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Jiang L, Zhang Z, Luo Z, Li L, Yuan S, Cui M, He K, Xiao J. Rupatadine inhibits colorectal cancer cell proliferation through the PIP5K1A/Akt/CDK2 pathway. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 176:116826. [PMID: 38838507 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 5-kinase type 1 alpha (PIP5K1A) acts upstream of the Akt regulatory pathway and is abnormally expressed in many types of malignancies. However, the role and mechanism of PIP5K1A in colorectal cancer (CRC) have not yet been reported. In this study, we aimed to determine the association between PIP5K1A and progression of CRC and assess the efficacy and mechanism by which rupatadine targets PIP5K1A. METHODS Firstly, expression and function of PIP5K1A in CRC were investigated by human colon cancer tissue chip analysis and cell proliferation assay. Next, rupatadine was screened by computational screening and cytotoxicity assay and interactions between PIP5K1A and rupatadine assessed by kinase activity detection assay and bio-layer interferometry analysis. Next, rupatadine's anti-tumor effect was evaluated by in vivo and in vitro pharmacodynamic assays. Finally, rupatadine's anti-tumor mechanism was explored by quantitative real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, western blot, and immunofluorescence. RESULTS We found that PIP5K1A exerts tumor-promoting effects as a proto-oncogene in CRC and aberrant PIP5K1A expression correlates with CRC malignancy. We also found that rupatadine down-regulates cyclin-dependent kinase 2 and cyclin D1 protein expression by inhibiting the PIP5K1A/Akt/GSK-3β pathway, induces cell cycle arrest, and inhibits CRC cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSIONS PIP5K1A is a potential drug target for treating CRC. Rupatadine, which targets PIP5K1A, could serve as a new option for treating CRC, its therapeutic mechanism being related to regulation of the Akt/GSK-3β signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Jiang
- China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210000, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Interventional Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Clinical Medical College of Jinan University), Zhuhai 519000, China
| | - Zhibo Zhang
- China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210000, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Interventional Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Clinical Medical College of Jinan University), Zhuhai 519000, China
| | - Zhaofeng Luo
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Luan Li
- Department of Oncology, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research & The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Shengtao Yuan
- China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210000, China
| | - Min Cui
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Interventional Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Clinical Medical College of Jinan University), Zhuhai 519000, China.
| | - Ke He
- Minimally Invasive Tumor Therapies Center, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510310, China.
| | - Jing Xiao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Interventional Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Clinical Medical College of Jinan University), Zhuhai 519000, China; Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China.
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2
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Damianou A, Liang Z, Lassen F, Vendrell I, Vere G, Hester S, Charles PD, Pinto-Fernandez A, Santos A, Fischer R, Kessler BM. Oncogenic mutations of KRAS modulate its turnover by the CUL3/LZTR1 E3 ligase complex. Life Sci Alliance 2024; 7:e202302245. [PMID: 38453365 PMCID: PMC10921066 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202302245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
KRAS is a proto-oncogene encoding a small GTPase. Mutations contribute to ∼30% of human solid tumours, including lung adenocarcinoma, pancreatic, and colorectal carcinomas. Most KRAS activating mutations interfere with GTP hydrolysis, essential for its role as a molecular switch, leading to alterations in their molecular environment and oncogenic signalling. However, the precise signalling cascades these mutations affect are poorly understood. Here, APEX2 proximity labelling was used to profile the molecular environment of WT, G12D, G13D, and Q61H-activating KRAS mutants under starvation and stimulation conditions. Through quantitative proteomics, we demonstrate the presence of known KRAS interactors, including ARAF and LZTR1, which are differentially captured by WT and KRAS mutants. Notably, the KRAS mutations G12D, G13D, and Q61H abrogate their association with LZTR1, thereby affecting turnover. Elucidating the implications of LZTR1-mediated regulation of KRAS protein levels in cancer may offer insights into therapeutic strategies targeting KRAS-driven malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Damianou
- https://ror.org/052gg0110 Target Discovery Institute, Centre for Medicines Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- https://ror.org/052gg0110 Chinese Academy for Medical Sciences Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Zhu Liang
- https://ror.org/052gg0110 Target Discovery Institute, Centre for Medicines Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- https://ror.org/052gg0110 Chinese Academy for Medical Sciences Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Frederik Lassen
- https://ror.org/052gg0110 Target Discovery Institute, Centre for Medicines Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- https://ror.org/052gg0110 Big Data Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Iolanda Vendrell
- https://ror.org/052gg0110 Target Discovery Institute, Centre for Medicines Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- https://ror.org/052gg0110 Chinese Academy for Medical Sciences Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Svenja Hester
- https://ror.org/052gg0110 Target Discovery Institute, Centre for Medicines Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Philip D Charles
- https://ror.org/052gg0110 Target Discovery Institute, Centre for Medicines Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- https://ror.org/052gg0110 Chinese Academy for Medical Sciences Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Adan Pinto-Fernandez
- https://ror.org/052gg0110 Target Discovery Institute, Centre for Medicines Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- https://ror.org/052gg0110 Chinese Academy for Medical Sciences Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Alberto Santos
- https://ror.org/052gg0110 Big Data Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Center for Health Data Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- NNF Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Roman Fischer
- https://ror.org/052gg0110 Target Discovery Institute, Centre for Medicines Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- https://ror.org/052gg0110 Chinese Academy for Medical Sciences Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Benedikt M Kessler
- https://ror.org/052gg0110 Target Discovery Institute, Centre for Medicines Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- https://ror.org/052gg0110 Chinese Academy for Medical Sciences Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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3
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Pehkonen H, Filippou A, Väänänen J, Lindfors I, Vänttinen M, Ianevski P, Mäkelä A, Munne P, Klefström J, Toppila‐Salmi S, Grénman R, Hagström J, Mäkitie AA, Karhemo P, Monni O. Liprin-α1 contributes to oncogenic MAPK signaling by counteracting ERK activity. Mol Oncol 2024; 18:662-676. [PMID: 38264964 PMCID: PMC10920090 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
PTPRF interacting protein alpha 1 (PPFIA1) encodes for liprin-α1, a member of the leukocyte common antigen-related protein tyrosine phosphatase (LAR-RPTPs)-interacting protein family. Liprin-α1 localizes to adhesive and invasive structures in the periphery of cancer cells, where it modulates migration and invasion in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and breast cancer. To study the possible role of liprin-α1 in anticancer drug responses, we screened a library of oncology compounds in cell lines with high endogenous PPFIA1 expression. The compounds with the highest differential responses between high PPFIA1-expressing and silenced cells across cell lines were inhibitors targeting mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) signaling. KRAS proto-oncogene, GTPase (KRAS)-mutated MDA-MB-231 cells were more resistant to trametinib upon PPFIA1 knockdown compared with control cells. In contrast, liprin-α1-depleted HNSCC cells with low RAS activity showed a context-dependent response to MEK/ERK inhibitors. Importantly, we showed that liprin-α1 depletion leads to increased p-ERK1/2 levels in all our studied cell lines independent of KRAS mutational status, suggesting a role of liprin-α1 in the regulation of MAPK oncogenic signaling. Furthermore, liprin-α1 depletion led to more pronounced redistribution of RAS proteins to the cell membrane. Our data suggest that liprin-α1 is an important contributor to oncogenic RAS/MAPK signaling, and the status of liprin-α1 may assist in predicting drug responses in cancer cells in a context-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henna Pehkonen
- Applied Tumor Genomics Research Program, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiFinland
| | - Artemis Filippou
- Applied Tumor Genomics Research Program, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiFinland
| | - Juho Väänänen
- Applied Tumor Genomics Research Program, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiFinland
| | - Iida Lindfors
- Applied Tumor Genomics Research Program, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiFinland
| | - Mira Vänttinen
- Applied Tumor Genomics Research Program, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiFinland
| | - Philipp Ianevski
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM)University of HelsinkiFinland
| | - Anne Mäkelä
- Applied Tumor Genomics Research Program, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiFinland
| | - Pauliina Munne
- Finnish Cancer Institute, FICAN South Helsinki University Hospital & Translational Cancer Medicine, Medical FacultyUniversity of HelsinkiFinland
| | - Juha Klefström
- Finnish Cancer Institute, FICAN South Helsinki University Hospital & Translational Cancer Medicine, Medical FacultyUniversity of HelsinkiFinland
- iCAN Digital Precision Cancer Medicine FlagshipHelsinkiFinland
| | - Sanna Toppila‐Salmi
- Skin and Allergy HospitalHelsinki University Hospital and University of HelsinkiFinland
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Kuopio University Hospital and School of Medicine, Institute of Clinical MedicineUniversity of Eastern FinlandKuopioFinland
| | - Reidar Grénman
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology‐Head and Neck SurgeryUniversity of Turku and Turku University HospitalFinland
| | - Jaana Hagström
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University HospitalFinland
- Institute of DentistryUniversity of TurkuFinland
| | - Antti A. Mäkitie
- iCAN Digital Precision Cancer Medicine FlagshipHelsinkiFinland
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology‐Head and Neck Surgery, Research Program in Systems OncologyUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University HospitalFinland
| | - Piia‐Riitta Karhemo
- Applied Tumor Genomics Research Program, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiFinland
- iCAN Digital Precision Cancer Medicine FlagshipHelsinkiFinland
| | - Outi Monni
- Applied Tumor Genomics Research Program, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiFinland
- iCAN Digital Precision Cancer Medicine FlagshipHelsinkiFinland
- Department of Oncology, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiFinland
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4
