1
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Plata-Gómez AB, de Prado-Rivas L, Sanz A, Deleyto-Seldas N, García F, de la Calle Arregui C, Silva C, Caleiras E, Graña-Castro O, Piñeiro-Yáñez E, Krebs J, Leiva-Vega L, Muñoz J, Jain A, Sabio G, Efeyan A. Hepatic nutrient and hormone signaling to mTORC1 instructs the postnatal metabolic zonation of the liver. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1878. [PMID: 38499523 PMCID: PMC10948770 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46032-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The metabolic functions of the liver are spatially organized in a phenomenon called zonation, linked to the differential exposure of portal and central hepatocytes to nutrient-rich blood. The mTORC1 signaling pathway controls cellular metabolism in response to nutrients and insulin fluctuations. Here we show that simultaneous genetic activation of nutrient and hormone signaling to mTORC1 in hepatocytes results in impaired establishment of postnatal metabolic and zonal identity of hepatocytes. Mutant hepatocytes fail to upregulate postnatally the expression of Frizzled receptors 1 and 8, and show reduced Wnt/β-catenin activation. This defect, alongside diminished paracrine Wnt2 ligand expression by endothelial cells, underlies impaired postnatal maturation. Impaired zonation is recapitulated in a model of constant supply of nutrients by parenteral nutrition to piglets. Our work shows the role of hepatocyte sensing of fluctuations in nutrients and hormones for triggering a latent metabolic zonation program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Belén Plata-Gómez
- Metabolism and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Melchor Fernandez Almagro 3, Madrid, 28029, Spain
| | - Lucía de Prado-Rivas
- Metabolism and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Melchor Fernandez Almagro 3, Madrid, 28029, Spain
| | - Alba Sanz
- Metabolism and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Melchor Fernandez Almagro 3, Madrid, 28029, Spain
| | - Nerea Deleyto-Seldas
- Metabolism and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Melchor Fernandez Almagro 3, Madrid, 28029, Spain
| | - Fernando García
- Proteomics Unit. Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Celia de la Calle Arregui
- Metabolism and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Melchor Fernandez Almagro 3, Madrid, 28029, Spain
| | - Camila Silva
- Metabolism and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Melchor Fernandez Almagro 3, Madrid, 28029, Spain
| | - Eduardo Caleiras
- Histopathology Unit. Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Osvaldo Graña-Castro
- Bioinformatics Unit. Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Applied Molecular Medicine (IMMA-Nemesio Díez), School of Medicine, San Pablo-CEU University, CEU Universities, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Piñeiro-Yáñez
- Bioinformatics Unit. Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Joseph Krebs
- Department of Pediatrics, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Luis Leiva-Vega
- Myocardial Pathophysiology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Muñoz
- Proteomics Unit. Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
- Cell Signalling and Clinical Proteomics Group, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute & Ikerbasque Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Ajay Jain
- Department of Pediatrics, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Guadalupe Sabio
- Myocardial Pathophysiology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejo Efeyan
- Metabolism and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Melchor Fernandez Almagro 3, Madrid, 28029, Spain.
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2
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Behrooz AB, Cordani M, Fiore A, Donadelli M, Gordon JW, Klionsky DJ, Ghavami S. The obesity-autophagy-cancer axis: Mechanistic insights and therapeutic perspectives. Semin Cancer Biol 2024; 99:24-44. [PMID: 38309540 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2024.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Autophagy, a self-degradative process vital for cellular homeostasis, plays a significant role in adipose tissue metabolism and tumorigenesis. This review aims to elucidate the complex interplay between autophagy, obesity, and cancer development, with a specific emphasis on how obesity-driven changes affect the regulation of autophagy and subsequent implications for cancer risk. The burgeoning epidemic of obesity underscores the relevance of this research, particularly given the established links between obesity, autophagy, and various cancers. Our exploration delves into hormonal influence, notably INS (insulin) and LEP (leptin), on obesity and autophagy interactions. Further, we draw attention to the latest findings on molecular factors linking obesity to cancer, including hormonal changes, altered metabolism, and secretory autophagy. We posit that targeting autophagy modulation may offer a potent therapeutic approach for obesity-associated cancer, pointing to promising advancements in nanocarrier-based targeted therapies for autophagy modulation. However, we also recognize the challenges inherent to these approaches, particularly concerning their precision, control, and the dual roles autophagy can play in cancer. Future research directions include identifying novel biomarkers, refining targeted therapies, and harmonizing these approaches with precision medicine principles, thereby contributing to a more personalized, effective treatment paradigm for obesity-mediated cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Barzegar Behrooz
