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Gampenrieder SP, Dezentjé V, Lambertini M, de Nonneville A, Marhold M, Le Du F, Cortés Salgado A, Alpuim Costa D, Vaz Batista M, Chic Ruché N, Tinchon C, Petzer A, Blondeaux E, Del Mastro L, Targato G, Bertucci F, Gonçalves A, Viret F, Bartsch R, Mannsbart C, Deleuze A, Robert L, Saavedra Serrano C, Gion Cortés M, Sampaio-Alves M, Vitorino M, Pecen L, Singer C, Harbeck N, Rinnerthaler G, Greil R. Influence of HER2 expression on prognosis in metastatic triple-negative breast cancer-results from an international, multicenter analysis coordinated by the AGMT Study Group. ESMO Open 2023; 8:100747. [PMID: 36563519 PMCID: PMC10024122 DOI: 10.1016/j.esmoop.2022.100747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is associated with poor prognosis, and new treatment options are urgently needed. About 34%-39% of primary TNBCs show a low expression of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2-low), which is a target for new anti-HER2 drugs. However, little is known about the frequency and the prognostic value of HER2-low in metastatic TNBC. PATIENTS AND METHODS We retrospectively included patients with TNBC from five European countries for this international, multicenter analysis. Triple-negativity had to be shown in a metastatic site or in the primary breast tumor diagnosed simultaneously or within 3 years before metastatic disease. HER2-low was defined as immunohistochemically (IHC) 1+ or 2+ without ERBB2 gene amplification. Survival probabilities were calculated by the Kaplan-Meier method, and multivariable hazard ratios (HRs) were estimated by Cox regression models. RESULTS In total, 691 patients, diagnosed between January 2006 and February 2021, were assessable. The incidence of HER2-low was 32.0% [95% confidence interval (CI) 28.5% to 35.5%], with similar proportions in metastases (n = 265; 29.8%) and primary tumors (n = 425; 33.4%; P = 0.324). The median overall survival (OS) in HER2-low and HER2-0 TNBC was 18.6 and 16.1 months, respectively (HR 1.00; 95% CI 0.83-1.19; P = 0.969). Similarly, in multivariable analysis, HER2-low had no significant impact on OS (HR 0.95; 95% CI 0.79-1.13; P = 0.545). No difference in prognosis was observed between HER2 IHC 0/1+ and IHC 2+ tumors (HR 0.89; 95% CI 0.69-1.17; P = 0.414). CONCLUSIONS In this large international dataset of metastatic TNBC, the frequency of HER2-low was 32.0%. Neither in univariable nor in multivariable analysis HER2-low showed any influence on OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Gampenrieder
- Salzburg Cancer Research Institute- Center for Clinical Cancer and Immunology Trials, Salzburg, Austria; Cancer Cluster Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria; IIIrd Medical Department with Haematology, Medical Oncology, Haemostaseology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Oncologic Center, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - V Dezentjé
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M Lambertini
- Medical Oncology Department, U.O.C. Clinica di Oncologia Medica, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino Genova, Genova, Italy; Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (DiMI), School of Medicine, Università di Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - A de Nonneville
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, Marseille, France
| | - M Marhold
- Department of Medicine I, Division of Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - F Le Du
- Département d'oncologie médicale, Centre Eugène-Marquis, Rennes, France
| | - A Cortés Salgado
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | - D Alpuim Costa
- Haematology and Oncology Department, CUF Oncologia, Lisbon, Portugal; NOVA Medical School, (NMS), Faculdade de Ciências Médicas (FCM), Lisbon, Portugal; Centro de Medicina Subaquática e Hiperbárica (CMSH), Marinha Portuguesa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - M Vaz Batista
- Oncology Department, Hospital Professor Doutor Fernando Fonseca, Amadora, Portugal
| | - N Chic Ruché
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Clínic Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - C Tinchon
- Department for Haemato-Oncology, LKH Hochsteiermark-Leoben, Leoben, Austria
| | - A Petzer
- Internal Medicine I for Hematology with Stem Cell Transplantation, Hemostaseology and Medical Oncology, Ordensklinikum Linz Barmherzige Schwestern-Elisabethinen, Linz, Austria
| | - E Blondeaux
- U.O. Epidemiology Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - L Del Mastro
- Medical Oncology Department, U.O.C. Clinica di Oncologia Medica, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino Genova, Genova, Italy; Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (DiMI), School of Medicine, Università di Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - G Targato
- Dipartimento di Oncologia, Ospedale Santa Maria della Misericordia di Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - F Bertucci
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, Marseille, France
| | - A Gonçalves
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, Marseille, France
| | - F Viret
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, Marseille, France
| | - R Bartsch
- Department of Medicine I, Division of Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - C Mannsbart
- Department of Medicine I, Division of Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - A Deleuze
- Département d'oncologie médicale, Centre Eugène-Marquis, Rennes, France
| | - L Robert
- Département d'oncologie médicale, Centre Eugène-Marquis, Rennes, France
| | - C Saavedra Serrano
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Gion Cortés
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Sampaio-Alves
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto (FMUP), Oporto, Portugal
| | - M Vitorino
- Oncology Department, Hospital Professor Doutor Fernando Fonseca, Amadora, Portugal
| | - L Pecen
- Institute of Computer Science, Czech Academy of Sciences, Praha, Czech Republic; Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen - Charles University, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - C Singer
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - N Harbeck
- Breast Center, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Comprehensive Cancer Center of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - G Rinnerthaler
- Salzburg Cancer Research Institute- Center for Clinical Cancer and Immunology Trials, Salzburg, Austria; Cancer Cluster Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria; IIIrd Medical Department with Haematology, Medical Oncology, Haemostaseology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Oncologic Center, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - R Greil
- Salzburg Cancer Research Institute- Center for Clinical Cancer and Immunology Trials, Salzburg, Austria; Cancer Cluster Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria; IIIrd Medical Department with Haematology, Medical Oncology, Haemostaseology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Oncologic Center, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.
