target for advanced ccRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawei Xu
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital; Institute of Urology, Peking University; Beijing Key Laboratory of Urogenital Diseases (Male) Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment Center, National Urological Cancer Center, Beijing, 100034, China
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital; Institute of Urology, Peking University; Beijing Key Laboratory of Urogenital Diseases (Male) Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment Center, National Urological Cancer Center, Beijing, 100034, China
| | - Wuping Yang
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital; Institute of Urology, Peking University; Beijing Key Laboratory of Urogenital Diseases (Male) Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment Center, National Urological Cancer Center, Beijing, 100034, China
| | - Kenan Zhang
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital; Institute of Urology, Peking University; Beijing Key Laboratory of Urogenital Diseases (Male) Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment Center, National Urological Cancer Center, Beijing, 100034, China
| | - Zedan Zhang
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital; Institute of Urology, Peking University; Beijing Key Laboratory of Urogenital Diseases (Male) Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment Center, National Urological Cancer Center, Beijing, 100034, China
| | - Chaojian Yu
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital; Institute of Urology, Peking University; Beijing Key Laboratory of Urogenital Diseases (Male) Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment Center, National Urological Cancer Center, Beijing, 100034, China
| | - Jianhui Qiu
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital; Institute of Urology, Peking University; Beijing Key Laboratory of Urogenital Diseases (Male) Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment Center, National Urological Cancer Center, Beijing, 100034, China
| | - Lin Cai
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital; Institute of Urology, Peking University; Beijing Key Laboratory of Urogenital Diseases (Male) Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment Center, National Urological Cancer Center, Beijing, 100034, China
| | - Yanqing Gong
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital; Institute of Urology, Peking University; Beijing Key Laboratory of Urogenital Diseases (Male) Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment Center, National Urological Cancer Center, Beijing, 100034, China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital; Institute of Urology, Peking University; Beijing Key Laboratory of Urogenital Diseases (Male) Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment Center, National Urological Cancer Center, Beijing, 100034, China
| | - Jingcheng Zhou
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital; Institute of Urology, Peking University; Beijing Key Laboratory of Urogenital Diseases (Male) Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment Center, National Urological Cancer Center, Beijing, 100034, China.
| | - Kan Gong
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital; Institute of Urology, Peking University; Beijing Key Laboratory of Urogenital Diseases (Male) Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment Center, National Urological Cancer Center, Beijing, 100034, China.
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Sampaio-Ribeiro G, Ruivo A, Silva A, Santos AL, Oliveira RC, Gama J, Cipriano MA, Tralhão JG, Paiva A. Innate Immune Cells in the Tumor Microenvironment of Liver Metastasis from Colorectal Cancer: Contribution to a Comprehensive Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3222. [PMID: 37370832 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15123222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most prevalent type of cancer, and liver metastasis is the most common site of metastatic development. In the tumor microenvironment (TME), various innate immune cells are known to influence cancer progression and metastasis occurrence. CD274 (PD-L1) and CD206 (MRC1) are proteins that have been associated with poor prognosis and disease progression. We conducted a study on tumoral and non-tumoral biopsies from 47 patients with CRC liver metastasis, using flow cytometry to phenotypically characterize innate immune cells. Our findings showed an increase in the expression of CD274 on classical, intermediate, and non-classical monocytes when comparing tumor with non-tumor samples. Furthermore, tumor samples with a desmoplastic growth pattern exhibited a significantly decreased percentage of CD274- and CD206-positive cells in all monocyte populations compared to non-desmoplastic samples. We found a correlation between a lower expression of CD206 or CD274 on classical, intermediate, and non-classical monocytes and increased disease-free survival, which points to a better prognosis for these patients. In conclusion, our study has identified potential new targets and biomarkers that could be incorporated into a personalized medicine approach to enhance the outcome for colorectal cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Sampaio-Ribeiro