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Llorente A, Loughran RM, Emerling BM. Targeting phosphoinositide signaling in cancer: relevant techniques to study lipids and novel avenues for therapeutic intervention. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1297355. [PMID: 37954209 PMCID: PMC10634348 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1297355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphoinositides serve as essential players in numerous biological activities and are critical for overall cellular function. Due to their complex chemical structures, localization, and low abundance, current challenges in the phosphoinositide field include the accurate measurement and identification of specific variants, particularly those with acyl chains. Researchers are intensively developing innovative techniques and approaches to address these challenges and advance our understanding of the impact of phosphoinositide signaling on cellular biology. This article provides an overview of recent advances in the study of phosphoinositides, including mass spectrometry, lipid biosensors, and real-time activity assays using fluorometric sensors. These methodologies have proven instrumental for a comprehensive exploration of the cellular distribution and dynamics of phosphoinositides and have shed light on the growing significance of these lipids in human health and various pathological processes, including cancer. To illustrate the importance of phosphoinositide signaling in disease, this perspective also highlights the role of a family of lipid kinases named phosphatidylinositol 5-phosphate 4-kinases (PI5P4Ks), which have recently emerged as exciting therapeutic targets for cancer treatment. The ongoing exploration of phosphoinositide signaling not only deepens our understanding of cellular biology but also holds promise for novel interventions in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Brooke M. Emerling
- Cancer Metabolism and Microenvironment Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys, La Jolla, CA, United States
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5
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Nolan A, Raso C, Kolch W, von Kriegsheim A, Wynne K, Matallanas D. Proteomic Mapping of the Interactome of KRAS Mutants Identifies New Features of RAS Signalling Networks and the Mechanism of Action of Sotorasib. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4141. [PMID: 37627169 PMCID: PMC10452836 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15164141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
RAS proteins are key regulators of cell signalling and control different cell functions including cell proliferation, differentiation, and cell death. Point mutations in the genes of this family are common, particularly in KRAS. These mutations were thought to cause the constitutive activation of KRAS, but recent findings showed that some mutants can cycle between active and inactive states. This observation, together with the development of covalent KRASG12C inhibitors, has led to the arrival of KRAS inhibitors in the clinic. However, most patients develop resistance to these targeted therapies, and we lack effective treatments for other KRAS mutants. To accelerate the development of RAS targeting therapies, we need to fully characterise the molecular mechanisms governing KRAS signalling networks and determine what differentiates the signalling downstream of the KRAS mutants. Here we have used affinity purification mass-spectrometry proteomics to characterise the interactome of KRAS wild-type and three KRAS mutants. Bioinformatic analysis associated with experimental validation allows us to map the signalling network mediated by the different KRAS proteins. Using this approach, we characterised how the interactome of KRAS wild-type and mutants is regulated by the clinically approved KRASG12C inhibitor Sotorasib. In addition, we identified novel crosstalks between KRAS and its effector pathways including the AKT and JAK-STAT signalling modules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aoife Nolan
- Systems Biology Ireland, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland; (A.N.); (C.R.); (W.K.); (A.v.K.); (K.W.)
| | - Cinzia Raso
- Systems Biology Ireland, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland; (A.N.); (C.R.); (W.K.); (A.v.K.); (K.W.)
| | - Walter Kolch
- Systems Biology Ireland, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland; (A.N.); (C.R.); (W.K.); (A.v.K.); (K.W.)
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Alex von Kriegsheim
- Systems Biology Ireland, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland; (A.N.); (C.R.); (W.K.); (A.v.K.); (K.W.)
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Kieran Wynne
- Systems Biology Ireland, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland; (A.N.); (C.R.); (W.K.); (A.v.K.); (K.W.)
| | - David Matallanas
- Systems Biology Ireland, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland; (A.N.); (C.R.); (W.K.); (A.v.K.); (K.W.)
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6
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Wan L, Lin KT, Rahman MA, Ishigami Y, Wang Z, Jensen MA, Wilkinson JE, Park Y, Tuveson DA, Krainer AR. Splicing Factor SRSF1 Promotes Pancreatitis and KRASG12D-Mediated Pancreatic Cancer. Cancer Discov 2023; 13:1678-1695. [PMID: 37098965 PMCID: PMC10330071 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-22-1013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is strongly associated with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), a highly lethal malignancy. Dysregulated RNA splicing factors have been widely reported in tumorigenesis, but their involvement in pancreatitis and PDAC is not well understood. Here, we report that the splicing factor SRSF1 is highly expressed in pancreatitis, PDAC precursor lesions, and tumors. Increased SRSF1 is sufficient to induce pancreatitis and accelerate KRASG12D-mediated PDAC. Mechanistically, SRSF1 activates MAPK signaling-partly by upregulating interleukin 1 receptor type 1 (IL1R1) through alternative-splicing-regulated mRNA stability. Additionally, SRSF1 protein is destabilized through a negative feedback mechanism in phenotypically normal epithelial cells expressing KRASG12D in mouse pancreas and in pancreas organoids acutely expressing KRASG12D, buffering MAPK signaling and maintaining pancreas cell homeostasis. This negative feedback regulation of SRSF1 is overcome by hyperactive MYC, facilitating PDAC tumorigenesis. Our findings implicate SRSF1 in the etiology of pancreatitis and PDAC, and point to SRSF1-misregulated alternative splicing as a potential therapeutic target. SIGNIFICANCE We describe the regulation of splicing factor SRSF1 expression in the context of pancreas cell identity, plasticity, and inflammation. SRSF1 protein downregulation is involved in a negative feedback cellular response to KRASG12D expression, contributing to pancreas cell homeostasis. Conversely, upregulated SRSF1 promotes pancreatitis and accelerates KRASG12D-mediated tumorigenesis through enhanced IL1 and MAPK signaling. This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 1501.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ledong Wan
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Kuan-Ting Lin
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | | | - Yuma Ishigami
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Zhikai Wang
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Mads A. Jensen
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - John E. Wilkinson
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Youngkyu Park
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
- Lustgarten Foundation Pancreatic Cancer Research Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - David A. Tuveson
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
- Lustgarten Foundation Pancreatic Cancer Research Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
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7
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Chen F, Kang R, Liu J, Tang D. The ACSL4 Network Regulates Cell Death and Autophagy in Diseases. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:864. [PMID: 37372148 DOI: 10.3390/biology12060864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Lipid metabolism, cell death, and autophagy are interconnected processes in cells. Dysregulation of lipid metabolism can lead to cell death, such as via ferroptosis and apoptosis, while lipids also play a crucial role in the regulation of autophagosome formation. An increased autophagic response not only promotes cell survival but also causes cell death depending on the context, especially when selectively degrading antioxidant proteins or organelles that promote ferroptosis. ACSL4 is an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of long-chain acyl-CoA molecules, which are important intermediates in the biosynthesis of various types of lipids. ACSL4 is found in many tissues and is particularly abundant in the brain, liver, and adipose tissue. Dysregulation of ACSL4 is linked to a variety of diseases, including cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, cardiovascular disease, acute kidney injury, and metabolic disorders (such as obesity and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease). In this review, we introduce the structure, function, and regulation of ACSL4; discuss its role in apoptosis, ferroptosis, and autophagy; summarize its pathological function; and explore the potential implications of targeting ACSL4 in the treatment of various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangquan Chen
- DAMP Laboratory, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Rui Kang
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jiao Liu
- DAMP Laboratory, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Daolin Tang
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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8
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Jiang Q, Zhang D, Liu J, Liang C, Yang R, Zhang C, Wu J, Lin J, Ye T, Ding L, Li J, Gao S, Li B, Ye Q. HPIP is an essential scaffolding protein running through the EGFR-RAS-ERK pathway and drives tumorigenesis. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eade1155. [PMID: 37294756 PMCID: PMC10256163 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ade1155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The EGFR-RAS-ERK pathway plays a key role in cancer development and progression. However, the integral assembly of EGFR-RAS-ERK signaling complexes from the upstream component EGFR to the downstream component ERK is largely unknown. Here, we show that hematopoietic PBX-interacting protein (HPIP) interacts with all classical components of the EGFR-RAS-ERK pathway and forms at least two complexes with overlapping components. Experiments of HPIP knockout or knockdown and chemical inhibition of HPIP expression showed that HPIP is required for EGFR-RAS-ERK signaling complex formation, EGFR-RAS-ERK signaling activation, and EGFR-RAS-ERK signaling-mediated promotion of aerobic glycolysis as well as cancer cell growth in vitro and in vivo. HPIP expression is correlated with EGFR-RAS-ERK signaling activation and predicts worse clinical outcomes in patients with lung cancer. These results provide insights into EGFR-RAS-ERK signaling complex formation and EGFR-RAS-ERK signaling regulation and suggest that HPIP may be a promising therapeutic target for cancer with dysregulated EGFR-RAS-ERK signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiwei Jiang
- Department of Cell Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Bejing 100850, China
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
| | - Deyu Zhang
- Department of Cell Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Bejing 100850, China
| | - Juan Liu
- Department of Cell Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Bejing 100850, China
- Department of Hematology, PLA Rocket Force Characteristic Medical Center, Beijing 100088, China
| | - Chaoyang Liang
- Department of Cell Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Bejing 100850, China
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Ronghui Yang
- Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Outpatient Department, Jingnan Medical Area, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Jun Wu
- Department of Microorganism Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Jing Lin
