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Chen J, Zhang Y, Wei J, Hu X, Yin H, Liu W, Li D, Tian W, Hao Y, He Z, Fernie AR, Chen W. Beyond pathways: Accelerated flavonoids candidate identification and novel exploration of enzymatic properties using combined mapping populations of wheat. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2024; 22:2033-2050. [PMID: 38408119 PMCID: PMC11182594 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Although forward-genetics-metabolomics methods such as mGWAS and mQTL have proven effective in providing myriad loci affecting metabolite contents, they are somehow constrained by their respective constitutional flaws such as the hidden population structure for GWAS and insufficient recombinant rate for QTL. Here, the combination of mGWAS and mQTL was performed, conveying an improved statistical power to investigate the flavonoid pathways in common wheat. A total of 941 and 289 loci were, respectively, generated from mGWAS and mQTL, within which 13 of them were co-mapped using both approaches. Subsequently, the mGWAS or mQTL outputs alone and their combination were, respectively, utilized to delineate the metabolic routes. Using this approach, we identified two MYB transcription factor encoding genes and five structural genes, and the flavonoid pathway in wheat was accordingly updated. Moreover, we have discovered some rare-activity-exhibiting flavonoid glycosyl- and methyl-transferases, which may possess unique biological significance, and harnessing these novel catalytic capabilities provides potentially new breeding directions. Collectively, we propose our survey illustrates that the forward-genetics-metabolomics approaches including multiple populations with high density markers could be more frequently applied for delineating metabolic pathways in common wheat, which will ultimately contribute to metabolomics-assisted wheat crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan)Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Hubei Hongshan LaboratoryWuhanChina
- Yazhouwan National LaboratorySanyaChina
| | - Yueqi Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan)Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Hubei Hongshan LaboratoryWuhanChina
| | - Jiaqi Wei
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan)Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Hubei Hongshan LaboratoryWuhanChina
- Wuhan Academy of Agricultural SciencesWuhanChina
| | - Xin Hu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan)Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Hubei Hongshan LaboratoryWuhanChina
| | - Huanran Yin
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan)Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Hubei Hongshan LaboratoryWuhanChina
| | - Wei Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan)Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Hubei Hongshan LaboratoryWuhanChina
| | - Dongqin Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan)Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Wenfei Tian
- National Wheat Improvement Center, Institute of Crop SciencesChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yuanfeng Hao
- National Wheat Improvement Center, Institute of Crop SciencesChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Zhonghu He
- National Wheat Improvement Center, Institute of Crop SciencesChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | | | - Wei Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan)Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Hubei Hongshan LaboratoryWuhanChina
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2
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Srividya N, Kim H, Simone R, Lange BM. Chemical diversity in angiosperms - monoterpene synthases control complex reactions that provide the precursors for ecologically and commercially important monoterpenoids. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 119:28-55. [PMID: 38565299 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Monoterpene synthases (MTSs) catalyze the first committed step in the biosynthesis of monoterpenoids, a class of specialized metabolites with particularly high chemical diversity in angiosperms. In addition to accomplishing a rate enhancement, these enzymes manage the formation and turnover of highly reactive carbocation intermediates formed from a prenyl diphosphate substrate. At each step along the reaction path, a cationic intermediate can be subject to cyclization, migration of a proton, hydride, or alkyl group, or quenching to terminate the sequence. However, enzymatic control of ligand folding, stabilization of specific intermediates, and defined quenching chemistry can maintain the specificity for forming a signature product. This review article will discuss our current understanding of how angiosperm MTSs control the reaction environment. Such knowledge allows inferences about the origin and regulation of chemical diversity, which is pertinent for appreciating the role of monoterpenoids in plant ecology but also for aiding commercial efforts that harness the accumulation of these specialized metabolites for the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narayanan Srividya
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and M. J. Murdock Metabolomics Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164-7411, USA
| | - Hoshin Kim
- Physical and Computational Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Raugei Simone
- Physical and Computational Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Bernd Markus Lange
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and M. J. Murdock Metabolomics Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164-7411, USA
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3
