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Li X, Liu Z, Yan X, Tian Y, Liu K, Zhao Y, Shao J, Hao P, Zhang C. VP2 residue N142 of coxsackievirus A10 is critical for the interaction with KREMEN1 receptor and neutralizing antibodies and the pathogenicity in mice. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011662. [PMID: 37788227 PMCID: PMC10547193 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Coxsackievirus A10 (CVA10) has recently emerged as one of the major causative agents of hand, foot, and mouth disease. CVA10 may also cause a variety of complications. No approved vaccine or drug is currently available for CVA10. The residues of CVA10 critical for viral attachment, infectivity and in vivo pathogenicity have not been identified by experiment. Here, we report the identification of CVA10 residues important for binding to cellular receptor KREMEN1. We identified VP2 N142 as a key receptor-binding residue by screening of CVA10 mutants resistant to neutralization by soluble KREMEN1 protein. The receptor-binding residue N142 is exposed on the canyon rim but highly conserved in all naturally occurring CVA10 strains, which provides a counterexample to the canyon hypothesis. Residue N142 when mutated drastically reduced receptor-binding activity, resulting in decreased viral attachment and infection in cell culture. More importantly, residue N142 when mutated reduced viral replication in limb muscle and spinal cord of infected mice, leading to lower mortality and less severe clinical symptoms. Additionally, residue N142 when mutated could decrease viral binding affinity to anti-CVA10 polyclonal antibodies and a neutralizing monoclonal antibody and render CVA10 resistant to neutralization by the anti-CVA10 antibodies. Overall, our study highlights the essential role of VP2 residue N142 of CVA10 in the interactions with KREMEN1 receptor and neutralizing antibodies and viral virulence in mice, facilitating the understanding of the molecular mechanisms of CVA10 infection and immunity. Our study also provides important information for rational development of antibody-based treatment and vaccines against CVA10 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Li
- Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zeyu Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xingyu Yan
- Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan Tian
- Institutional Center for Shared Technologies and Facilities of Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Kexin Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- Institutional Center for Shared Technologies and Facilities of Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiang Shao
- Institutional Center for Shared Technologies and Facilities of Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Pei Hao
- Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Chen Y, Li X, Wang M, Li Y, Fan J, Yan J, Zhang S, Lu L, Zou P. A cysteine protease inhibitor GC376 displays potent antiviral activity against coxsackievirus infection. CURRENT RESEARCH IN MICROBIAL SCIENCES 2023; 5:100203. [PMID: 37767059 PMCID: PMC10520345 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmicr.2023.100203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection with coxsackievirus A10 (CV-A10) can cause hand-foot-mouth disease and is also associated with severe complications, including viral pneumonia, aseptic and viral meningitis. Coxsackievirus infection may also play a role in the pathogenesis of acute myocardial infarction and in the increased risk of type 1 diabetes mellitus in adults. However, there are no approved vaccines or direct antiviral agents available to prevention or treatment of coxsackievirus infection. Here, we reported that GC376 potently inhibited CV-A10 infection in different cell lines without cytotoxicity, significantly suppressed production of viral proteins, and strongly reduced the yields of infectious progeny virions. Further study indicated that GC376, as viral 3C protease inhibitor, had the potential to restrain the cleavage of the viral polyprotein into individually functional proteins, thus suppressed the replication of CV-A10. Furthermore, the drug exhibited antiviral activity against coxsackieviruses of various serotypes including CV-A6, CV-A7 and CV-A16, suggesting that GC376 is a broad-spectrum anti-coxsackievirus inhibitor and the 3C protease is a promising target for developing anti-coxsackievirus agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongkang Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaohong Li
- Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Fan
- Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingjing Yan
- Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuye Zhang
- Clinical Center for BioTherapy and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu Lu
- Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng Zou
- Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Wang Q, Meng H, Ge D, Shan H, Geri L, Liu F. Structural and nonstructural proteins of Senecavirus A: Recent research advances, and lessons learned from those of other picornaviruses. Virology 2023; 585:155-163. [PMID: 37348144 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Senecavirus A (SVA) is an emerging virus, causing vesicular disease in swine. SVA is a single-stranded, positive-sense RNA virus, which is the only member of the genus Senecavirus in the family Picornaviridae. SVA genome encodes 12 proteins: L, VP4, VP2, VP3, VP1, 2A, 2B, 2C, 3A, 3B, 3C and 3D. The VP1 to VP4 are structural proteins, and the others are nonstructural proteins. The replication of SVA in host cells is a complex process coordinated by an elaborate interplay between the structural and nonstructural proteins. Structural proteins are primarily involved in the invasion and assembly of virions. Nonstructural proteins modulate viral RNA translation and replication, and also take part in antagonizing the antiviral host response and in disrupting some cellular processes to allow virus replication. Here, we systematically reviewed the molecular functions of SVA structural and nonstructural proteins by reference to literatures of SVA itself and other picornaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010011, China
| | - Hailan Meng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Dong Ge
- Qingdao Lijian Bio-tech Co., Ltd., Qingdao, 266114, China
| | - Hu Shan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Letu Geri
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010011, China.
