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Chae E, Yang SR, Choi SS. Abrasion Behaviors of Silica-Reinforced Solution Styrene-Butadiene Rubber Compounds Using Different Abrasion Testers. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:2038. [PMID: 39065355 PMCID: PMC11280858 DOI: 10.3390/polym16142038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Solution styrene-butadiene rubber (SSBR) is widely used to improve the properties of tire tread compounds. Tire wear particles (TWPs), which are generated on real roads as vehicles traverse, represent one of significant sources of microplastics. In this study, four SSBR compounds were prepared using two SSBRs with high styrene (STY samples) and 1,2-unit (VIN samples) contents, along with dicyclopentadiene resin. The abrasion behaviors were investigated using four different abrasion testers: cut and chip (CC), Lambourn, DIN, and laboratory abrasion tester (LAT100). The abrasion rates observed in the Lambourn and LAT100 abrasion tests were consistent with each other, but the results of CC and DIN abrasion tests differed from them. The addition of the resin improved the abrasion rate and resulted in the generation of large wear particles. The abrasion rates of STY samples in the Lambourn and LAT100 abrasion tests were lower than those of VIN samples, whereas the values in the CC and DIN abrasion tests were higher than those of VIN samples. The wear particles were predominantly larger than 1000 μm, except for the VIN sample in the DIN abrasion test. However, TWPs > 1000 μm are rarely produced on real roads. The size distributions of wear particles > 1000 μm were 74.0-99.5%, 65.9-93.4%, 7.2-95.1%, and 37.5-83.0% in the CC, Lambourn, DIN, and LAT100 abrasion tests, respectively. The size distributions of wear particles in the Lambourn and LAT100 abrasion tests were broader than those in the other tests, whereas the distributions in the CC abrasion test were narrower. The abrasion patterns and the morphologies and size distributions of wear particles generated by the four abrasion tests varied significantly, attributable to differences in the bound rubber contents, crosslink densities, and tensile properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunji Chae
- Department of Chemistry, Sejong University, 209 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea;
| | - Seong Ryong Yang
- Hankook Tire & Technology Company, 50 Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34127, Republic of Korea;
| | - Sung-Seen Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Sejong University, 209 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea;
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2
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Synthesis of vinyl-based silica nanoparticles by sol–gel method and their influences on network microstructure and dynamic mechanical properties of nitrile rubber nanocomposites. Sci Rep 2022; 12:15286. [PMID: 36088487 PMCID: PMC9464214 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19664-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-agglomeration and dispersion of silica nanoparticles in polymers and their interfacial interactions to polymer matrix are the most important factors that influence nanocomposites performance. In this work, vinyltriethoxysilane (VTES) as a low VOC emission coupling agent was used for surface modification of silica nanoparticles to prepare better dispersion in nitrile rubber (NBR) and improve its interfacial interactions to silica nanoparticles. The results of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis and Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy demonstrated successful attachment of VTES molecules on the surface of silica nanoparticles. Dispersion of the modified silica nanoparticles in NBR matrix was studied using field emission scanning electron microscopy and rubber process analysis. Results demonstrated that VTES significantly improved dispersion of nanoparticles in rubbery matrix. The bound rubber content showed that VTES effectively built a bridge between the silica nanoparticles and the rubber matrix that led to promising mechanical performances and strong interfacial interactions. Effect of nanoparticle content on the mechanical performances (static/dynamic) of the NBR was evaluated. It was found that higher modulus and reinforcement indices was obtained at 3 and 5 wt% of nanoparticles. Moreover, these composites had extremely low rolling resistance, the best wet skid resistance and the lowest Heat-Build up.
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3
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The link between swelling ratios and physical properties of EPDM rubber compound having different oil amounts. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-022-03179-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThis new observation demonstrated that an increase in oil amounts within ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) compounds decreased the crosslink density and the storage modulus but increase the elongation at break after tensile testing. The compounds with high oil amounts were observed to release oil particles when dissolved in toluene solutions and that increased their swell ratios. Consequently, the crosslink density had a perfect negative linear correlation with the elongation at break and a strong power-law correlation with the swell ratios. This work guides the material chemists and engineers during compound formulations when an increase in oil amounts is required.