- Department of Cell Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Bejing 100850, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Fourth Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Tianxing Ye
- Department of Cell Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Bejing 100850, China
| | - Lihua Ding
- Department of Cell Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Bejing 100850, China
| | - Jianbin Li
- Department of Cell Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Bejing 100850, China
| | - Shan Gao
- Zhongda Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Advanced Institute for Life and Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Binghui Li
- Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Qinong Ye
- Department of Cell Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Bejing 100850, China
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9
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Dynamic regulation of RAS and RAS signaling. Biochem J 2023; 480:1-23. [PMID: 36607281 PMCID: PMC9988006 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20220234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
RAS proteins regulate most aspects of cellular physiology. They are mutated in 30% of human cancers and 4% of developmental disorders termed Rasopathies. They cycle between active GTP-bound and inactive GDP-bound states. When active, they can interact with a wide range of effectors that control fundamental biochemical and biological processes. Emerging evidence suggests that RAS proteins are not simple on/off switches but sophisticated information processing devices that compute cell fate decisions by integrating external and internal cues. A critical component of this compute function is the dynamic regulation of RAS activation and downstream signaling that allows RAS to produce a rich and nuanced spectrum of biological outputs. We discuss recent findings how the dynamics of RAS and its downstream signaling is regulated. Starting from the structural and biochemical properties of wild-type and mutant RAS proteins and their activation cycle, we examine higher molecular assemblies, effector interactions and downstream signaling outputs, all under the aspect of dynamic regulation. We also consider how computational and mathematical modeling approaches contribute to analyze and understand the pleiotropic functions of RAS in health and disease.
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10
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Dai J, Bai X, Gao X, Tang L, Chen Y, Sun L, Wei X, Li C, Qi Z, Kong Y, Cui C, Chi Z, Sheng X, Xu Z, Lian B, Li S, Yan X, Tang B, Zhou L, Wang X, Xia X, Guo J, Mao L, Si L. Molecular underpinnings of exceptional response in primary malignant melanoma of the esophagus to anti-PD-1 monotherapy. J Immunother Cancer 2023; 11:jitc-2022-005937. [PMID: 36593066 PMCID: PMC9809322 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2022-005937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accumulating data suggest that mucosal melanoma, well known for its poor response to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) and abysmal prognosis, is a heterogeneous subtype of melanoma with distinct genomic and clinical characteristics between different anatomic locations of the primary lesions. Primary malignant melanoma of the esophagus (PMME) is a rare, highly aggressive disease with a poorer prognosis compared with that of non-esophageal mucosal melanoma (NEMM). In this study, we retrospectively analyzed the efficacy of anti-programmed death (PD)-1 in patients with PMME and explored its molecular basis. METHODS The response and survival of patients with PMME and NEMM under anti-PD-1 monotherapy were retrospectively analyzed. To explore the molecular mechanisms of the difference in therapeutic efficacy between PMME and NEMM, we performed genomic analysis, bulk RNA sequencing, and multiplex immunohistochemistry staining. RESULTS We found that PMME (n=28) responded better to anti-PD-1 treatment than NEMM (n=64), with a significantly higher objective response rate (33.3% (95% CI 14.3% to 52.3%) vs 6.6% (95% CI 0.2% to 12.9%)) and disease control rate (74.1% (95% CI 56.4% to 91.7%) vs 37.7% (95% CI 25.2% to 50.2%)). Genomic sequencing analysis revealed that the genomic aberration landscape of PMME predominated in classical cancer driver genes, with approximately half of PMME cases harboring mutations in BRAF, N/KRAS, and NF1. In contrast, most NEMM cases were triple wild-type. Transcriptome analysis revealed that, compared with NEMM, PMME displayed more significant proliferation and inflammatory features with higher expression of genes related to antigen presentation and differentiation, and a less immunosuppressive signature with lower expression of inhibitory immune checkpoints and dedifferentiation-related genes. The multiplex immunohistochemical analysis also demonstrated higher CD8+ T-cell infiltration in PMME than in NEMM. CONCLUSIONS PMME is an outlier of mucosal melanoma showing a malicious phenotype but a particularly high response rate to ICB because of its distinct molecular characteristics. Patient stratification based on anatomic origin can facilitate clinical decision-making in patients with mucosal melanoma following the verification of our results in future prospective studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Dai
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Melanoma and Sarcoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Bai
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Melanoma and Sarcoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Xuan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China,GenePlus- Shenzhen Clinical Laboratory, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lirui Tang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Melanoma and Sarcoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fujian Cancer Hospital & Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Linzi Sun
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Melanoma and Sarcoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoting Wei
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Melanoma and Sarcoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Caili Li
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Melanoma and Sarcoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Zhonghui Qi
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Melanoma and Sarcoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Kong
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Melanoma and Sarcoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Chuanliang Cui
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Melanoma and Sarcoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Zhihong Chi
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Melanoma and Sarcoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Xinan Sheng
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Genitourinary Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, China
| | | | - Bin Lian
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Melanoma and Sarcoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Siming Li
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Melanoma and Sarcoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Xieqiao Yan
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Genitourinary Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Bixia Tang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Genitourinary Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Li Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Genitourinary Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Xuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Melanoma and Sarcoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, China
| | | | - Jun Guo
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Melanoma and Sarcoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, China,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Genitourinary Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Lili Mao
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Melanoma and Sarcoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Si
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Melanoma and Sarcoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, China
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11
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Llorente A, Arora GK, Grenier SF, Emerling BM. PIP kinases: A versatile family that demands further therapeutic attention. Adv Biol Regul 2023; 87:100939. [PMID: 36517396 PMCID: PMC9992244 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2022.100939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Phosphoinositides are membrane-localized phospholipids that regulate a plethora of essential cellular processes. These lipid signaling molecules are critical for cell homeostasis and therefore their levels are strictly regulated by the coordinated action of several families of lipid kinases and phosphatases. In this review, we provide a focused perspective on the phosphatidylinositol phosphate kinase (PIPK) family and the three subfamilies that compose it: Type I PIPKs or phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 5-kinases (PI4P5Ks), Type II PIPKs or phosphatidylinositol-5-phosphate 4-kinases (PI5P4Ks), and Type III PIPKs or phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate 5-kinases (PIKfyve). Each subfamily is responsible for catalyzing a hydroxyl phosphorylation on specific phosphoinositide species to generate a double phosphorylated lipid, therefore regulating the levels of both substrate and product. Here, we summarize our current knowledge about the functions and regulation of each PIPK subfamily. Further, we highlight the roles of these kinases in various in vivo genetic models and give an overview of their involvement in multiple pathological conditions. The phosphoinositide field has been long focused on targeting PI3K signaling, but growing evidence suggests that it is time to draw attention to the other phosphoinositide kinases. The discovery of the involvement of PIPKs in the pathogenesis of multiple diseases has prompted substantial efforts to turn these enzymes into pharmacological targets. An increasingly refined knowledge of the biology of PIPKs in a variety of in vitro and in vivo models will facilitate the development of effective approaches for therapeutic intervention with the potential to translate into meaningful clinical benefits for patients suffering from cancer, immunological and infectious diseases, and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Llorente
- Cell and Molecular Biology of Cancer Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Gurpreet K Arora
- Cell and Molecular Biology of Cancer Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Shea F Grenier
- Cell and Molecular Biology of Cancer Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Brooke M Emerling
- Cell and Molecular Biology of Cancer Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
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12
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Freischel AR, Teer JK, Luddy K, Cunningham J, Artzy-Randrup Y, Epstein T, Tsai KY, Berglund A, Cleveland JL, Gillies RJ, Brown JS, Gatenby RA. Evolutionary Analysis of TCGA Data Using Over- and Under- Mutated Genes Identify Key Molecular Pathways and Cellular Functions in Lung Cancer Subtypes. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 15:18. [PMID: 36612014 PMCID: PMC9817988 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15010018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We identify critical conserved and mutated genes through a theoretical model linking a gene’s fitness contribution to its observed mutational frequency in a clinical cohort. “Passenger” gene mutations do not alter fitness and have mutational frequencies determined by gene size and the mutation rate. Driver mutations, which increase fitness (and proliferation), are observed more frequently than expected. Non-synonymous mutations in essential genes reduce fitness and are eliminated by natural selection resulting in lower prevalence than expected. We apply this “evolutionary triage” principle to TCGA data from EGFR-mutant, KRAS-mutant, and NEK (non-EGFR/KRAS) lung adenocarcinomas. We find frequent overlap of evolutionarily selected non-synonymous gene mutations among the subtypes suggesting enrichment for adaptations to common local tissue selection forces. Overlap of conserved genes in the LUAD subtypes is rare suggesting negative evolutionary selection is strongly dependent on initiating mutational events during carcinogenesis. Highly expressed genes are more likely to be conserved and significant changes in expression (>20% increased/decreased) are common in genes with evolutionarily selected mutations but not in conserved genes. EGFR-mut cancers have fewer average mutations (89) than KRAS-mut (228) and NEK (313). Subtype-specific variation in conserved and mutated genes identify critical molecular components in cell signaling, extracellular matrix remodeling, and membrane transporters. These findings demonstrate subtype-specific patterns of co-adaptations between the defining driver mutation and somatically conserved genes as well as novel insights into epigenetic versus genetic contributions to cancer evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey R. Freischel