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Di Gioacchino A, Procyk J, Molari M, Schreck JS, Zhou Y, Liu Y, Monasson R, Cocco S, Šulc P. Generative and interpretable machine learning for aptamer design and analysis of in vitro sequence selection. PLoS Comput Biol 2022; 18:e1010561. [PMID: 36174101 PMCID: PMC9553063 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Selection protocols such as SELEX, where molecules are selected over multiple rounds for their ability to bind to a target of interest, are popular methods for obtaining binders for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. We show that Restricted Boltzmann Machines (RBMs), an unsupervised two-layer neural network architecture, can successfully be trained on sequence ensembles from single rounds of SELEX experiments for thrombin aptamers. RBMs assign scores to sequences that can be directly related to their fitnesses estimated through experimental enrichment ratios. Hence, RBMs trained from sequence data at a given round can be used to predict the effects of selection at later rounds. Moreover, the parameters of the trained RBMs are interpretable and identify functional features contributing most to sequence fitness. To exploit the generative capabilities of RBMs, we introduce two different training protocols: one taking into account sequence counts, capable of identifying the few best binders, and another based on unique sequences only, generating more diverse binders. We then use RBMs model to generate novel aptamers with putative disruptive mutations or good binding properties, and validate the generated sequences with gel shift assay experiments. Finally, we compare the RBM’s performance with different supervised learning approaches that include random forests and several deep neural network architectures. We show that two-layer neural networks, Restricted Boltzmann Machines (RBM), can be successfully trained on sequence ensemble datasets from selection-amplification experiments. We train the RBM using datasets from aptamer selection experiments on thrombin protein, and show that the model can successfully generalize to the test set to predict binders and non-binders. The log-likelihood assigned to a sequence by the RBM is correlated with the sequence fitness as quantified by the amplification between different rounds of selection. We further show that that the model is interpretable and by inspecting the weights of the model, we can identify structural motifs that are characteristic of the good binders. We explore the usage of the RBMs to identify which of the possible protein exosites the aptamers bind to. We show that the RBM can also be used for unsupervised clustering. Finally, we use RBMs to generate novel aptamers, and we experimentally verify predicted binding and non-binding sequences generated from the RBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Di Gioacchino
- Laboratoire de Physique de l’Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL & CNRS UMR8063, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Jonah Procyk
- School of Molecular Sciences and Center for Molecular Design and Biomimetics, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Marco Molari
- Laboratoire de Physique de l’Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL & CNRS UMR8063, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Basel, Switzerland
| | - John S. Schreck
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Computational and Information Systems Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Yu Zhou
- School of Molecular Sciences and Center for Molecular Design and Biomimetics, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Yan Liu
- School of Molecular Sciences and Center for Molecular Design and Biomimetics, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Rémi Monasson
- Laboratoire de Physique de l’Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL & CNRS UMR8063, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France
- * E-mail: (RM); (SC); (PŠ)
| | - Simona Cocco
- Laboratoire de Physique de l’Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL & CNRS UMR8063, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France
- * E-mail: (RM); (SC); (PŠ)
| | - Petr Šulc
- School of Molecular Sciences and Center for Molecular Design and Biomimetics, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
- * E-mail: (RM); (SC); (PŠ)
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3
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Fjelstrup S, Dupont DM, Bus C, Enghild J, Jensen J, Birkenkamp-Demtröder K, Dyrskjøt L, Kjems J. Differential RNA aptamer affinity profiling on plasma as a potential diagnostic tool for bladder cancer. NAR Cancer 2022; 4:zcac025. [PMID: 36004048 PMCID: PMC9394167 DOI: 10.1093/narcan/zcac025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular composition of blood is a signature of human health, reflected in the thousands of blood biomarkers known for human diseases. However, establishing robust disease markers is challenging due to the diversity of individual samples. New sequencing methods have simplified biomarker discovery for circulating DNA and RNA while protein profiling is still laborious and costly. To harness the power of high-throughput sequencing to profile the protein content of a biological sample, we developed a method termed APTASHAPE that uses oligonucleotide aptamers to recognize proteins in complex biofluids. We selected a large pool of 2′Fluoro protected RNA sequences to recognize proteins in human plasma and identified a set of 33 cancer-specific aptamers. Differential enrichment of these aptamers after selection against 1 μl of plasma from individual patients allowed us to differentiate between healthy controls and bladder cancer-diagnosed patients (91% accuracy) and between early non-invasive tumors and late stage tumors (83% accuracy). Affinity purification and mass spectrometry of proteins bound to the predictive aptamers showed the main target proteins to be C4b-binding protein, Complement C3, Fibrinogen, Complement factor H and IgG. The APTASHAPE method thus provides a general, automated and highly sensitive platform for discovering potential new disease biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Søren Fjelstrup
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University , Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Daniel M Dupont
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University , Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Claus Bus
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University , Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jan J Enghild