- Flow Cytometry Unit, Clinical Pathology Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra EPE, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal
- Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Ruivo
- Surgery Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Silva
- Flow Cytometry Unit, Clinical Pathology Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra EPE, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Lúcia Santos
- Flow Cytometry Unit, Clinical Pathology Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra EPE, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rui Caetano Oliveira
- Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Germano de Sousa-Centro de Diagnóstico Histopatológico CEDAP, 3000-377 Coimbra, Portugal
- Centre of Investigation on Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical and Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João Gama
- Pathology Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria Augusta Cipriano
- Pathology Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - José Guilherme Tralhão
- Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Surgery Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Centre of Investigation on Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical and Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Artur Paiva
- Flow Cytometry Unit, Clinical Pathology Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra EPE, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal
- Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Ciências Biomédicas Laboratoriais, ESTESC-Coimbra Health School, Instituto Politécnico de Coimbra, 3046-854 Coimbra, Portugal
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19
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Chen S, Saeed AFUH, Liu Q, Jiang Q, Xu H, Xiao GG, Rao L, Duo Y. Macrophages in immunoregulation and therapeutics. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:207. [PMID: 37211559 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01452-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 172.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages exist in various tissues, several body cavities, and around mucosal surfaces and are a vital part of the innate immune system for host defense against many pathogens and cancers. Macrophages possess binary M1/M2 macrophage polarization settings, which perform a central role in an array of immune tasks via intrinsic signal cascades and, therefore, must be precisely regulated. Many crucial questions about macrophage signaling and immune modulation are yet to be uncovered. In addition, the clinical importance of tumor-associated macrophages is becoming more widely recognized as significant progress has been made in understanding their biology. Moreover, they are an integral part of the tumor microenvironment, playing a part in the regulation of a wide variety of processes including angiogenesis, extracellular matrix transformation, cancer cell proliferation, metastasis, immunosuppression, and resistance to chemotherapeutic and checkpoint blockade immunotherapies. Herein, we discuss immune regulation in macrophage polarization and signaling, mechanical stresses and modulation, metabolic signaling pathways, mitochondrial and transcriptional, and epigenetic regulation. Furthermore, we have broadly extended the understanding of macrophages in extracellular traps and the essential roles of autophagy and aging in regulating macrophage functions. Moreover, we discussed recent advances in macrophages-mediated immune regulation of autoimmune diseases and tumorigenesis. Lastly, we discussed targeted macrophage therapy to portray prospective targets for therapeutic strategies in health and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanze Chen
- Department of Respiratory Diseases and Critic Care Unit, Shenzhen Institute of Respiratory Disease, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, 518020, China
| | - Abdullah F U H Saeed
- Department of Cancer Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope National Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Quan Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital (Nanshan Hospital), Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518052, China
| | - Qiong Jiang
- Department of Respiratory Diseases and Critic Care Unit, Shenzhen Institute of Respiratory Disease, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, 518020, China
| | - Haizhao Xu
- Department of Respiratory Diseases and Critic Care Unit, Shenzhen Institute of Respiratory Disease, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, 518020, China
- Department of Respiratory, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Gary Guishan Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China.
| | - Lang Rao
- Institute of Biomedical Health Technology and Engineering, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, 518132, China.