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Zhao Y, Chen Y, Gao M, Wang Y. Alcohol dehydrogenases regulated by a MYB44 transcription factor underlie Lauraceae citral biosynthesis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 194:1674-1691. [PMID: 37831423 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Lineage-specific terpenoids have arisen throughout the evolution of land plants and are believed to play a role in interactions between plants and the environment. Species-specific gene clusters in plants have provided insight on the evolution of secondary metabolism. Lauraceae is an ecologically important plant family whose members are also of considerable economic value given their monoterpene contents. However, the gene cluster responsible for the biosynthesis of monoterpenes remains yet to be elucidated. Here, a Lauraceae-specific citral biosynthetic gene cluster (CGC) was identified and investigated using a multifaceted approach that combined phylogenetic, collinearity, and biochemical analyses. The CGC comprises MYB44 as a regulator and 2 alcohol dehydrogenases (ADHs) as modifying enzymes, which derived from species-specific tandem and proximal duplication events. Activity and substrate divergence of the ADHs has resulted in the fruit of mountain pepper (Litsea cubeba), a core Lauraceae species, consisting of more than 80% citral. In addition, MYB44 negatively regulates citral biosynthesis by directly binding to the promoters of the ADH-encoding genes. The aggregation of citral biosynthetic pathways suggests that they may form the basis of important characteristics that enhance adaptability. The findings of this study provide insights into the evolution of and the regulatory mechanisms involved in plant terpene biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxiao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311400, China
| | - Yicun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311400, China
| | - Ming Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311400, China
| | - Yangdong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311400, China
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4
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Zhao Y, Chen Y, Gao M, Wu L, Wang Y. LcMYB106 suppresses monoterpene biosynthesis by negatively regulating LcTPS32 expression in Litsea cubeba. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 43:2150-2161. [PMID: 37682081 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpad111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Litsea cubeba, the core species of the Lauraceae family, is valuable for the production of essential oils due to its high concentration of monoterpenes (90%). The key monoterpene synthase and metabolic regulatory network of monoterpene biosynthesis have provided new insights for improving essential oil content. However, there are few studies on the regulation mechanism of monoterpenes in L. cubeba. In this study, we investigated LcTPS32, a member of the TPS-b subfamily, and identified its function as an enzyme for the synthesis of monoterpenes, including geraniol, α-pinene, β-pinene, β-myrcene, linalool and eucalyptol. The quantitative real-time PCR analysis showed that LcTPS32 was highly expressed in the fruits of L. cubeba and contributed to the characteristic flavor of its essential oil. Overexpression of LcTPS32 resulted in a significant increase in the production of monoterpenes in L. cubeba by activating both the MVA and MEP pathways. Additionally, the study revealed that LcMYB106 played a negative regulatory role in monoterpenes biosynthesis by directly binding to the promoter of LcTPS32. Our study indicates that LcMYB106 could serve as a crucial target for metabolic engineering endeavors, aiming at enhancing the monoterpene biosynthesis in L. cubeba.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxiao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Xiangshan Rd, Beijing 100091, China
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Daqiao Rd, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311400, China
| | - Yicun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Xiangshan Rd, Beijing 100091, China
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Daqiao Rd, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311400, China
| | - Ming Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Xiangshan Rd, Beijing 100091, China
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Daqiao Rd, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311400, China
| | - Liwen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Xiangshan Rd, Beijing 100091, China
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Daqiao Rd, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311400, China
| | - Yangdong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Xiangshan Rd, Beijing 100091, China
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Daqiao Rd, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311400, China
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Zhao D, Zhuang F, Ou C, Zhang Y, Liu X. Complete genome sequence of the carrot black rot pathogen Alternaria radicina isolate CBR2. Microb Pathog 2023; 185:106421. [PMID: 37871854 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Black rot, caused by Alternaria radicina, seriously endangers carrots throughout the growing season, affecting both leaves and fleshy roots. In this study, we sequenced and assembled the genome of the A. radicina isolate CBR2. The genome was 34.6 Mb in size and consisted of 6 scaffolds. The sequence information provided in this genome will be used as a reference for further comparative genomics analysis of Alternaria species and will contribute to disease control in carrot production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Feiyun Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Chenggang Ou
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yifan Zhang
- Ulanqab City Science and Technology Commissioner Entrepreneurship Federation, Ulanqab, 011800, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Xing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