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba, College of Medicine, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Electrophysiology Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marco Cordani
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biology, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alessandra Fiore
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Biochemistry, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Massimo Donadelli
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Biochemistry, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Joseph W Gordon
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba, College of Medicine, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Children Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Daniel J Klionsky
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Saeid Ghavami
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Faculty of Medicine in Zabrze, University of Technology in Katowice, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland; Research Institute of Oncology and Hematology, Cancer Care Manitoba-University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Children Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
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3
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Cho CS, Kim Y, Park SR, Kim B, Davis C, Hwang I, Brooks SV, Lee JH, Kim M. Simultaneous loss of TSC1 and DEPDC5 in skeletal and cardiac muscles produces early-onset myopathy and cardiac dysfunction associated with oxidative damage and SQSTM1/p62 accumulation. Autophagy 2022; 18:2303-2322. [PMID: 34964695 PMCID: PMC9542799 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2021.2016255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
By promoting anabolism, MTORC1 is critical for muscle growth and maintenance. However, genetic MTORC1 upregulation promotes muscle aging and produces age-associated myopathy. Whether MTORC1 activation is sufficient to produce myopathy or indirectly promotes it by accelerating tissue aging is elusive. Here we examined the effects of muscular MTORC1 hyperactivation, produced by simultaneous depletion of TSC1 and DEPDC5 (CKM-TD). CKM-TD mice produced myopathy, associated with loss of skeletal muscle mass and force, as well as cardiac failure and bradypnea. These pathologies were manifested at eight weeks of age, leading to a highly penetrant fatality at around twelve weeks of age. Transcriptome analysis indicated that genes mediating proteasomal and macroautophagic/autophagic pathways were highly upregulated in CKM-TD skeletal muscle, in addition to inflammation, oxidative stress, and DNA damage signaling pathways. In CKM-TD muscle, autophagosome levels were increased, and the AMPK and ULK1 pathways were activated; in addition, autophagy induction was not completely blocked in CKM-TD myotubes. Despite the upregulation of autolysosomal markers, CKM-TD myofibers exhibited accumulation of autophagy substrates, such as SQSTM1/p62 and ubiquitinated proteins, suggesting that the autophagic activities were insufficient. Administration of a superoxide scavenger, tempol, normalized most of these molecular pathologies and subsequently restored muscle histology and force generation. However, CKM-TD autophagy alterations were not normalized by rapamycin or tempol, suggesting that they may involve non-canonical targets other than MTORC1. These results collectively indicate that the concomitant muscle deficiency of TSC1 and DEPDC5 can produce early-onset myopathy through accumulation of oxidative stress, which dysregulates myocellular homeostasis.Abbreviations: AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase; CKM: creatine kinase, M-type; COX: cytochrome oxidase; DEPDC5: DEP domain containing 5, GATOR1 subcomplex subunit; DHE: dihydroethidium; EDL: extensor digitorum longus; EIF4EBP1: eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E binding protein 1; GAP: GTPase-activating protein; GTN: gastrocnemius; MTORC1: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase complex 1; PLA: plantaris; QUAD: quadriceps; RPS6KB/S6K: ribosomal protein S6 kinase beta; SDH: succinate dehydrogenase; SOL: soleus; SQSTM1: sequestosome 1; TA: tibialis anterior; TSC1: TSC complex subunit 1; ULK1: unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Seok Cho
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Yongsung Kim
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Sung-Rye Park
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Boyoung Kim
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Carol Davis
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Irene Hwang
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Susan V. Brooks
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Jun Hee Lee
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA,CONTACT Jun Hee Lee Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Myungjin Kim
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA,Myungjin Kim
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4