| | - Yanhong Duo
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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20
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Gao Y, Yuan Y, Wen S, Chen Y, Zhang Z, Feng Y, Jiang B, Ma S, Hu R, Fang C, Ruan X, Yuan Y, Fang X, Luo C, Meng Z, Wang X, Guo X. Dual role of ANGPTL8 in promoting tumor cell proliferation and immune escape during hepatocarcinogenesis. Oncogenesis 2023; 12:26. [PMID: 37188659 DOI: 10.1038/s41389-023-00473-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The interplay between hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells and the tumor microenvironment is essential for hepatocarcinogenesis, but their contributions to HCC development are incompletely understood. We assessed the role of ANGPTL8, a protein secreted by HCC cells, in hepatocarcinogenesis and the mechanisms through which ANGPTL8 mediates crosstalk between HCC cells and tumor-associated macrophages. Immunohistochemical, Western blotting, RNA-Seq, and flow cytometry analyses of ANGPTL8 were performed. A series of in vitro and in vivo experiments were conducted to reveal the role of ANGPTL8 in the progression of HCC. ANGPTL8 expression was positively correlated with tumor malignancy in HCC, and high ANGPTL8 expression was associated with poor overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS). ANGPTL8 promoted HCC cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo, and ANGPTL8 KO inhibited the development of HCC in both DEN-induced and DEN-plus-CCL4-induced mouse HCC tumors. Mechanistically, the ANGPTL8-LILRB2/PIRB interaction promoted polarization of macrophages to the immunosuppressive M2 phenotype in macrophages and recruited immunosuppressive T cells. In hepatocytes, ANGPTL8-mediated stimulation of LILRB2/PIRB regulated the ROS/ERK pathway and upregulated autophagy, leading to the proliferation of HCC cells. Our data support the notion that ANGPTL8 has a dual role in promoting tumor cell proliferation and immune escape during hepatocarcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujiu Gao
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, 442000, Shiyan, China
- Department of Nephrology, Taihe Hospital, 442000, Shiyan, China
- Hubei Clinical Research Center for Umbilical Cord Blood Hematopoietic Stem Cells, Taihe Hospital, 442000, Shiyan, China
| | - Yue Yuan
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, 442000, Shiyan, China
- College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Medicine, 442000, Shiyan, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 430060, Wuhan, China
| | - Shu Wen
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, 442000, Shiyan, China
| | - Yanghui Chen
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, 442000, Shiyan, China
| | - Zongli Zhang
- Institute of Pediatric Disease, Taihe Hospital, 442000, Shiyan, China
| | - Ying Feng
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, 442000, Shiyan, China
| | - Bin Jiang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Surgery, Taihe Hospital, 442000, Shiyan, China
| | - Shinan Ma
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, 442000, Shiyan, China
| | - Rong Hu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, 442000, Shiyan, China
| | - Chen Fang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, 442000, Shiyan, China
| | - Xuzhi Ruan
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, 442000, Shiyan, China
| | - Yahong Yuan
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, 442000, Shiyan, China
| | - Xinggang Fang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, 442000, Shiyan, China
| | - Chao Luo
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, 442000, Shiyan, China
| | - Zhongji Meng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedical Research, Hubei Clinical Research Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Liver Cancer, Taihe Hospital, 442000, Shiyan, China.
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, 442000, Shiyan, China.
- Hubei Clinical Research Center for Umbilical Cord Blood Hematopoietic Stem Cells, Taihe Hospital, 442000, Shiyan, China.
| | - Xingrong Guo
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, 442000, Shiyan, China.
- Hubei Clinical Research Center for Umbilical Cord Blood Hematopoietic Stem Cells, Taihe Hospital, 442000, Shiyan, China.
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21
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Cheruku S, Rao V, Pandey R, Rao Chamallamudi M, Velayutham R, Kumar N. Tumor-associated macrophages employ immunoediting mechanisms in colorectal tumor progression: Current research in Macrophage repolarization immunotherapy. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 116:109569. [PMID: 36773572 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) constitute the most prolific resident of the tumor microenvironment (TME) that regulate its TME into tumor suppressive or progressive milieu by utilizing immunoediting machinery. Here, the tumor cells construct an immunosuppressive microenvironment that educates TAMs to polarize from anti-tumor TAM-M1 to pro-tumor TAM-M2 phenotype consequently contributing to tumor progression. In colorectal cancer (CRC), the TME displays a prominent pro-tumorigenic immune profile with elevated expression of immune-checkpoint molecules notably PD-1, CTLA4, etc., in both MSI and ultra-mutated MSS tumors. This authenticated immune-checkpoint inhibition (ICI) immunotherapy as a pre-requisite for clinical benefit in CRC. However, in response to ICI, specifically, the MSIhi tumors evolved to produce novel immune escape variants thus undermining ICI. Lately, TAM-directed therapies extending from macrophage depletion to repolarization have enabled TME alteration. While TAM accrual implicates clinical benefit in CRC, sustained inflammatory insult may program TAMs to shift from M1 to M2 phenotype. Their ability to oscillate on both facets of the spectrum represents macrophage repolarization immunotherapy as an effective approach to treating CRC. In this review, we briefly discuss the differentiation heterogeneity of colonic macrophages that partake in macrophage-directed immunoediting mechanisms in CRC progression and its employment in macrophage re-polarization immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- SriPragnya Cheruku
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal- 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Vanishree Rao
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal- 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Ruchi Pandey
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education, and Research, Hajipur, Export Promotions Industrial Park (EPIP), Industrial area, Hajipur, Vaishali, 844102, Bihar, India
| | - Mallikarjuna Rao Chamallamudi
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal- 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Ravichandiran Velayutham
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education, and Research, Hajipur, Export Promotions Industrial Park (EPIP), Industrial area, Hajipur, Vaishali, 844102, Bihar, India
| | - Nitesh Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education, and Research, Hajipur, Export Promotions Industrial Park (EPIP), Industrial area, Hajipur, Vaishali, 844102, Bihar, India.