| | - Fuxiao Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.
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Wang J, Liu H, Cao Z, Xu J, Guo J, Zhao L, Wang R, Xu Y, Gao R, Gao L, Zuo Z, Xiao J, Lu H, Zhang Y. Epidemiology of Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease and Genetic Evolutionary Characteristics of Coxsackievirus A10 in Taiyuan City, Shanxi Province from 2016 to 2020. Viruses 2023; 15:v15030694. [PMID: 36992403 PMCID: PMC10052898 DOI: 10.3390/v15030694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the prevalence of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) caused by enteroviruses other than enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) and coxsackievirus A16 (CVA16) has gradually increased. The throat swab specimens of 2701 HFMD cases were tested, the VP1 regions of CVA10 RNA were amplified using RT-PCR, and phylogenetic analysis of CVA10 was performed. Children aged 1–5 years accounted for the majority (81.65%) and boys were more than girls. The positivity rates of EV-A71, CVA16, and other EVs were 15.22% (219/1439), 28.77% (414/1439), and 56.01% (806/1439), respectively. CVA10 is one of the important viruses of other EVs. A total of 52 CVA10 strains were used for phylogenetic analysis based on the VP1 region, 31 were from this study, and 21 were downloaded from GenBank. All CVA10 sequences could be assigned to seven genotypes (A, B, C, D, E, F, and G), and genotype C was further divided into C1 and C2 subtypes, only one belonged to subtype C1 and the remaining 30 belonged to C2 in this study. This study emphasized the importance of strengthening the surveillance of HFMD to understand the mechanisms of pathogen variation and evolution, and to provide a scientific basis for HFMD prevention, control, and vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitao Wang
- School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, 56 Xinjian South Road, Taiyuan 030001, China
- Taiyuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 89 Xinjian South Road, Taiyuan 030012, China
- Correspondence: (J.W.); (Y.Z.); Fax: +86-0351-7822732 (J.W.); +86-10-58900184 (Y.Z.)
| | - Hongyan Liu
- School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, 56 Xinjian South Road, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Zijun Cao
- School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, 56 Xinjian South Road, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Jihong Xu
- Taiyuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 89 Xinjian South Road, Taiyuan 030012, China
| | - Jiane Guo
- Taiyuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 89 Xinjian South Road, Taiyuan 030012, China
| | - Lifeng Zhao
- Taiyuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 89 Xinjian South Road, Taiyuan 030012, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Taiyuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 89 Xinjian South Road, Taiyuan 030012, China
| | - Yang Xu
- Taiyuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 89 Xinjian South Road, Taiyuan 030012, China
| | - Ruihong Gao
- Taiyuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 89 Xinjian South Road, Taiyuan 030012, China
| | - Li Gao
- Taiyuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 89 Xinjian South Road, Taiyuan 030012, China
| | - Zhihong Zuo
- Taiyuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 89 Xinjian South Road, Taiyuan 030012, China
| | - Jinbo Xiao
- WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Huanhuan Lu
- WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
- Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
- Correspondence: (J.W.); (Y.Z.); Fax: +86-0351-7822732 (J.W.); +86-10-58900184 (Y.Z.)
