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Papachristou E, Voutsina M, Vagianou K, Papadopoulos N, Xepapadaki P, Yannakoulia M. Dietary Intake, Diet Diversity, and Weight Status of Children With Food Allergy. J Acad Nutr Diet 2024:S2212-2672(24)00266-1. [PMID: 38838813 DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2024.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adoption of allergen avoidance diets may increase the risk of nutritional deficiencies and affect growth in children with food allergy (FA). How these dietary restrictions have an impact on diet diversity, a health-promoting eating behavior, remains unclear. OBJECTIVE To evaluate diet diversity, dietary intake, and weight status of children with FA. DESIGN Observational study. PARTICIPANTS/SETTING One hundred children with immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated milk, egg, or nut FA or multiple FAs and 60 children with perennial respiratory allergies (RA) matched as controls, aged 3 to 18 years, were consecutively recruited into the study. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Dietary intake and diet diversity (number of different foods consumed/day) were assessed through 4 24-hour recalls. Weight status (underweight, healthy weight, overweight, or obesity) was also evaluated. STATISTICAL ANALYSES PERFORMED Chi-squared test and 2-sample independent t test were used to test differences between groups. Adjustment for sex, age, and energy intake was made using linear regression. RESULTS The percentage of underweight was higher in children with FA (19.6%) compared with children in the control group (5.1%). Children with FA compared with children in the control group consumed more servings of meat (1.7, 95% CI, 1.6, 1.9 vs. 1.5, 95% CI, 1.3, 1.7 servings/day [Padj = 0.031]). No difference was observed in the diet diversity between the 2 groups (11-12 different foods/day). Within the FA group, children with allergy to milk proteins had lower energy intake from protein, lower intake of calcium, lower consumption of commercially prepared sweets, and higher consumption of eggs, compared with children with nut or egg allergy, but no difference in diet diversity was observed. CONCLUSIONS Diet diversity did not differ between children with FA and children with no FA, despite some differences in the intake from specific food groups. However, the higher percentage of underweight in children with FA suggests the need for targeted nutrition intervention as early as possible after FA diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleftheria Papachristou
- Department of Nutrition & Dietetics, School of Health Sciences and Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Voutsina
- Department of Nutrition & Dietetics, School of Health Sciences and Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | - Kyriaki Vagianou
- Department of Nutrition & Dietetics, School of Health Sciences and Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Papadopoulos
- Allergy Department of the 2nd Pediatric Clinic, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Paraskevi Xepapadaki
- Allergy Department of the 2nd Pediatric Clinic, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Mary Yannakoulia
- Department of Nutrition & Dietetics, School of Health Sciences and Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece.
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Dietary practice among cohort pregnant women who gave birth to neonates with and without neural tube defect: a comparative cross-sectional study. J Nutr Sci 2022; 11:e24. [PMID: 35399554 PMCID: PMC8943563 DOI: 10.1017/jns.2022.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the high burden of neural tube defects (NTD) in eastern Ethiopia, there is no evidence that it is related to maternal dietary practice. The aim of the present study was to compare dietary practice between women who gave birth to newborns with and without NTDs. A comparative cross-sectional study was performed on a total of 276 (138 in each group) mothers who delivered neonates with or without NTD. Study participants were selected from three hospitals found in the eastern part of Ethiopia. The dietary practice was determined using the indicators including meal frequency, dietary diversity score (DDS), food variety score (FVS) and consumption of animal source food (ASF) generated from the dietary data collected using validated and pre-tested Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ). A multivariable logistic regression model was fitted to isolate independent predictors of dietary practices. The prevalence of good dietary practice was 29 % (95 % CI 23·6 %, 34·3 %). There was a significant difference in dietary practices (P = 0·034), in FVS (P = 0·01), in DDS (P = 0·045) between the two groups. In multivariable logistic regression, independent predictors of having good dietary practice were: not being the mother of a newborn with NTDs [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 2·1, 95 % CI 1·07, 4·1], being from a rural residence area (AOR 0·29, 95 % CI 0·1, 0·7) and being illiterate (AOR 0·16, 95 % CI 0·03, 0·8). The present study found that dietary practice is associated with the development of NTDs. Nutrition education, food fortification and supplementation are needed to address this issue, and further research is needed to explore the mechanism.