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics (MBG), Aarhus University , Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jørgen B Jensen
- Department of Urology, Aarhus University Hospital , Aarhus N, Denmark
- Department of Clinical medicine, Aarhus University , Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Karin Birkenkamp-Demtröder
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital , Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical medicine, Aarhus University , Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lars Dyrskjøt
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital , Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical medicine, Aarhus University , Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jørgen Kjems
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University , Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics (MBG), Aarhus University , Aarhus, Denmark
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Zon G. Recent advances in aptamer applications for analytical biochemistry. Anal Biochem 2022; 644:113894. [PMID: 32763306 PMCID: PMC7403853 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2020.113894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Aptamers are typically defined as relatively short (20-60 nucleotides) single-stranded DNA or RNA molecules that bind with high affinity and specificity to various types of targets. Aptamers are frequently referred to as "synthetic antibodies" but are easier to obtain, less expensive to produce, and in several ways more versatile than antibodies. The beginnings of aptamers date back to 1990, and since then there has been a continual increase in aptamer publications. The intent of the present account was to focus on recent original research publications, i.e., those appearing in 2019 through April 2020, when this account was written. A Google Scholar search of this recent literature was performed for relevance-ranking of articles. New methods for selection of aptamers were not included. Nine categories of applications were organized and representative examples of each are given. Finally, an outlook is offered focusing on "faster, better, cheaper" application performance factors as key drivers for future innovations in aptamer applications.
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Zhang J, Huang Y, Sun M, Wan S, Yang C, Song Y. Recent Advances in Aptamer-Based Liquid Biopsy. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2022; 5:1954-1979. [PMID: 35014838 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.1c01202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Liquid biopsy capable of noninvasive and real-time molecular profiling is considered as a breakthrough technology, endowing an opportunity for precise diagnosis of individual patients. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) and circulating tumor cells (CTCs) consisting of substantial disease-related molecular information play an important role in liquid biopsy. Therefore, it is critically significant to exploit high-performance recognition ligands for efficient isolation and analysis of EVs and CTCs from complex body fluids. Aptamers exhibit extraordinary merits of high specificity and affinity, which are considered as superior recognition ligands for liquid biopsy. In this review, we first summarize recent advanced strategies for the evolution of high-performance aptamers and the construction of various aptamer-based recognition elements. Subsequently, we mainly discuss the isolation and analysis of EVs and CTCs based on the aptamer functioned biomaterials/biointerface. Ultimately, we envision major challenges and future direction of aptamer-based liquid biopsy for clinical utilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialu Zhang
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Yihao Huang
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Miao Sun
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Shuang Wan
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Chaoyong Yang
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.,Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Yanling Song
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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Gampenrieder SP, Rinnerthaler G, Tinchon C, Petzer A, Balic M, Heibl S, Schmitt C, Zabernigg AF, Egle D, Sandholzer M, Singer CF, Roitner F, Hager C, Andel J, Hubalek M, Knauer M, Greil R. Landscape of HER2-low metastatic breast cancer (MBC): results from the Austrian AGMT_MBC-Registry. Breast Cancer Res 2021; 23:112. [PMID: 34906198 PMCID: PMC8670265 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-021-01492-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background About 50% of all primary breast cancers show a low-level expression of HER2 (HER2-low), defined as immunohistochemically 1+ or 2+ and lack of HER2 gene amplification measured by in situ hybridization. This low HER2 expression is a promising new target for antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) currently under investigation. Until now, little is known about the frequency and the prognostic value of low HER2-expression in metastatic breast cancer (MBC). Patients and methods The MBC-Registry of the Austrian Study Group of Medical Tumor Therapy (AGMT) is a multicenter nationwide ongoing registry for MBC patients in Austria. Unadjusted, univariate survival probabilities of progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were calculated by the Kaplan–Meier method and compared by the log-rank test. Multivariable adjusted hazard ratios were estimated by Cox regression models. In this analysis, only patients with known HER2 status and available survival data were included. Results As of 11/15/2020, 1,973 patients were included in the AGMT-MBC-Registry. Out of 1,729 evaluable patients, 351 (20.3%) were HER2-positive, 608 (35.2%) were HER2-low and 770 (44.5%) were completely HER2-negative (HER2-0). Low HER2-expression was markedly more frequent in the hormone-receptor(HR)+ subgroup compared to the triple-negative subgroup (40% vs. 23%). In multivariable analysis, low HER2 expression did not significantly influence OS neither in the HR+ (HR 0.89; 95% CI 0.74–1.05; P = 0.171) nor in the triple-negative subgroup (HR 0.92; 95% CI 0.68–1.25; P = 0.585), when compared to completely HER2-negative disease. Similar results were observed when HER2 IHC 2+ patients were compared to IHC 1+ or 0 patients. Conclusion Low-HER2 expression did not have any impact on prognosis of metastatic breast cancer in this real-world population. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13058-021-01492-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Peter Gampenrieder