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A One-Step Reverse-transcription Recombinase aided PCR Assay for the Rapid and Sensitive Detection of Human Enteroviruses. BIOSAFETY AND HEALTH 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bsheal.2023.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2023] Open
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Recent advances in anti-coxsackievirus A16 viral drug research. Future Med Chem 2023; 15:97-117. [PMID: 36538291 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2022-0195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hand, foot and mouth disease, a childhood disorder caused by enteroviruses, is intermittently endemic in the Asia-Pacific region and endangers the lives of many infants and young children. Coxsackievirus A16 (CV-A16) is one of the major pathogens causing hand, foot, and mouth disease on occasion, resulting in catastrophic neurological sequelae and patient death. Currently, no clinical interventions are available that completely block the CV-A16 infection. Therefore, research on anti-CV-A16 treatment continues to be a significant focus of interest. This report provides a detailed background on and an introduction to CV-A16; a description of the viral gene and protein structures and a summary of the current advances in pharmaceutical targets, drug research and other related areas.
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Molecular mechanism of antibody neutralization of coxsackievirus A16. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7854. [PMID: 36543790 PMCID: PMC9769477 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35575-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Coxsackievirus A16 (CVA16) causes hand, foot and mouth disease in infants and young children. However, no vaccine or anti-viral agent is currently available for CVA16. Here, the functions and working mechanisms of two CVA16-specific neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), 9B5 and 8C4, are comprehensively investigated. Both 9B5 and 8C4 display potent neutralization in vitro and prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy in a mouse model of CVA16 infection. Mechanistically, 9B5 exerts neutralization primarily through inhibiting CVA16 attachment to cell surface via blockade of CVA16 binding to its attachment receptor, heparan sulfate, whereas 8C4 functions mainly at the post-attachment stage of CVA16 entry by interfering with the interaction between CVA16 and its uncoating receptor SCARB2. Cryo-EM studies show that 9B5 and 8C4 target distinct epitopes located at the 5-fold and 3-fold protrusions of CVA16 capsids, respectively, and exhibit differential binding preference to three forms of naturally occurring CVA16 particles. Moreover, 9B5 and 8C4 are compatible in formulating an antibody cocktail which displays the ability to prevent virus escape seen with individual MAbs. Together, our work elucidates the functional and structural basis of CVA16 antibody-mediated neutralization and protection, providing important information for design and development of effective CVA16 vaccines and antibody therapies.
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Cryo-electron microscopy and image classification reveal the existence and structure of the coxsackievirus A6 virion. Commun Biol 2022; 5:898. [PMID: 36056184 PMCID: PMC9438360 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03863-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Coxsackievirus A6 (CV-A6) has recently overtaken enterovirus A71 and CV-A16 as the primary causative agent of hand, foot, and mouth disease worldwide. Virions of CV-A6 were not identified in previous structural studies, and it was speculated that the virus is unique among enteroviruses in using altered particles with expanded capsids to infect cells. In contrast, the virions of other enteroviruses are required for infection. Here we used cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) to determine the structures of the CV-A6 virion, altered particle, and empty capsid. We show that the CV-A6 virion has features characteristic of virions of other enteroviruses, including a compact capsid, VP4 attached to the inner capsid surface, and fatty acid-like molecules occupying the hydrophobic pockets in VP1 subunits. Furthermore, we found that in a purified sample of CV-A6, the ratio of infectious units to virions is 1 to 500. Therefore, it is likely that virions of CV-A6 initiate infection, like those of other enteroviruses. Our results provide evidence that future vaccines against CV-A6 should target its virions instead of the antigenically distinct altered particles. Furthermore, the structure of the virion provides the basis for the rational development of capsid-binding inhibitors that block the genome release of CV-A6. A cryo-EM structure for the three conformers of coxsackievirus A6 provides insight into the infection process of this enterovirus, which is responsible for numerous cases of hand, foot, and mouth disease.
