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Nassogne MC, Marie S, Dewulf JP. Neurological presentations of inborn errors of purine and pyrimidine metabolism. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2024; 48:69-77. [PMID: 38056117 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2023.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Purines and pyrimidines are essential components as they are the building blocks of vital molecules, such as nucleic acids, coenzymes, signalling molecules, as well as energy transfer molecules. Purine and pyrimidine metabolism defects are characterised by abnormal concentrations of purines, pyrimidines and/or their metabolites in cells or body fluids. This phenomenon is due to a decreased or an increased activity of enzymes involved in this metabolism and has been reported in humans for over 60 years. This review provides an overview of neurological presentations of inborn errors of purine and pyrimidine metabolism. These conditions can lead to psychomotor retardation, epilepsy, hypotonia, or microcephaly; sensory involvement, such as deafness and visual disturbances; multiple malformations, as well as muscular symptoms. Clinical signs are often nonspecific and thus overlooked, but some diseases are treatable and early diagnosis may improve the child's future. Although these metabolic hereditary diseases are rare, they are most probably under-diagnosed. When confronted with suggestive clinical or laboratory signs, clinicians should prescribe genetic testing in association with a biochemical screening including thorough purine and pyrimidine metabolites analysis and/or specific enzyme evaluation. This is most likely going to increase the number of confirmed patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Cécile Nassogne
- Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, UCLouvain, B-1200, Brussels, Belgium; Institut des Maladies Rares, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, UCLouvain, B-1200, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Sandrine Marie
- Laboratoire des Maladies Métaboliques Héréditaires/Biochimie Génétique et Centre de Dépistage Néonatal, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, UCLouvain, B-1200, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Joseph P Dewulf
- Institut des Maladies Rares, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, UCLouvain, B-1200, Brussels, Belgium; Laboratoire des Maladies Métaboliques Héréditaires/Biochimie Génétique et Centre de Dépistage Néonatal, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, UCLouvain, B-1200, Brussels, Belgium.
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2
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Reisz JA, Dzieciatkowska M, Stephenson D, Gamboni F, Morton DH, D’Alessandro A. Red Blood Cells from Individuals with Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome: Multi-Omics Insights into a Novel S162N Mutation Causing Hypoxanthine-Guanine Phosphoribosyltransferase Deficiency. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1699. [PMID: 37760001 PMCID: PMC10525117 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12091699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Lesch-Nyhan syndrome (LN) is an is an X-linked recessive inborn error of metabolism that arises from a deficiency of purine salvage enzyme hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT). The disease manifests severely, causing intellectual deficits and other neural abnormalities, hypercoagulability, uncontrolled self-injury, and gout. While allopurinol is used to alleviate gout, other symptoms are less understood, impeding treatment. Herein, we present a high-throughput multi-omics analysis of red blood cells (RBCs) from three pediatric siblings carrying a novel S162N HPRT1 mutation. RBCs from both parents-the mother, a heterozygous carrier, and the father, a clinically healthy control-were also analyzed. Global metabolite analysis of LN RBCs shows accumulation of glycolytic intermediates upstream of pyruvate kinase, unsaturated fatty acids, and long chain acylcarnitines. Similarly, highly unsaturated phosphatidylcholines are also elevated in LN RBCs, while free choline is decreased. Intracellular iron, zinc, selenium, and potassium are also decreased in LN RBCs. Global proteomics documented changes in RBC membrane proteins, hemoglobin, redox homeostasis proteins, and the enrichment of coagulation proteins. These changes were accompanied by elevation in protein glutamine deamidation and methylation in the LN children and carrier mother. Treatment with allopurinol incompletely reversed the observed phenotypes in the two older siblings currently on this treatment. This unique data set provides novel opportunities for investigations aimed at potential therapies for LN-associated sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A. Reisz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (J.A.R.); (M.D.); (D.S.); (F.G.)
| | - Monika Dzieciatkowska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (J.A.R.); (M.D.); (D.S.); (F.G.)
| | - Daniel Stephenson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (J.A.R.); (M.D.); (D.S.); (F.G.)
| | - Fabia Gamboni
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (J.A.R.); (M.D.); (D.S.); (F.G.)
| | - D. Holmes Morton
- Central Pennsylvania Clinic, A Medical Home for Special Children and Adults, Belleville, PA 17004, USA;
| | - Angelo D’Alessandro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (J.A.R.); (M.D.); (D.S.); (F.G.)