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Bosman RN, Vervalle JAM, November DL, Burger P, Lashbrooke JG. Grapevine genome analysis demonstrates the role of gene copy number variation in the formation of monoterpenes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1112214. [PMID: 37008487 PMCID: PMC10061021 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1112214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds such as terpenes influence the quality parameters of grapevine through their contribution to the flavour and aroma profile of berries. Biosynthesis of volatile organic compounds in grapevine is relatively complex and controlled by multiple genes, the majority of which are unknown or uncharacterised. To identify the genomic regions that associate with modulation of these compounds in grapevine berries, volatile metabolic data generated via GC-MS from a grapevine mapping population was used to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs). Several significant QTLs were associated with terpenes, and candidate genes were proposed for sesquiterpene and monoterpene biosynthesis. For monoterpenes, loci on chromosomes 12 and 13 were shown to be associated with geraniol and cyclic monoterpene accumulation, respectively. The locus on chromosome 12 was shown to contain a geraniol synthase gene (VvGer), while the locus on chromosome 13 contained an α-terpineol synthase gene (VvTer). Molecular and genomic investigation of VvGer and VvTer revealed that these genes were found in tandemly duplicated clusters, displaying high levels of hemizygosity. Gene copy number analysis further showed that not only did VvTer and VvGer copy numbers vary within the mapping population, but also across recently sequenced Vitis cultivars. Significantly, VvTer copy number correlated with both VvTer gene expression and cyclic monoterpene accumulation in the mapping population. A hypothesis for a hyper-functional VvTer allele linked to increased gene copy number in the mapping population is presented and can potentially lead to selection of cultivars with modulated terpene profiles. The study highlights the impact of VvTPS gene duplication and copy number variation on terpene accumulation in grapevine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Nicole Bosman
- South African Grape and Wine Research Institute, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | | | - Danielle Lisa November
- South African Grape and Wine Research Institute, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Phyllis Burger
- Department for Crop Development, Agricultural Research Council - Infruitec-Nietvoorbij, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Justin Graham Lashbrooke
- South African Grape and Wine Research Institute, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
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7
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Co-Localization of Resistance and Metabolic Quantitative Trait Loci on Carrot Genome Reveals Fungitoxic Terpenes and Related Candidate Genes Associated with the Resistance to Alternaria dauci. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13010071. [PMID: 36676996 PMCID: PMC9863879 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13010071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Alternaria leaf blight, caused by the fungus Alternaria dauci, is the most damaging foliar disease of carrot. Some carrot genotypes exhibit partial resistance to this pathogen and resistance Quantitative Trait Loci (rQTL) have been identified. Co-localization of metabolic QTL and rQTL identified camphene, α-pinene, α-bisabolene, β-cubebene, caryophyllene, germacrene D and α-humulene as terpenes potentially involved in carrot resistance against ALB. By combining genomic and transcriptomic analyses, we identified, under the co-localization regions, terpene-related genes which are differentially expressed between a resistant and a susceptible carrot genotype. These genes include five terpene synthases and twenty transcription factors. In addition, significant mycelial growth inhibition was observed in the presence of α-humulene and caryophyllene.
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8
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Conneely LJ, Berkowitz O, Lewsey MG. Emerging trends in genomic and epigenomic regulation of plant specialised metabolism. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2022; 203:113427. [PMID: 36087823 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2022.113427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Regulation of specialised metabolism genes is multilayered and complex, influenced by an array of genomic, epigenetic and epigenomic mechanisms. Here, we review the most recent knowledge in this field, drawing from discoveries in several plant species. Our aim is to improve understanding of how plant genome structure and function influence specialised metabolism. We also highlight key areas for future exploration. Gene regulatory mechanisms influencing specialised metabolism include gene duplication and neo-functionalization, conservation of operon-like clusters of specialised metabolism genes, local chromatin modifications, and the organisation of higher order chromatin structures within the nucleus. Genomic and epigenomic research to-date in the discipline have focused on a relatively small number of plant species, primarily at whole organ or tissue level. This is largely due to the technical demands of the experimental methods needed. However, a high degree of cell-type specificity of function exists in specialised metabolism, driven by similarly specific gene regulation. In this review we focus on the genomic characteristics of genes that are found in different types of clusters within the genome. We propose that acquisition of cell-resolution epigenomic datasets in emerging models, such as the glandular trichomes of Cannabis sativa, will yield important advances. Data such as chromatin accessibility and histone modification profiles can pinpoint which regulatory sequences are active in individual cell types and at specific times in development. These could provide fundamental biological insight as well as novel targets for genetic engineering and crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee J Conneely
- La Trobe Institute for Agriculture and Food, La Trobe University, AgriBio Building, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia; Australian Research Council Research Hub for Medicinal Agriculture, La Trobe University, AgriBio Building, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Oliver Berkowitz
- La Trobe Institute for Agriculture and Food, La Trobe University, AgriBio Building, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia; Australian Research Council Research Hub for Medicinal Agriculture, La Trobe University, AgriBio Building, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Mathew G Lewsey
- La Trobe Institute for Agriculture and Food, La Trobe University, AgriBio Building, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia; Australian Research Council Research Hub for Medicinal Agriculture, La Trobe University, AgriBio Building, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia.