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Huang YL, Lin TM, Wang SY, Wang JR. The role of conserved arginine and proline residues in enterovirus VP1 protein. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND INFECTION = WEI MIAN YU GAN RAN ZA ZHI 2022; 55:590-597. [PMID: 35232679 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2022.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High diversity of VP1 protein among enteroviruses has been a barrier in developing universally effective antiviral drugs. To maintain structure stability during evolution, several residues of VP1 protein of enteroviruses are conserved. Therefore, investigation of highly conserved residues in VP1 protein may provide information for antiviral drug candidates against enteroviruses. METHODS To identify highly conserved amino acid sequences of the VP1 in enterovirus genus, the Consurf and CABS-flex 2.0 web software were applied. Through the combination with secondary structure information, we focused on conserved amino acids of VP1 property analysis. RESULTS Most conserved residues of VP1 were in the interior and interacted with VP2, VP3 and VP4 capsid proteins. Structure of EV-A71 (PDB code 4AED) showed conserved residues were at hydrophobic pocket and close to the junction between the loop and β-barrel. Interestingly, arginine was the most common conserved residue of VP1. Proline was the second most common conserved residue and was found in the loop and β-barrel intersection areas. VP1 protein flexibility was associated with the secondary structure. Conserved residues of VP1 in β-barrel showed significantly low flexibility. CONCLUSION Through large scale sequence analysis, we identified the amino acid distribution and location of conserved residues in VP1. This knowledge can be extrapolated for the Enterovirus genus and may contribute to developing the potential compound as an anti-enteroviral agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ling Huang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Laboratory Medicine, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Medical Laboratory Science, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Tsun-Mei Lin
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Ying Wang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Ren Wang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan.
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Deng JZ, Rustandi R, Barbacci D, Swartz A, Gulasarian A, Loughney JW. RP-UPLC method for Oncolytic Coxsackievirus Viral Protein Separation and Empty to Full Capsid Quantification. Hum Gene Ther 2022; 33:765-775. [PMID: 35387488 PMCID: PMC9347376 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2022.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic virus immunotherapy is emerging as a novel therapeutic approach for cancer treatment. Immunotherapy clinical drug candidate V937 is currently in phase I/II clinical trials and consists of a proprietary formulation of Coxsackievirus A21 (CVA21), which specifically infects and lyses cells with overexpressed ICAM-1 receptors in a range of tumors. Mature Coxsackievirus virions, consisting of four structural virion proteins, (VPs) VP1, VP2, VP3, and VP4, and the RNA genome, are the only viral particles capable of being infectious. In addition to mature virions, empty procapsids with VPs, VP0, VP1, and VP3, and other virus particles are produced in V937 production cell culture. Viral protein VP0 is cleaved into VP2 and VP4 after RNA genome encapsidation to form mature virions. Clearance of viral particles containing VP0, and quantification of viral protein distribution are important in V937 downstream processing. Existing analytical methods for the characterization of viral proteins and particles may lack sensitivity or are low throughput. We developed a sensitive and robust reverse-phase ultra-performance chromatography method to separate, identify, and quantify all five CVA21 VPs. Quantification of virus capsid concentration and empty/full capsid ratio was achieved with good linearity, accuracy, and precision. ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT04521621 and NCT04152863.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Z Deng
- Merck & Co Inc, 2793, Vaccine Analytical Development, 770 Sumneytown Pike, WP46-3, PO Box 4, West Point, Pennsylvania, United States, 19486;
| | - Richard Rustandi
- Merck & Co Inc, 2793, Vaccine Analytical Development, West Point, Pennsylvania, United States;
| | - Damon Barbacci
- Spark Therapeutics Inc, 538392, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States;
| | - Andrew Swartz
- Merck & Co Inc, 2793, Vaccine Process Development, West Point, Pennsylvania, United States;
| | - Amanda Gulasarian
- Merck & Co Inc, 2793, Vaccine Process Development, West Point, Pennsylvania, United States;
| | - John W Loughney
- Merck & Co Inc, 2793, Vaccine Analytical Development, West Point, Pennsylvania, United States;