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4
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Sarath PS, Pahovnik D, Utroša P, Onder OC, Thomas S, Haponiuk JT, George SC. Study the synergistic effect of fumed silica and reduced graphene oxide insertion on the thermal, mechanical, tribological, and solvent transport properties of silicone rubber nanocomposites. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pampayil Sasikumar Sarath
- Centre for Nanoscience and Technology Amal Jyothi College of Engineering Kottayam India
- Department of Polymer Technology, Chemical Faculty University of Technology Gdansk Poland
| | - David Pahovnik
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology National Institute of Chemistry Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Petra Utroša
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology National Institute of Chemistry Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Ozgun Can Onder
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology National Institute of Chemistry Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Sabu Thomas
- International and Inter‐University Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Mahatma Gandhi University Kottayam India
| | - Józef T. Haponiuk
- Department of Polymer Technology, Chemical Faculty University of Technology Gdansk Poland
| | - Soney C. George
- Centre for Nanoscience and Technology Amal Jyothi College of Engineering Kottayam India
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5
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Bio-based oil derived from waste coconut shell: a potential additive for enhancing silanization in silica filled styrene butadiene copolymer. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-022-03168-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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6
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Li X, Fang Z, Shen X, Yin Q, Chen Z, Tu Q, Pan M. Study on Increasing the Binding Amount of Rubber and Reinforcing Filler by Adding Aromatic Solvent Oil. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14132745. [PMID: 35808790 PMCID: PMC9268855 DOI: 10.3390/polym14132745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The binding amount of rubber and reinforcing filler directly affects the quality of rubber products. The effect of aromatic solvent oil (S-150) on the binding amount of rubber and reinforcing filler was studied. In order to determine the suitability of rubber after adding S-150, the curing characteristics, physical performance and tensile properties of rubber samples were tested and analyzed. Meanwhile, the microstructure of the composite was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The test results showed that the binding amount of rubber and reinforcing filler was increased after adding S-150. The density and Shore A hardness were decreased. When carbon black was 80 phr, after adding 40 phr of S-150, the rebound resilience of rubber increased by 13% on average, and the elongation at break increased by 88% on average. When white carbon black was between 10-70 phr, after adding 65 phr of S-150, the rebound resilience of rubber increased by 9% on average, and the elongation at break increased by 51% on average. Modulus at 100% and tensile strength were decreased. Meanwhile, it could be judged from the microstructure results that the reticulation space inside the rubber was increased, the agglomerate particles were relatively uniform, and no bubbles or holes were observed. The mechanism that S-150 could increase the binding amount of rubber was analyzed according to the like-dissolves-like principle. This research achievement could lead to improvements in the quality of rubber products and promote their practical application.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhonghang Fang
- Correspondence: (Z.F.); (X.S.); Tel.: +86-025-80821451 (X.S.)
| | - Xinmin Shen
- Correspondence: (Z.F.); (X.S.); Tel.: +86-025-80821451 (X.S.)
