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Mokhria RK, Bhardwaj JK, Sanghi AK. History, origin, transmission, genome structure, replication, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of COVID-19: A review. World J Meta-Anal 2023; 11:266-276. [DOI: 10.13105/wjma.v11.i6.266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In December, 2019, pneumonia triggered by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) surfaced in Wuhan, China. An acute respiratory illness named coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by a new coronavirus designated as SARS-CoV-2. COVID-19 has surfaced as a major pandemic in the 21st century as yet. The entire world has been affected by this virus. World Health Organization proclaimed COVID-19 pandemic as a public health emergency of international concern on January 30, 2020. SARS-CoV-2 shares the same genome as coronavirus seen in bats. Therefore, bats might be its natural host of this virus. It primarily disseminates by means of the respiratory passage. Evidence revealed human-to-human transmission. Fever, cough, tiredness, and gastrointestinal illness are the manifestations in COVID-19-infected persons. Senior citizens are more vulnerable to infections which can lead to dangerous consequences. Various treatment strategies including antiviral therapies are accessible for the handling of this disease. In this review, we organized the most recent findings on COVID-19 history, origin, transmission, genome structure, replication, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Kumar Mokhria
- Department of School Education, Government Model Sanskriti Senior Secondary School, Chulkana, Panipat, 132101, Haryana, India
| | - Jitender Kumar Bhardwaj
- Reproductive Physiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra 136119, Haryana, India
| | - Ashwani Kumar Sanghi
- School of Allied and Health Sciences, MVN University, Palwal 121102, Haryana, India
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2
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Wang HC, Wang YC, Wu CJ. Phylogenetic characteristics of Non-SARS human coronavirus in southern Taiwan, 2012-2013. Biomed J 2023; 46:100555. [PMID: 35964939 PMCID: PMC9367205 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2022.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This study characterizes the phylogenetic relatedness of non-SARS human coronaviruses (HCoVs) in southern Taiwan by sequencing the nucleocapsid (N), spike (S), and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) genes directly from ten HCoV PCR-positive respiratory samples collected during 2012-2013. In the N, S1, and RdRp phylogeny, HCoV-OC43 in one and three samples was clustered with genotypes F and G, respectively, and HCoV-OC43 in sample YC101/TWN/2013 represented a recombination event between genotypes F and G. Amino acid substitutions in the S1 protein of HCoV-OC43 were also identified. In the N phylogeny, HCoV-HKU1 in one and two samples clustered with genotypes A and B, respectively, and HCoV-229E in two samples was clustered with genogroup 6. The genotypes and genogroup detected here were in line with the prevalent phylogenetic lineages reported outside of Taiwan during the contemporary period. In summary, three species of non-SARS HCoVs with different genotypes cocirculated in the community, with genetic evolution observed in HCoV-OC43.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsuan-Chen Wang
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chun Wang
- Center for Genomic Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Jung Wu
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
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Wells HL, Bonavita CM, Navarrete-Macias I, Vilchez B, Rasmussen AL, Anthony SJ. The coronavirus recombination pathway. Cell Host Microbe 2023; 31:874-889. [PMID: 37321171 PMCID: PMC10265781 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2023.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Recombination is thought to be a mechanism that facilitates cross-species transmission in coronaviruses, thus acting as a driver of coronavirus spillover and emergence. Despite its significance, the mechanism of recombination is poorly understood, limiting our potential to estimate the risk of novel recombinant coronaviruses emerging in the future. As a tool for understanding recombination, here, we outline a framework of the recombination pathway for coronaviruses. We review existing literature on coronavirus recombination, including comparisons of naturally observed recombinant genomes as well as in vitro experiments, and place the findings into the recombination pathway framework. We highlight gaps in our understanding of coronavirus recombination illustrated by the framework and outline how further experimental research is critical for disentangling the molecular mechanism of recombination from external environmental pressures. Finally, we describe how an increased understanding of the mechanism of recombination can inform pandemic predictive intelligence, with a retrospective emphasis on SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather L Wells
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of California Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA, USA.
| | - Cassandra M Bonavita
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of California Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Isamara Navarrete-Macias
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of California Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Blake Vilchez
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of California Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Angela L Rasmussen
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Simon J Anthony
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of California Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA, USA.