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Wang J, Hu Y, Zheng M. Enterovirus A71 antivirals: Past, present, and future. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:1542-1566. [PMID: 35847514 PMCID: PMC9279511 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) is a significant human pathogen, especially in children. EV-A71 infection is one of the leading causes of hand, foot, and mouth diseases (HFMD), and can lead to neurological complications such as acute flaccid myelitis (AFM) in severe cases. Although three EV-A71 vaccines are available in China, they are not broadly protective and have reduced efficacy against emerging strains. There is currently no approved antiviral for EV-A71. Significant progress has been made in developing antivirals against EV-A71 by targeting both viral proteins and host factors. However, viral capsid inhibitors and protease inhibitors failed in clinical trials of human rhinovirus infection due to limited efficacy or side effects. This review discusses major discoveries in EV-A71 antiviral development, analyzes the advantages and limitations of each drug target, and highlights the knowledge gaps that need to be addressed to advance the field forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, the University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Yanmei Hu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, the University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Madeleine Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, the University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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Deng JZ, Rustandi RR, Swartz A, Shieh Y, Baker JB, Vlasak J, Wang S, Loughney JW. SEC coupled with in-line multiple detectors for the characterization of an oncolytic Coxsackievirus. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2022; 24:139-147. [PMID: 35024440 PMCID: PMC8718657 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2021.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
V937 is an oncolytic virus immunotherapy clinical drug candidate consisting of a proprietary formulation of Coxsackievirus A21 (CVA21). V937 specifically binds to and lyses cells with over-expressed ICAM-1 receptors in a range of tumor cell types and is currently in phase I and II clinical trials. Infectious V937 particles consist of a ∼30 nm icosahedral capsid assembled from four structural viral proteins that encapsidate a viral RNA genome. Rapid and robust analytical methods to quantify and characterize CVA21 virus particles are important to support the process development, regulatory requirements, and validation of new manufacturing platforms. Herein, we describe a size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) method that was developed to characterize the V937 drug substance and process intermediates. Using a 4-in-1 combination of multi-detectors (UV, refractive index, dynamic and static light scattering), we demonstrate the use of SEC for the quantification of the virus particle count, the determination of virus size (molecular weight and hydrodynamic diameter), and the characterization of virus purity by assessing empty-to-full capsid ratios. Through a SEC analysis of stressed V937 samples, we propose CVA21 thermal degradation pathways that result in genome release and particle aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Z. Deng
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | | | - Andrew Swartz
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Yvonne Shieh
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Jack B. Baker
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Josef Vlasak
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Shiyi Wang
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - John W. Loughney
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
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Cao Y, Lei E, Li L, Ren J, He X, Yang J, Wang S. Antiviral activity of Mulberroside C against enterovirus A71 in vitro and in vivo. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 906:174204. [PMID: 34051220 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) is one of the main causative agents of hand, foot and mouth disease which seriously threatens young children's health and lives. However, there is no effective therapy currently available for treating these infections. Therefore, effective drugs to prevent and treat EV-A71 infections are urgently needed. Here, we identified Mulberroside C potently against the proliferation of EV-A71. The in-vitro anti-EV-A71 activity of Mulberroside C was assessed by cytopathic effect inhibition and viral plaque reduction assays, and the results showed that Mulberroside C significantly inhibited EV-A71 infection. The downstream assays affirmed that Mulberroside C inhibited viral protein and RNA synthesis. Furthermore, Mulberroside C effectively reduced clinical symptoms in EV-A71 infected mice and reduced mortality at higher concentrations. The mechanism study indicated that Mulberroside C bound to the hydrophobic pocket of viral capsid protein VP1, thereby preventing viral uncoating and genome release. Taken together, our study indicated that Mulberroside C could be a promising EV-A71 inhibitor and worth extensive preclinical investigation as a lead compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Cao
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, PR China; Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, PR China
| | - En Lei
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, PR China; School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450000, PR China
| | - Lei Li
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, PR China
| | - Jin Ren
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, PR China
| | - Xiaoyang He
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, PR China
| | - Jing Yang
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, PR China; School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450000, PR China.
| | - Shengqi Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, PR China; Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, PR China.