- Departments of Integrated Mathematical Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
- Cancer Biology and Evolution Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Jamie K. Teer
- Cancer Biology and Evolution Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
- Departments of Tumor Biology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Kimberly Luddy
- Departments of Integrated Mathematical Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jessica Cunningham
- Departments of Integrated Mathematical Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Yael Artzy-Randrup
- Departments of Cancer Physiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Tamir Epstein
- Departments of Integrated Mathematical Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Kenneth Y. Tsai
- Departments of Tumor Biology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
- Departments of Cancer Physiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Anders Berglund
- Departments of Tumor Biology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - John L. Cleveland
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robert J. Gillies
- Departments of Integrated Mathematical Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
- Departments of Pathology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging & Interventional Radiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Joel S. Brown
- Departments of Integrated Mathematical Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
- Cancer Biology and Evolution Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Robert A. Gatenby
- Departments of Integrated Mathematical Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
- Cancer Biology and Evolution Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging & Interventional Radiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
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13
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Burke JE, Triscott J, Emerling BM, Hammond GRV. Beyond PI3Ks: targeting phosphoinositide kinases in disease. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2022; 22:357-386. [PMID: 36376561 PMCID: PMC9663198 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-022-00582-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Lipid phosphoinositides are master regulators of almost all aspects of a cell's life and death and are generated by the tightly regulated activity of phosphoinositide kinases. Although extensive efforts have focused on drugging class I phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks), recent years have revealed opportunities for targeting almost all phosphoinositide kinases in human diseases, including cancer, immunodeficiencies, viral infection and neurodegenerative disease. This has led to widespread efforts in the clinical development of potent and selective inhibitors of phosphoinositide kinases. This Review summarizes our current understanding of the molecular basis for the involvement of phosphoinositide kinases in disease and assesses the preclinical and clinical development of phosphoinositide kinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E. Burke
- grid.143640.40000 0004 1936 9465Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia Canada ,grid.17091.3e0000 0001 2288 9830Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia Canada
| | - Joanna Triscott
- grid.5734.50000 0001 0726 5157Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Brooke M. Emerling
- grid.479509.60000 0001 0163 8573Sanford Burnham Prebys, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Gerald R. V. Hammond
- grid.21925.3d0000 0004 1936 9000Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA USA
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14
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Vu NT, Kim M, Stephenson DJ, MacKnight HP, Chalfant CE. Ceramide Kinase Inhibition Drives Ferroptosis and Sensitivity to Cisplatin in Mutant KRAS Lung Cancer by Dysregulating VDAC-Mediated Mitochondria Function. Mol Cancer Res 2022; 20:1429-1442. [PMID: 35560154 PMCID: PMC9444881 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-22-0085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ceramide kinase (CERK) is the mammalian lipid kinase from which the bioactive sphingolipid, ceramide-1-phosphate (C1P), is derived. CERK has been implicated in several promalignant phenotypes with little known as to mechanistic underpinnings. In this study, the mechanism of how CERK inhibition decreases cell survival in mutant (Mut) KRAS non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), a major lung cancer subtype, was revealed. Specifically, NSCLC cells possessing a KRAS mutation were more responsive to inhibition, downregulation, and genetic ablation of CERK compared with those with wild-type (WT) KRAS regarding a reduction in cell survival. Inhibition of CERK induced ferroptosis in Mut KRAS NSCLC cells, which required elevating VDAC-regulated mitochondria membrane potential (MMP) and the generation of cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). Importantly, through modulation of VDAC, CERK inhibition synergized with the first-line NSCLC treatment, cisplatin, in reducing cell survival and in vivo tumor growth. Further mechanistic studies indicated that CERK inhibition affected MMP and cell survival by limiting AKT activation and translocation to mitochondria, and thus, blocking VDAC phosphorylation and tubulin recruitment. IMPLICATIONS Our findings depict how CERK inhibition may serve as a new key point in combination therapeutic strategy for NSCLC, specifically precision therapeutics targeting NSCLC possessing a KRAS mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngoc T. Vu
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology, and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA,Institute of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Industrial University of Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Minjung Kim
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology, and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Daniel J. Stephenson
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology, and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA,Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology & Oncology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22903
| | - H. Patrick MacKnight
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology, and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA,Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology & Oncology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22903
| | - Charles E. Chalfant
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology, and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA,Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology & Oncology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22903,Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22903,Program in Cancer Biology, University of Virginia Cancer Center, Charlottesville, VA, 22903,Research Service, Richmond Veterans Administration Medical Center, Richmond VA, 23298,To whom correspondence should be addressed: Charles E. Chalfant, Professor, Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology & Oncology, P.O. Box 801398, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22903, or
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15
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Goudreault M, Gagné V, Jo CH, Singh S, Killoran RC, Gingras AC, Smith MJ. Afadin couples RAS GTPases to the polarity rheostat Scribble. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4562. [PMID: 35931706 PMCID: PMC9355967 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32335-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
AFDN/Afadin is required for establishment and maintenance of cell-cell contacts and is a unique effector of RAS GTPases. The biological consequences of RAS complex with AFDN are unknown. We used proximity-based proteomics to generate an interaction map for two isoforms of AFDN, identifying the polarity protein SCRIB/Scribble as the top hit. We reveal that the first PDZ domain of SCRIB and the AFDN FHA domain mediate a direct but non-canonical interaction between these important adhesion and polarity proteins. Further, the dual RA domains of AFDN have broad specificity for RAS and RAP GTPases, and KRAS co-localizes with AFDN and promotes AFDN-SCRIB complex formation. Knockout of AFDN or SCRIB in epithelial cells disrupts MAPK and PI3K activation kinetics and inhibits motility in a growth factor-dependent manner. These data have important implications for understanding why cells with activated RAS have reduced cell contacts and polarity defects and implicate AFDN as a genuine RAS effector. Goudreault et al. investigate the role of Afadin downstream of RAS GTPases, substantiating this cell adhesion protein as a true RAS effector that couples its activation to cell polarity through the Scribble protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn Goudreault
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Valérie Gagné
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Chang Hwa Jo
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Swati Singh
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Ryan C Killoran
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Anne-Claude Gingras
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X5, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Matthew J Smith
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada. .,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada.
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16
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Yin M, Wang Y. The role of PIP5K1A in cancer development and progression. MEDICAL ONCOLOGY (NORTHWOOD, LONDON, ENGLAND) 2022; 39:151. [PMID: 35852640 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-022-01753-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Malignant tumors are formed via a pathological process of uncontrolled cell division that seriously endangers human physical and mental health. The PI3K/AKT signaling pathway plays an important role in the occurrence and development of various cancers. As a lipid kinase, PIP5K1A acts on the upstream of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and has a variety of biological functions, including cell differentiation, cell migration, and sperm development. An increasing number of studies have shown that the overexpression of PIP5K1A promotes the growth, invasion, and migration of cancer cells, and the inhibition of PIP5K1A can effectively hinder tumor progression. These findings imply that PIP5K1A are potential markers and targets for cancers. The aim of this study was to systemically review the structure and function of PIP5K1A, the relationship between PIP5K1A and tumors and the potential therapeutic value of PIP5K1A inhibitors in cancer. PIP5K1A affects the occurrence and progression of many tumors and will provide new strategies for cancer diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Yin
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, 272000, Shandong, China
| | - Yunfei Wang
- Department of Gynecology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Gu Huai Road, No.89, Jining, 272029, Shandong, China.