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Komaikul J, Ruangdachsuwan S, Wanlayaporn D, Palabodeewat S, Punyahathaikul S, Churod T, Choonong R, Kitisripanya T. Effect of andrographolide and deep eutectic solvent extracts of Andrographis paniculata on human coronavirus organ culture 43 (HCoV-OC43). PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 112:154708. [PMID: 36805485 PMCID: PMC9905047 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.154708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Nees has demonstrated potential for treating infections caused by coronaviruses. However, no antiviral activity of andrographolide or A. paniculata extracts against human coronavirus organ culture 43 (HCoV-OC43) has been reported. PURPOSE This study aimed to evaluate the anti-HCoV-OC43 effect of andrographolide and A. paniculata as well as the correlation between andrographolide concentration and the anti-HCoV-OC43 activity of A. paniculata extracts. METHODS This study evaluated and compared the in vitro anti-HCoV-OC43 activities of various A. paniculata extracts and andrographolide. To obtain A. paniculata extracts with different concentrations of andrographolide and its components, methanol and deep eutectic solvents (DES) were used to extract the aerial parts of A. paniculata. Andrographolide content was determined using UV-HPLC, and antiviral activity was assessed in HCT-8 colon cells. RESULTS The methanol and five acidic DES (containing malic acid or citric acid) extracts of A. paniculata exerted anti-HCoV-OC43 activity. Antiviral activity had a moderately strong positive linear relationship (r = 0.7938) with andrographolide content. Although the methanol extract contained the highest andrographolide content (2.34 mg/ml), its anti-HCoV-OC43 activity was lower than that of the DES extracts containing lower andrographolide concentrations (0.92-1.46 mg/ml). CONCLUSION Methanol and the five acidic DES extracts of A. paniculata exhibited anti-HCoV-OC43 activity. However, the in vitro antiviral activity of A. paniculata extracts did not have a very strong positive linear relationship (r < 0.8) with andrographolide concentration in the extract. As a result, when comparing A. paniculata extracts, the anti-HCoV-OC43 test could provide a different result from the andrographolide concentration determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jukrapun Komaikul
- Center for Vaccine Development, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Sasiporn Ruangdachsuwan
- Center for Vaccine Development, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Duangnapa Wanlayaporn
- Center for Vaccine Development, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Somnuek Palabodeewat
- Center for Vaccine Development, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Surat Punyahathaikul
- Center for Vaccine Development, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Theeraporn Churod
- Center for Vaccine Development, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | | | - Tharita Kitisripanya
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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Chen X, Zhu Y, Li Q, Lu G, Li C, Jin R, Li L, Xu B, Gao L, Yin J, Xie Z. Genetic characteristics of human coronavirus HKU1 in mainland China during 2018. Arch Virol 2022; 167:2173-2180. [PMID: 35840864 PMCID: PMC9287133 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-022-05541-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Human coronavirus HKU1 (HCoV-HKU1) is a pathogen that causes acute respiratory tract infections in children and circulates worldwide. To investigate the molecular characteristics and genetic diversity of HCoV-HKU1 in China, a molecular epidemiological analysis based on complete genome sequences was performed. A total of 68 endemic-HCoV-positive samples were identified from 1358 enrolled patients during 2018, including four HCoV-229E, nine HCoV-OC43, 24 HCoV-NL63, and 31 HCoV-HKU1. The detection rate of endemic HCoVs was 5.01% during 2018, while for HCoV-HKU1, it was 2.28%. Eight complete genomic sequences of HCoV-HKU1 were obtained and compared to 41 reference genome sequences corresponding to genotypes A, B, and C, obtained from the GenBank databank. Of the eight HKU1 sequences, four belonged to genotype A and four belonged to genotype B. No genotype C strains were detected in this study. For genotype A, 18 variations in the S protein with respect to the reference sequence were present in more than 5% of the sequences, whereas for genotype B, this number was 25. Most of the amino acid changes occurred in the S1 subunit. No amino acid substitutions were found in the sites that are essential for interaction with neutralizing antibodies, while a 510T amino acid insertion was found in almost one third of genotype B sequences. About 82-83, 85-89, and 88-89 predicted N-glycosylation sites and 7-13, 6-8, and 9 predicted O-glycosylation sites were found among the sequences of genotype A, B, and C, respectively. Six conserved O-glycosylation sites were present in all of the genotype A sequences. Only genotype A and B strains were detected after 2005. The S protein exhibited relatively high diversity, with most of the amino acid changes occurring in the S1 subunit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangpeng Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infection Diseases, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Research Unit of Critical Infection in Children, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU016, Laboratory of Infection and Virology, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Yun Zhu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infection Diseases, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Research Unit of Critical Infection in Children, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU016, Laboratory of Infection and Virology, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Qi Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infection Diseases, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Research Unit of Critical Infection in Children, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU016, Laboratory of Infection and Virology, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Gen Lu
- Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, 510623, China
| | - Changchong Li
- The 2nd Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Rong Jin
- Guiyang Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Guiyang, 550003, China
| | - Lei Li
- Yinchuan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Yinchuan, 750001, China
| | - Baoping Xu
- Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, 10045, China
| | - Liwei Gao
- Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, 10045, China
| | - Ju Yin
- Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, 10045, China
| | - Zhengde Xie
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infection Diseases, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Research Unit of Critical Infection in Children, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU016, Laboratory of Infection and Virology, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, 100045, China.