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Buyco NG, Dorado JB, Azaña GP, Viajar RV, Aguila DV, Capanzana MV. Do school-based nutrition interventions improve the eating behavior of school-age children? Nutr Res Pract 2022; 16:217-232. [PMID: 35392527 PMCID: PMC8971821 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2022.16.2.217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Filipino children aged 6–10 yrs are consuming poor quantities and quality of food based on the 2013 Philippine National Nutrition Survey. During these years healthy eating habits must be formed through family influence. Within this background, a complete package of nutrition intervention—feeding and nutrition classes, was pilot tested in selected schools to determine 1) changes in nutrition attitude and behavior and 2) food intake of schoolchildren after the intervention. SUBJECTS/METHODS A quasi-experimental design was used in the study. School children aged 7–9 yrs enrolled in selected Philippine public elementary schools and their mothers/caregivers were the study participants. Profile and socio-demographic data were collected from each participant at baseline. The nutrition behavior and food intake of children were determined using the modified Child and Diet Evaluation Tool (CADET) and the 24-h food recall form, respectively. Data were analyzed using Stata version 15. RESULTS No significant differences in characteristics were found among the 339 child-mother pairs in the 4 study groups. The modified CADET recorded improved mean attitude scores of children ranging from 22 to 24 points at endline in the group receiving both lunch feeding and nutrition education classes (group 3). The perceived better behavior of children was reported by their mothers in terms of increased intake of milk and vegetables and decreased consumption of sugar. These improvements were supported by the actual food intake of children obtained from the 24-h food recall. CONCLUSIONS Family involvement, particularly of mothers/caregivers, appeared to be an important factor in shaping the children's eating behavior. An intervention package with lunch feeding and nutrition classes resulted in a substantial improvement in children's behavior and actual food intake with increased levels of vegetables and milk while lowering sugar consumption. The adoption of the intervention package in public elementary schools should therefore be pursued.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nesrianne G. Buyco
- Department of Science and Technology, Food and Nutrition Research Institute, Taguig 1631, Philippines
| | - Julieta B. Dorado
- Department of Science and Technology, Food and Nutrition Research Institute, Taguig 1631, Philippines
| | - Glenda P. Azaña
- Department of Science and Technology, Food and Nutrition Research Institute, Taguig 1631, Philippines
| | - Rowena V. Viajar
- Department of Science and Technology, Food and Nutrition Research Institute, Taguig 1631, Philippines
| | - Divorah V. Aguila
- Department of Science and Technology, Food and Nutrition Research Institute, Taguig 1631, Philippines
| | - Mario V. Capanzana
- Department of Science and Technology, Food and Nutrition Research Institute, Taguig 1631, Philippines
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Rigal N, Salmon-Legagneur A, Hébel P, Cassuto D, Politzer N. Effects of a family-based sensory education on vegetable and fruit variety in children. Food Qual Prefer 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodqual.2021.104258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Aneesh M, Patil RS. Diet diversity of urban households in India during the COVID-19 lockdown. Nutr Health 2021; 28:685-691. [PMID: 34041988 DOI: 10.1177/02601060211019676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The nature of the COVID-19 pandemic forced several nations to impose country-wide lockdowns. The lockdown impacted several aspects of life including the economy. Food security became a growing concern for many households. AIM The aim of the study was to explore the diet diversity of urban households in India during the nationwide COVID-19 lockdown. METHODS Information regarding socioeconomic status (SES), family size and information regarding availability and access to food were gathered from 450 households. Diet diversity was assessed using a 69-item food frequency questionnaire. Food variety scores (FVS) were computed for individual food groups and