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9
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Li M, Li X, Zhou J, Sun Y, Du J, Wang Z, Luo Y, Zhang Y, Chen Q, Wang Y, Lin Y, Zhang Y, He W, Wang X, Tang H. Genome-wide identification and analysis of terpene synthase ( TPS) genes in celery reveals their regulatory roles in terpenoid biosynthesis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1010780. [PMID: 36247575 PMCID: PMC9557977 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1010780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Terpenes are an important class of secondary metabolites in celery, which determine its flavor. Terpene synthase (TPS) has been established as a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of terpenes. This study systematically analyzed all members of the TPS gene family of celery (Apium graveolens) based on whole genome data. A total of 39 celery TPS genes were identified, among which TPS-a and TPS-b represented the two largest subfamilies. 77 cis-element types were screened in the promoter regions of AgTPS genes, suggesting the functional diversity of members of this family. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses showed that AgTPS genes were enriched in multiple terpenoid biosynthesis pathways. Transcript abundance analysis and qRT-PCR showed that most AgTPS genes were differentially expressed in different tissues and colors of celery, with AgTPS 6, 9, and 11 expressed differentially in tissues, while AgTPS31, 32, and 38 are expressed differently in colors. More than 70% of the celery volatile compounds identified by HS-SPME-GC/MS were terpene, and the most critical compounds were β-Myrcene, D-Limonene, β-Ocimene and γ-Terpinene. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that compounds (E)-β-Ocimene, D-Limonene, β-Myrcene and γ-Terpinene predominantly accounted for the variation. Further correlation analysis between gene expression and terpenoid accumulation showed that the four genes AgTPS9, 25, 31 and 38 genes may have positive regulatory effects on the synthesis of D-Limonene and β-Myrcene in celery. Overall, this study identified key candidate genes that regulate the biosynthesis of volatile compounds and provide the foothold for the development and utilization of terpenoids in celery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyao Li
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jin Zhou
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yue Sun
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiageng Du
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhuo Wang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ya Luo
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qing Chen
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Wang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Pomology & Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuanxiu Lin
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Pomology & Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yunting Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Pomology & Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wen He
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Pomology & Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaorong Wang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Pomology & Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Haoru Tang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Pomology & Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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10
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Qiao D, Tang M, Jin L, Mi X, Chen H, Zhu J, Liu S, Wei C. A monoterpene synthase gene cluster of tea plant (Camellia sinensis) potentially involved in constitutive and herbivore-induced terpene formation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2022; 184:1-13. [PMID: 35613521 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes are the most abundant volatiles in tea plants and have dual functions in aroma quality formation and defense responses in tea plants. Terpene synthases (TPS) are the key enzymes for the synthesis of terpenes in plants; however, the functions of most of them in tea plants are still unknown. In this study, six putative terpene biosynthesis gene clusters were identified from the tea plant genome. Then we cloned three new TPS-b subfamily genes, CsTPS08, CsTPS10 and CsTPS58. In vitro enzyme assays showed that CsTPS08 and CsTPS58 are two multiple-product terpene synthases, with the former synthesizing linalool as the main product, and β-myrcene, α-phellandrene, α-terpinolene, D-limonene, cis-β-ocimene, trans-β-ocimene and (4E,6Z)-allo-ocimene as minor products are also detected, while the latter catalyzing the formation of α-pinene and D-limonene using GPP as the substrate. No product of CsTPS10 was detected in the prokaryotic expression system, but geraniol production was detected when transiently expressed in tobacco leaves. CsTPS08 and CsTPS10 are two functional members of a monoterpene synthase gene cluster, which were significantly induced during both Ectropis oblique feeding and fresh leaf spreading treatments, suggesting that they have dual functions involved in tea plant pest defense and tea aroma quality regulation. In addition, the differences in their expression levels in different tea plant cultivars provide a possibility for the subsequent screening of tea plant resources with a specific aroma flavor. Our results deepen the understanding of terpenoid synthesis in tea plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dahe Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization / Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization/ Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Tea Processing of Ministry of Agriculture, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, China; Tea Research Institute, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1 Jin'nong Road, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550006, China
| | - Mengsha Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization / Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization/ Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Tea Processing of Ministry of Agriculture, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, China
| | - Ling Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization / Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization/ Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Tea Processing of Ministry of Agriculture, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, China
| | - Xiaozeng Mi
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization / Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization/ Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Tea Processing of Ministry of Agriculture, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, China
| | - Hongrong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization / Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization/ Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Tea Processing of Ministry of Agriculture, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, China
| | - Junyan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization / Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization/ Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Tea Processing of Ministry of Agriculture, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, China
| | - Shengrui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization / Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization/ Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Tea Processing of Ministry of Agriculture, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, China
| | - Chaoling Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization / Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization/ Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Tea Processing of Ministry of Agriculture, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, China.