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14
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Zhang C, Xu C, Dai W, Wang Y, Liu Z, Zhang X, Wang X, Wang H, Gong S, Cong Y, Huang Z. Functional and structural characterization of a two-MAb cocktail for delayed treatment of enterovirus D68 infections. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2904. [PMID: 34006855 PMCID: PMC8131599 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23199-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) is an emerging pathogen associated with respiratory diseases and/or acute flaccid myelitis. Here, two MAbs, 2H12 and 8F12, raised against EV-D68 virus-like particle (VLP), show distinct preference in binding VLP and virion and in neutralizing different EV-D68 strains. A combination of 2H12 and 8F12 exhibits balanced and potent neutralization effects and confers broader protection in mice than single MAbs when given at onset of symptoms. Cryo-EM structures of EV-D68 virion complexed with 2H12 or 8F12 show that both antibodies bind to the canyon region of the virion, creating steric hindrance for sialic acid receptor binding. Additionally, 2H12 binding can impair virion integrity and trigger premature viral uncoating. We also capture an uncoating intermediate induced by 2H12 binding, not previously described for picornaviruses. Our study elucidates the structural basis and neutralizing mechanisms of the 2H12 and 8F12 MAbs and supports further development of the 2H12/8F12 cocktail as a broad-spectrum therapeutic agent against EV-D68 infections in humans.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/metabolism
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cryoelectron Microscopy
- Enterovirus D, Human/drug effects
- Enterovirus D, Human/immunology
- Enterovirus D, Human/physiology
- Enterovirus Infections/drug therapy
- Enterovirus Infections/immunology
- Enterovirus Infections/virology
- Female
- Humans
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Protein Binding/drug effects
- Receptors, Cell Surface/immunology
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Time-to-Treatment
- Treatment Outcome
- Virion/drug effects
- Virion/immunology
- Virion/metabolism
- Virion/ultrastructure
- Virus Uncoating/drug effects
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhang
- Joint Center for Infection and Immunity, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Cong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Center for Protein Science Shanghai, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenlong Dai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yifan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Center for Protein Science Shanghai, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xueyang Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuesong Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Haikun Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Sitang Gong
- Joint Center for Infection and Immunity, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Yao Cong
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Center for Protein Science Shanghai, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Science Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
| | - Zhong Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
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15
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Anasir MI, Zarif F, Poh CL. Antivirals blocking entry of enteroviruses and therapeutic potential. J Biomed Sci 2021; 28:10. [PMID: 33451326 PMCID: PMC7811253 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-021-00708-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses from the genus Enterovirus (EV) of the Picornaviridae family are known to cause diseases such as hand foot and mouth disease (HFMD), respiratory diseases, encephalitis and myocarditis. The capsid of EV is an attractive target for the development of direct-acting small molecules that can interfere with viral entry. Some of the capsid binders have been evaluated in clinical trials but the majority have failed due to insufficient efficacy or unacceptable off-target effects. Furthermore, most of the capsid binders exhibited a low barrier to resistance. Alternatively, host-targeting inhibitors such as peptides derived from the capsid of EV that can recognize cellular receptors have been identified. However, the majority of these peptides displayed low anti-EV potency (µM range) as compared to the potency of small molecule compounds (nM range). Nonetheless, the development of anti-EV peptides is warranted as they may complement the small-molecules in a drug combination strategy to treat EVs. Lastly, structure-based approach to design antiviral peptides should be utilized to unearth potent anti-EV peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Ishtiaq Anasir
- Centre for Virus and Vaccine Research, Sunway University, 5, Jalan Universiti, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Faisal Zarif
- Centre for Virus and Vaccine Research, Sunway University, 5, Jalan Universiti, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Chit Laa Poh
- Centre for Virus and Vaccine Research, Sunway University, 5, Jalan Universiti, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia.
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16
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Molecular basis of Coxsackievirus A10 entry using the two-in-one attachment and uncoating receptor KRM1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:18711-18718. [PMID: 32690697 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2005341117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
KREMEN1 (KRM1) has been identified as a functional receptor for Coxsackievirus A10 (CV-A10), a causative agent of hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD), which poses a great threat to infants globally. However, the underlying mechanisms for the viral entry process are not well understood. Here we determined the atomic structures of different forms of CV-A10 viral particles and its complex with KRM1 in both neutral and acidic conditions. These structures reveal that KRM1 selectively binds to the mature viral particle above the canyon of the viral protein 1 (VP1) subunit and contacts across two adjacent asymmetry units. The key residues for receptor binding are conserved among most KRM1-dependent enteroviruses, suggesting a uniform mechanism for receptor binding. Moreover, the binding of KRM1 induces the release of pocket factor, a process accelerated under acidic conditions. Further biochemical studies confirmed that receptor binding at acidic pH enabled CV-A10 virion uncoating in vitro. Taken together, these findings provide high-resolution snapshots of CV-A10 entry and identify KRM1 as a two-in-one receptor for enterovirus infection.