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17
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A proteomic approach identifies isoform-specific and nucleotide-dependent RAS interactions. Mol Cell Proteomics 2022; 21:100268. [PMID: 35839996 PMCID: PMC9396065 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpro.2022.100268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Active mutations in the RAS genes are found in ∼30% of human cancers. Although thought to have overlapping functions, RAS isoforms show preferential activation in human tumors, which prompted us to employ a comparative and quantitative proteomics approach to generate isoform-specific and nucleotide-dependent interactomes of the four RAS isoforms, KRAS4A, KRAS4B, HRAS, and NRAS. Many isoform-specific interacting proteins were identified, including HRAS-specific CARM1 and CHK1 and KRAS-specific PIP4K2C and IPO7. Comparing the interactomes of WT and constitutively active G12D mutant of RAS isoforms, we identified several potential previously unknown effector proteins of RAS, one of which was recently reported while this article was in preparation, RADIL. These interacting proteins play important roles as knockdown or pharmacological inhibition leads to potent inhibition of cancer cells. The HRAS-specific interacting protein CARM1 plays a role in HRAS-induced senescence, with CARM1 knockdown or inhibition selectively increasing senescence in HRAS-transformed cells but not in KRAS4B-transformed cells. By revealing new isoform-specific and nucleotide-dependent RAS interactors, the study here provides insights to help understand the overlapping functions of the RAS isoforms. RAS interactome uncovers isoform-specific and nucleotide-dependent interactors. Potential novel RAS effector proteins are introduced. RAS interactors are possible new targets for RAS-driven cancer cells.
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18
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Nowakowska AW, Kotulska M. Topological analysis as a tool for detection of abnormalities in protein-protein interaction data. Bioinformatics 2022; 38:3968-3975. [PMID: 35771625 PMCID: PMC9746892 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btac440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
MOTIVATION Protein-protein interaction datasets, which can be modeled as networks, constitute an essential layer in multi-omics approach to biomedical knowledge. This representation gives insight into molecular pathways, help to uncover novel potential drug targets or predict a therapy outcome. Nevertheless, the data that constitute such systems are frequently incomplete, error-prone and biased by scientific trends. Implementation of methods for detection of such shortcomings could improve protein-protein interaction data analysis. RESULTS We performed topological analysis of three protein-protein interaction networks (PPINs) from IntAct Molecular Database, regarding cancer, Parkinson's disease (two most common subjects in PPINs analysis) and Human Reference Interactome. The data collections were shown to be often biased by scientific interests, which highly impact the networks structure. This may obscure correct systematic biological interpretation of the protein-protein interactions and limit their application potential. As a solution to this problem, we propose a set of topological methods for the bias detection, which performed in the first step provides more objective biological conclusions regarding protein-protein interactions and their multi-omics consequences. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION A user-friendly tool Extensive Tool for Network Analysis (ETNA) is available on https://github.com/AlicjaNowakowska/ETNA. The software includes a graphical Colab notebook: https://githubtocolab.com/AlicjaNowakowska/ETNA/blob/main/ETNAColab.ipynb. CONTACT alicja.nowakowska@pwr.edu.pl or malgorzata.kotulska@pwr.edu.pl. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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19
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Moser R, Gurley KE, Nikolova O, Qin G, Joshi R, Mendez E, Shmulevich I, Ashley A, Grandori C, Kemp CJ. Synthetic lethal kinases in Ras/p53 mutant squamous cell carcinoma. Oncogene 2022; 41:3355-3369. [PMID: 35538224 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-022-02330-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The oncogene Ras and the tumor suppressor gene p53 are frequently co-mutated in human cancer and mutations in Ras and p53 can cooperate to generate a more malignant cell state. To discover novel druggable targets for cancers carrying co-mutations in Ras and p53, we performed arrayed, kinome focused siRNA and oncology drug phenotypic screening utilizing a set of syngeneic Ras mutant squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) cell lines that also carried co-mutations in selected p53 pathway genes. These cell lines were derived from SCCs from carcinogen-treated inbred mice which harbored germline deletions or mutations in Trp53, p19Arf, Atm, or Prkdc. Both siRNA and drug phenotypic screening converge to implicate the phosphoinositol kinases, receptor tyrosine kinases, MAP kinases, as well as cell cycle and DNA damage response genes as targetable dependencies in SCC. Differences in functional kinome profiles between Ras mutant cell lines reflect incomplete penetrance of Ras synthetic lethal kinases and indicate that co-mutations cause a rewiring of survival pathways in Ras mutant tumors. This study describes the functional kinomic landscape of Ras/p53 mutant chemically-induced squamous cell carcinoma in both the baseline unperturbed state and following DNA damage and nominates candidate therapeutic targets, including the Nek4 kinase, for further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell Moser
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kay E Gurley
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Olga Nikolova
- Division of Oncological Sciences, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | | | - Rashmi Joshi
- New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Christopher J Kemp
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
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20
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Proteomic analysis reveals dual requirement for Grb2 and PLCγ1 interactions for BCR-FGFR1-Driven 8p11 cell proliferation. Oncotarget 2022; 13:659-676. [PMID: 35574218 PMCID: PMC9093983 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.28228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Translocation of Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptors (FGFRs) often leads to aberrant cell proliferation and cancer. The BCR-FGFR1 fusion protein, created by chromosomal translocation t(8;22)(p11;q11), contains Breakpoint Cluster Region (BCR) joined to Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 1 (FGFR1). BCR-FGFR1 represents a significant driver of 8p11 myeloproliferative syndrome, or stem cell leukemia/lymphoma, which progresses to acute myeloid leukemia or T-cell lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma. Mutations were introduced at Y177F, the binding site for adapter protein Grb2 within BCR; and at Y766F, the binding site for the membrane associated enzyme PLCγ1 within FGFR1. We examined anchorage-independent cell growth, overall cell proliferation using hematopoietic cells, and activation of downstream signaling pathways. BCR-FGFR1-induced changes in protein phosphorylation, binding partners, and signaling pathways were dissected using quantitative proteomics to interrogate the protein interactome, the phosphoproteome, and the interactome of BCR-FGFR1. The effects on BCR-FGFR1-stimulated cell proliferation were examined using the PLCγ1 inhibitor U73122, and the irreversible FGFR inhibitor futibatinib (TAS-120), both of which demonstrated efficacy. An absolute requirement is demonstrated for the dual binding partners Grb2 and PLCγ1 in BCR-FGFR1-driven cell proliferation, and new proteins such as ECSIT, USP15, GPR89, GAB1, and PTPN11 are identified as key effectors for hematopoietic transformation by BCR-FGFR1.
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21
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Sharifi Tabar M, Francis H, Yeo D, Bailey CG, Rasko JEJ. Mapping oncogenic protein interactions for precision medicine. Int J Cancer 2022; 151:7-19. [PMID: 35113472 PMCID: PMC9306658 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.33954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Normal protein‐protein interactions (normPPIs) occur with high fidelity to regulate almost every physiological process. In cancer, this highly organised and precisely regulated network is disrupted, hijacked or reprogrammed resulting in oncogenic protein‐protein interactions (oncoPPIs). OncoPPIs, which can result from genomic alterations, are a hallmark of many types of cancers. Recent technological advances in the field of mass spectrometry (MS)‐based interactomics, structural biology and drug discovery have prompted scientists to identify and characterise oncoPPIs. Disruption of oncoPPI interfaces has become a major focus of drug discovery programs and has resulted in the use of PPI‐specific drugs clinically. However, due to several technical hurdles, studies to build a reference oncoPPI map for various cancer types have not been undertaken. Therefore, there is an urgent need for experimental workflows to overcome the existing challenges in studying oncoPPIs in various cancers and to build comprehensive reference maps. Here, we discuss the important hurdles for characterising oncoPPIs and propose a three‐phase multidisciplinary workflow to identify and characterise oncoPPIs. Systematic identification of cancer‐type‐specific oncogenic interactions will spur new opportunities for PPI‐focused drug discovery projects and precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Sharifi Tabar
- Gene & Stem Cell Therapy Program Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Cancer & Gene Regulation Laboratory Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine & Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Habib Francis
- Gene & Stem Cell Therapy Program Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Cancer & Gene Regulation Laboratory Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine & Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Dannel Yeo
- Faculty of Medicine & Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Li Ka Shing Cell & Gene Therapy Program, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Cell & Molecular Therapies, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney Local Health District, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Charles G Bailey
- Gene & Stem Cell Therapy Program Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Cancer & Gene Regulation Laboratory Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine & Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - John E J Rasko
- Gene & Stem Cell Therapy Program Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine & Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Li Ka Shing Cell & Gene Therapy Program, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Cell & Molecular Therapies, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney Local Health District, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
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22
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Burge RA, Hobbs GA. Not all RAS mutations are equal: A detailed review of the functional diversity of RAS hot spot mutations. Adv Cancer Res 2022; 153:29-61. [PMID: 35101234 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2021.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The RAS family of small GTPases are among the most frequently mutated oncogenes in human cancer. Approximately 20% of cancers harbor a RAS mutation, and >150 different missense mutations have been detected. Many of these mutations have mutant-specific biochemical defects that alter nucleotide binding and hydrolysis, effector interactions and cell signaling, prompting renewed efforts in the development of anti-RAS therapies, including the mutation-specific strategies. Previously viewed as undruggable, the recent FDA approval of a KRASG12C-selective inhibitor has offered real promise to the development of allele-specific RAS therapies. A broader understanding of the mutational consequences on RAS function must be developed to exploit additional allele-specific vulnerabilities. Approximately 94% of RAS mutations occur at one of three mutational "hot spots" at Gly12, Gly13 and Gln61. Further, the single-nucleotide substitutions represent >99% of these mutations. Within this scope, we discuss the mutational frequencies of RAS isoforms in cancer, mutant-specific effector interactions and biochemical properties. By limiting our analysis to this mutational subset, we simplify the analysis while only excluding a small percentage of total mutations. Combined, these data suggest that the presence or absence of select RAS mutations in human cancers can be linked to their biochemical properties. Continuing to examine the biochemical differences in each RAS-mutant protein will continue to provide additional breakthroughs in allele-specific therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Burge
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - G Aaron Hobbs
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States; Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States.