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7
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Lindemann N, Schawe JEK, Lacayo-Pineda J. Kinetics of the Glass Transition of Silica-Filled Styrene-Butadiene Rubber: The Effect of Resins. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14132626. [PMID: 35808677 PMCID: PMC9269213 DOI: 10.3390/polym14132626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Resins are important for enhancing both the processability and performance of rubber. Their efficient utilization requires knowledge about their influence on the dynamic glass transition and their miscibility behavior in the specific rubber compound. The resins investigated, poly-(α-methylstyrene) (AMS) and indene-coumarone (IC), differ in molecular rigidity but have a similar aromaticity degree and glass transition temperature. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) investigations show an accumulation of IC around the silanized silica in styrene–butadiene rubber (SBR) at high contents, while AMS does not show this effect. This higher affinity between IC and the silica surface leads to an increased compactness of the filler network, as determined by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). The influence of the resin content on the glass transition of the rubber compounds is evaluated in the sense of the Gordon–Taylor equation and suggests a rigid amorphous fraction for the accumulated IC. Broadband dielectric spectroscopy (BDS) and fast differential scanning calorimetry (FDSC) are applied for the characterization of the dielectric and thermal relaxations as well as for the corresponding vitrification kinetics. The cooling rate dependence of the vitrification process is combined with the thermal and dielectric relaxation time by one single Vogel–Fulcher–Tammann–Hesse equation, showing an increased fragility of the rubber containing AMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niclas Lindemann
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie und Elektrochemie, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Callinstraße 3A, 30167 Hanover, Germany
- Continental Reifen Deutschland GmbH, Jädekamp 30, 30419 Hanover, Germany;
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Jorge Lacayo-Pineda
- Continental Reifen Deutschland GmbH, Jädekamp 30, 30419 Hanover, Germany;
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Callinstraße 9, 30167 Hanover, Germany
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8
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Carbon black/silica hybrid filler networking and its synergistic effects on the performance of styrene-butadiene rubber composites. Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1038/s41428-022-00630-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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9
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Rashid RZA, Yunus NA, Mazlan SA, Johari N, Aziz SAA, Nordin NA, Khairi MHA, Johari MAF. Temperature Dependent on Mechanical and Rheological Properties of EPDM-Based Magnetorheological Elastomers Using Silica Nanoparticles. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:2556. [PMID: 35407889 PMCID: PMC9000172 DOI: 10.3390/ma15072556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Temperature is one of the most influential factors affecting the performance of elastomer matrix in magnetorheological elastomer (MRE). Previous studies have utilized silica as a reinforcing filler in polymer composite and as a coating material in MRE to improve the thermal stability of the base material. However, the usage of silica as an additive in the thermal stability of MRE has not been explored. Thus, in this study, the effect of silica as an additive on the temperature-dependent mechanical and rheological properties of ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM)-based MREs was investigated by using 30 wt.% carbonyl iron particles (CIPs) as the main filler, with different contents of silica nanoparticles (0 to 11 wt.%). The microstructure analysis was examined by using field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), while the thermal characterizations were studied by using a thermogravimetric analyzer and differential scanning calorimetry. The tensile properties were conducted by using Instron Universal Testing Machine in the absence of magnetic field at various temperatures. Meanwhile, the rheological properties were analyzed under oscillatory loadings in the influence of magnetic field, using a rotational rheometer at 25 to 65 °C. The results revealed that the temperature has diminished the interfacial interactions between filler and matrix, thus affecting the properties of MRE, where the tensile properties and MR effect decrease with increasing temperature. However, the presence of silica capable improved the thermal stability of EPDM-based MRE by enhancing the interactions between filler and matrix, thus reducing the interfacial defects when under the influence of temperature. Consequently, the incorporation of silica nanoparticles as an additive in EPDM-based MRE requires more exploration, since it has the potential to sustain the properties of MRE devices in a variety of temperature conditions. Thus, the study on the temperature-dependent mechanical and rheological properties of MRE is necessary, particularly regarding its practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rusila Zamani Abdul Rashid
- Engineering Materials & Structures (eMast) iKhoza, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology (MJIIT), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 54100, Malaysia; (R.Z.A.R.); (N.J.); (S.A.A.A.); (N.A.N.); (M.H.A.K.); (M.A.F.J.)
| | - Nurul Azhani Yunus
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Malaysia
| | - Saiful Amri Mazlan
- Engineering Materials & Structures (eMast) iKhoza, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology (MJIIT), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 54100, Malaysia; (R.Z.A.R.); (N.J.); (S.A.A.A.); (N.A.N.); (M.H.A.K.); (M.A.F.J.)
| | - Norhasnidawani Johari
- Engineering Materials & Structures (eMast) iKhoza, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology (MJIIT), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 54100, Malaysia; (R.Z.A.R.); (N.J.); (S.A.A.A.); (N.A.N.); (M.H.A.K.); (M.A.F.J.)
| | - Siti Aishah Abdul Aziz
- Engineering Materials & Structures (eMast) iKhoza, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology (MJIIT), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 54100, Malaysia; (R.Z.A.R.); (N.J.); (S.A.A.A.); (N.A.N.); (M.H.A.K.); (M.A.F.J.)