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22
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Jain N, Srinivasarao DA, Famta P, Shah S, Vambhurkar G, Shahrukh S, Singh SB, Srivastava S. The portrayal of macrophages as tools and targets: A paradigm shift in cancer management. Life Sci 2023; 316:121399. [PMID: 36646378 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages play a major role in maintaining an organism's physiology, such as development, homeostasis, tissue repair, and immunity. These immune cells are known to be involved in tumor progression and modulation. Monocytes can be polarized to two types of macrophages (M1 macrophages and pro-tumor M2 macrophages). Through this article, we aim to emphasize the potential of targeting macrophages in order to improve current strategies for tumor management. Various strategies that target macrophages as a therapeutic target have been discussed along with ongoing clinical trials. We have discussed the role of macrophages in various stages of tumor progression epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), invasion, maintaining the stability of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in blood, and establishing a premetastatic niche along with the role of various cytokines and chemokines involved in these processes. Intriguingly macrophages can also serve as drug carriers due to their tumor tropism along the chemokine gradient. They surpass currently explored nanotherapeutics in tumor accumulation and circulation half-life. We have emphasized on macrophage-based biomimetic formulations and macrophage-hitchhiking as a strategy to effectively target tumors. We firmly believe that targeting macrophages or utilizing them as an indigenous carrier system could transform cancer management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naitik Jain
- Pharmaceutical Innovation and Translational Research Lab (PITRL), Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Dadi A Srinivasarao
- Pharmaceutical Innovation and Translational Research Lab (PITRL), Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Paras Famta
- Pharmaceutical Innovation and Translational Research Lab (PITRL), Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Saurabh Shah
- Pharmaceutical Innovation and Translational Research Lab (PITRL), Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Ganesh Vambhurkar
- Pharmaceutical Innovation and Translational Research Lab (PITRL), Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Syed Shahrukh
- Pharmaceutical Innovation and Translational Research Lab (PITRL), Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Shashi Bala Singh
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Saurabh Srivastava
- Pharmaceutical Innovation and Translational Research Lab (PITRL), Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India.
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23
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Gao Y, Li Y, Lin Z, Zeng Y, Huang Z, Han L, Zhong Y, Gong Y, Wu Q, Xie C. Ataxia telangiectasia mutated kinase inhibition promotes irradiation-induced PD-L1 expression in tumour-associated macrophages through IFN-I/JAK signalling pathway. Immunology 2023; 168:346-361. [PMID: 36326481 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs) are one of the primary sources of PD-L1 expression in the tumour microenvironment (TME). Ionizing radiation (IR) promotes PD-L1 expression in tumour cells. However, the effect of IR on macrophage PD-L1 expression and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. ATM kinase, as the key kinase for initiating DNA damage repair (DDR) process, is associated with innate immune STING axis activation. Here, we explored the molecular mechanism implicated in macrophage PD-L1 expression regulated by IR as well as the role of ATM kinase in this process. IR-regulated PD-L1 expression in macrophages and associated signalling pathways were explored by in vitro studies using murine and human macrophage cell lines. A colorectal xenograft murine model was employed to demonstrate the impact of targeting ATM and PD-L1 expression in TAMs following IR on growth of tumour in vivo. IR up-regulated PD-L1 expression in macrophages, which was further augmented by ATM kinase inhibition. ATM inhibition increased IR-induced DNA damage, which activated STING/interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) signalling pathway and up-regulated type I interferon (IFN-I) expression in macrophages. IFN-I bound to the IFN α receptor 1 on macrophages, activated the downstream JAK1 and STAT1/3 signalling and eventually led to PD-L1 up-expression. ATM inhibition augmented IR-induced PD-L1 expression in macrophages and CD8+ T cell infiltration, and promoted anti-tumour efficacy in vivo. These results suggested that ATM inhibition promoted IR-induced PD-L1 expression through the activation of innate immunity in TAMs, which provided a novel approach to enhance the anti-tumour efficacy of RT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuke Gao
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yangyi Li
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zaihuan Lin
- Department of Gastric and Colorectal Surgical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuxin Zeng
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhengrong Huang
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Biological Repositories, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Linzhi Han
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yahua Zhong
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Gong