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17
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Mandary MB, Masomian M, Ong SK, Poh CL. Characterization of Plaque Variants and the Involvement of Quasi-Species in a Population of EV-A71. Viruses 2020; 12:E651. [PMID: 32560288 PMCID: PMC7354493 DOI: 10.3390/v12060651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral plaque morphologies in human cell lines are markers for growth capability and they have been used to assess the viral fitness and selection of attenuated mutants for live-attenuated vaccine development. In this study, we investigate whether the naturally occurring plaque size variation reflects the virulence of the variants of EV-A71. Variants of two different plaque sizes (big and small) from EV-A71 sub-genotype B4 strain 41 were characterized. The plaque variants displayed different in vitro growth kinetics compared to the parental wild type. The plaque variants showed specific mutations being present in each variant strain. The big plaque variants showed four mutations I97L, N104S, S246P and N282D in the VP1 while the small plaque variants showed I97T, N237T and T292A in the VP1. No other mutations were detected in the whole genome of the two variants. The variants showed stable homogenous small plaques and big plaques, respectively, when re-infected in rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) and Vero cells. The parental strain showed faster growth kinetics and had higher viral RNA copy number than both the big and small plaque variants. Homology modelling shows that both plaque variants have differences in the structure of the VP1 protein due to the presence of unique spontaneous mutations found in each plaque variant This study suggests that the EV-A71 sub-genotype B4 strain 41 has at least two variants with different plaque morphologies. These differences were likely due to the presence of spontaneous mutations that are unique to each of the plaque variants. The ability to maintain the respective plaque morphology upon passaging indicates the presence of quasi-species in the parental population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madiiha Bibi Mandary
- Centre for Virus and Vaccine Research, School of Science and Technology, Sunway University, Kuala Lumpur, Selangor 47500, Malaysia; (M.B.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Malihe Masomian
- Centre for Virus and Vaccine Research, School of Science and Technology, Sunway University, Kuala Lumpur, Selangor 47500, Malaysia; (M.B.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Seng-Kai Ong
- Department of Biological Science, School of Science and Technology, Sunway University, Kuala Lumpur, Selangor 47500, Malaysia;
| | - Chit Laa Poh
- Centre for Virus and Vaccine Research, School of Science and Technology, Sunway University, Kuala Lumpur, Selangor 47500, Malaysia; (M.B.M.); (M.M.)
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18
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Zhao Y, Zhou D, Ni T, Karia D, Kotecha A, Wang X, Rao Z, Jones EY, Fry EE, Ren J, Stuart DI. Hand-foot-and-mouth disease virus receptor KREMEN1 binds the canyon of Coxsackie Virus A10. Nat Commun 2020; 11:38. [PMID: 31911601 PMCID: PMC6946704 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13936-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Coxsackievirus A10 (CV-A10) is responsible for an escalating number of severe infections in children, but no prophylactics or therapeutics are currently available. KREMEN1 (KRM1) is the entry receptor for the largest receptor-group of hand-foot-and-mouth disease causing viruses, which includes CV-A10. We report here structures of CV-A10 mature virus alone and in complex with KRM1 as well as of the CV-A10 A-particle. The receptor spans the viral canyon with a large footprint on the virus surface. The footprint has some overlap with that seen for the neonatal Fc receptor complexed with enterovirus E6 but is larger and distinct from that of another enterovirus receptor SCARB2. Reduced occupancy of a particle-stabilising pocket factor in the complexed virus and the presence of both unbound and expanded virus particles suggests receptor binding initiates a cascade of conformational changes that produces expanded particles primed for viral uncoating.