| | - Nur Azmah Nordin
- Engineering Materials & Structures (eMast) iKhoza, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology (MJIIT), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 54100, Malaysia; (R.Z.A.R.); (N.J.); (S.A.A.A.); (N.A.N.); (M.H.A.K.); (M.A.F.J.)
| | - Muntaz Hana Ahmad Khairi
- Engineering Materials & Structures (eMast) iKhoza, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology (MJIIT), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 54100, Malaysia; (R.Z.A.R.); (N.J.); (S.A.A.A.); (N.A.N.); (M.H.A.K.); (M.A.F.J.)
| | - Mohd Aidy Faizal Johari
- Engineering Materials & Structures (eMast) iKhoza, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology (MJIIT), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 54100, Malaysia; (R.Z.A.R.); (N.J.); (S.A.A.A.); (N.A.N.); (M.H.A.K.); (M.A.F.J.)
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10
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Rashid RZA, Yunus NA, Mazlan SA, Johari N, Aziz SAA, Nordin NA, Khairi MHA, Johari MAF. Temperature Dependent on Mechanical and Rheological Properties of EPDM-Based Magnetorheological Elastomers Using Silica Nanoparticles. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:ma15072556. [PMID: 35407889 DOI: 10.1088/1361-665x/ac1f64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Temperature is one of the most influential factors affecting the performance of elastomer matrix in magnetorheological elastomer (MRE). Previous studies have utilized silica as a reinforcing filler in polymer composite and as a coating material in MRE to improve the thermal stability of the base material. However, the usage of silica as an additive in the thermal stability of MRE has not been explored. Thus, in this study, the effect of silica as an additive on the temperature-dependent mechanical and rheological properties of ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM)-based MREs was investigated by using 30 wt.% carbonyl iron particles (CIPs) as the main filler, with different contents of silica nanoparticles (0 to 11 wt.%). The microstructure analysis was examined by using field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), while the thermal characterizations were studied by using a thermogravimetric analyzer and differential scanning calorimetry. The tensile properties were conducted by using Instron Universal Testing Machine in the absence of magnetic field at various temperatures. Meanwhile, the rheological properties were analyzed under oscillatory loadings in the influence of magnetic field, using a rotational rheometer at 25 to 65 °C. The results revealed that the temperature has diminished the interfacial interactions between filler and matrix, thus affecting the properties of MRE, where the tensile properties and MR effect decrease with increasing temperature. However, the presence of silica capable improved the thermal stability of EPDM-based MRE by enhancing the interactions between filler and matrix, thus reducing the interfacial defects when under the influence of temperature. Consequently, the incorporation of silica nanoparticles as an additive in EPDM-based MRE requires more exploration, since it has the potential to sustain the properties of MRE devices in a variety of temperature conditions. Thus, the study on the temperature-dependent mechanical and rheological properties of MRE is necessary, particularly regarding its practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rusila Zamani Abdul Rashid
- Engineering Materials & Structures (eMast) iKhoza, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology (MJIIT), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 54100, Malaysia
| | - Nurul Azhani Yunus
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Malaysia
| | - Saiful Amri Mazlan
- Engineering Materials & Structures (eMast) iKhoza, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology (MJIIT), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 54100, Malaysia
| | - Norhasnidawani Johari
- Engineering Materials & Structures (eMast) iKhoza, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology (MJIIT), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 54100, Malaysia
| | - Siti Aishah Abdul Aziz
- Engineering Materials & Structures (eMast) iKhoza, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology (MJIIT), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 54100, Malaysia
| | - Nur Azmah Nordin
- Engineering Materials & Structures (eMast) iKhoza, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology (MJIIT), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 54100, Malaysia
| | - Muntaz Hana Ahmad Khairi
- Engineering Materials & Structures (eMast) iKhoza, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology (MJIIT), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 54100, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Aidy Faizal Johari