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Anastasi E, Manganaro L, Guiducci E, Ciaglia S, Dolciami M, Spagnoli A, Alessandri F, Angeloni A, Vestri A, Catalano C, Ricci P. Association of serum Krebs von den Lungen-6 and chest CT as potential prognostic factors in severe acute respiratory syndrome SARS-CoV-2: a preliminary experience. Radiol Med 2022; 127:725-732. [PMID: 35704156 PMCID: PMC9199475 DOI: 10.1007/s11547-022-01504-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To correlate in COVID-19 pneumonia CT-based semi-quantitative score of pulmonary involvement with high serum levels of KL-6, a biomarker of disease severity. METHODS Between March 28 to May 21, 2020, 196 patients with strong suspicion of SARS-CoV-2 were evaluated with RT-PCR for SARS-CoV-2, chest CT scan and blood test, including KL-6 serum protein, in our Emergency Unit. The final population included only patients who underwent blood sampling for KL-6 within 5 days from CT scan (n = 63), including n = 37 COVID-19-positive patients and n = 26 with negative RT-PCR testing for SARS-CoV-2 (control group). A semi-quantitative CT score was calculated based on the extent of lobar involvement (0:0%; 1, < 5%; 2:5-25%; 3:26-50%; 4:51-75%; 5, > 75%; range 0-5; global score 0-25). RESULTS CT score was significantly correlated with serum value of KL-6 (r = 27, p = 0.035). This correlation was also present in COVID-19 positive patients (r = 0.423, p = 0.009) and CT score median value was significantly higher in patients with high KL-6 value (> 400 U/mL; 12.00, IQR 5.00-18.00, p-value 0.027). In control group, no statistically significant correlation was found between CT score and KL-6 value and CT score was higher in patients with high KL-6, although this difference was not statistically significant (5.00, IQR:1.75-8.00 versus 3.50, IQR:2.00-6.50). "Crazy paving" at the right upper (n = 8; 61.5%) and middle lobe (n = 4; 30.8%) and "consolidation" at the middle lobe (n=5; 38.5%) were observed in COVID-19 group with a significant difference between patients with high KL-6 value. CONCLUSION CT score is highly correlated with KL-6 value in COVID-19 patients and might be beneficial to speed-up diagnostic workflow in symptomatic cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Anastasi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, AOU Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Lucia Manganaro
- Department of Radiological, Oncological and Pathological Sciences, AOU Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Elisa Guiducci
- Department of Radiological, Oncological and Pathological Sciences, AOU Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Simone Ciaglia
- Department of Radiological, Oncological and Pathological Sciences, AOU Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Miriam Dolciami
- Department of Radiological, Oncological and Pathological Sciences, AOU Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Spagnoli
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, AOU Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Alessandri
- Department of General and Specialist Surgery, AOU Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Angeloni
- Department of Experimental Medicine, AOU Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Annarita Vestri
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, AOU Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Catalano
- Department of Radiological, Oncological and Pathological Sciences, AOU Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Ricci
- Emergency Radiology Unit, Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Radiology, AOU Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy. .,Department of Radiological, Oncological and Pathological Sciences, AOU Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy.
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Lau SKP, Li KSM, Li X, Tsang KY, Sridhar S, Woo PCY. Fatal Pneumonia Associated With a Novel Genotype of Human Coronavirus OC43. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:795449. [PMID: 35095806 PMCID: PMC8795699 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.795449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Since its first discovery in 1967, human coronavirus OC43 (HCoV-OC43) has been associated with mild self-limiting upper respiratory infections worldwide. Fatal primary pneumonia due to HCoV-OC43 is not frequently described. This study describes a case of fatal primary pneumonia associated with HCoV-OC43 in a 75-year-old patient with good past health. The viral loads of the respiratory tract specimens (bronchoalveolar lavage and endotracheal aspirate) from diagnosis to death were persistently high (3.49 × 106–1.10 × 1010 copies/ml). HCoV-OC43 at a 6.46 × 103 copies/ml level was also detected from his pleural fluid 2 days before his death. Complete genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis showed that the present HCoV-OC43 forms a distinct cluster with three other HCoV-OC43 from United States, with a bootstrap value of 100% and sharing 99.9% nucleotide identities. Pairwise genetic distance between this cluster and other HCoV-OC43 genotypes ranged from 0.27 ± 0.02% to 1.25 ± 0.01%. In contrast, the lowest pairwise genetic distance between existing HCoV-OC43 genotypes was 0.26 ± 0.02%, suggesting that this cluster constitutes a novel HCoV-OC43 genotype, which we named genotype I. Unlike genotypes D, E, F, G, and H, no recombination event was observed for this novel genotype. Structural modeling revealed that the loop with the S1/S2 cleavage site was four amino acids longer than other HCoV-OC43, making it more exposed and accessible to protease, which may have resulted in its possible hypervirulence.