- Department of Biological Repositories, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiuji Wu
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Conghua Xie
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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24
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Wu Y, Guo S, Chen F, Li Y, Huang Y, Liu W, Zhang G. Fn-Dps, a novel virulence factor of Fusobacterium nucleatum, disrupts erythrocytes and promotes metastasis in colorectal cancer. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011096. [PMID: 36693067 PMCID: PMC9873182 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Fusobacterium nucleatum (Fn) is a critical colorectal cancer (CRC)-associated bacterium. DNA hunger/stationary phase protective proteins (Dps) are bacterial ferritins that protect DNA from oxidative stress. However, little is known about the regulatory roles of Fn-Dps towards host cellular functions. Here, we identified Fn-Dps from the culture supernatant of Fn by mass spectrometry, and prepared the recombinant of Fn-Dps protein. We show a novel virulence protein of Fn, Fn-Dps, which lyses and disrupts erythrocytes by the competition for iron acquisition. Also, Fn-Dps facilitates intracellular survival of Fn in macrophages by upregulating the expression of the chemokine CCL2/CCL7. In addition, Fn-Dps can elicit a strong humoral immune response, and mucosal immunization with Fn-Dps conferred protection against Fn in the intestinal tract. Moreover, a high level of anti-Fn-Dps antibody was prevalent in populations, and elevated anti-Fn-Dps antibody levels were observed in CRC patients. Furthermore, Fn-Dps promotes the migration of CRC cells via the CCL2/CCL7-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and promotes CRC metastasis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixian Wu
- Department of Microbial and Biochemical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Songhe Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fangfang Chen
- Department of Microbial and Biochemical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiqiu Li
- Department of Microbial and Biochemical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuying Huang
- Department of Microbial and Biochemical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wanli Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (WL); (GZ)
| | - Ge Zhang
- Department of Microbial and Biochemical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (WL); (GZ)
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25
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Gong X, Chi H, Strohmer DF, Teichmann AT, Xia Z, Wang Q. Exosomes: A potential tool for immunotherapy of ovarian cancer. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1089410. [PMID: 36741380 PMCID: PMC9889675 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1089410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is a malignant tumor of the female reproductive system, with a very poor prognosis and high mortality rates. Chemotherapy and radiotherapy are the most common treatments for ovarian cancer, with unsatisfactory results. Exosomes are a subpopulation of extracellular vesicles, which have a diameter of approximately 30-100 nm and are secreted by many different types of cells in various body fluids. Exosomes are highly stable and are effective carriers of immunotherapeutic drugs. Recent studies have shown that exosomes are involved in various cellular responses in the tumor microenvironment, influencing the development and therapeutic efficacy of ovarian cancer, and exhibiting dual roles in inhibiting and promoting tumor development. Exosomes also contain a variety of genes related to ovarian cancer immunotherapy that could be potential biomarkers for ovarian cancer diagnosis and prognosis. Undoubtedly, exosomes have great therapeutic potential in the field of ovarian cancer immunotherapy. However, translation of this idea to the clinic has not occurred. Therefore, it is important to understand how exosomes could be used in ovarian cancer immunotherapy to regulate tumor progression. In this review, we summarize the biomarkers of exosomes in different body fluids related to immunotherapy in ovarian cancer and the potential mechanisms by which exosomes influence immunotherapeutic response. We also discuss the prospects for clinical application of exosome-based immunotherapy in ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hao Chi
- Clinical Medical College, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Dorothee Franziska Strohmer
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander Tobias Teichmann
- Sichuan Provincial Center for Gynecology and Breast Diseases (Gynecology), Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Zhijia Xia
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany,*Correspondence: Zhijia Xia, ; Qin Wang,
| | - Qin Wang
- Sichuan Provincial Center for Gynecology and Breast Diseases (Gynecology), Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China,*Correspondence: Zhijia Xia, ; Qin Wang,
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26