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11
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Lu L, Cao H, Li H, Zhang H, Li S, Wang J. Diversity and profiles of volatile compounds in twenty-five peppermint genotypes grown in China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2022.2082465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Lu
- Flower Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Hua Cao
- Flower Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Han Li
- Flower Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Flower Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Shenchong Li
- Flower Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Jihua Wang
- Flower Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
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Wang XJ, Luo Q, Li T, Meng PH, Pu YT, Liu JX, Zhang J, Liu H, Tan GF, Xiong AS. Origin, evolution, breeding, and omics of Apiaceae: a family of vegetables and medicinal plants. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhac076. [PMID: 38239769 PMCID: PMC10795576 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhac076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Many of the world's most important vegetables and medicinal crops, including carrot, celery, coriander, fennel, and cumin, belong to the Apiaceae family. In this review, we summarize the complex origins of Apiaceae and the current state of research on the family, including traditional and molecular breeding practices, bioactive compounds, medicinal applications, nanotechnology, and omics research. Numerous molecular markers, regulatory factors, and functional genes have been discovered, studied, and applied to improve vegetable and medicinal crops in Apiaceae. In addition, current trends in Apiaceae application and research are also briefly described, including mining new functional genes and metabolites using omics research, identifying new genetic variants associated with important agronomic traits by population genetics analysis and GWAS, applying genetic transformation, the CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing system, and nanotechnology. This review provides a reference for basic and applied research on Apiaceae vegetable and medicinal plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Jing Wang
- Key laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), Guizhou University, Guizhou 550025, China
| | - Qing Luo
- Institute of Horticulture, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guizhou 550006, China
| | - Tong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ping-Hong Meng
- Institute of Horticulture, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guizhou 550006, China
| | - Yu-Ting Pu
- Key laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), Guizhou University, Guizhou 550025, China
| | - Jie-Xia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- College of Agronomy, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 210095, China
| | - Hui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Guo-Fei Tan
- Institute of Horticulture, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guizhou 550006, China
| | - Ai-Sheng Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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13
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Dunemann F, He W, Böttcher C, Reichardt S, Nothnagel T, Heuvelmans P, Hermans F. The genetic control of polyacetylenes involved in bitterness of carrots (Daucus carota L.): Identification of QTLs and candidate genes from the plant fatty acid metabolism. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:92. [PMID: 35232393 PMCID: PMC8889737 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03484-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Falcarinol-type polyacetylenes (PAs) such as falcarinol (FaOH) and falcarindiol (FaDOH) are produced by several Apiaceae vegetables such as carrot, parsnip, celeriac and parsley. They are known for numerous biological functions and contribute to the undesirable bitter off-taste of carrots and their products. Despite their interesting biological functions, the genetic basis of their structural diversity and function is widely unknown. A better understanding of the genetics of the PA levels present in carrot roots might support breeding of carrot cultivars with tailored PA levels for food production or nutraceuticals. RESULTS A large carrot F2 progeny derived from a cross of a cultivated inbred line with an inbred line derived from a Daucus carota ssp. commutatus accession rich in PAs was used for linkage mapping and quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis. Ten QTLs for FaOH and FaDOH levels in roots were identified in the carrot genome. Major QTLs for FaOH and FaDOH with high LOD values of up to 40 were identified on chromosomes 4 and 9. To discover putative candidate genes from the plant fatty acid metabolism, we examined an extended version of the inventory of the carrot FATTY ACID DESATURASE2 (FAD2) gene family. Additionally, we used the carrot genome sequence for a first inventory of ECERIFERUM1 (CER1) genes possibly involved in PA biosynthesis. We identified genomic regions on different carrot chromosomes around the found QTLs that contain several FAD2 and CER1 genes within their 2-LOD confidence intervals. With regard to the major QTLs on chromosome 9 three putative CER1 decarbonylase gene models are proposed as candidate genes. CONCLUSION The present study increases the current knowledge on the genetics of PA accumulation in carrot roots. Our finding that carrot candidate genes from the fatty acid metabolism are significantly associated with major QTLs for both major PAs, will facilitate future functional gene studies and a further dissection of the genetic factors controlling PA accumulation. Characterization of such candidate genes will have a positive impact on carrot breeding programs aimed at both lowering or increasing PA concentrations in carrot roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Dunemann
- Julius Kühn-Institut (JKI), Institute for Breeding Research on Horticultural Crops, Erwin-Baur-Str. 27, 06484 Quedlinburg, Germany.