- Engineering Materials & Structures (eMast) iKhoza, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology (MJIIT), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 54100, Malaysia
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11
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SBR Vulcanizates Filled with Modified Ground Tire Rubber. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14143991. [PMID: 34300908 PMCID: PMC8306479 DOI: 10.3390/ma14143991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Ground tire rubber (GTR) is used to decrease the cost of vulcanizates. However, insufficient interactions between GTR particles and rubber matrices make mechanical properties of vulcanizates containing GTR deteriorate. This paper compares original methods of GTR modification. The effects of surface activation of GTR by sulfuric acid (A), its modification by (3-mercaptopropyl)trimethoxy silane (M), or the hybrid treatment—combining both approaches (H), were analyzed in terms of surface energy, specific surface area and morphology of GTR particles. Vulcanizates containing virgin GTR were compared to the rubber filled with the modified GTR particles keeping the same amount of CB in the rubber mix, according to their crosslink density, mechanical and tribological properties. Contrary to the virgin GTR, the addition of modified GTR increases the stiffness of the vulcanizates. The highest changes have been observed for the samples filled with ca. 12 phr of the GTR modified with silane and ca. 25 phr of the GTR subjected to the hybrid treatment, representing the highest crosslink density of rubber vulcanizates filled with GTR. Furthermore, the addition of modified GTR, especially in the case of the samples where 10 phr of rubber was replaced, results in the significant lowering of friction but higher abrasive wear.
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12
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Fard‐Zolfaghari G, Abbasian A, Razzaghi‐Kashani M. Insights into the compatibility of vegetable‐based plasticizers on the performance of filled rubber vulcanizates. POLYM ENG SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Golrokh Fard‐Zolfaghari
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Petroleum and Chemical Engineering Faculty, Science and Research branch Islamic Azad University Tehran Iran
| | - Ali Abbasian
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Petroleum and Chemical Engineering Faculty, Science and Research branch Islamic Azad University Tehran Iran
| | - Mehdi Razzaghi‐Kashani
- Polymer Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical Engineering Tarbiat Modares University Tehran Iran
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13
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Wang X, Wu L, Yu H, Xiao T, Li H, Yang J. Analysis of effect of modification of silica and carbon black co-filled rubber composite on mechanical properties. E-POLYMERS 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/epoly-2021-0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Silica and carbon black (CB) co-filled rubber composite was widely used for tire tread and other rubber products because of combined advantages of binary fillers, such as low hysteresis, good abrasion resistance, and reinforcement. Numerous studies have been focused on the filler–rubber interaction with the aim of obtaining optimum performances. To investigate the effect of modification on properties of rubber composite, modified silica and CB co-filled rubber composite was prepared with a multi-functional silane coupling agent, 2-aminoethyl-2-(3-triethoxysilylpropyl)aminoethyl disulfide (ATD). Such modification significantly enhanced the filler–rubber interaction and improved the filler dispersion. For the modified composites, the state of cure, hardness, tensile strength before and after aging, stress at 300% elongation, tear strength, abrasion resistance, rebound resilience, compression set, temperature rise, and the value of dynamic loss coefficient ranging from −20°C to 80°C were significantly improved, especially with low ATD dosage (3.0 phr). This modification provides an effective route to prepare silica and CB co-filled rubber composites with improved mechanical properties and dynamic mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefei Wang
- College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University , Xiangtan 411105 , Hunan , China
- Rail Transportation Business Unit, Zhuzhou Times New Material Technology Co., Ltd , Zhuzhou 412007 , Hunan , China
| | - Lingling Wu
- Rail Transportation Business Unit, Zhuzhou Times New Material Technology Co., Ltd , Zhuzhou 412007 , Hunan , China
| | - Haiwen Yu
- Rail Transportation Business Unit, Zhuzhou Times New Material Technology Co., Ltd , Zhuzhou 412007 , Hunan , China
| | - Tongliang Xiao
- Rail Transportation Business Unit, Zhuzhou Times New Material Technology Co., Ltd , Zhuzhou 412007 , Hunan , China