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Zhang H, Liu C, Zhu D, Zhang Q, Li J. Medicinal Chemistry Strategies for the Development of Inhibitors Disrupting β-Catenin's Interactions with Its Nuclear Partners. J Med Chem 2023; 66:1-31. [PMID: 36583662 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is strongly associated with various aspects of cancer, including tumor initiation, proliferation, and metastasis as well as antitumor immunity, and presents a promising opportunity for cancer therapy. Wnt/β-catenin signaling activation increases nuclear dephosphorylated β-catenin levels, resulting in β-catenin binding to TCF and additional cotranscription factors, such as BCL9, CBP, and p300. Therefore, directly disrupting β-catenin's interactions with these nuclear partners holds promise for the effective and selective suppression of the aberrant activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Herein, we summarize recent advances in biochemical techniques and medicinal chemistry strategies used to identify potent peptide-based and small-molecule inhibitors that directly disrupt β-catenin's interactions with its nuclear binding partners. We discuss the challenges involved in developing drug-like inhibitors that target the interactions of β-catenin and its nuclear binding partner into therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China.,Novel Technology Center of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry Co., Ltd., China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Chenglong Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Di Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 201100, China
| | - Qingwei Zhang
- Novel Technology Center of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry Co., Ltd., China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jianqi Li
- Novel Technology Center of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry Co., Ltd., China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai 201203, China
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27
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Mödl B, Moritsch S, Zwolanek D, Eferl R. Type I and II interferon signaling in colorectal cancer liver metastasis. Cytokine 2023; 161:156075. [PMID: 36323190 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2022.156075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Metastatic colorectal cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Traditional chemotherapy extended the lifespan of cancer patients by only a few months, but targeted therapies and immunotherapy prolonged survival and led to long-term remissions in some cases. Type I and II interferons have direct pro-apoptotic and anti-proliferative effects on cancer cells and stimulate anti-cancer immunity. As a result, interferon production by cells in the tumor microenvironment is in the spotlight of immunotherapies as it affects the responses of anti-cancer immune cells. However, promoting effects of interferons on colorectal cancer metastasis have also been reported. Here we summarize our knowledge about pro- and anti-metastatic effects of type I and II interferons in colorectal cancer liver metastasis and discuss possible therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernadette Mödl
- Center for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna & Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Moritsch
- Center for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna & Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniela Zwolanek
- Center for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna & Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Robert Eferl
- Center for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna & Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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28
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Tumor-promoting aftermath post-chemotherapy: A focus on breast cancer. Life Sci 2022; 310:121125. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.121125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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A Novel Prognostic Chemokine-Related lncRNAs Signature Associated with Immune Landscape in Colon Adenocarcinoma. DISEASE MARKERS 2022; 2022:2823042. [PMID: 36393968 PMCID: PMC9649319 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2823042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines have been reported to be involved in tumorigenesis and progression and can also modulate the tumor microenvironment. However, it is still unclear whether chemokine-related long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) can affect the prognosis of colon adenocarcinoma (COAD). We summarized chemokine-related genes and downloaded RNA-seq and clinical data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. A total of 52 prognostic chemokine-related lncRNAs were screened by univariate Cox regression analysis; patients were grouped according to cluster analysis results. Lasso regression analysis was applied to determine chemokine-related lncRNAs to construct a risk model for further research. This study first investigated the differences between the prognosis and immune status of two chemokine-related lncRNAs clusters by consensus clustering. Then, using various algorithms, we obtained ten chemokine-related lncRNAs to construct a new prognostic chemokine-related lncRNAs risk model. The risk model's predictive efficiency, validity, and accuracy were further validated and determined in the test and training cohorts. Furthermore, this risk model played a vital role in predicting immune cell infiltration, immune checkpoint gene expression, tumor mutational burden (TMB), immunotherapy score, and drug sensitivity in COAD patients. These findings elucidated the critical role of novel prognostic chemokine-related lncRNAs in prognosis, immune landscape, and drug therapy, thereby providing valuable insights for prognosis assessment and personalized treatment strategies for COAD patients.