overall. RESULTS The majority of the households (86.4%) belonged to the upper-middle or upper SES. Households did not experience any constraints in accessibility and availability of food except the meat group. Overall, 84% of the households had low FVS for most of the food groups except for sugar and milk and milk products. The household SES score was positively associated with the milk FVS (B = 0.039, p = 0.020) and negatively with the fat FVS (B = -0.062, p < 0.001). The number of adults (B = 6.773, p < 0.001) in the household positively predicted the FVS of cereal, vegetable, fruit, fat and total FVS. CONCLUSIONS The higher SES households in urban India did not experience food insecurity. Despite this, their poor diet diversity is a serious cause for concern, especially in the wake of the evolving pandemic. This highlights the need to promote consumption of a diverse variety of foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitravinda Aneesh
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Mount Carmel College Autonomous, India
| | - Rita S Patil
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Maniben Nanavati Women's College, India
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Karagiannaki K, Ritz C, Jensen LGH, Tørsleff EH, Møller P, Hausner H, Olsen A. Optimising Repeated Exposure: Determining Optimal Exposure Frequency for Introducing a Novel Vegetable among Children. Foods 2021; 10:foods10050913. [PMID: 33919386 PMCID: PMC8143368 DOI: 10.3390/foods10050913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Fruit and vegetables are important components of a healthy diet, but unfortunately many children are not consuming enough to meet the recommendations. Therefore, it is crucial to develop strategies towards increasing the acceptance of this food group. This study aims to investigate the effect of different repeated exposure frequencies on fruit and vegetable acceptance using a novel vegetable, daikon, among 3–6-year-old children. One hundred and fifty-nine children participated in this study. Eight kindergarten teams were assigned to one of the following groups: Three different intervention groups with varying exposure frequencies, but all receiving seven exposures: Twice a week (n = 47), once a week (n = 32) and once every second week (n = 30), and a control group (n = 50). Liking and familiarity of daikon and other vegetables (cucumber, celery, celeriac, broccoli, cauliflower and beetroot) were assessed at baseline, post-intervention and two follow up sessions (3 and 6 months) to test for potential generalisation effects and observe the longevity of the obtained effects. Intake of daikon was measured at all exposures and test sessions. Results showed significant increases (p ≤ 0.05) in liking and intake of daikon for all three frequencies and the control group. Over the exposures, intake of daikon increased until the 4th exposure for all the groups, where a plateau was reached. No systematic generalisation effects were found. Repeated exposure was a successful approach to increase liking and intake of a novel vegetable with all exposure frequencies to be effective, and no particular exposure frequency can be recommended. Even the few exposures the control group received were found to be sufficient to improve intake and liking over 6 months (p ≤ 0.05), indicating that exposures to low quantities of an unfamiliar vegetable may be sufficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klelia Karagiannaki
- Section for Food Design and Consumer Behaviour, Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; (K.K.); (L.G.H.J.); (E.H.T.); (P.M.); (H.H.)
| | - Christian Ritz
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 25, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark;
| | - Louise Grønhøj Hørbye Jensen
- Section for Food Design and Consumer Behaviour, Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; (K.K.); (L.G.H.J.); (E.H.T.); (P.M.); (H.H.)
| | - Ellen Hyldgaard Tørsleff
- Section for Food Design and Consumer Behaviour, Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; (K.K.); (L.G.H.J.); (E.H.T.); (P.M.); (H.H.)
| | - Per Møller
- Section for Food Design and Consumer Behaviour, Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; (K.K.); (L.G.H.J.); (E.H.T.); (P.M.); (H.H.)
| | - Helene Hausner
- Section for Food Design and Consumer Behaviour, Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; (K.K.); (L.G.H.J.); (E.H.T.); (P.M.); (H.H.)