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Bontzos G, Gkiala A, Karakosta C, Maliotis N, Detorakis ET. COVID-19 in Ophthalmology. Current Disease Status and Challenges during Clinical Practice. MAEDICA 2021; 16:668-680. [PMID: 35261670 PMCID: PMC8897783 DOI: 10.26574/maedica.2020.16.4.668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has raised a global public health concern. The purpose of this review is to summarize the evidence currently available on COVID-19 for its ocular implications and manifestations from both pathogenetic and clinical standpoints. Methods: For this narrative review, more than 100 relevant scientific articles were considered from various databases (PubMed, Google Scholar, and Science Direct) using keywords such as coronavirus outbreak, COVID-19, ophthalmology, ocular symptoms. Results:Daily healthcare both from patient and physician perspective, as well as on some guidelines regarding prevention and management have dramatically changed over the last few months. Although COVID-19 infection mainly affects the respiratory system as well as the gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, and urinary systems, it may cause a wide spectrum of ocular manifestations. Various challenges have to be faced to minimize exposure for both patients and physicians. Conclusion:The risk of COVID-19 infection should be considered and medical care should be prioritized for urgent cases. Appropriate management for patients with chronic cases that may result in adverse outcomes should not be neglected, while patients that can be monitored remotely should be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Bontzos
- Department of Ophthalmology, 'Korgialenio-Benakio' General Hospital, 11526 Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasia Gkiala
- Department of Ophthalmology, 'Korgialenio-Benakio' General Hospital, 11526 Athens, Greece
| | - Christina Karakosta
- Department of Ophthalmology, 'Korgialenio-Benakio' General Hospital, 11526 Athens, Greece
| | - Neofytos Maliotis
- Department of Ophthalmology, General Hospital of Nikaia "Agios Panteleimon", 18454 Athens, Greece
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Kistler KE, Bedford T. Evidence for adaptive evolution in the receptor-binding domain of seasonal coronaviruses OC43 and 229e. eLife 2021; 10:64509. [PMID: 33463525 PMCID: PMC7861616 DOI: 10.7554/elife.64509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Seasonal coronaviruses (OC43, 229E, NL63, and HKU1) are endemic to the human population, regularly infecting and reinfecting humans while typically causing asymptomatic to mild respiratory infections. It is not known to what extent reinfection by these viruses is due to waning immune memory or antigenic drift of the viruses. Here we address the influence of antigenic drift on immune evasion of seasonal coronaviruses. We provide evidence that at least two of these viruses, OC43 and 229E, are undergoing adaptive evolution in regions of the viral spike protein that are exposed to human humoral immunity. This suggests that reinfection may be due, in part, to positively selected genetic changes in these viruses that enable them to escape recognition by the immune system. It is possible that, as with seasonal influenza, these adaptive changes in antigenic regions of the virus would necessitate continual reformulation of a vaccine made against them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn E Kistler
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, United States.,Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, United States
| | - Trevor Bedford
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, United States.,Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, United States
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Sarkar B, Ullah MA, Araf Y, Rahman MS. Engineering a novel subunit vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 by exploring immunoinformatics approach. INFORMATICS IN MEDICINE UNLOCKED 2020; 21:100478. [PMID: 33200088 PMCID: PMC7656168 DOI: 10.1016/j.imu.2020.100478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
As the number of infections and deaths caused by the recent COVID-19 pandemic is increasing dramatically day-by-day, scientists are rushing towards developing possible countermeasures to fight the deadly virus, SARS-CoV-2. Although many efforts have already been put forward for developing potential vaccines; however, most of them are proved to possess negative consequences. Therefore, in this study, immunoinformatics methods were exploited to design a novel epitope-based subunit vaccine against the SARS-CoV-2, targeting four essential proteins of the virus i.e., spike glycoprotein, nucleocapsid phosphoprotein, membrane glycoprotein, and envelope protein. The highly antigenic, non-allergenic, non-toxic, non-human homolog, and 100% conserved (across other isolates from different regions of the world) epitopes were used for constructing the vaccine. In total, fourteen CTL epitopes and eighteen HTL epitopes were used to construct the vaccine. Thereafter, several in silico validations i.e., the molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulation (including the RMSF and RMSD studies), and immune simulation studies were also performed which predicted that the designed vaccine should be quite safe, effective, and stable within the biological environment. Finally, in silico cloning and codon adaptation studies were also conducted to design an effective mass production strategy of the vaccine. However, more in vitro and in vivo studies are required on the predicted vaccine to finally validate its safety and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bishajit Sarkar
- COVID Research Cell (CRC), Wazed Miah Science Research Centre (WMSRC), Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Asad Ullah
- COVID Research Cell (CRC), Wazed Miah Science Research Centre (WMSRC), Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Yusha Araf
- COVID Research Cell (CRC), Wazed Miah Science Research Centre (WMSRC), Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Shahedur Rahman