- Department of Internal Medicine III With Haematology, Medical Oncology, Haemostaseology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Oncologic Center, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Müllner Hauptstraße 48, 5020, Salzburg, Austria.,Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research (LIMCR) and Center for Clinical Cancer and Immunology Trials (CCCIT), Salzburg Cancer Research Institute (SCRI), Salzburg, Austria.,Cancer Cluster Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Gabriel Rinnerthaler
- Department of Internal Medicine III With Haematology, Medical Oncology, Haemostaseology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Oncologic Center, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Müllner Hauptstraße 48, 5020, Salzburg, Austria.,Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research (LIMCR) and Center for Clinical Cancer and Immunology Trials (CCCIT), Salzburg Cancer Research Institute (SCRI), Salzburg, Austria.,Cancer Cluster Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Christoph Tinchon
- Internal Medicine - Department for Haemato-Oncology, LKH Hochsteiermark-Leoben, Leoben, Austria
| | - Andreas Petzer
- Internal Medicine I for Hematology With Stem Cell Transplantation, Hemostaseology and Medical Oncology, Ordensklinikum Linz Barmherzige Schwestern - Elisabethinen, Linz, Austria
| | - Marija Balic
- Division of Oncology, Department for Internal Medicine, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Sonja Heibl
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Klinikum Wels-Grieskirchen GmbH, Wels, Austria
| | - Clemens Schmitt
- Department of Hematology and Internal Oncology, Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria
| | | | - Daniel Egle
- Department of Gynaecology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Margit Sandholzer
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Academic Teaching Hospital Feldkirch, Feldkirch, Austria
| | - Christian Fridolin Singer
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Florian Roitner
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Hospital Braunau, Braunau, Austria
| | | | - Johannes Andel
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Pyrn-Eisenwurzen Klinikum Steyr, Steyr, Austria
| | - Michael Hubalek
- Department of Gynecology, Breast Health Center Schwaz, Schwaz, Austria
| | - Michael Knauer
- Breast Center Eastern Switzerland, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Richard Greil
- Department of Internal Medicine III With Haematology, Medical Oncology, Haemostaseology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Oncologic Center, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Müllner Hauptstraße 48, 5020, Salzburg, Austria. .,Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research (LIMCR) and Center for Clinical Cancer and Immunology Trials (CCCIT), Salzburg Cancer Research Institute (SCRI), Salzburg, Austria. .,Cancer Cluster Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.
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Ott M, Prins RM, Heimberger AB. The immune landscape of common CNS malignancies: implications for immunotherapy. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2021; 18:729-744. [PMID: 34117475 PMCID: PMC11090136 DOI: 10.1038/s41571-021-00518-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapy has enabled remarkable therapeutic responses across cancers of various lineages, albeit with some notable exceptions such as glioblastoma. Several previous misconceptions, which have impaired progress in the past, including the presence and role of the blood-brain barrier and a lack of lymphatic drainage, have been refuted. Nonetheless, a subset of patients with brain metastases but, paradoxically, not the vast majority of those with gliomas are able to respond to immune-checkpoint inhibitors. Immune profiling of samples obtained from patients with central nervous system malignancies using techniques such as mass cytometry and single-cell sequencing along with experimental data from genetically engineered mouse models have revealed fundamental differences in immune composition and immunobiology that not only explain the differences in responsiveness to these agents but also lay the foundations for immunotherapeutic strategies that are applicable to gliomas. Herein, we review the emerging data on the differences in immune cell composition, function and interactions within central nervous system tumours and provide guidance on the development of novel immunotherapies for these historically difficult-to-treat cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Ott
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Robert M Prins
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Amy B Heimberger
- Department of Neurosurgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
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FluCell-SELEX Aptamers as Specific Binding Molecules for Diagnostics of the Health Relevant Gut Bacterium Akkermansia muciniphila. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910425. [PMID: 34638764 PMCID: PMC8509069 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on their unique properties, oligonucleotide aptamers have been named a gift of biological chemistry to life science. We report the development of DNA aptamers as the first high-affinity binding molecules available for fast and rapid labeling of the human gut bacterium Akkermansia muciniphila with a certain impact on Alzheimer´s disease. Fast and reliable analyses of the composition of microbiomes is an emerging field in microbiology. We describe the molecular evolution and biochemical characterization of a specific aptamer library by a FluCell-SELEX and the characterization of specific molecules from the library by bioinformatics. The aptamer AKK13.1 exerted universal applicability in different analysis techniques in modern microbiology, including fluorimetry, confocal laser scanning microscopy and flow cytometry. It was also functional as a specific binding entity hybridized to anchor primers chemically coupled via acrydite-modification to the surface of a polyacrylamide-hydrogel, which can be prototypically used for the construction of affinity surfaces in sensor chips. Together, the performance and methodological flexibility of the aptamers presented here may open new routes not only to develop novel Akkermansia-specific assays for clinical microbiology and the analyses of human stool samples but may also be an excellent starting point for the construction of novel electronic biosensors.
