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Sharif NA. Electrical, Electromagnetic, Ultrasound Wave Therapies, and Electronic Implants for Neuronal Rejuvenation, Neuroprotection, Axonal Regeneration, and IOP Reduction. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2023; 39:477-498. [PMID: 36126293 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2022.0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The peripheral nervous system (PNS) of mammals and nervous systems of lower organisms possess significant regenerative potential. In contrast, although neural plasticity can provide some compensation, the central nervous system (CNS) neurons and nerves of adult mammals generally fail to regenerate after an injury or damage. However, use of diverse electrical, electromagnetic and sonographic energy waves are illuminating novel ways to stimulate neuronal differentiation, proliferation, neurite growth, and axonal elongation/regeneration leading to various levels of functional recovery in animals and humans afflicted with disorders of the CNS, PNS, retina, and optic nerve. Tools such as acupuncture, electroacupuncture, electroshock therapy, electrical stimulation, transcranial magnetic stimulation, red light therapy, and low-intensity pulsed ultrasound therapy are demonstrating efficacy in treating many different maladies. These include wound healing, partial recovery from motor dysfunctions, recovery from ischemic/reperfusion insults and CNS and ocular remyelination, retinal ganglion cell (RGC) rejuvenation, and RGC axonal regeneration. Neural rejuvenation and axonal growth/regeneration processes involve activation or intensifying of the intrinsic bioelectric waves (action potentials) that exist in every neuronal circuit of the body. In addition, reparative factors released at the nerve terminals and via neuronal dendrites (transmitter substances), extracellular vesicles containing microRNAs and neurotrophins, and intercellular communication occurring via nanotubes aid in reestablishing lost or damaged connections between the traumatized tissues and the PNS and CNS. Many other beneficial effects of the aforementioned treatment paradigms are mediated via gene expression alterations such as downregulation of inflammatory and death-signal genes and upregulation of neuroprotective and cytoprotective genes. These varied techniques and technologies will be described and discussed covering cell-based and animal model-based studies. Data from clinical applications and linkage to human ocular diseases will also be discussed where relevant translational research has been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najam A Sharif
- Global Alliances and External Research, Ophthalmology Innovation Center, Santen Inc., Emeryville, California, USA
- Singapore Eye Research Institute (SERI), Singapore
- SingHealth Duke-NUS Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Programme, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College of Science and Technology, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Texas Southern University, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Sciences Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
- Department of Pharmacy Sciences, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
- Insitute of Ophthalmology, University College London (UCL), London, United Kingdom
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Tribble JR, Hui F, Quintero H, El Hajji S, Bell K, Di Polo A, Williams PA. Neuroprotection in glaucoma: Mechanisms beyond intraocular pressure lowering. Mol Aspects Med 2023; 92:101193. [PMID: 37331129 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2023.101193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Glaucoma is a common, complex, multifactorial neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive dysfunction and then loss of retinal ganglion cells, the output neurons of the retina. Glaucoma is the most common cause of irreversible blindness and affects ∼80 million people worldwide with many more undiagnosed. The major risk factors for glaucoma are genetics, age, and elevated intraocular pressure. Current strategies only target intraocular pressure management and do not directly target the neurodegenerative processes occurring at the level of the retinal ganglion cell. Despite strategies to manage intraocular pressure, as many as 40% of glaucoma patients progress to blindness in at least one eye during their lifetime. As such, neuroprotective strategies that target the retinal ganglion cell and these neurodegenerative processes directly are of great therapeutic need. This review will cover the recent advances from basic biology to on-going clinical trials for neuroprotection in glaucoma covering degenerative mechanisms, metabolism, insulin signaling, mTOR, axon transport, apoptosis, autophagy, and neuroinflammation. With an increased understanding of both the basic and clinical mechanisms of the disease, we are closer than ever to a neuroprotective strategy for glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Tribble
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Eye and Vision, St. Erik Eye Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Flora Hui
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Optometry & Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Heberto Quintero
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada; Neuroscience Division, Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Canada
| | - Sana El Hajji
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada; Neuroscience Division, Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Canada
| | - Katharina Bell
- NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney, Australia; Eye ACP Duke-NUS, Singapore
| | - Adriana Di Polo
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada; Neuroscience Division, Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Canada
| | - Pete A Williams
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Eye and Vision, St. Erik Eye Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Li Q, Feng P, Lin S, Xu Z, Zhao J, Chen Z, Luo Z, Tao Y, Chen S, Wang P. Crocetin confers neuroprotection and is anti-inflammatory in rats with induced glaucoma. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:1321-1331. [PMID: 36456771 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-08102-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Crocetin is a bioactive ingredient in saffron, derived from the Crocus sativus stigmas of the Iridaceae family. As a chemically carotenoid derivative, crocetin exhibites effects like anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, neuroprotective, etc. However, the protective effect of crocetin on glaucoma and its mechanism remains unclear. The current study assesed the neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects of crocetin on retinal neurons in glaucoma rats which were induced by 0.3% carbomer injection into the anterior chamber. METHODS AND RESULTS The pathological structures on the retina and optic nerve were observed and examined by H&E staining and transmission electron microscopy. Immunohistochemical staining was used to detect the expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 of the retina and the expression of a brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the primary visual cortex (PVC). Western blot was carried out to detect the expression of PI3K, Akt, and NF-κB in the retina. It was found that crocetin ameliorated the pathological changes of the retina and ON and reduced the number of apoptotic retinal ganglion cells. Immunohistochemical staining showed that crocetin could decrease the contents of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 and increase the contents of BDNF. Western blot showed that crocetin was found to suppress the expression of PI3K, Akt, and NF-κB. CONCLUSION The results obtained in this study have indicated that crocetin showes neuroprotective effects on retinal ganglion cells in glaucoma rats and inhibits retinal dysfunction. Meanwhile, crocetin exerted an anti-inflammatory effect to protect the retina by inhibiting the expression of the PI3K/Akt/NF-κB signaling pathway. This work provides substantial evidence that crocetin may be a potential drug for the treatment of glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoqiao Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, No.18, Chaowang Road, 310014, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Peishi Feng
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, No.18, Chaowang Road, 310014, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Susu Lin
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, No.18, Chaowang Road, 310014, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zijin Xu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, No.18, Chaowang Road, 310014, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Medical College, 334000, Shangrao, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiajing Zhao
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, No.18, Chaowang Road, 310014, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziwei Chen
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, No.18, Chaowang Road, 310014, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zirui Luo
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, No.18, Chaowang Road, 310014, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Tao
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, No.18, Chaowang Road, 310014, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Suhong Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, No.18, Chaowang Road, 310014, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ping Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, No.18, Chaowang Road, 310014, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.