- COVID Research Cell (CRC), Wazed Miah Science Research Centre (WMSRC), Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Grimwood K, Lambert SB, Ware RS. Endemic Non-SARS-CoV-2 Human Coronaviruses in a Community-Based Australian Birth Cohort. Pediatrics 2020; 146:peds.2020-009316. [PMID: 32887791 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2020-009316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The coronavirus (CoV) disease 2019 pandemic has drawn attention to the CoV virus family. However, in community settings, there is limited information on these viruses in healthy children. We explored the epidemiology of the 4 endemic (non-severe acute respiratory syndrome CoV 2) human coronaviruses (HCoVs) by species, including acute illness episodes, risk factors, and health care burden in Australian children in the first 2 years of life. METHODS The Observational Research in Childhood Infectious Diseases community-based cohort was a prospective study of acute respiratory illnesses in children from birth until their second birthday. Parents recorded daily symptoms, maintained an illness-burden diary, and collected weekly nasal swabs, which were tested for 17 respiratory viruses, including HCoVs, by real-time polymerase chain reaction assays. RESULTS Overall, 158 children participating in Observational Research in Childhood Infectious Diseases provided 11 126 weekly swabs, of which 168 were HCoV-positive involving 130 incident episodes. HCoV-NL63 and HCoV-OC43 were most commonly detected, accounting for two-thirds of episodes. Whereas 30 children had different HCoVs detected on different occasions, 7 were reinfected with the same species. HCoV incidence in the first 2 years of life was 0.76 episodes per child-year (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.63 to 0.91), being greatest in the second year (1.06; 95% CI 0.84 to 1.33) and during winter (1.32; 95% CI 1.02 to 1.71). Fifty percent of HCoV episodes were symptomatic, and 24.2% led to health care contact. CONCLUSIONS In children, HCoV infections are common, recurrent, and frequently asymptomatic. In future studies, researchers should determine transmission pathways and immune mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith Grimwood
- School of Medicine and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia; .,Departments of Paediatrics and Infectious Diseases, Gold Coast Health, Southport, Queensland, Australia; and
| | - Stephen B Lambert
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Robert S Ware
- School of Medicine and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
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12
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Ullah MA, Araf Y, Sarkar B, Moin AT, Reshad RAI, Rahman MDH. Pathogenesis, Diagnosis and Possible Therapeutic Options for COVID-19. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS 2020. [DOI: 10.29333/jcei/8564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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13
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Xue M, Zheng P, Bian X, Huang Z, Huang H, Zeng Y, Hu H, Liu X, Zhou L, Sun B, Wu JL, Zhong N. Exploration and correlation analysis of changes in Krebs von den Lungen-6 levels in COVID-19 patients with different types in China. Biosci Trends 2020; 14:290-296. [PMID: 32565512 DOI: 10.5582/bst.2020.03197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the clinical significance of Krebs von den Lungen-6 (KL-6) in patients with COVID-19, so as to find a marker with high sensitivity, specificity and easy detection to evaluate the lung injury and inflammation of COVID-19. Sixty-three COVID-19 patients and 43 non-COVID-19 patients with similar clinical phenotypes and/or imaging findings were enrolled to test the levels of KL-6 using chemiluminescent immunoassay. In addition, the blood gas, imaging and lymphocyte factors tests were collected from all participants. The data was finally analyzed using multivariate statistical analysis. The results showed KL-6 levels in COVID-19 patients were higher than those in non-COVID-19 patients (P < 0.001). Moreover, the KL-6 levels in severe and critically severe patients were significantly upregulated compared with patients with mild and common type (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, the imaging evaluation showed a significant correlation between KL-6 and pulmonary lesion area (P < 0.05). KL-6 was also found to be significantly correlated with oxygenation index and oxygen partial pressure difference of alveolar artery (PA-aDO2) (Both P < 0.01). In conclusion, KL-6 could be an indicator to evaluate the progression of COVID-19, which is parallel to the level of lung injury and inflammation in patients. Moreover, it can also reflect the pulmonary ventilation function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingshan Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peiyan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiqing Bian
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macao, China
| | - Zhifeng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huimin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yifeng Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haisheng Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoqing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Luqian Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Baoqing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian-Lin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macao, China
| | - Nanshan Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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14