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Mooli RGR, Mukhi D, Ramakrishnan SK. Oxidative Stress and Redox Signaling in the Pathophysiology of Liver Diseases. Compr Physiol 2022; 12:3167-3192. [PMID: 35578969 PMCID: PMC10074426 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c200021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The increased production of derivatives of molecular oxygen and nitrogen in the form of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) lead to molecular damage called oxidative stress. Under normal physiological conditions, the ROS generation is tightly regulated in different cells and cellular compartments. Any disturbance in the balance between the cellular generation of ROS and antioxidant balance leads to oxidative stress. In this article, we discuss the sources of ROS (endogenous and exogenous) and antioxidant mechanisms. We also focus on the pathophysiological significance of oxidative stress in various cell types of the liver. Oxidative stress is implicated in the development and progression of various liver diseases. We narrate the master regulators of ROS-mediated signaling and their contribution to liver diseases. Nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases (NAFLD) are influenced by a "multiple parallel-hit model" in which oxidative stress plays a central role. We highlight the recent findings on the role of oxidative stress in the spectrum of NAFLD, including fibrosis and liver cancer. Finally, we provide a brief overview of oxidative stress biomarkers and their therapeutic applications in various liver-related disorders. Overall, the article sheds light on the significance of oxidative stress in the pathophysiology of the liver. © 2022 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 12:3167-3192, 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raja Gopal Reddy Mooli
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Dhanunjay Mukhi
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sadeesh K Ramakrishnan
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Xu L, Yang C, Wang J, Li Z, Huang R, Ma H, Ma J, Wang Q, Xiong X. Persistent mTORC1 activation via Depdc5 deletion results in spontaneous hepatocellular carcinoma but does not exacerbate carcinogen- and high-fat diet-induced hepatic carcinogenesis in mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 578:142-149. [PMID: 34562654 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) acts as a central regulator of metabolic pathways that drive cellular growth. Abnormal activation of mTORC1 occurs at high frequency in human and mouse hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). DEP domain-containing protein 5 (DEPDC5), a component of GATOR1 complex, is a repressor of amino acid-sensing branch of the mTORC1 pathway. In the current study, we found that persistent activation of hepatic mTORC1 signaling caused by Depdc5 ablation was sufficient to induce a pathological program of liver damage, inflammation and fibrosis that triggers spontaneous HCC development. Take advantage of the combinatory treatment with a single dose of diethylnitrosamine (DEN) and chronic feeding with high-fat diet (HFD), we demonstrated that hepatic depdc5 deletion did not aggravate DEN&HFD induced liver tumorigenesis, probably due to its protective effects on diet-induced liver steatosis. In addition, we further showed that chronic rapamycin treatment did not have any apparent tumor-suppressing effects on DEN&HFD treated control mice, whereas it dramatically reduced the tumor burden in mice with hepatic Depdc5 ablation. This study provides the novel in vivo evidence for Depdc5 deletion mediated mTORC1 hyperactivation in liver tumorigenesis caused by aging or DEN&HFD treatment. Moreover, our findings also propose that pharmacological inhibition of mTORC1 signaling maybe a promising strategy to treat HCC patients with mutations in DEPDC5 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Xu
- School of Forensic Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China; Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Integrative Physiology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Chenyan Yang
- School of Forensic Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China; Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Integrative Physiology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Jing Wang
- School of Forensic Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China; Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Integrative Physiology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Zun Li
- School of Forensic Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China; Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Integrative Physiology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Rong Huang
- School of Forensic Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China; Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Integrative Physiology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Honghui Ma
- School of Forensic Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China; Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Integrative Physiology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Jie Ma
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Qingzhi Wang
- School of Forensic Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Xiwen Xiong
- School of Forensic Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China; Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Integrative Physiology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China.
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6
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Loissell-Baltazar YA, Dokudovskaya S. SEA and GATOR 10 Years Later. Cells 2021; 10:cells10102689. [PMID: 34685669 PMCID: PMC8534245 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The SEA complex was described for the first time in yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae ten years ago, and its human homologue GATOR complex two years later. During the past decade, many advances on the SEA/GATOR biology in different organisms have been made that allowed its role as an essential upstream regulator of the mTORC1 pathway to be defined. In this review, we describe these advances in relation to the identification of multiple functions of the SEA/GATOR complex in nutrient response and beyond and highlight the consequence of GATOR mutations in cancer and neurodegenerative diseases.