| | - Huaming Li
- College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University , Xiangtan 411105 , Hunan , China
| | - Jun Yang
- College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University , Xiangtan 411105 , Hunan , China
- General Manager's Office, Zhuzhou Times New Material Technology Co., Ltd , Zhuzhou 412007 , Hunan , China
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14
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Sökmen S, Oßwald K, Reincke K, Ilisch S. Influence of Treated Distillate Aromatic Extract (TDAE) Content and Addition Time on Rubber-Filler Interactions in Silica Filled SBR/BR Blends. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:698. [PMID: 33669037 PMCID: PMC7956569 DOI: 10.3390/polym13050698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
High compatibility and good rubber-filler interactions are required in order to obtain high quality products. Rubber-filler and filler-filler interactions can be influenced by various material factors, such as the presence of processing aids. Although different processing aids, especially the plasticizers, and their effects on compatibility have been investigated in the literature, their influence on rubber-filler interactions in highly active filler reinforced mixtures is not explicit and has not been investigated in depth. For this purpose, the influence of treated distillate aromatic extract (TDAE) oil content and its addition time on interactions between silica and rubber chains were investigated in this study. Rubber-filler and filler-filler interactions of uncured and cured silica-filled SBR/BR blends were characterized by using rubber layer L concept and dynamic mechanical analysis, whereas mechanical properties were studied by tensile test and Shore A hardness. Five parts per hundred rubber (phr) TDAE addition at 0, 1.5, and 3 min of mixing were characterized to investigate the influence of TDAE addition time on rubber-filler interactions. It was observed that addition time of TDAE can influence the development of bounded rubber structure and the interfacial interactions, especially at short time of mixing, less than 5 min. Oil addition with silica at 1.5 min of mixing resulted in fast rubber layer development and a small reduction in storage shear modulus of uncured blends. The influence of oil content on rubber-filler and filler-filler interactions were investigated for the binary blends without oil, with 5 and 20 phr TDAE content. The addition of 5 phr oil resulted in a slight increase in rubber layer and 0.05 MPa reduction in Payne effect of uncured blends. The storage tensile modulus of vulcanizates at small strains decreased from 13.97 to 8.28 MPa after oil addition. Twenty parts per hundred rubber (phr) oil addition to binary blends caused rubber layer L to decrease from 0.45 to 0.42. The storage tensile modulus of the vulcanizates and its reduction with higher amplitudes were incontrovertibly high among the vulcanizates with lower oil content, which were 13.57 and 4.49 MPa, respectively. When any consequential change in mechanical properties of styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR)/butadiene rubber (BR) blends could not be observed at different TDAE addition time, increasing amount of oil in blends enhanced elongation at break, and decreased Shore A hardness and tensile strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selin Sökmen
- Polymer Service GmbH Merseburg, Eberhard-Leibnitz-Straße 2, 06217 Merseburg, Germany; (K.O.); (K.R.)
| | - Katja Oßwald
- Polymer Service GmbH Merseburg, Eberhard-Leibnitz-Straße 2, 06217 Merseburg, Germany; (K.O.); (K.R.)
| | - Katrin Reincke
- Polymer Service GmbH Merseburg, Eberhard-Leibnitz-Straße 2, 06217 Merseburg, Germany; (K.O.); (K.R.)
| | - Sybill Ilisch
- Trinseo Deutschland GmbH, Street E 17, 06258 Schkopau, Germany;
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15
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Jafari F, Razzaghi‐Kashani M, Hosseini SM, Pourhossaini MR. Effects of modified poly(tetrafluoroethylene) on the p
hysico‐mechanical
and tribological properties of carbon‐black filled nitrile‐butadiene rubber. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Farid Jafari
- Polymer Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical Engineering Tarbiat Modares University Tehran Iran
| | - Mehdi Razzaghi‐Kashani
- Polymer Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical Engineering Tarbiat Modares University Tehran Iran
| | - Seyed Mostaffa Hosseini
- Polymer Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical Engineering Tarbiat Modares University Tehran Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Pourhossaini
- Composite Research Center, Material Science and Manufacturing Technologies Malek Ashtar University of Technology Tehran Iran
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