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Elrashdy F, Redwan EM, Uversky VN. Why COVID-19 Transmission Is More Efficient and Aggressive Than Viral Transmission in Previous Coronavirus Epidemics? Biomolecules 2020; 10:E1312. [PMID: 32933047 PMCID: PMC7565143 DOI: 10.3390/biom10091312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is causing a pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The worldwide transmission of COVID-19 from human to human is spreading like wildfire, affecting almost every country in the world. In the past 100 years, the globe did not face a microbial pandemic similar in scale to COVID-19. Taken together, both previous outbreaks of other members of the coronavirus family (severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV) and middle east respiratory syndrome (MERS-CoV)) did not produce even 1% of the global harm already inflicted by COVID-19. There are also four other CoVs capable of infecting humans (HCoVs), which circulate continuously in the human population, but their phenotypes are generally mild, and these HCoVs received relatively little attention. These dramatic differences between infection with HCoVs, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 raise many questions, such as: Why is COVID-19 transmitted so quickly? Is it due to some specific features of the viral structure? Are there some specific human (host) factors? Are there some environmental factors? The aim of this review is to collect and concisely summarize the possible and logical answers to these questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Elrashdy
- Department of Endemic Medicine and Hepatogastroenterology, Kasr Alainy School of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt;
| | - Elrashdy M. Redwan
- Biological Science Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Vladimir N. Uversky
- Biological Science Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Molecular Medicine and USF Health Byrd Alzheimer’s Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
- Institute for Biological Instrumentation of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center “Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences”, Pushchino, 142290 Moscow, Russia
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15
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McFee RB. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS, SARS CoV). Dis Mon 2020; 66:101062. [PMID: 32800504 PMCID: PMC7386482 DOI: 10.1016/j.disamonth.2020.101062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R B McFee
- Dept. of Emergency and Family Medicine LMU - DCOM, United States.
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16
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Yuan L, Chen S, Xu Y. Donning and doffing of personal protective equipment protocol and key points of nursing care for patients with COVID-19 in ICU. Stroke Vasc Neurol 2020; 5:302-307. [PMID: 32817272 PMCID: PMC7548514 DOI: 10.1136/svn-2020-000456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus pandemic is the most important public health event in the world currently. Patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in a critical state are at risk of progressing rapidly into many serve complications; they require a high level of care from ICU nurses. How to avoid the virus to infect health care worker is also a critical issue. Based on the summarized experience of Chinese health workers, literature review and clinical practice, this article introduced donning and doffing of personal protective equipment (PPE) protocol and some keypoints of nursing critical care in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): caring of patients requiring intubation and ventilation, venous thromboembolism (VTE) prevention, caring of patients on ECMO, caring for patients requiring enteral nutrition, psychological support and nursing management of COVID-19 ICU. This article introduced a useful protocol of donning and doffing personal protective equipment to protect health care workers, and provided key points for the ICU nurses how to take care of COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yuan
- Department of Nursing, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shu Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yafang Xu
- Department of Nursing, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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17
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Michaud V, Deodhar M, Arwood M, Al Rihani SB, Dow P, Turgeon J. ACE2 as a Therapeutic Target for COVID-19; its Role in Infectious Processes and Regulation by Modulators of the RAAS System. J Clin Med 2020; 9:E2096. [PMID: 32635289 PMCID: PMC7408699 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9072096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the recognized host cell receptor responsiblefor mediating infection by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). ACE2bound to tissue facilitates infectivity of SARS-CoV-2; thus, one could argue that decreasing ACE2tissue expression would be beneficial. However, ACE2 catalytic activity towards angiotensin I (AngI) and II (Ang II) mitigates deleterious effects associated with activation of the renin-angiotensinaldosteronesystem (RAAS) on several organs, including a pro-inflammatory status. At the tissuelevel, SARS-CoV-2 (a) binds to ACE2, leading to its internalization, and (b) favors ACE2 cleavage toform soluble ACE2: these actions result in decreased ACE2 tissue levels. Preserving tissue ACE2activity while preventing ACE2 shredding is expected to circumvent unrestrained inflammatoryresponse. Concerns have been raised around RAAS modulators and their effects on ACE2expression or catalytic activity. Various cellular and animal models report conflicting results invarious tissues. However, recent data from observational and meta-analysis studies in SARS-CoV-2-infected patients have concluded that RAAS modulators do not increase plasma ACE2 levels orsusceptibility to infection and are not associated with more severe diseases. This review presentsour current but evolving knowledge of the complex interplay between SARS-CoV-2 infection, ACE2levels, modulators of RAAS activity and the effects of RAAS modulators on ACE2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronique Michaud
- Tabula Rasa HealthCare Precision Pharmacotherapy Research & Development Institute, Orlando, FL 32827, USA; (V.M.); (M.D.); (M.A.); (S.B.A.R.); (P.D.)