| | - Annemarie Olsen
- Section for Food Design and Consumer Behaviour, Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; (K.K.); (L.G.H.J.); (E.H.T.); (P.M.); (H.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +45-35-33-1018
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Pickard A, Thibaut JP, Lafraire J. Strawberries and Cream: The Relationship Between Food Rejection and Thematic Knowledge of Food in Young Children. Front Psychol 2021; 12:626701. [PMID: 33664697 PMCID: PMC7921690 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.626701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Establishing healthy dietary habits in childhood is crucial in preventing long-term repercussions, as a lack of dietary variety in childhood leads to enduring impacts on both physical and cognitive health. Poor conceptual knowledge about food has recently been shown to be a driving factor of food rejection. The majority of studies that have investigated the development of food knowledge along with food rejection have mainly focused on one subtype of conceptual knowledge about food, namely taxonomic categories (e.g., vegetables or meat). However, taxonomic categorization is not the only way to understand the food domain. We also heavily rely on other conceptual structures, namely thematic associations, in which objects are grouped because they share spatial-temporal properties or exhibit a complementary relationship (e.g., soft-boiled egg and soldiers). We rely on such thematic associations between food items, which may not fall into the same taxon, to determine the acceptability of food combinations. However, the development of children's ability to master these relations has not been systematically investigated, nor alongside the phenomenon of food rejection. The present research aims to fill this gap by investigating (i) the development of conceptual food knowledge (both taxonomic and thematic) and (ii) the putative relationship between children's food rejection (as measured by the Child Food Rejection Scale) and both thematic and taxonomic food knowledge. A proportional (A:B::C:?) analogy task, with a choice between taxonomic (i.e., bread and pasta) and thematic (i.e., bread and butter) food associates, was conducted on children between 3 and 7-years-old (n = 85). The children were systematically presented with either a thematic or taxonomic food base pair (A:B) and then asked to extend the example type of relation to select the respective thematic or taxonomic match to the target (C:?). Our results revealed, for the first time, that increased levels of food rejection were significantly predictive of poorer food identification and decreased thematic understanding. These findings entitle us to hypothesize that knowledge-based food education programs to foster dietary variety in young children, should not only aim to improve taxonomic understanding of food, but also thematic relations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail Pickard
- Center for Food and Hospitality Research, Cognitive Science, Institut Paul Bocuse Research Center, Lyon, France.,LEAD-CNRS UMR5022, University of Burgundy, Dijon, France
| | | | - Jérémie Lafraire
- Center for Food and Hospitality Research, Cognitive Science, Institut Paul Bocuse Research Center, Lyon, France
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Demilew YM, Alene GD, Belachew T. Dietary practices and associated factors among pregnant women in West Gojjam Zone, Northwest Ethiopia. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2020; 20:18. [PMID: 31906981 PMCID: PMC6945405 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-019-2702-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The optimal dietary practice is a critical requisite for maternal nutrition. However, the majority of Ethiopian pregnant women have inadequate nutrient intakes. These may be due to their poor dietary habits. Identifying factors affecting the dietary practices of pregnant women is crucial to design appropriate interventions. In this country, the dietary practices of pregnant women and determinants are not well studied. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess the dietary practices and associated factors among pregnant women in West Gojjam Zone, Northwest Ethiopia. Methods A community-based cross-sectional study was carried out among 712 pregnant women from May to August 2018. Quantitative data complemented with a qualitative method. Pregnant women were selected using a cluster sampling technique. Structured questionnaires were utilized for data collection. Data were entered into Epi-Info version 7.2.2 and exported to SPSS version 23 software for analysis. Data were described using frequencies and mean. A logistic regression analysis was done. Three focus group discussions and 17 key-informant interviews were conducted for the qualitative data. Focus group discussion participants were mothers, husbands, and health professionals. Typical case and homogeneous sampling techniques were used for the key-informant interviews and focus group discussions, respectively. Thematic analysis was used for the qualitative data. Results Only 19.9% of respondents had appropriate dietary practices. On the multivariable logistic regression analyses, being food secure [AOR = 2.25, 95% CI: (1.1, 4.5)], having high edible crop production [AOR = 2.00, 95% CI: (1.2, 3.2)] and a favorable attitude [AOR = 1.69, 95% CI: (1.1, 2.6)] were significantly associated with the appropriate dietary practices of pregnant women. In the qualitative study, lack of knowledge on maternal diet, cultural prohibition, and knowledge gap of the professionals were barriers that interfere with dietary practices during pregnancy. Conclusion Pregnant women in the study area are found to have suboptimal dietary practices. Therefore, health professionals should give regular nutrition counseling using cards and role models for promoting diversified food production and consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeshalem Mulugeta Demilew
- School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, P.O. Box 79, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.