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MESH Headings
- Enterovirus A, Human/chemistry
- Enterovirus A, Human/genetics
- Enterovirus A, Human/physiology
- Enterovirus A, Human/ultrastructure
- Enterovirus Infections/genetics
- Enterovirus Infections/metabolism
- Enterovirus Infections/virology
- Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus/genetics
- Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus/physiology
- Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease/genetics
- Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease/metabolism
- Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease/virology
- Humans
- Membrane Proteins/chemistry
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Receptors, Virus/chemistry
- Receptors, Virus/genetics
- Receptors, Virus/metabolism
- Virus Uncoating
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuguang Zhao
- Division of Structural Biology, The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Daming Zhou
- Division of Structural Biology, The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Tao Ni
- Division of Structural Biology, The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Dimple Karia
- Division of Structural Biology, The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Abhay Kotecha
- Division of Structural Biology, The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
- Materials and Structural Analysis, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Xiangxi Wang
- National Laboratory of Macromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Science, 100101, Beijing, China
| | - Zihe Rao
- National Laboratory of Macromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Science, 100101, Beijing, China
| | - E Yvonne Jones
- Division of Structural Biology, The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Elizabeth E Fry
- Division of Structural Biology, The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Jingshan Ren
- Division of Structural Biology, The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK.
| | - David I Stuart
- Division of Structural Biology, The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK.
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science & Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0DE, UK.
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19
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Lim ZQ, Ng QY, Ng JWQ, Mahendran V, Alonso S. Recent progress and challenges in drug development to fight hand, foot and mouth disease. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2019; 15:359-371. [DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2019.1659241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ze Qin Lim
- Department of Microbiology&Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Immunology program, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Qing Yong Ng
- Department of Microbiology&Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Immunology program, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Justin Wei Qing Ng
- Department of Microbiology&Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Immunology program, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Vikneswari Mahendran
- Department of Microbiology&Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Immunology program, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sylvie Alonso
- Department of Microbiology&Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Immunology program, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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20
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Dai W, Xiong P, Zhang X, Liu Z, Chen J, Zhou Y, Ye X, Zhang C. Recombinant virus-like particle presenting a newly identified coxsackievirus A10 neutralization epitope induces protective immunity in mice. Antiviral Res 2019; 164:139-146. [PMID: 30817941 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2019.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2018] [Revised: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Coxsackievirus A10 (CVA10) has emerged as one of the major pathogens of hand, foot, and mouth disease in recent years. However, there are no approved vaccines or effective drugs against CVA10. Several experimental CVA10 vaccines have been shown to elicit neutralizing antibodies that could confer protection against viral infection. However, neutralizing antigenic sites on CVA10 capsid have not been well characterized. Here, we report the characterization of linear neutralization epitopes of CVA10 and the development of a CVA10 vaccine based on the identified epitopes. We showed that peptide VP2-P28, corresponding to residues 136 to 150 of VP2, were recognized by anti-inactivated CVA10 sera and effectively inhibited anti-CVA10 sera-mediated neutralization, suggesting that this peptide contains neutralizing epitopes. Insertion of VP2-P28 into hepatitis B core antigen (HBc) resulted in a chimeric virus-like particle (VLP; designated HBc-P28) with the CVA10 epitope exposed on the particle surface. HBc-P28 VLP elicited strong antibody responses against VP2-P28 in mice. Anti-HBc-P28 sera could neutralize both CVA10 clinical isolates and prototype strain, consistent with the fact that the VP2-P28 sequence is highly conserved among CVA10 strains. In addition, anti-HBc-P28 sera failed to cross-neutralize other HFMD-causing enteroviruses, indicating that neutralizing antibodies elicited by HBc-P28 VLP were CVA10-specific. Importantly, anti-HBc-P28 sera were able to provide efficient protection against lethal CVA10 infection in recipient mice. Collectively, these data show that peptide VP2-P28 represents a CVA10-specific linear neutralizing antigenic site and chimeric VLP displaying this peptide is a promising epitope-based CVA10 vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlong Dai
- Vaccine Research Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Pei Xiong
- Vaccine Research Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xueyang Zhang
- Vaccine Research Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi Liu
- Biological Imaging and Instrumental Analysis Center, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinhuan Chen
- National Center for Protein Science Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Vaccine Research Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaohua Ye
- Vaccine Research Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Vaccine Research Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; Joint Center for Infection and Immunity, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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