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Cano-Estrada C, de Benito-Gómez L, Escudero-Ferruz P, Ontiveros N, Iglesias-Serret D, López JM. Purine Nucleotide Alterations in Tumoral Cell Lines Maintained with Physiological Levels of Folic Acid. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12573. [PMID: 37628755 PMCID: PMC10454412 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Most cancer cells have an increased synthesis of purine nucleotides to fulfil their enhanced division rate. The de novo synthesis of purines requires folic acid in the form of N10-formyltetrahydrofolate (10-formyl-THF). However, regular cell culture media contain very high, non-physiological concentrations of folic acid, which may have an impact on cell metabolism. Using cell culture media with physiological levels of folic acid (25 nM), we uncover purine alterations in several human cell lines. HEK293T, Jurkat, and A549 cells accumulate 5'-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide (ZMP), an intermediary of the de novo biosynthetic pathway, at physiological levels of folic acid, but not with the artificially high levels (2200 nM) present in regular media. Interestingly, HEK293T and Jurkat cells do not accumulate high levels of ZMP when AICAr, the precursor of ZMP, is added to medium containing 2200 nM folate; instead, ATP levels are increased, suggesting an enhanced de novo synthesis. On the other hand, HeLa and EHEB cells do not accumulate ZMP at physiological levels of folic acid, but they do accumulate in medium containing AICAr plus 2200 nM folate. Expression of SLC19A1, which encodes the reduced folate carrier (RFC), is increased in HEK293T and Jurkat cells compared with HeLa and EHEB, and it is correlated with the total purine nucleotide content at high levels of folic acid or with ZMP accumulation at physiological levels of folic acid. In conclusion, tumoral cell lines show a heterogenous response to folate changes in the media, some of them accumulating ZMP at physiological levels of folic acid. Further research is needed to clarify the ZMP downstream targets and their impact on cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Cano-Estrada
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Unitat de Bioquímica, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lidia de Benito-Gómez
- Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona-IDIBELL (Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge), 08907 L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paula Escudero-Ferruz
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Unitat de Bioquímica, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Neus Ontiveros
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Unitat de Bioquímica, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel Iglesias-Serret
- Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona-IDIBELL (Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge), 08907 L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Vic-Universitat Central de Catalunya (UVic-UCC), 08500 Vic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José M. López
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Unitat de Bioquímica, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
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D’Alessandro A, Anastasiadi AT, Tzounakas VL, Nemkov T, Reisz JA, Kriebardis AG, Zimring JC, Spitalnik SL, Busch MP. Red Blood Cell Metabolism In Vivo and In Vitro. Metabolites 2023; 13:793. [PMID: 37512500 PMCID: PMC10386156 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13070793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Red blood cells (RBC) are the most abundant cell in the human body, with a central role in oxygen transport and its delivery to tissues. However, omics technologies recently revealed the unanticipated complexity of the RBC proteome and metabolome, paving the way for a reinterpretation of the mechanisms by which RBC metabolism regulates systems biology beyond oxygen transport. The new data and analytical tools also informed the dissection of the changes that RBCs undergo during refrigerated storage under blood bank conditions, a logistic necessity that makes >100 million units available for life-saving transfusions every year worldwide. In this narrative review, we summarize the last decade of advances in the field of RBC metabolism in vivo and in the blood bank in vitro, a narrative largely influenced by the authors' own journeys in this field. We hope that this review will stimulate further research in this interesting and medically important area or, at least, serve as a testament to our fascination with this simple, yet complex, cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo D’Alessandro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (T.N.); (J.A.R.)
| | - Alkmini T. Anastasiadi
- Laboratory of Reliability and Quality Control in Laboratory Hematology (HemQcR), Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health & Caring Sciences, University of West Attica (UniWA), 12243 Egaleo, Greece; (A.T.A.); (A.G.K.)