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Kubiczek D, Raber H, Bodenberger N, Oswald T, Sahan M, Mayer D, Wiese S, Stenger S, Weil T, Rosenau F. The Diversity of a Polyclonal FluCell-SELEX Library Outperforms Individual Aptamers as Emerging Diagnostic Tools for the Identification of Carbapenem Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Chemistry 2020; 26:14536-14545. [PMID: 32515842 PMCID: PMC7756519 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202000213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Textbook procedures require the use of individual aptamers enriched in SELEX libraries which are subsequently chemically synthesized after their biochemical characterization. Here we show that this reduction of the available sequence space of large libraries and thus the diversity of binding molecules reduces the labelling efficiency and fidelity of selected single aptamers towards different strains of the human pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa compared to a polyclonal aptamer library enriched by a whole-cell-SELEX involving fluorescent aptamers. The library outperformed single aptamers in reliable and specific targeting of different clinically relevant strains, allowed to inhibit virulence associated cellular functions and identification of bound cell surface targets by aptamer based affinity purification and mass spectrometry. The stunning ease of this FluCell-SELEX and the convincing performance of the P. aeruginosa specific library may pave the way towards generally new and efficient diagnostic techniques based on polyclonal aptamer libraries not only in clinical microbiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Kubiczek
- Institute of pharmaceutical biotechnologyUlm University89081UlmGermany
| | - Heinz Raber
- Institute of pharmaceutical biotechnologyUlm University89081UlmGermany
| | | | - Thomas Oswald
- Institute of pharmaceutical biotechnologyUlm University89081UlmGermany
| | - Melis Sahan
- Institute of pharmaceutical biotechnologyUlm University89081UlmGermany
| | - Daniel Mayer
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and HygieneUniversity Hospital Ulm89081UlmGermany
| | | | - Steffen Stenger
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and HygieneUniversity Hospital Ulm89081UlmGermany
| | - Tanja Weil
- Department Synthesis of MacromoleculesMax-Planck-Institute for Polymer Research Mainz55128MainzGermany
| | - Frank Rosenau
- Institute of pharmaceutical biotechnologyUlm University89081UlmGermany
- Department Synthesis of MacromoleculesMax-Planck-Institute for Polymer Research Mainz55128MainzGermany
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10
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Hornung T, O’Neill HA, Logie SC, Fowler KM, Duncan JE, Rosenow M, Bondre AS, Tinder T, Maher V, Zarkovic J, Zhong Z, Richards MN, Wei X, Miglarese MR, Mayer G, Famulok M, Spetzler D. ADAPT identifies an ESCRT complex composition that discriminates VCaP from LNCaP prostate cancer cell exosomes. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:4013-4027. [PMID: 31989173 PMCID: PMC7192620 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Libraries of single-stranded oligodeoxynucleotides (ssODNs) can be enriched for sequences that specifically bind molecules on naïve complex biological samples like cells or tissues. Depending on the enrichment strategy, the ssODNs can identify molecules specifically associated with a defined biological condition, for example a pathological phenotype, and thus are potentially useful for biomarker discovery. We performed ADAPT, a variant of SELEX, on exosomes secreted by VCaP prostate cancer cells. A library of ∼1011 ssODNs was enriched for those that bind to VCaP exosomes and discriminate them from exosomes derived from LNCaP prostate cancer cells. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) identified the best discriminating ssODNs, nine of which were resynthesized and their discriminatory ability confirmed by qPCR. Affinity purification with one of the sequences (Sequence 7) combined with LC–MS/MS identified its molecular target complex, whereof most proteins are part of or associated with the multiprotein ESCRT complex participating in exosome biogenesis. Within this complex, YBX1 was identified as the directly-bound target protein. ADAPT thus is able to differentiate exosomes from cancer cell subtypes from the same lineage. The composition of ESCRT complexes in exosomes from VCaP versus LNCaP cells might constitute a discriminatory element between these prostate cancer subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tassilo Hornung
- Caris Life Sciences, 4610 South 44th Place, Phoenix, AZ 85040, USA
| | | | - Stephen C Logie
- Caris Life Sciences, 4610 South 44th Place, Phoenix, AZ 85040, USA
| | | | - Janet E Duncan
- Caris Life Sciences, 4610 South 44th Place, Phoenix, AZ 85040, USA
| | - Matthew Rosenow
- Caris Life Sciences, 4610 South 44th Place, Phoenix, AZ 85040, USA
| | - Aniket S Bondre
- Caris Life Sciences, 4610 South 44th Place, Phoenix, AZ 85040, USA
| | - Teresa Tinder
- Caris Life Sciences, 4610 South 44th Place, Phoenix, AZ 85040, USA
| | - Varun Maher
- Caris Life Sciences, 4610 South 44th Place, Phoenix, AZ 85040, USA
| | - Jelena Zarkovic
- Caris Life Sciences, 4610 South 44th Place, Phoenix, AZ 85040, USA
| | - Zenyu Zhong
- Caris Life Sciences, 4610 South 44th Place, Phoenix, AZ 85040, USA
| | | | - Xixi Wei
- Caris Life Sciences, 4610 South 44th Place, Phoenix, AZ 85040, USA
| | - Mark R Miglarese
- Caris Life Sciences, 4610 South 44th Place, Phoenix, AZ 85040, USA
- Correspondence may also be addressed to Mark R. Miglarese.