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23
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Abstract
Ras is the most mutated oncoprotein in cancer. Among the three oncogenic effectors of Ras - Raf, PI3 Kinase and RalGEF>Ral - signalling through RalGEF>Ral (Ras-like) is by far the least well understood. A variety of signals and binding partners have been defined for Ral, yet we know little of how Ral functions in vivo. This review focuses on previous research in Drosophila that defined a function for Ral in apoptosis and established indirect relationships among Ral, the CNH-domain MAP4 Kinase misshapen, and the JNK MAP kinase basket. Most of the described signalling components are not essential in C. elegans, facilitating subsequent analysis using developmental patterning of the C. elegans vulval precursor cells (VPCs). The functions of two paralogous CNH-domain MAP4 Kinases were defined relative to Ras>Raf, Notch and Ras>RalGEF>Ral signalling in VPCs. MIG-15, the nematode ortholog of misshapen, antagonizes both the Ral-dependent and Ras>Raf-dependent developmental outcomes. In contrast, paralogous GCK-2, the C. elegans ortholog of Drosophila happyhour, propagates the 2°-promoting signal of Ral. Manipulations via CRISPR of Ral signalling through GCK-2 coupled with genetic epistasis delineated a Ras>RalGEF>Ral>Exo84>GCK-2>MAP3KMLK-1> p38PMK-1 cascade. Thus, genetic analysis using invertebrate experimental organisms defined a cascade from Ras to p38 MAP kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David J. Reiner
- Texas A&M University, Houston, TX, USA,CONTACT David J. Reiner Institute of Biosciences and Technology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX
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24
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Klomp JE, Lee YS, Goodwin CM, Papke B, Klomp JA, Waters AM, Stalnecker CA, DeLiberty JM, Drizyte-Miller K, Yang R, Diehl JN, Yin HH, Pierobon M, Baldelli E, Ryan MB, Li S, Peterson J, Smith AR, Neal JT, McCormick AK, Kuo CJ, Counter CM, Petricoin EF, Cox AD, Bryant KL, Der CJ. CHK1 protects oncogenic KRAS-expressing cells from DNA damage and is a target for pancreatic cancer treatment. Cell Rep 2021; 37:110060. [PMID: 34852220 PMCID: PMC8665414 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.110060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We apply genetic screens to delineate modulators of KRAS mutant pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) sensitivity to ERK inhibitor treatment, and we identify components of the ATR-CHK1 DNA damage repair (DDR) pathway. Pharmacologic inhibition of CHK1 alone causes apoptotic growth suppression of both PDAC cell lines and organoids, which correlates with loss of MYC expression. CHK1 inhibition also activates ERK and AMPK and increases autophagy, providing a mechanistic basis for increased efficacy of concurrent CHK1 and ERK inhibition and/or autophagy inhibition with chloroquine. To assess how CHK1 inhibition-induced ERK activation promotes PDAC survival, we perform a CRISPR-Cas9 loss-of-function screen targeting direct/indirect ERK substrates and identify RIF1. A key component of non-homologous end joining repair, RIF1 suppression sensitizes PDAC cells to CHK1 inhibition-mediated apoptotic growth suppression. Furthermore, ERK inhibition alone decreases RIF1 expression and phenocopies RIF1 depletion. We conclude that concurrent DDR suppression enhances the efficacy of ERK and/or autophagy inhibitors in KRAS mutant PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E Klomp
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Ye S Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Craig M Goodwin
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Björn Papke
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jeff A Klomp
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Andrew M Waters
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Clint A Stalnecker
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jonathan M DeLiberty
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Kristina Drizyte-Miller
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Runying Yang
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - J Nathaniel Diehl
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Hongwei H Yin
- Departments of Cancer and Cell Biology, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Mariaelena Pierobon
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
| | - Elisa Baldelli
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
| | - Meagan B Ryan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Siqi Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Jackson Peterson
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Amber R Smith
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - James T Neal
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Aaron K McCormick
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Calvin J Kuo
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Christopher M Counter
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Emanuel F Petricoin
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
| | - Adrienne D Cox
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Kirsten L Bryant
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Channing J Der
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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25
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Oncogenic KRAS is dependent upon an EFR3A-PI4KA signaling axis for potent tumorigenic activity. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5248. [PMID: 34504076 PMCID: PMC8429657 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25523-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The HRAS, NRAS, and KRAS genes are collectively mutated in a fifth of all human cancers. These mutations render RAS GTP-bound and active, constitutively binding effector proteins to promote signaling conducive to tumorigenic growth. To further elucidate how RAS oncoproteins signal, we mined RAS interactomes for potential vulnerabilities. Here we identify EFR3A, an adapter protein for the phosphatidylinositol kinase PI4KA, to preferentially bind oncogenic KRAS. Disrupting EFR3A or PI4KA reduces phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate, phosphatidylserine, and KRAS levels at the plasma membrane, as well as oncogenic signaling and tumorigenesis, phenotypes rescued by tethering PI4KA to the plasma membrane. Finally, we show that a selective PI4KA inhibitor augments the antineoplastic activity of the KRASG12C inhibitor sotorasib, suggesting a clinical path to exploit this pathway. In sum, we have discovered a distinct KRAS signaling axis with actionable therapeutic potential for the treatment of KRAS-mutant cancers. The lipid composition of the plasma membrane defines the localisation of KRAS and its oncogenic function. Here the authors show that EFR3A binds to active KRAS to recruit PI4KA and alters the lipid composition of the plasma membrane to promote KRAS oncogenic signalling and tumorigenesis.
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26
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RAS GTPase signalling to alternative effector pathways. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 48:2241-2252. [PMID: 33125484 DOI: 10.1042/bst20200506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
RAS GTPases are fundamental regulators of development and drivers of an extraordinary number of human cancers. RAS oncoproteins constitutively signal through downstream effector proteins, triggering cancer initiation, progression and metastasis. In the absence of targeted therapeutics to mutant RAS itself, inhibitors of downstream pathways controlled by the effector kinases RAF and PI3K have become tools in the treatment of RAS-driven tumours. Unfortunately, the efficacy of this approach has been greatly minimized by the prevalence of acquired drug resistance. Decades of research have established that RAS signalling is highly complex, and in addition to RAF and PI3K these small GTPase proteins can interact with an array of alternative effectors that feature RAS binding domains. The consequence of RAS binding to these effectors remains relatively unexplored, but these pathways may provide targets for combinatorial therapeutics. We discuss here three candidate alternative effectors: RALGEFs, RASSF5 and AFDN, detailing their interaction with RAS GTPases and their biological significance. The metastatic nature of RAS-driven cancers suggests more attention should be granted to these alternate pathways, as they are highly implicated in the regulation of cell adhesion, polarity, cell size and cytoskeletal architecture.
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27
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Ford KM, Panwala R, Chen DH, Portell A, Palmer N, Mali P. Peptide-tiling screens of cancer drivers reveal oncogenic protein domains and associated peptide inhibitors. Cell Syst 2021; 12:716-732.e7. [PMID: 34051140 PMCID: PMC8298269 DOI: 10.1016/j.cels.2021.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Gene fragments derived from structural domains mediating physical interactions can modulate biological functions. Utilizing this, we developed lentiviral overexpression libraries of peptides comprehensively tiling high-confidence cancer driver genes. Toward inhibiting cancer growth, we assayed ~66,000 peptides, tiling 65 cancer drivers and 579 mutant alleles. Pooled fitness screens in two breast cancer cell lines revealed peptides, which selectively reduced cellular proliferation, implicating oncogenic protein domains important for cell fitness. Coupling of cell-penetrating motifs to these peptides enabled drug-like function, with peptides derived from EGFR and RAF1 inhibiting cell growth at IC50s of 27-63 μM. We anticipate that this peptide-tiling (PepTile) approach will enable rapid de novo mapping of bioactive protein domains and associated interfering peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle M Ford
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Rebecca Panwala
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Dai-Hua Chen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Andrew Portell
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Nathan Palmer
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Prashant Mali
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA.