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece;
| | - Vassilis L. Tzounakas
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece;
| | - Travis Nemkov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (T.N.); (J.A.R.)
| | - Julie A. Reisz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (T.N.); (J.A.R.)
| | - Anastsios G. Kriebardis
- Laboratory of Reliability and Quality Control in Laboratory Hematology (HemQcR), Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health & Caring Sciences, University of West Attica (UniWA), 12243 Egaleo, Greece; (A.T.A.); (A.G.K.)
| | - James C. Zimring
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA;
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Camici M, Garcia-Gil M, Allegrini S, Pesi R, Bernardini G, Micheli V, Tozzi MG. Inborn Errors of Purine Salvage and Catabolism. Metabolites 2023; 13:787. [PMID: 37512494 PMCID: PMC10383617 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13070787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular purine nucleotides derive mainly from de novo synthesis or nucleic acid turnover and, only marginally, from dietary intake. They are subjected to catabolism, eventually forming uric acid in humans, while bases and nucleosides may be converted back to nucleotides through the salvage pathways. Inborn errors of the purine salvage pathway and catabolism have been described by several researchers and are usually referred to as rare diseases. Since purine compounds play a fundamental role, it is not surprising that their dysmetabolism is accompanied by devastating symptoms. Nevertheless, some of these manifestations are unexpected and, so far, have no explanation or therapy. Herein, we describe several known inborn errors of purine metabolism, highlighting their unexplained pathological aspects. Our intent is to offer new points of view on this topic and suggest diagnostic tools that may possibly indicate to clinicians that the inborn errors of purine metabolism may not be very rare diseases after all.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcella Camici
- Unità di Biochimica, Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Pisa, Via San Zeno 51, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Mercedes Garcia-Gil
- Unità di Fisiologia Generale, Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Pisa, Via San Zeno 31, 56127 Pisa, Italy
- CISUP, Centro per l'Integrazione Della Strumentazione Dell'Università di Pisa, 56127 Pisa, Italy
- Centro di Ricerca Interdipartimentale Nutrafood "Nutraceuticals and Food for Health", Università di Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Simone Allegrini
- Unità di Biochimica, Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Pisa, Via San Zeno 51, 56127 Pisa, Italy
- CISUP, Centro per l'Integrazione Della Strumentazione Dell'Università di Pisa, 56127 Pisa, Italy
- Centro di Ricerca Interdipartimentale Nutrafood "Nutraceuticals and Food for Health", Università di Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Rossana Pesi
- Unità di Biochimica, Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Pisa, Via San Zeno 51, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Giulia Bernardini
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università di Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Vanna Micheli
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università di Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
- LND Famiglie Italiane ODV-Via Giovanetti 15-20, 16149 Genova, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Tozzi
- Unità di Biochimica, Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Pisa, Via San Zeno 51, 56127 Pisa, Italy
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Sutcliffe DJ, Dinasarapu AR, Visser JE, Hoed JD, Seifar F, Joshi P, Ceballos-Picot I, Sardar T, Hess EJ, Sun YV, Wen Z, Zwick ME, Jinnah HA. Induced pluripotent stem cells from subjects with Lesch-Nyhan disease. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8523. [PMID: 33875724 PMCID: PMC8055678 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87955-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lesch-Nyhan disease (LND) is an inherited disorder caused by pathogenic variants in the HPRT1 gene, which encodes the purine recycling enzyme hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGprt). We generated 6 induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines from 3 individuals with LND, along with 6 control lines from 3 normal individuals. All 12 lines had the characteristics of pluripotent stem cells, as assessed by immunostaining for pluripotency markers, expression of pluripotency genes, and differentiation into the 3 primary germ cell layers. Gene expression profiling with RNAseq demonstrated significant heterogeneity among the lines. Despite this heterogeneity, several anticipated abnormalities were readily detectable across all LND lines, including reduced HPRT1 mRNA. Several unexpected abnormalities were also consistently