| | - Günter Mayer
- Caris Life Sciences, 4610 South 44th Place, Phoenix, AZ 85040, USA
- LIMES Program Unit Chemical Biology & Medicinal Chemistry, c/o Kekulé Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
- Center of Aptamer Research and Development, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
- Correspondence may also be addressed to Günter Mayer.
| | - Michael Famulok
- Caris Life Sciences, 4610 South 44th Place, Phoenix, AZ 85040, USA
- LIMES Program Unit Chemical Biology & Medicinal Chemistry, c/o Kekulé Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
- Center of Aptamer Research and Development, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
- Max-Planck-Fellow Chemical Biology, Center of Advanced European Studies and Research (CAESAR), Ludwig-Erhard-Allee 2, 53175 Bonn, Germany
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +49 228 731787; Fax: +49 228 735388;
| | - David Spetzler
- Caris Life Sciences, 4610 South 44th Place, Phoenix, AZ 85040, USA
- Correspondence may also be addressed to David Spetzler. Tel: +1 602 464 7527;
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11
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Abstract
Aptamers are synthetic DNA or RNA oligonucleotide ligands with great potential for therapeutic applications. A vast number of disease-related targets have been used to identify agonistic, antagonistic, or inhibitory aptamers, or aptamer-based targeting ligands. However, only a few aptamers have reached late-stage clinical trials so far and the commercial infrastructure is still far behind that of other therapeutic agents such as monoclonal antibodies. The desirable properties of aptamers such as selectivity, chemical flexibility, or cost-efficiency are faced by challenges, including a short half-life in vivo, immunogenicity, and entrapment in cellular organelles. Aptamer research is still in an early stage, and a deeper understanding of their structure, target interactions, and pharmacokinetics is necessary to catch up to the clinical market. In this review, we will discuss the benefits and limitations in the development of therapeutic aptamers, as well as the advances and future directions of aptamer research. The progress towards effective therapies seems to be slow, but it has not stopped and the best is yet to come.
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12
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Assaraf YG, Brozovic A, Gonçalves AC, Jurkovicova D, Linē A, Machuqueiro M, Saponara S, Sarmento-Ribeiro AB, Xavier CP, Vasconcelos MH. The multi-factorial nature of clinical multidrug resistance in cancer. Drug Resist Updat 2019; 46:100645. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2019.100645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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13
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El‐Deiry WS, Goldberg RM, Lenz H, Shields AF, Gibney GT, Tan AR, Brown J, Eisenberg B, Heath EI, Phuphanich S, Kim E, Brenner AJ, Marshall JL. The current state of molecular testing in the treatment of patients with solid tumors, 2019. CA Cancer J Clin 2019; 69:305-343. [PMID: 31116423 PMCID: PMC6767457 DOI: 10.3322/caac.21560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The world of molecular profiling has undergone revolutionary changes over the last few years as knowledge, technology, and even standard clinical practice have evolved. Broad molecular profiling is now nearly essential for all patients with metastatic solid tumors. New agents have been approved based on molecular testing instead of tumor site of origin. Molecular profiling methodologies have likewise changed such that tests that were performed on patients a few years ago are no longer complete and possibly inaccurate today. As with all rapid change, medical providers can quickly fall behind or struggle to find up-to-date sources to ensure he or she provides optimum care. In this review, the authors provide the current state of the art for molecular profiling/precision medicine, practice standards, and a view into the future ahead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wafik S. El‐Deiry
- Associate Dean for Oncologic Sciences, Warren Alpert Medical School; Director, Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Brown University and the Lifespan Cancer Institute; Professor of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine and Professor of Medical ScienceBrown UniversityProvidenceRI
| | - Richard M. Goldberg
- Professor of Medicine and DirectorWest Virginia University Cancer InstituteMorgantownWV
| | - Heinz‐Josef Lenz
- Professor of Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer CenterUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCA
| | | | - Geoffrey T. Gibney
- Associate Professor of Medicine, Co‐Leader of the Melanoma Disease GroupLombardi Comprehensive Cancer Institute, MedStar Georgetown Cancer InstituteWashingtonDC
| | - Antoinette R. Tan
- Co‐Director of Phase I Program, Department of Solid Tumor Oncology and Investigational TherapeuticsLevine Cancer Institute, Atrium HealthCharlotteNC
| | - Jubilee Brown
- Professor and Associate Director of Gynecologic OncologyLevine Cancer Institute, Atrium HealthCharlotteNC
| | - Burton Eisenberg
- Professor of Clinical SurgeryUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCA