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28
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Using BioID to Characterize the RAS Interactome. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2021; 2262:271-280. [PMID: 33977483 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1190-6_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Identifying the proteins that associate with RAS oncoproteins has great potential, not only to elucidate how these mutant proteins are regulated and signal but also to identify potential therapeutic targets. Here we describe a detailed protocol to employ proximity labeling by the BioID methodology, which has the advantage of capturing weak or transient interactions, to identify in an unbiased manner those proteins within the immediate vicinity of oncogenic RAS proteins.
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29
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Oncogenic KRAS engages an RSK1/NF1 pathway to inhibit wild-type RAS signaling in pancreatic cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2016904118. [PMID: 34021083 PMCID: PMC8166058 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2016904118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a lethal malignancy with limited treatment options. Although activating mutations of the KRAS GTPase are the predominant dependency present in >90% of PDAC patients, targeting KRAS mutants directly has been challenging in PDAC. Similarly, strategies targeting known KRAS downstream effectors have had limited clinical success due to feedback mechanisms, alternate pathways, and dose-limiting toxicities in normal tissues. Therefore, identifying additional functionally relevant KRAS interactions in PDAC may allow for a better understanding of feedback mechanisms and unveil potential therapeutic targets. Here, we used proximity labeling to identify protein interactors of active KRAS in PDAC cells. We expressed fusions of wild-type (WT) (BirA-KRAS4B), mutant (BirA-KRAS4BG12D), and nontransforming cytosolic double mutant (BirA-KRAS4BG12D/C185S) KRAS with the BirA biotin ligase in murine PDAC cells. Mass spectrometry analysis revealed that RSK1 selectively interacts with membrane-bound KRASG12D, and we demonstrate that this interaction requires NF1 and SPRED2. We find that membrane RSK1 mediates negative feedback on WT RAS signaling and impedes the proliferation of pancreatic cancer cells upon the ablation of mutant KRAS. Our findings link NF1 to the membrane-localized functions of RSK1 and highlight a role for WT RAS signaling in promoting adaptive resistance to mutant KRAS-specific inhibitors in PDAC.
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30
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Addeo A, Banna GL, Friedlaender A. KRAS G12C Mutations in NSCLC: From Target to Resistance. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13112541. [PMID: 34064232 PMCID: PMC8196854 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13112541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer represents the most common form of cancer, accounting for 1.8 million deaths globally in 2020. Over the last decade the treatment for advanced and metastatic non-small cell lung cancer have dramatically improved largely thanks to the emergence of two therapeutic breakthroughs: the discovery of immune checkpoint inhibitors and targeting of oncogenic driver alterations. While these therapies hold great promise, they face the same limitation as other inhibitors: the emergence of resistant mechanisms. One such alteration in non-small cell lung cancer is the Kirsten Rat Sarcoma (KRAS) oncogene. KRAS mutations are the most common oncogenic driver in NSCLC, representing roughly 20-25% of cases. The mutation is almost exclusively detected in adenocarcinoma and is found among smokers 90% of the time. Along with the development of new drugs that have been showing promising activity, resistance mechanisms have begun to be clarified. The aim of this review is to unwrap the biology of KRAS in NSCLC with a specific focus on primary and secondary resistance mechanisms and their possible clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Addeo
- Swiss Cancer Center Leman, Oncology Department, Switzerland University of Geneva, University Hospital Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland;
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Alex Friedlaender
- Swiss Cancer Center Leman, Oncology Department, Switzerland University of Geneva, University Hospital Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland;
- Oncology Service, Clinique Générale Beaulieu, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland
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31
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Zhou Y, Xu B, Zhou Y, Liu J, Zheng X, Liu Y, Deng H, Liu M, Ren X, Xia J, Kong X, Huang T, Jiang J. Identification of Key Genes With Differential Correlations in Lung Adenocarcinoma. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:675438. [PMID: 34026765 PMCID: PMC8131847 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.675438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background With the advent of large-scale molecular profiling, an increasing number of oncogenic drivers contributing to precise medicine and reshaping classification of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) have been identified. However, only a minority of patients archived improved outcome under current standard therapies because of the dynamic mutational spectrum, which required expanding susceptible gene libraries. Accumulating evidence has witnessed that understanding gene regulatory networks as well as their changing processes was helpful in identifying core genes which acted as master regulators during carcinogenesis. The present study aimed at identifying key genes with differential correlations between normal and tumor status. Methods Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was employed to build a gene interaction network using the expression profile of LUAD from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). R package DiffCorr was implemented for the identification of differential correlations between tumor and adjacent normal tissues. STRING and Cytoscape were used for the construction and visualization of biological networks. Results A total of 176 modules were detected in the network, among which yellow and medium orchid modules showed the most significant associations with LUAD. Then genes in these two modules were further chosen to evaluate their differential correlations. Finally, dozens of novel genes with opposite correlations including ATP13A4-AS1, HIGD1B, DAP3, and ISG20L2 were identified. Further biological and survival analyses highlighted their potential values in the diagnosis and treatment of LUAD. Moreover, real-time qPCR confirmed the expression patterns of ATP13A4-AS1, HIGD1B, DAP3, and ISG20L2 in LUAD tissues and cell lines. Conclusion Our study provided new insights into the gene regulatory mechanisms during transition from normal to tumor, pioneering a network-based algorithm in the application of tumor etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Zhou
- Tumor Biological Diagnosis and Treatment Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China.,Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Tumor Immunotherapy, Changzhou, China.,Institute of Cell Therapy, Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Bin Xu
- Tumor Biological Diagnosis and Treatment Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China.,Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Tumor Immunotherapy, Changzhou, China.,Institute of Cell Therapy, Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- Tumor Biological Diagnosis and Treatment Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China.,Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Tumor Immunotherapy, Changzhou, China.,Institute of Cell Therapy, Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Jian Liu
- Tumor Biological Diagnosis and Treatment Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China.,Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Tumor Immunotherapy, Changzhou, China.,Institute of Cell Therapy, Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Xiao Zheng
- Tumor Biological Diagnosis and Treatment Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China.,Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Tumor Immunotherapy, Changzhou, China.,Institute of Cell Therapy, Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Yingting Liu
- Tumor Biological Diagnosis and Treatment Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China.,Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Tumor Immunotherapy, Changzhou, China.,Institute of Cell Therapy, Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Haifeng Deng
- Tumor Biological Diagnosis and Treatment Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China.,Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Tumor Immunotherapy, Changzhou, China.,Institute of Cell Therapy, Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Ming Liu
- Tumor Biological Diagnosis and Treatment Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China.,Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Tumor Immunotherapy, Changzhou, China.,Institute of Cell Therapy, Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Xiubao Ren
- Department of Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Jianchuan Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiangyin Kong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Huang
- Bio-Med Big Data Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingting Jiang
- Tumor Biological Diagnosis and Treatment Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China.,Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Tumor Immunotherapy, Changzhou, China.,Institute of Cell Therapy, Soochow University, Changzhou, China
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Solanki HS, Welsh EA, Fang B, Izumi V, Darville L, Stone B, Franzese R, Chavan S, Kinose F, Imbody D, Koomen JM, Rix U, Haura EB. Cell Type-specific Adaptive Signaling Responses to KRAS G12C Inhibition. Clin Cancer Res 2021; 27:2533-2548. [PMID: 33619172 PMCID: PMC9940280 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-20-3872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Covalent inhibitors of KRASG12C specifically target tumors driven by this form of mutant KRAS, yet early studies show that bypass signaling drives adaptive resistance. Although several combination strategies have been shown to improve efficacy of KRASG12C inhibitors (KRASi), underlying mechanisms and predictive strategies for patient enrichment are less clear. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We performed mass spectrometry-based phosphoproteomics analysis in KRASG12C cell lines after short-term treatment with ARS-1620. To understand signaling diversity and cell type-specific markers, we compared proteome and phosphoproteomes of KRASG12C cells. Gene expression patterns of KRASG12C cell lines and lung tumor tissues were examined. RESULTS Our analysis suggests cell type-specific perturbation to ERBB2/3 signaling compensates for repressed ERK and AKT signaling following ARS-1620 treatment in epithelial cell type, and this subtype was also more responsive to coinhibition of SHP2 and SOS1. Conversely, both high basal and feedback activation of FGFR or AXL signaling were identified in mesenchymal cells. Inhibition of FGFR signaling suppressed feedback activation of ERK and mTOR, while AXL inhibition suppressed PI3K pathway. In both cell lines and human lung cancer tissues with KRASG12C, we observed high basal ERBB2/3 associated with epithelial gene signatures, while higher basal FGFR1 and AXL were observed in cells/tumors with mesenchymal gene signatures. CONCLUSIONS Our phosphoproteomic study identified cell type-adaptive responses to KRASi. Markers and targets associated with ERBB2/3 signaling in epithelial subtype and with FGFR1/AXL signaling in mesenchymal subtype should be considered in patient enrichment schemes with KRASi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitendra S. Solanki
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Eric A. Welsh
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Shared Resources, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Bin Fang
- Proteomics & Metabolomics Core, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Victoria Izumi
- Proteomics & Metabolomics Core, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Lancia Darville
- Proteomics & Metabolomics Core, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Brandon Stone
- Proteomics & Metabolomics Core, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Ryan Franzese
- Proteomics & Metabolomics Core, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Sandip Chavan
- Molecular Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Fumi Kinose
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Denis Imbody
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA,Undergraduate Studies in Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - John M. Koomen
- Molecular Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Uwe Rix
- Department of Drug Discovery, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Eric B. Haura
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA,Department of Drug Discovery, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA,To whom correspondence should be addressed: Eric Haura, Department of Thoracic Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612, , Tel.: 813-745-6827
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Mukhopadhyay S, Vander Heiden MG, McCormick F. The Metabolic Landscape of RAS-Driven Cancers from biology to therapy. NATURE CANCER 2021; 2:271-283. [PMID: 33870211 PMCID: PMC8045781 DOI: 10.1038/s43018-021-00184-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Our understanding of how the RAS protein family, and in particular mutant KRAS promote metabolic dysregulation in cancer cells has advanced significantly over the last decade. In this Review, we discuss the metabolic reprogramming mediated by oncogenic RAS in cancer, and elucidating the underlying mechanisms could translate to novel therapeutic opportunities to target metabolic vulnerabilities in RAS-driven cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Mukhopadhyay
- National Cancer Institute RAS Initiative, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Matthew G Vander Heiden
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Frank McCormick
- National Cancer Institute RAS Initiative, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA.