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7
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Xu L, Zhang X, Xin Y, Ma J, Yang C, Zhang X, Hou G, Dong XC, Sun Z, Xiong X, Cao X. Depdc5 deficiency exacerbates alcohol-induced hepatic steatosis via suppression of PPARα pathway. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:710. [PMID: 34267188 PMCID: PMC8282792 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03980-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol-related liver disease (ALD), a condition caused by alcohol overconsumption, occurs in three stages of liver injury including steatosis, hepatitis, and cirrhosis. DEP domain-containing protein 5 (DEPDC5), a component of GAP activities towards Rags 1 (GATOR1) complex, is a repressor of amino acid-sensing branch of the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) pathway. In the current study, we found that aberrant activation of mTORC1 was likely attributed to the reduction of DEPDC5 in the livers of ethanol-fed mice or ALD patients. To further define the in vivo role of DEPDC5 in ALD development, we generated Depdc5 hepatocyte-specific knockout mouse model (Depdc5-LKO) in which mTORC1 pathway was constitutively activated through loss of the inhibitory effect of GATOR1. Hepatic Depdc5 ablation leads to mild hepatomegaly and liver injury and protects against diet-induced liver steatosis. In contrast, ethanol-fed Depdc5-LKO mice developed severe hepatic steatosis and inflammation. Pharmacological intervention with Torin 1 suppressed mTORC1 activity and remarkably ameliorated ethanol-induced hepatic steatosis and inflammation in both control and Depdc5-LKO mice. The pathological effect of sustained mTORC1 activity in ALD may be attributed to the suppression of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor α (PPARα), the master regulator of fatty acid oxidation in hepatocytes, because fenofibrate (PPARα agonist) treatment reverses ethanol-induced liver steatosis and inflammation in Depdc5-LKO mice. These findings provide novel insights into the in vivo role of hepatic DEPDC5 in the development of ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Xu
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, PR China
- School of Forensic Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453003, PR China
| | - Xinge Zhang
- School of Forensic Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453003, PR China
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Integrative Physiology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453003, PR China
| | - Yue Xin
- School of Forensic Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453003, PR China
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Integrative Physiology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453003, PR China
| | - Jie Ma
- Department of Human Anatomy & Histoembryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453003, PR China
| | - Chenyan Yang
- School of Forensic Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453003, PR China
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Integrative Physiology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453003, PR China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, PR China
| | - Guoqing Hou
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, PR China
| | - Xiaocheng Charlie Dong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Zhaoli Sun
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Xiwen Xiong
- School of Forensic Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453003, PR China.
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Integrative Physiology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453003, PR China.
| | - Xuan Cao
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, PR China.
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8
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Cho CS, Xi J, Si Y, Park SR, Hsu JE, Kim M, Jun G, Kang HM, Lee JH. Microscopic examination of spatial transcriptome using Seq-Scope. Cell 2021; 184:3559-3572.e22. [PMID: 34115981 PMCID: PMC8238917 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Spatial barcoding technologies have the potential to reveal histological details of transcriptomic profiles; however, they are currently limited by their low resolution. Here, we report Seq-Scope, a spatial barcoding technology with a resolution comparable to an optical microscope. Seq-Scope is based on a solid-phase amplification of randomly barcoded single-molecule oligonucleotides using an Illumina sequencing platform. The resulting clusters annotated with spatial coordinates are processed to expose RNA-capture moiety. These RNA-capturing barcoded clusters define the pixels of Seq-Scope that are ∼0.5-0.8 μm apart from each other. From tissue sections, Seq-Scope visualizes spatial transcriptome heterogeneity at multiple histological scales, including tissue zonation according to the portal-central (liver), crypt-surface (colon) and inflammation-fibrosis (injured liver) axes, cellular components including single-cell types and subtypes, and subcellular architectures of nucleus and cytoplasm. Seq-Scope is quick, straightforward, precise, and easy-to-implement and makes spatial single-cell analysis accessible to a wide group of biomedical researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Seok Cho
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jingyue Xi
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yichen Si
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Sung-Rye Park
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jer-En Hsu
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Myungjin Kim
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Goo Jun
- Human Genetics Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Hyun Min Kang
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jun Hee Lee
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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9
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G protein β5-ATM complexes drive acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity. Redox Biol 2021; 43:101965. [PMID: 33933881 PMCID: PMC8105674 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.101965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive ingestion of the common analgesic acetaminophen (APAP) leads to severe hepatotoxicity. Here we identify G protein β5 (Gβ5), elevated in livers from APAP overdose patients, as a critical regulator of cell death pathways and autophagic signaling in APAP-exposed liver. Liver-specific knockdown of Gβ5 in mice protected the liver from APAP-dependent fibrosis, cell loss, oxidative stress, and inflammation following either acute or chronic APAP administration. Conversely, overexpression of Gβ5 in liver was sufficient to drive hepatocyte dysfunction and loss. In hepatocytes, Gβ5 depletion ameliorated mitochondrial dysfunction, allowed for maintenance of ATP generation and mitigated APAP-induced cell death. Further, Gβ5 knockdown also reversed impacts of APAP on kinase cascades (e.g. ATM/AMPK) signaling to mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), a master regulator of autophagy and, as a result, interrupted autophagic flux. Though canonically relegated to nuclear DNA repair pathways, ATM also functions in the cytoplasm to control cell death and autophagy. Indeed, we now show that Gβ5 forms a direct, stable complex with the FAT domain of ATM, important for autophosphorylation-dependent kinase activation. These data provide a viable explanation for these novel, G protein-independent actions of Gβ5 in liver. Thus, Gβ5 sits at a critical nexus in multiple pathological sequelae driving APAP-dependent liver damage.