detectable across the LND lines, including decreases in FAR2P1 and increases in RNF39. Shotgun proteomics also demonstrated several expected abnormalities in the LND lines, such as absence of HGprt protein. The proteomics study also revealed several unexpected abnormalities across the LND lines, including increases in GNAO1 decreases in NSE4A. There was a good but partial correlation between abnormalities revealed by the RNAseq and proteomics methods. Finally, functional studies demonstrated LND lines had no HGprt enzyme activity and resistance to the toxic pro-drug 6-thioguanine. Intracellular purines in the LND lines were normal, but they did not recycle hypoxanthine. These cells provide a novel resource to reveal insights into the relevance of heterogeneity among iPSC lines and applications for modeling LND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane J Sutcliffe
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, 101 Woodruff Circle, 6305 Woodruff Memorial Building, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Ashok R Dinasarapu
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Jasper E Visser
- Department of Neurology, Cognition and Behavior, Donders Institute for Brain, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurology, Amphia Hospital, Breda, The Netherlands
| | - Joery den Hoed
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, 101 Woodruff Circle, 6305 Woodruff Memorial Building, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Fatemeh Seifar
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, 101 Woodruff Circle, 6305 Woodruff Memorial Building, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Neurosciences Graduate Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Laney Graduate School, Emory University, Atlanta, 30322, USA
| | - Piyush Joshi
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, 101 Woodruff Circle, 6305 Woodruff Memorial Building, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Irene Ceballos-Picot
- Laboratoire de Biochimie Métabolomique Et Protéomique, Hôpital Universitaire Necker, Paris, France
| | - Tejas Sardar
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, 101 Woodruff Circle, 6305 Woodruff Memorial Building, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Ellen J Hess
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, 101 Woodruff Circle, 6305 Woodruff Memorial Building, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Neurosciences Graduate Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Laney Graduate School, Emory University, Atlanta, 30322, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Yan V Sun
- Department of Epidemiology, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA. 30322, USA
| | - Zhexing Wen
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, 101 Woodruff Circle, 6305 Woodruff Memorial Building, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Michael E Zwick
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - H A Jinnah
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, 101 Woodruff Circle, 6305 Woodruff Memorial Building, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
- Neurosciences Graduate Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Laney Graduate School, Emory University, Atlanta, 30322, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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Physiological levels of folic acid reveal purine alterations in Lesch-Nyhan disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:12071-12079. [PMID: 32430324 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2003475117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lesch-Nyhan disease (LND), caused by a deficient salvage purine pathway, is characterized by severe neurological manifestations and uric acid overproduction. However, uric acid is not responsible for brain dysfunction, and it has been suggested that purine nucleotide depletion, or accumulation of other toxic purine intermediates, could be more relevant. Here we show that purine alterations in LND fibroblasts depend on the level of folic acid in the culture media. Thus, physiological levels of folic acid induce accumulation of 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide riboside 5'-monophosphate (ZMP), an intermediary of de novo purine biosynthetic pathway, and depletion of ATP. Additionally, Z-nucleotide derivatives (AICAr, AICA) are detected at high levels in the urine of patients with LND and its variants (hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase [HGprt]-related neurological dysfunction and HGprt-related hyperuricemia), and the ratio of AICAr/AICA is significantly increased in patients with neurological problems (LND and HGprt-related neurological dysfunction). Moreover, AICAr is present in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with LND, but not in control individuals. We hypothesize that purine alterations detected in LND fibroblasts may also occur in the brain of patients with LND.