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Malavika Deodhar
- Tabula Rasa HealthCare Precision Pharmacotherapy Research & Development Institute, Orlando, FL 32827, USA; (V.M.); (M.D.); (M.A.); (S.B.A.R.); (P.D.)
| | - Meghan Arwood
- Tabula Rasa HealthCare Precision Pharmacotherapy Research & Development Institute, Orlando, FL 32827, USA; (V.M.); (M.D.); (M.A.); (S.B.A.R.); (P.D.)
| | - Sweilem B Al Rihani
- Tabula Rasa HealthCare Precision Pharmacotherapy Research & Development Institute, Orlando, FL 32827, USA; (V.M.); (M.D.); (M.A.); (S.B.A.R.); (P.D.)
| | - Pamela Dow
- Tabula Rasa HealthCare Precision Pharmacotherapy Research & Development Institute, Orlando, FL 32827, USA; (V.M.); (M.D.); (M.A.); (S.B.A.R.); (P.D.)
| | - Jacques Turgeon
- Tabula Rasa HealthCare Precision Pharmacotherapy Research & Development Institute, Orlando, FL 32827, USA; (V.M.); (M.D.); (M.A.); (S.B.A.R.); (P.D.)
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
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18
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Abidha CA, Nyiro J, Kamau E, Abdullahi O, Nokes DJ, Agoti CN. Transmission and evolutionary dynamics of human coronavirus OC43 strains in coastal Kenya investigated by partial spike sequence analysis, 2015-16. Virus Evol 2020; 6:veaa031. [PMID: 32523779 PMCID: PMC7266483 DOI: 10.1093/ve/veaa031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Human coronavirus OC43 (HCoV-OC43) is a major contributor to seasonal outbreaks of acute respiratory illness (ARI). The origins of locally circulating HCoV-OC43 strains and characteristics of their genetic diversity are unknown for most settings despite significance to effective HCoV control strategies. Between December 2015 and June 2016, we undertook ARI surveillance in coastal Kenya in nine outpatients and one inpatient health facility (HF). Ninety-two patient samples tested HCoV-OC43 positive and forty (43.5%) were successfully sequenced in spike (S) gene region (2,864 long, ∼70%). Phylogenetic analysis confirmed co-circulation of two distinct HCoV-OC43 clades that closely clustered with genotype G (n = 34, 85%) and genotype H (n = 6, 15%) reference strains. Local viruses within the same clade displayed low genetic diversity yielding identical sequences in multiple HF. Furthermore, the newly sequenced Kenyan viruses showed close phylogenetic relationship to other contemporaneous sampled strains (2015-16) including those originating from distant places (e.g. USA and China). Using a genetic similarity threshold of 99.1 per cent at nucleotide level, the HCoV-OC43 strains sampled globally between 1967 and 2019 fell into nine sequence clusters. Notably, some of these clusters appeared to have become extinct, or occurred only sporadically in a few geographical areas while others persisted globally for multiple years. In conclusion, we found that HCoV-OC43 strains spread rapidly both locally and across the globe with limited genetic evolution in the spike gene. Full-genome sequences that are spatio-temporally representative are required to advance understanding of the transmission pathways of this important human respiratory pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol A Abidha
- Department of Public Health, School of Health and Human Sciences, Pwani University, P.O. Box 195, Kilifi-80108, Kenya.,Epidemiology and Demography Department, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) - Wellcome Trust Research Programme, P.O. Box 230, Kilifi-80108, Kenya.,Faculty of Medicine, Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), University of Heidelberg, Germany, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324 - 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Joyce Nyiro
- Epidemiology and Demography Department, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) - Wellcome Trust Research Programme, P.O. Box 230, Kilifi-80108, Kenya
| | - Everlyn Kamau
- Epidemiology and Demography Department, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) - Wellcome Trust Research Programme, P.O. Box 230, Kilifi-80108, Kenya
| | - Osman Abdullahi
- Department of Public Health, School of Health and Human Sciences, Pwani University, P.O. Box 195, Kilifi-80108, Kenya.,Epidemiology and Demography Department, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) - Wellcome Trust Research Programme, P.O. Box 230, Kilifi-80108, Kenya
| | - David James Nokes
- Epidemiology and Demography Department, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) - Wellcome Trust Research Programme, P.O. Box 230, Kilifi-80108, Kenya.,School of Life Sciences and Zeeman Institute for Systems Biology and Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research (SBIDER), University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4, 7AL UK
| | - Charles N Agoti
- Department of Public Health, School of Health and Human Sciences, Pwani University, P.O. Box 195, Kilifi-80108, Kenya.,Epidemiology and Demography Department, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) - Wellcome Trust Research Programme, P.O. Box 230, Kilifi-80108, Kenya
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19