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10
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Abstract
Sestrins are a family of proteins that respond to a variety of environmental stresses, including genotoxic, oxidative, and nutritional stresses. Sestrins affect multiple signaling pathways: AMP-activated protein kinase, mammalian target of rapamycin complexes, insulin-AKT, and redox signaling pathways. By regulating these pathways, Sestrins are thought to help adapt to stressful environments and subsequently restore cell and tissue homeostasis. In this review, we describe how Sestrins mediate physiological stress responses in the context of nutritional and chemical stresses (liver), physical movement and exercise (skeletal muscle), and chemical, physical, and inflammatory injuries (heart). These findings also support the idea that Sestrins are a molecular mediator of hormesis, a paradoxical beneficial effect of low- or moderate-level stresses in living organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myungjin Kim
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA; ,
| | - Allison H Kowalsky
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA; ,
| | - Jun Hee Lee
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA; ,
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11
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Vadlakonda L, Indracanti M, Kalangi SK, Gayatri BM, Naidu NG, Reddy ABM. The Role of Pi, Glutamine and the Essential Amino Acids in Modulating the Metabolism in Diabetes and Cancer. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2020; 19:1731-1775. [PMID: 33520860 DOI: 10.1007/s40200-020-00566-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Re-examine the current metabolic models. Methods Review of literature and gene networks. Results Insulin activates Pi uptake, glutamine metabolism to stabilise lipid membranes. Tissue turnover maintains the metabolic health. Current model of intermediary metabolism (IM) suggests glucose is the source of energy, and anaplerotic entry of fatty acids and amino acids into mitochondria increases the oxidative capacity of the TCA cycle to produce the energy (ATP). The reduced cofactors, NADH and FADH2, have different roles in regulating the oxidation of nutrients, membrane potentials and biosynthesis. Trans-hydrogenation of NADH to NADPH activates the biosynthesis. FADH2 sustains the membrane potential during the cell transformations. Glycolytic enzymes assume the non-canonical moonlighting functions, enter the nucleus to remodel the genetic programmes to affect the tissue turnover for efficient use of nutrients. Glycosylation of the CD98 (4F2HC) stabilises the nutrient transporters and regulates the entry of cysteine, glutamine and BCAA into the cells. A reciprocal relationship between the leucine and glutamine entry into cells regulates the cholesterol and fatty acid synthesis and homeostasis in cells. Insulin promotes the Pi transport from the blood to tissues, activates the mitochondrial respiratory activity, and glutamine metabolism, which activates the synthesis of cholesterol and the de novo fatty acids for reorganising and stabilising the lipid membranes for nutrient transport and signal transduction in response to fluctuations in the microenvironmental cues. Fatty acids provide the lipid metabolites, activate the second messengers and protein kinases. Insulin resistance suppresses the lipid raft formation and the mitotic slippage activates the fibrosis and slow death pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Meera Indracanti
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Suresh K Kalangi
- Amity Stem Cell Institute, Amity University Haryana, Amity Education Valley Pachgaon, Manesar, Gurugram, HR 122413 India
| | - B Meher Gayatri
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046 India
| | - Navya G Naidu
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046 India
| | - Aramati B M Reddy
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046 India
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Pathological Consequences of Hepatic mTORC1 Dysregulation. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11080896. [PMID: 32764389 PMCID: PMC7465966 DOI: 10.3390/genes11080896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) is a central regulator of metabolism that integrates environmental inputs, including nutrients, growth factors, and stress signals. mTORC1 activation upregulates anabolism of diverse macromolecules, such as proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, while downregulating autolysosomal catabolism. mTORC1 dysregulation is often found in various diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, as well as metabolic syndromes involving obesity and type II diabetes. As an essential metabolic organ, the liver requires proper regulation of mTORC1 for maintaining homeostasis and preventing pathologies. For instance, aberrant hyper- or hypoactivation of mTORC1 disrupts hepatocellular homeostasis and damages the structural and functional integrity of the tissue, leading to prominent liver injury and the development of hepatocellular carcinogenesis. Proper regulation of mTORC1 during liver diseases may be beneficial for restoring liver function and ameliorating the detrimental consequences of liver failure.
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