- Executive Medical DirectorHoag Family Cancer InstituteNewport BeachCA
| | | | - Surasak Phuphanich
- Professor of Neurology, Director, Division of Neuro‐OncologyBarrow Neurological InstitutePhoenixAZ
| | - Edward Kim
- Chair, Solid Tumor Oncology and Investigational TherapeuticsLevine Cancer Institute, Atrium HealthCharlotteNC
| | - Andrew J. Brenner
- Associate Professor of Medicine, Mays Cancer Center at University of Texas Health San Antonio Cancer CenterSan AntonioTX
| | - John L. Marshall
- Professor of Medicine and Oncology, Director, Ruesch Center for the Cure of Gastrointestinal Cancers, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer InstituteMedStar Georgetown Cancer InstituteWashingtonDC
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14
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Civit L, Theodorou I, Frey F, Weber H, Lingnau A, Gröber C, Blank M, Dambrune C, Stunden J, Beyer M, Schultze J, Latz E, Ducongé F, Kubbutat MHG, Mayer G. Targeting hormone refractory prostate cancer by in vivo selected DNA libraries in an orthotopic xenograft mouse model. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4976. [PMID: 30899039 PMCID: PMC6428855 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41460-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The targeting of specific tissue is a major challenge for the effective use of therapeutics and agents mediating this targeting are strongly demanded. We report here on an in vivo selection technology that enables the de novo identification of pegylated DNA aptamers pursuing tissue sites harbouring a hormone refractory prostate tumour. To this end, two libraries, one of which bearing an 11 kDa polyethylene glycol (PEG) modification, were used in an orthotopic xenograft prostate tumour mouse model for the selection process. Next-generation sequencing revealed an in vivo enriched pegylated but not a naïve DNA aptamer recognising prostate cancer tissue implanted either subcutaneous or orthotopically in mice. This aptamer represents a valuable and cost-effective tool for the development of targeted therapies for prostate cancer. The described selection strategy and its analysis is not limited to prostate cancer but will be adaptable to various tissues, tumours, and metastases. This opens the path towards DNA aptamers being experimentally and clinically engaged as molecules for developing targeted therapy strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laia Civit
- Chemical Biology and Chemical Genetics, Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ioanna Theodorou
- CEA, DRT, Institut de biologie François-Jacob, Molecular Imaging Research Center (MIRCen), UMR CNRS 9199, 18 Route du Panorama, 92260, Roses, France
| | - Franziska Frey
- Chemical Biology and Chemical Genetics, Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Holger Weber
- KTB Tumorforschungsgesellschaft mbH, Research Division ProQinase, Breisacher Str. 117, 79106, Freiburg, Germany.,ProQinase GmbH, Breisacher Straße 117, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Lingnau
- KTB Tumorforschungsgesellschaft mbH, Research Division ProQinase, Breisacher Str. 117, 79106, Freiburg, Germany.,Genmab B.V., Yalelaan 60, 3584 CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Carsten Gröber
- AptaIT GmbH, Am Klopferspitz 19a, 82152, Planegg, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Michael Blank
- AptaIT GmbH, Am Klopferspitz 19a, 82152, Planegg, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Chloé Dambrune
- CEA, DRT, Institut de biologie François-Jacob, Molecular Imaging Research Center (MIRCen), UMR CNRS 9199, 18 Route du Panorama, 92260, Roses, France
| | - James Stunden
- Institute of Innate Immunity, University Hospital Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Marc Beyer
- Genomics and Immunoregulation, Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Carl-Troll-Straße 31, 53115, Bonn, Germany.,Platform for Single Cell Genomics and Epigenomics at the DZNE and the University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 27, 53127, Bonn, Germany.,Molecular Immunology in Neurodegeneration, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Sigmund-Freud-Str. 27, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Joachim Schultze
- Genomics and Immunoregulation, Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Carl-Troll-Straße 31, 53115, Bonn, Germany.,Platform for Single Cell Genomics and Epigenomics at the DZNE and the University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 27, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Eicke Latz
- Institute of Innate Immunity, University Hospital Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Frédéric Ducongé
- CEA, DRT, Institut de biologie François-Jacob, Molecular Imaging Research Center (MIRCen), UMR CNRS 9199, 18 Route du Panorama, 92260, Roses, France
| | - Michael H G Kubbutat
- KTB Tumorforschungsgesellschaft mbH, Research Division ProQinase, Breisacher Str. 117, 79106, Freiburg, Germany.,ProQinase GmbH, Breisacher Straße 117, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Günter Mayer
- Chemical Biology and Chemical Genetics, Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany. .,Center of Aptamer Research and Development (CARD), University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk Str. 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany.