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Ciotti M, Angeletti S, Minieri M, Giovannetti M, Benvenuto D, Pascarella S, Sagnelli C, Bianchi M, Bernardini S, Ciccozzi M. COVID-19 Outbreak: An Overview. Chemotherapy 2020; 64:215-223. [PMID: 32259829 PMCID: PMC7179549 DOI: 10.1159/000507423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background In late December 2019, Chinese health authorities reported an outbreak of pneumonia of unknown origin in Wuhan, Hubei Province. Summary A few days later, the genome of a novel coronavirus was released (http://virological.org/t/novel-2019-coronavirus-genome/319; Wuhan-Hu-1, GenBank accession No. MN908947) and made publicly available to the scientific community. This novel coronavirus was provisionally named 2019-nCoV, now SARS-CoV-2 according to the Coronavirus Study Group of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. SARS-CoV-2 belongs to the Coronaviridae family, Betacoronavirus genus, subgenus Sarbecovirus. Since its discovery, the virus has spread globally, causing thousands of deaths and having an enormous impact on our health systems and economies. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about the epidemiology, phylogenesis, homology modeling, and molecular diagnostics of SARS-CoV-2. Key Messages Phylogenetic analysis is essential to understand viral evolution, whereas homology modeling is important for vaccine strategies and therapies. Highly sensitive and specific diagnostic assays are key to case identification, contact tracing, identification of the animal source, and implementation of control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Ciotti
- Virology Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology and Virology, Polyclinic Tor Vergata Foundation, Rome, Italy,
| | - Silvia Angeletti
- Unit of Clinical Laboratory Science, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marilena Minieri
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Unit of Laboratory Medicine, Polyclinic Tor Vergata Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Marta Giovannetti
- Laboratório de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Domenico Benvenuto
- Unit of Medical Statistics and Molecular Epidemiology, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Pascarella
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi Fanelli," University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Caterina Sagnelli
- Department of Mental Health and Public Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Martina Bianchi
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi Fanelli," University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Sergio Bernardini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Unit of Laboratory Medicine, Polyclinic Tor Vergata Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Ciccozzi
- Unit of Medical Statistics and Molecular Epidemiology, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome, Italy
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20
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Xie Z. Pay attention to SARS-CoV-2 infection in children. Pediatr Investig 2020; 4:1-4. [PMID: 32851334 PMCID: PMC7331291 DOI: 10.1002/ped4.12178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zhengde Xie
- National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of EducationBeijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infection diseases, Research Unit of Critical infection in ChildrenChinese Academy of Medical Sciences 2019RU016Laboratory of Infection and VirologyBeijing Pediatric Research InstituteBeijing Children’s HospitalCapital Medical UniversityNational Center for Children’s HealthBeijingChina
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21
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Use of whole-genome sequencing in the molecular investigation of care-associated HCoV-OC43 infections in a hematopoietic stem cell transplant unit. J Clin Virol 2019; 122:104206. [PMID: 31783264 PMCID: PMC7106382 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2019.104206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
HCoV−OC43 is involved in healthcare–associated infections. HCoV−OC43 genotypes B, E, F and G are identified. Asian and European strains of HCoV−OC43 circulate among patients.
Background While respiratory viral infections are recognized as a frequent cause of illness in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) recipients, HCoV−OC43 infections have rarely been investigated as healthcare-associated infections in this population. Objectives In this report, HCoV−OC43 isolates collected from HSCT patients were retrospectively characterized to identify potential clusters of infection that may stand for a hospital transmission. Study design Whole-genome and S gene sequences were obtained from nasal swabs using next-generation sequencing and phylogenetic trees were constructed. Similar identity matrix and determination of the most common ancestor were used to compare clusters of patient’s sequences. Amino acids substitutions were analysed. Results Genotypes B, E, F and G were identified. Two clusters of patients were defined from chronological data and phylogenetic trees. Analyses of amino acids substitutions of the S protein sequences identified substitutions specific for genotype F strains circulating among European people. Conclusions HCoV−OC43 may be implicated in healthcare-associated infections.
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Genome Sequences of Human Coronavirus OC43 and NL63, Associated with Respiratory Infections in Kilifi, Kenya. Microbiol Resour Announc 2019; 8:8/46/e00730-19. [PMID: 31727697 PMCID: PMC6856263 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00730-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Coding-complete genomes of two human coronavirus OC43 strains and one NL63 strain were obtained by metagenomic sequencing of clinical samples collected in 2017 and 2018 in Kilifi, Kenya. Maximum likelihood phylogenies showed that the OC43 strains were genetically dissimilar and that the NL63 strain was closely related to NL63 genotype B viruses. Coding-complete genomes of two human coronavirus OC43 strains and one NL63 strain were obtained by metagenomic sequencing of clinical samples collected in 2017 and 2018 in Kilifi, Kenya. Maximum likelihood phylogenies showed that the OC43 strains were genetically dissimilar and that the NL63 strain was closely related to NL63 genotype B viruses.
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