| | - Wanying He
- Julius Kühn-Institut (JKI), Institute for Breeding Research on Horticultural Crops, Erwin-Baur-Str. 27, 06484 Quedlinburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Böttcher
- Julius Kühn-Institut (JKI), Institute for Ecological Chemistry, Plant Analysis and Stored Product Protection, Königin-Luise-Str. 19, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sven Reichardt
- Julius Kühn-Institut (JKI), Institute for Biosafety in Plant Biotechnology, Erwin-Baur-Str. 27, 06484 Quedlinburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Nothnagel
- Julius Kühn-Institut (JKI), Institute for Breeding Research on Horticultural Crops, Erwin-Baur-Str. 27, 06484 Quedlinburg, Germany
| | - Paul Heuvelmans
- Nunhems Netherlands BV, Napoleonsweg 152, 6083 AB Nunhem, The Netherlands
| | - Freddy Hermans
- Nunhems Netherlands BV, Napoleonsweg 152, 6083 AB Nunhem, The Netherlands
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Gong C, Zhao S, Yang D, Lu X, Anees M, He N, Zhu H, Zhao Y, Liu W. Genome-wide association analysis provides molecular insights into the natural variation of watermelon seed size. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhab074. [PMID: 35043154 PMCID: PMC8923815 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhab074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Seed-consumption watermelon tend to have larger-sized seeds, while flesh-consumed watermelon often require relatively smaller seed. Therefore, the seed size of watermelon has received extensive attention from consumers and breeders. However, the study on the natural variation and genetic mechanism of watermelon seed size is not clear enough. In the present study, 100 seed weight, seed hilum length, seed length, seed width, and seed thickness in 197 watermelon accessions were examined. Furthermore, association analysis was conducted between seed size traits and high-quality SNP data. The results revealed that there was a strong correlation between the five seed traits. And seed enlargement was an important feature during watermelon seed size domestication. Meanwhile, the seed consumption biological species C. mucosospermu and C. lanatus edible seed watermelon had a significantly bigger seed size than other species's. Eleven non-repeating significant SNPs above the threshold line were obtained by GWAS analysis. Four of them on chromosome 5 were considered to be closely associated with seed size traits, i.e. S5: 32250307, S5: 32250454, S5: 32256177, S5: 32260870, which could be used as potential molecular markers for the breeding of watermelon cultivars with target seed size. In addition, combined with gene annotation information and previous reports, five genes near the four significant SNPs may regulate seed size. And qRT-PCR analysis showed that two genes Cla97C05G104360 and Cla97C05G104380, which may be involved in abscisic acid metabolism, may play an important role in regulating the seed size of watermelon. Our findings provide molecular insights into natural variation in watermelon seed size, and gives valuable information of molecular marker-assisted breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengsheng Gong
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China
| | - Shengjie Zhao
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China
| | - Dongdong Yang
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China
| | - Xuqiang Lu
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China
| | - Muhammad Anees
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China
| | - Nan He
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China
| | - Hongju Zhu
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China
| | - Yong Zhao
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China
| | - Wenge Liu
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China
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15
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Chen J, Xue M, Liu H, Fernie AR, Chen W. Exploring the genic resources underlying metabolites through mGWAS and mQTL in wheat: From large-scale gene identification and pathway elucidation to crop improvement. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2021; 2:100216. [PMID: 34327326 PMCID: PMC8299079 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2021.100216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a leading cereal crop, but has lagged behind with respect to the interpretation of the molecular mechanisms of phenotypes compared with other major cereal crops such as rice and maize. The recently available genome sequence of wheat affords the pre-requisite information for efficiently exploiting the potential molecular resources for decoding the genetic architecture of complex traits and identifying valuable breeding targets. Meanwhile, the successful application of metabolomics as an emergent large-scale profiling methodology in several species has demonstrated this approach to be accessible for reaching the above goals. One such productive avenue is combining metabolomics approaches with genetic designs. However, this trial is not as widespread as that for sequencing technologies, especially when the acquisition, understanding, and application of metabolic approaches in wheat populations remain more difficult and even arguably underutilized. In this review, we briefly introduce the techniques used in the acquisition of metabolomics data and their utility in large-scale identification of functional candidate genes. Considerable progress has been made in delivering improved varieties, suggesting that the inclusion of information concerning these metabolites and genes and metabolic pathways enables a more explicit understanding of phenotypic traits and, as such, this procedure could serve as an -omics-informed roadmap for executing similar improvement strategies in wheat and other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Mingyun Xue