| | - Getu Degu Alene
- School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, P.O. Box 79, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Tefera Belachew
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Public Health, Jimma University, P.O. Box 378, Jimma, Ethiopia
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Muros JJ, Cabrera-Vique C, Briones M, Seiquer I. Assessing the dietary intake of calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc and copper in institutionalised children and adolescents from Guatemala. Contribution of nutritional supplements. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2019; 53:91-97. [PMID: 30910214 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2019.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In childhood and adolescence an adequate mineral intake is essential for normal growth and immune function, and to prevent chronic diseases in adulthood. The aim of this study was to analyse the dietary intake of Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn and Cu in children and adolescents from an orphanage-school in Guatemala and to assess the mineral contribution of nutritional supplements used by this population. Mineral content was analysed in nutritional supplements, bioaccesible fractions obtained after an in vitro gastrointestinal method, and diets sampled by a 7-day duplicate diet study. The average mineral content in the duplicate diets, including supplements, was (mg/d): Ca 452, Mg 230, Fe 25, Zn 8 and Cu 0.22. Especially Ca and Cu values were below recommended daily intakes. The content of these minerals in the nutritional supplements (mg/serving) was 49-112 for Ca, 1.2-3.8 for Fe, 24-47 for Mg, 0.7-4.16 for Zn and 0.08-0.23 for Cu. A great proportion of dietary minerals was provided by supplements, the contribution of which was: Ca 53.1%, Mg 58.4%, Fe 27.6%. Zn 82.2% and Cu 98.5%. Mineral bioaccessibility in supplements was particularly low for Ca and, to a lesser extent, for Fe and Zn. In spite of the high supplement consumption (up to 4 servings/d) important mineral deficiencies were detected in the diet of institutionalised children. Findings suggest that formulation and nutritional values of supplements used in Latin America should be carefully reviewed, in order to be a useful tool in the prevention and treatment of hidden hunger.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Joaquín Muros
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science. Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Spain.
| | - Carmen Cabrera-Vique
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science. Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Spain
| | - Mercedes Briones
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science. Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Spain
| | - Isabel Seiquer
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry of Animal Nutrition, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC), Granada, Spain
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Zarnowiecki D, Christian MS, Dollman J, Parletta N, Evans CEL, Cade JE. Comparison of school day eating behaviours of 8-11 year old children from Adelaide, South Australia, and London, England: Child eating behaviours in South Australia and England. AIMS Public Health 2018; 5:394-410. [PMID: 30631782 PMCID: PMC6322996 DOI: 10.3934/publichealth.2018.4.394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective School food intake makes a considerable contribution to children's overall diet, especially fruit and vegetable intake. Comparing differing school food provision systems can provide novel insights for intervention and improved nutrition policy. This study compared school day food in children from Australia and England. Design Children completed food frequency questionnaires reporting school day food intake, breakfast intake and family evening meals. Differences in food consumed over the school day between Australian and English children were evaluated. Multinomial logistic regressions compared fruit and vegetable intake, family dinner frequency and breakfast in Australian and English children adjusting for confounders: age, sex, ethnicity and parent education. Setting 27 Primary schools in Adelaide, Australia and 32 in London, England. Subjects N = 772 children aged 8–11 years from the Australian REACH study (n = 347) and UK RHS School Gardening Trial in England (n = 425). Results Considerably more English children reported consuming vegetables at school than Australian children (recess/lunchtime Australian children 3.4%/6.1%; English children recess/lunctime 3.6/51.1%). However, Australian children were more likely to consume vegetables daily (OR = 4.1; 1.3, 12.5), and have family evening meals everyday [OR = 4.01; 1.88, 8.55], and were less likely to consume breakfast (OR = 0.26; 0.08, 0.79) than English children. Conclusions Findings indicate that provision of a school lunch meal, compared to a packed lunch from home, may be more supportive of children's vegetable intake. However, without a supportive home environment that encourages vegetable intake, children will not be able to consume sufficient amounts of vegetables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Zarnowiecki
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia; City East Campus, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5000
| | - Meaghan S Christian
- School of Clinical and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Leeds Beckett University; City Campus, Calverley Street, Leeds, LS1 3HE, UK.,Nutritional Epidemiology Group, School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds; Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - James Dollman
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity, School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia; City East Campus, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5000
| | - Natalie Parletta
- Centre for Population Health, School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia; South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5000
| | - Charlotte E L Evans
- Nutritional Epidemiology Group, School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds; Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Janet E Cade
- Nutritional Epidemiology Group, School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds; Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
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