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15
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Rinnerthaler G, Gampenrieder SP, Greil R. HER2 Directed Antibody-Drug-Conjugates beyond T-DM1 in Breast Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20051115. [PMID: 30841523 PMCID: PMC6429068 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20051115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery of the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) as an oncogenic driver in a subset of breast cancers and the development of HER2 directed therapies, the prognosis of HER2 amplified breast cancers has improved meaningfully. Next to monoclonal anti-HER2 antibodies and tyrosine kinase inhibitors, the antibody-drug conjugate T-DM1 is a pillar of targeted treatment of advanced HER2-positive breast cancers. Currently, several HER2 directed antibody-drug conjugates are under clinical investigation for HER2 amplified but also HER2 expressing but not amplified breast tumors. In this article, we review the current preclinical and clinical evidence of the investigational drugs A166, ALT-P7, ARX788, DHES0815A, DS-8201a, RC48, SYD985, MEDI4276 and XMT-1522.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Rinnerthaler
- Department of Internal Medicine III with Haematology, Medical Oncology, Haemostaseology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Oncologic Center, Salzburg Cancer Research Institute-Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research (SCRI-LIMCR), Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
- Cancer Cluster Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Simon Peter Gampenrieder
- Department of Internal Medicine III with Haematology, Medical Oncology, Haemostaseology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Oncologic Center, Salzburg Cancer Research Institute-Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research (SCRI-LIMCR), Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
- Cancer Cluster Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Richard Greil
- Department of Internal Medicine III with Haematology, Medical Oncology, Haemostaseology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Oncologic Center, Salzburg Cancer Research Institute-Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research (SCRI-LIMCR), Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
- Cancer Cluster Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
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16
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Abstract
Immunohistochemistry (IHC) can be applied to diagnostic aspects of pathologic examination to provide aid in assignment of lineage and histologic type of cancer. Increasingly, however, IHC is widely used to provide prognostic and predictive (theranostic) information about the neoplastic disease. A refinement of theranostic application of IHC can be seen in the use of "genomic probing" where antibody staining results are directly correlated with an underlying genetic alteration in the tumor (somatic mutations) and/or the patient (germline constitution). All these aspects of IHC find their best use in guiding the oncologists in the optimal use of therapy for the patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Semir Vranić
- College of Medicine, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
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17
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Yu TTL, Gupta P, Ronfard V, Vertès AA, Bayon Y. Recent Progress in European Advanced Therapy Medicinal Products and Beyond. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2018; 6:130. [PMID: 30298129 PMCID: PMC6161540 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2018.00130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell- and gene-based therapies form one of the pillars of regenerative medicine. They have the potential to transform quality of life and improve the health status of patients with genetic and cellular defects, including genetic diseases, neurodegenerative diseases and tissue malignancies, amongst others. Despite numerous challenges, in the last decade, tremendous unified efforts by research and clinical scientists in academic, translational and industry settings have resulted in tangible outcomes in the form of many marketing authorizations and approved commercial firsts, such as Glybera®, Kymriah®, YESCARTA®, Holoclar®, and Luxturna™. This report presents a succinct analysis of developments in the regenerative medicine landscape, including immuno-oncology, with a focus on the European Union and examples of clinical and commercial successes and failures. The factors that led to these exciting developments in immune-oncology are also considered. Concurrently, several key issues, spanning from the identification of unmet clinical need, associated challenges, economic evaluation to policy improvements are emphasized. Furthermore, industry insights encompassing the five-dimensional research and development framework for the focused development of medicine, pricing and reimbursement issues, technology adoption and permeation of innovative advanced therapy medicinal products in the clinical set up are reflected upon, following elaborate discussions that transpired in different thematic tracks of Tissue Engineering & Regenerative Medicine International Society European Chapter 2017 Industry Symposium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy T L Yu
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,NxR Biotechnologies GmbH, Basel, Switzerland.,Tissue Engineering & Regenerative Medicine International Society European Chapter - Business Plan Competition Organising Committee, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pravesh Gupta
- Tissue Engineering & Regenerative Medicine International Society European Chapter - Business Plan Competition Organising Committee, London, United Kingdom
| | - Vincent Ronfard
- UNT System College of Pharmacy, Fort Worth, TX, United States
| | | | - Yves Bayon
- Medtronic-Sofradim Production, Trévoux, France
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