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HMGA1 Promotes Macrophage Recruitment via Activation of NF-κB-CCL2 Signaling in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. J Immunol Res 2022; 2022:4727198. [PMID: 35785026 PMCID: PMC9242763 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4727198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are known to generate an immune-suppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) and promote tumor progression. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a devastating disease that evolves in the background of chronic inflammatory liver damage. In this study, we aimed to uncover the mechanism by which HCC cells recruit macrophages into the TME. Methods Bioinformatic analysis was performed to identify differentially expressed genes related to macrophage infiltration. An orthotopic HCC xenograft model was used to determine the role of macrophages in HCC tumor growth. Clodronate liposomes were used to delete macrophages. Western blotting analysis, quantitative real-time PCR, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were performed to determine the underlying mechanisms. Results The high mobility group A1 (HMGA1) gene was identified as a putative modulator of macrophage infiltration in HCC. Deletion of macrophages with clodronate liposomes significantly abrogated the tumor-promoting effects of HMGA1 on HCC growth. Mechanistically, HMGA1 can regulate the expression of C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 2 (CCL2), also referred to as monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP1), which is responsible for macrophage recruitment. Moreover, NF-κB was required for HMGA1-mediated CCL2 expression. Pharmacological or genetic inhibition of NF-κB largely blocked CCL2 levels in HMGA1-overexpressing HCC cells. Conclusions This study reveals HMGA1 as a crucial regulator of macrophage recruitment by activating NF-κB-CCL2 signaling, proves that HMGA1-induced HCC aggressiveness dependents on the macrophage, and provide an attractive target for therapeutic interventions in HCC.
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Zhao W, Dai S, Yue L, Xu F, Gu J, Dai X, Qian X. Emerging mechanisms progress of colorectal cancer liver metastasis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1081585. [PMID: 36568117 PMCID: PMC9772455 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1081585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common malignancy and the second most common cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. A total of 20% of CRC patients present with distant metastasis. The hepatic portal venous system, responsible for collecting most intestinal blood, makes the liver the most common site of CRC metastasis. The formation of liver metastases from colorectal cancer is a long and complex process. It involves the maintenance of primary tumors, vasculature invasion, distant colonization, and metastasis formation. In this review, we serve on how the CRC cells acquire stemness, invade the vascular, and colonize the liver. In addition, we highlight how the resident cells of the liver and immune cells interact with CRC cells. We also discuss the current immunotherapy approaches and challenges we face, and finally, we look forward to finding new therapeutic targets based on novel sequencing technologies.
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Zhu S, Yi M, Wu Y, Dong B, Wu K. Roles of tumor-associated macrophages in tumor progression: implications on therapeutic strategies. Exp Hematol Oncol 2021; 10:60. [PMID: 34965886 PMCID: PMC8715617 DOI: 10.1186/s40164-021-00252-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are heterogeneous cells that present as different functional phenotypes due to their plasticity. They can be classified into two categories, namely M1- and M2-like macrophages, which are involved in processes as diverse as anti-tumor activity and immunosuppressive tumor promotion. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are defined as being of an M2-type and are considered as the active component in tumor microenvironment. TAMs are involved in multiple processes of tumor progression through the expression of cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, protein hydrolases and more, which lead to enhance tumor cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and immunosuppression, which in turn supports invasion and metastasis. It is assumed that the abundance of TAMs in major solid tumors is correlated to a negative patient prognosis. Because of the currently available data of the TAMs’ role in tumor development, these cells have emerged as a promising target for novel cancer treatment strategies. In this paper, we will briefly describe the origins and types of TAMs and will try to comprehensively show how TAMs contribute to tumorigenesis and disease progression. Finally, we will present the main TAM-based therapeutic strategies currently available.
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