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Hernández Requejo D, de Armas Y, Iglesias E, Díaz HM, Gravier R, Godínez López MC, Fonte L, Plascencia-Cruz M, Pacheco-Quijano K, Palomares J, Pérez-Gómez HR, Plascencia-Hernández A, Calderón EJ. Polymorphisms of CCR5, IL-6, IFN-γ and IL-10 genes in Cuban HIV/AIDS patients. Rev Clin Esp 2024; 224:96-104. [PMID: 38253256 DOI: 10.1016/j.rceng.2023.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Genetic studies have shown associations of several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) with different rates of progression and variation in susceptibility to HIV infection. This study aimed to estimate the frequency of ccr5Δ32, IL-6-174G/C, IFN-γ+874T/A and IL-10-1082A/G polymorphisms in Cuban HIV-infected patients and a group of sero-discordant couples to assess their influence on risk and disease progression. METHODS A cross-sectional study was carried out on 120 subjects registered at the Institute of Tropical Medicine «Pedro Kour» (IPK) and the Ameijeiras Hospital from June 2018 until December 2019. The amplification of fragments of the ccr5, IL-6, IFN-γ and IL-10 genes was performed by polymerase chain reaction followed by identification of polymorphisms using the restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis for IL-6 with the restriction enzymes Nla III. Amplification Refractory Mutation System was used for IFN-γ and IL-10 genes. RESULTS The allelic and genotypic distributions of the genes ccr5, IL-6, IFN-γ and IL-10 did not differ significantly between the two groups. Cell counts and plasma viral load values did not differ significantly between genotypes of the ccr5, IL-6, IFN-γ and IL-10 genes. Only the IL-6 GC genotype was associated with higher viral load values. The combination of alleles of the four considered SNPs showed a highly significant increase in the risk of HIV infection for one of them, but with a very low frequency (<1%). CONCLUSION This study contributes to evaluating the frequency of these polymorphisms and their influence on biomarkers of the progression of HIV infection in the Cuban HIV-population.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Hernández Requejo
- Departamento de Laboratorio Clínico, Centro Hospitalario, Instituto de Medicina Tropical «Pedro Kourí», La Habana, Cuba
| | - Y de Armas
- Departamento de Patología, Centro Hospitalario, Instituto de Medicina Tropical «Pedro Kourí», La Habana, Cuba; Departamento de Diagnóstico Microbiológico Clínico, Centro Hospitalario, Instituto de Medicina Tropical «Pedro Kourí», La Habana, Cuba
| | - E Iglesias
- Centro de Ingeniería Genética y Biotecnología, La Habana, Cuba
| | - H M Díaz
- Hospital Clínico Quirúrgico «Hermanos Ameijeiras», La Habana, Cuba
| | - R Gravier
- Departamento de Farmacología, Instituto de Medicina Tropical «Pedro Kourí», La Habana, Cuba
| | - M C Godínez López
- Departamento de Laboratorio Clínico, Centro Hospitalario, Instituto de Medicina Tropical «Pedro Kourí», La Habana, Cuba
| | - L Fonte
- Departamento de Parasitología, Instituto de Medicina Tropical «Pedro Kourí», La Habana, Cuba
| | - M Plascencia-Cruz
- Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - K Pacheco-Quijano
- Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - J Palomares
- Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - H R Pérez-Gómez
- Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - A Plascencia-Hernández
- Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico.
| | - E J Calderón
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain.
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Rudd H, Toborek M. Pitfalls of Antiretroviral Therapy: Current Status and Long-Term CNS Toxicity. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12070894. [PMID: 35883450 PMCID: PMC9312798 DOI: 10.3390/biom12070894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV can traverse the BBB using a Trojan horse-like mechanism. Hidden within infected immune cells, HIV can infiltrate the highly safeguarded CNS and propagate disease. Once integrated within the host genome, HIV becomes a stable provirus, which can remain dormant, evade detection by the immune system or antiretroviral therapy (ART), and result in rebound viraemia. As ART targets actively replicating HIV, has low BBB penetrance, and exposes patients to long-term toxicity, further investigation into novel therapeutic approaches is required. Viral proteins can be produced by latent HIV, which may play a synergistic role alongside ART in promoting neuroinflammatory pathophysiology. It is believed that the ability to specifically target these proviral reservoirs would be a vital driving force towards a cure for HIV infection. A novel drug design platform, using the in-tandem administration of several therapeutic approaches, can be used to precisely target the various components of HIV infection, ultimately leading to the eradication of active and latent HIV and a functional cure for HIV. The aim of this review is to explore the pitfalls of ART and potential novel therapeutic alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harrison Rudd
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA;
| | - Michal Toborek
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA;
- Institute of Physiotherapy and Health Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, 40-065 Katowice, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(305)-243-0230
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Shi Y, Su J, Chen R, Wei W, Yuan Z, Chen X, Wang X, Liang H, Ye L, Jiang J. The Role of Innate Immunity in Natural Elite Controllers of HIV-1 Infection. Front Immunol 2022; 13:780922. [PMID: 35211115 PMCID: PMC8861487 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.780922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The natural process of human immunodeficiency virus type 1(HIV-1) infection is characterized by high viral load, immune cell exhaustion, and immunodeficiency, which eventually leads to the stage of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and opportunistic infections. Rapidly progressing HIV-1 individuals often die of AIDS several years after infection without treatment. The promotion of ART greatly prolongs the survival time of HIV-infected persons. However, some patients have incomplete immune function reconstruction after ART due to latent storage of HIV-infected cells. Therefore, how to achieve a functional cure has always been the focus and hot spot of global AIDS research. Fortunately, the emergence of ECs/LTNPs who can control virus replication naturally has ignited new hope for realizing a functional cure for AIDS. Recently, a special category of infected individuals has attracted attention that can delay the progression of the disease more rigorously than the natural progression of HIV-1 infection described above. These patients are characterized by years of HIV-1 infection, long-term asymptomatic status, and normal CD4+T cell count without ART, classified as HIV-infected long-term nonprogressors (LTNPs) and elite controllers (ECs). Numerous studies have shown that the host and virus jointly determine the progression of HIV-1 infection, in which the level of innate immunity activation plays an important role. As the first line of defense against pathogen invasion, innate immunity is also a bridge to induce adaptive immunity. Compared with natural progressors, innate immunity plays an antiviral role in HIV-1 infection by inducing or activating many innate immune-related factors in the natural ECs. Learning the regulation of ECs immunity, especially the innate immunity in different characteristics, and thus studying the mechanism of the control of disease progression naturally, will contribute to the realization of the functional cure of AIDS. Therefore, this review will explore the relationship between innate immunity and disease progression in ECs of HIV-1 infection from the aspects of innate immune cells, signaling pathways, cytokines, which is helpful to provide new targets and theoretical references for the functional cure, prevention and control of AIDS, and development of a vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Shi
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Jinming Su
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,Joint Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases in China (Guangxi)-ASEAN, Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Rongfeng Chen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,Joint Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases in China (Guangxi)-ASEAN, Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Wudi Wei
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,Joint Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases in China (Guangxi)-ASEAN, Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Zongxiang Yuan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Xiu Chen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Xinwei Wang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Hao Liang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,Joint Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases in China (Guangxi)-ASEAN, Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Li Ye
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,Joint Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases in China (Guangxi)-ASEAN, Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Junjun Jiang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,Joint Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases in China (Guangxi)-ASEAN, Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
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