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Hongbo Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Alisdair R. Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm 14476, Germany
| | - Wei Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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Beltrán Sanahuja A, Valdés García A. New Trends in the Use of Volatile Compounds in Food Packaging. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13071053. [PMID: 33801647 PMCID: PMC8038046 DOI: 10.3390/polym13071053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last years, many of the research studies in the packaging industry have been focused on food active packaging in order to develop new materials capable of retaining the active agent in the polymeric matrix and controlling its release into food, which is not easy in many cases due to the high volatility of the chemical compounds, as well as their ease of diffusion within polymeric matrices. This review presents a complete revision of the studies that have been carried out on the incorporation of volatile compounds to food packaging applications. We provide an overview of the type of volatile compounds used in active food packaging and the most recent trends in the strategies used to incorporate them into different polymeric matrices. Moreover, a thorough discussion regarding the main factors affecting the retention capacity and controlled release of volatile compounds from active food packaging is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Beltrán Sanahuja
- Correspondence: (A.B.S.); (A.V.G.); Tel.: +34-965-90-96-45 (A.B.S.); +34-965-90-35-27 (A.V.G.)
| | - Arantzazu Valdés García
- Correspondence: (A.B.S.); (A.V.G.); Tel.: +34-965-90-96-45 (A.B.S.); +34-965-90-35-27 (A.V.G.)
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17
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Zhang A, Zhou H, Jiang X, Han Y, Zhang X. The Draft Genome of a Flat Peach ( Prunus persica L. cv. '124 Pan') Provides Insights into Its Good Fruit Flavor Traits. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:plants10030538. [PMID: 33809190 PMCID: PMC7998450 DOI: 10.3390/plants10030538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The flat peach has become more and more popular worldwide for its fruit quality with relatively low acidity, high sugar content and rich flavor. However, the draft genome assembly of flat peach is still unavailable and the genetic basis for its fruit flavor remains unclear. In this study, the draft genome of a flat peach cultivar '124 Pan' was assembled by using a hybrid assembly algorithm. The final assembly resulted in a total size of 206 Mb with a N50 of 26.3 Mb containing eight chromosomes and seven scaffolds. Genome annotation revealed that a total of 25,233 protein-coding genes were predicted with comparable gene abundance among the sequenced peach species. The phylogenetic tree and divergence times inferred from 572 single copy genes of 13 plant species confirmed that Prunus ferganensis was the ancestor of the domesticated peach. By comparing with the genomes of Prunus persica (Lovell) and Prunus ferganensis, the expansion of genes encoding enzymes involved in terpene biosynthesis was found, which might contribute to the good fruit flavor traits of '124 Pan'. The flat peach draft genome assembly obtained in this study will provide a valuable genomic resource for peach improvement and molecular breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aidi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430000, China; (A.Z.); (H.Z.); (X.J.)
- Center of Economic Botany, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Hui Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430000, China; (A.Z.); (H.Z.); (X.J.)
- Center of Economic Botany, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Ecophysiology of Horticultural Crops, Institute of Horticulture, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Xiaohan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430000, China; (A.Z.); (H.Z.); (X.J.)
- Center of Economic Botany, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuepeng Han
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430000, China; (A.Z.); (H.Z.); (X.J.)
- Center of Economic Botany, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xiujun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430000, China; (A.Z.); (H.Z.); (X.J.)
- Center of Economic Botany, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
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