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Hosoya T, Uchida S, Shibata S, Tomioka NH, Hosoyamada M. Perfecting a high hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase activity-uricase KO mice to test the effects of purine- and non-purine-type xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH) inhibitors. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 177:2274-2285. [PMID: 31971609 PMCID: PMC7174878 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Purine metabolism in mice and human differ in terms of uricase (Uox) activity as well as hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) activity. The aim of this study was the establishment of high HPRT activity-Uox knockout (KO) mice as a novel hyperuricaemic model. Then to investigate the effects of purine-type xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH) inhibitor, allopurinol, and non-purine-type XDH inhibitor, topiroxostat, on purine metabolism. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH A novel hyperuricaemic mouse model was established by mating B6-ChrXCMSM mice with uricase KO mice. The pharmacological effects of allopurinol and topiroxostat were explored by evaluating urate, hypoxanthine, xanthine and creatinine in the plasma and urine of these model mice. Furthermore, we analysed the effect of both drugs on erythrocyte hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase activity. KEY RESULTS Plasma urate level and urinary urate/creatinine ratio significantly decreased after administration of allopurinol 30 mg·kg-1 or topiroxostat 1 mg·kg-1 for 7 days. The urate-lowering effect was equivalent for allopurinol and topiroxostat. However, the urinary hypoxanthine/creatinine ratio and xanthine/creatinine ratio after treatment with topiroxostat were significantly lower than for allopurinol. In addition, the urinary oxypurine/creatinine ratio was significantly lowered after treatment with topiroxostat, but allopurinol elicited no such effect. Furthermore, allopurinol inhibited mouse erythrocyte hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase, while topiroxostat did not. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS High hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase activity- uricase KO mice were established as a novel hyperuricaemic animal model. In addition, topiroxostat, a non-purine-type xanthine dehydrogenase inhibitor, elicited a potent plasma urate-lowering effect. However, unlike allopurinol, topiroxostat did not perturb the salvage pathway, resulting in lowered total oxypurine excretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuji Hosoya
- Department of Human Physiology & Pathology, Faculty of Pharma‐ScienceTeikyo UniversityTokyoJapan
- Biological Research Department, Medical R&D DivisionFuji Yakuhin Co., Ltd.SaitamaJapan
| | - Shunya Uchida
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal MedicineTeikyo University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Shigeru Shibata
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal MedicineTeikyo University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Naoko H. Tomioka
- Department of Human Physiology & Pathology, Faculty of Pharma‐ScienceTeikyo UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Makoto Hosoyamada
- Department of Human Physiology & Pathology, Faculty of Pharma‐ScienceTeikyo UniversityTokyoJapan
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Mencacci NE, Jinnah HA. Naming Genes for Dystonia: DYT-z or Ditzy? TREMOR AND OTHER HYPERKINETIC MOVEMENTS (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2019; 9:tre-09-710. [PMID: 31523486 PMCID: PMC6714488 DOI: 10.7916/tohm.v0.710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Dystonias are a clinically and etiologically diverse group of disorders. Numerous genes have now been associated with different dystonia syndromes, and multiple strategies have been proposed for how these genes should be lumped and split into meaningful categories. The traditional approach has been based on the Human Genome Organization’s plan for naming genetic loci for all disorders. For dystonia this involves a DYT prefix followed by a number (e.g., DYT1, DYT2, DYT3, etc.). A more recently proposed approach involves assigning multiple prefixes according to the main elements of the phenotype (e.g., DYT, PARK, CHOR, TREM, etc.) followed by the name of the responsible gene. This article describes these nomenclature systems and summarizes some of their limitations. We focus on dystonia as an example, although the concepts may be applied to all movement disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niccolo E Mencacci
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - H A Jinnah
- Departments of Neurology, Human Genetics and Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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10
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Torres RJ. Current understanding of Lesch-Nyhan disease and potential therapeutic targets. Expert Opin Orphan Drugs 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/21678707.2019.1652597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rosa J. Torres
- Department of Biochemistry, La Paz University Hospital, IdiPaz, Madrid, Spain and Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
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