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Tang Y, Chen Y, Chen D. The heterogeneity of astrocytes in glaucoma. Front Neuroanat 2022; 16:995369. [PMID: 36466782 PMCID: PMC9714578 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2022.995369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a leading cause of blindness with progressive degeneration of retinal ganglion cells. Aging and increased intraocular pressure (IOP) are major risk factors. Lowering IOP does not always stop the disease progression. Alternative ways of protecting the optic nerve are intensively studied in glaucoma. Astrocytes are macroglia residing in the retina, optic nerve head (ONH), and visual brain, which keep neuronal homeostasis, regulate neuronal activities and are part of the immune responses to the retina and brain insults. In this brief review, we discuss the activation and heterogeneity of astrocytes in the retina, optic nerve head, and visual brain of glaucoma patients and animal models. We also discuss some recent transgenic and gene knockout studies using glaucoma mouse models to clarify the role of astrocytes in the pathogenesis of glaucoma. Astrocytes are heterogeneous and play crucial roles in the pathogenesis of glaucoma, especially in the process of neuroinflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction. In astrocytes, overexpression of Stat3 or knockdown of IκKβ/p65, caspase-8, and mitochondrial uncoupling proteins (Ucp2) can reduce ganglion cell loss in glaucoma mouse models. Based on these studies, therapeutic strategies targeting the heterogeneity of reactive astrocytes by enhancing their beneficial reactivity or suppressing their detrimental reactivity are alternative options for glaucoma treatment in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunjing Tang
- Research Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yongjiang Chen
- The School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Danian Chen
- Research Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Lee H, Han JH, Kang YJ, Hwangbo H, Yoon A, Kim HS, Lee D, Lee SY, Choi BH, Kim JJ, Kim SR, Choi YH, Hur J. CD82 attenuates TGF-β1-mediated epithelial-mesenchymal transition by blocking smad-dependent signaling in ARPE-19 cells. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:991056. [PMID: 36386228 PMCID: PMC9640495 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.991056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells, transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) plays a critical role in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), which contributes to various fibrotic retinal disorders. In the present study, we investigated the effect of recombinant human cluster of differentiation 82 (rhCD82), a tumor metastasis suppressor, on TGF-β-induced EMT in the human RPE cell line APRE-19. The results show that TGF-β1 significantly enhanced cell migration, invasion and the expression of EMT-mediate factors in ARPE-19 cells. However, rhCD82 markedly inhibited cell mobility and the expression of epithelial marker, zonula occludens-1, as well as increased the expression of mesenchymal markers, such as vimentin and α-smooth muscle actin in TGF-β1-treated APRE-19 cells. In addition, TGF-β1 upregulated the phosphorylation of Smad, extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) and glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β), but only phosphorylation of Smad was suppressed by rhCD82. Noteworthy, rhCD82 greatly suppressed the expression of TGF-β receptor I (TGFRI), TGFRII and integrins in TGF-β1-treated APRE-19 cells. In particular, the result of molecular docking analysis and structural modeling show that rhCD82 partially interacts with the TGF-β1 binding sites of TGFRI, TGFRII, integrin β1 and integrin αv. Taken together, this finding suggested that rhCD82 suppressed TGF-β1-induced EMT of RPE by blocking of Smad-dependent pathway, which is caused by rhCD82 interaction with TGFRs and integrins, suggesting new insight into CD82 as a potential therapeutic strategy in fibrotic retinal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyesook Lee
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, South Korea
| | - Jung-Hwa Han
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, South Korea
- PNU GRAND Convergence Medical Science Education Research Center, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, South Korea
| | - Yun Jeong Kang
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, South Korea
| | - Hyun Hwangbo
- Department of Biochemistry, Dong-eui University College of Korean Medicine, Busan, South Korea
| | - Aeseon Yoon
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, South Korea
| | - Hyung-Sik Kim
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Dental and Life Science Institute, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan, South Korea
| | - Dongjun Lee
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, South Korea
| | - Soo Yong Lee
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine and Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, South Korea
| | - Byung Hyun Choi
- Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery and Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Pusan National University School of Medicine and Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, South Korea
| | - Jae-Joon Kim
- Medical Oncology and Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, South Korea
| | - Seo Rin Kim
- Department of Nephrology and Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, South Korea
| | - Yung Hyun Choi
- Department of Biochemistry, Dong-eui University College of Korean Medicine, Busan, South Korea
- Anti-Aging Research Center and Core-Facility Center for Tissue Regeneration, Dong-eui University, Busan, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Yung Hyun Choi, ; Jin Hur,
| | - Jin Hur
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, South Korea
- PNU GRAND Convergence Medical Science Education Research Center, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Yung Hyun Choi, ; Jin Hur,
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