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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Kiel C, Matallanas D, Kolch W. The Ins and Outs of RAS Effector Complexes. Biomolecules 2021; 11:236. [PMID: 33562401 PMCID: PMC7915224 DOI: 10.3390/biom11020236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
RAS oncogenes are among the most commonly mutated proteins in human cancers. They regulate a wide range of effector pathways that control cell proliferation, survival, differentiation, migration and metabolic status. Including aberrations in these pathways, RAS-dependent signaling is altered in more than half of human cancers. Targeting mutant RAS proteins and their downstream oncogenic signaling pathways has been elusive. However, recent results comprising detailed molecular studies, large scale omics studies and computational modeling have painted a new and more comprehensive portrait of RAS signaling that helps us to understand the intricacies of RAS, how its physiological and pathophysiological functions are regulated, and how we can target them. Here, we review these efforts particularly trying to relate the detailed mechanistic studies with global functional studies. We highlight the importance of computational modeling and data integration to derive an actionable understanding of RAS signaling that will allow us to design new mechanism-based therapies for RAS mutated cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Kiel
- Systems Biology Ireland, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland; (C.K.); (D.M.)
- UCD Charles Institute of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - David Matallanas
- Systems Biology Ireland, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland; (C.K.); (D.M.)
| | - Walter Kolch
- Systems Biology Ireland, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland; (C.K.); (D.M.)
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular & Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
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35
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Promotion of cancer cell stemness by Ras. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 49:467-476. [PMID: 33544116 PMCID: PMC7925005 DOI: 10.1042/bst20200964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSC) may be the most relevant and elusive cancer cell population, as they have the exquisite ability to seed new tumors. It is plausible, that highly mutated cancer genes, such as KRAS, are functionally associated with processes contributing to the emergence of stemness traits. In this review, we will summarize the evidence for a stemness driving activity of oncogenic Ras. This activity appears to differ by Ras isoform, with the highly mutated KRAS having a particularly profound impact. Next to established stemness pathways such as Wnt and Hedgehog (Hh), the precise, cell cycle dependent orchestration of the MAPK-pathway appears to relay Ras activation in this context. We will examine how non-canonical activities of K-Ras4B (hereafter K-Ras) could be enabled by its trafficking chaperones calmodulin and PDE6D/PDEδ. Both dynamically localize to the cellular machinery that is intimately linked to cell fate decisions, such as the primary cilium and the centrosome. Thus, it can be speculated that oncogenic K-Ras disrupts fundamental polarized signaling and asymmetric apportioning processes that are necessary during cell differentiation.
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36
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Huang Z, Liu M, Li D, Tan Y, Zhang R, Xia Z, Wang P, Jiao B, Liu P, Ren R. PTPN2 regulates the activation of KRAS and plays a critical role in proliferation and survival of KRAS-driven cancer cells. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:18343-18354. [PMID: 33122197 PMCID: PMC7939389 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.011060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
RAS genes are the most commonly mutated in human cancers and play critical roles in tumor initiation, progression, and drug resistance. Identification of targets that block RAS signaling is pivotal to develop therapies for RAS-related cancer. As RAS translocation to the plasma membrane (PM) is essential for its effective signal transduction, we devised a high-content screening assay to search for genes regulating KRAS membrane association. We found that the tyrosine phosphatase PTPN2 regulates the plasma membrane localization of KRAS. Knockdown of PTPN2 reduced the proliferation and promoted apoptosis in KRAS-dependent cancer cells, but not in KRAS-independent cells. Mechanistically, PTPN2 negatively regulates tyrosine phosphorylation of KRAS, which, in turn, affects the activation KRAS and its downstream signaling. Consistently, analysis of the TCGA database demonstrates that high expression of PTPN2 is significantly associated with poor prognosis of patients with KRAS-mutant pancreatic adenocarcinoma. These results indicate that PTPN2 is a key regulator of KRAS and may serve as a new target for therapy of KRAS-driven cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangsen Huang
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory for Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Ruijin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingzhu Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory for Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Ruijin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Donghe Li
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory for Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Ruijin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun Tan
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory for Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Ruijin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruihong Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory for Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Ruijin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhizhou Xia
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory for Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Ruijin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Peihong Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory for Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Ruijin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Jiao
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory for Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Ruijin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory for Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Ruijin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Ruibao Ren
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory for Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Ruijin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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37
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Expression of transgenes enriched in rare codons is enhanced by the MAPK pathway. Sci Rep 2020; 10:22166. [PMID: 33335127 PMCID: PMC7746698 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78453-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to translate three nucleotide sequences, or codons, into amino acids to form proteins is conserved across all organisms. All but two amino acids have multiple codons, and the frequency that such synonymous codons occur in genomes ranges from rare to common. Transcripts enriched in rare codons are typically associated with poor translation, but in certain settings can be robustly expressed, suggestive of codon-dependent regulation. Given this, we screened a gain-of-function library for human genes that increase the expression of a GFPrare reporter encoded by rare codons. This screen identified multiple components of the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway enhancing GFPrare expression. This effect was reversed with inhibitors of this pathway and confirmed to be both codon-dependent and occur with ectopic transcripts naturally coded with rare codons. Finally, this effect was associated, at least in part, with enhanced translation. We thus identify a potential regulatory module that takes advantage of the redundancy in the genetic code to modulate protein expression.
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38
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Strätker K, Haidar S, Dubiel M, Estévez-Braun A, Jose J. Autodisplay of human PIP5K1α lipid kinase on Escherichia coli and inhibitor testing. Enzyme Microb Technol 2020; 143:109717. [PMID: 33375977 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2020.109717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The human phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate 5-kinase type I α (hPIP5K1α) plays a major role in the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. As it has been shown before that hPIP5K1α is involved in the development of different types of cancer in particular prostate cancer, inhibitors of the enzyme might be a new option for the treatment of this disease. Here we report on the expression of hPIP5K1α on the surface of E. coli using Autodisplay. Autodisplay is defined as the surface display of a recombinant protein on a gramnegative bacterium by the autotransporter secretion pathway. After verification of surface expression, enzyme activity of whole cells displaying hPIP5K1α was determined by a capillary electrophoresis based assay. When using cells at an OD578 of 2.5, the artificial substrate phosphatidylinositol4-phosphate (PI(4)P) fluorescein was converted by a rate of 10.7 ± 0.2 fmol/min. Using this substrate inhibition of three pyranobenzoquinone type compounds was tested. The most active compound was 4-(2-amino-3-cyano-6-hydroxy-5,8-dioxo-7-undecyl-5,8-dihydro-4H-chromen-4-yl) benzoic acid with an IC50 value of 8.6 μM. Because until now, all attempts to purify hPIP5K1α failed, we suggest the use of whole cells of E. coli displaying the enzyme as a convenient tool for inhibitor identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Strätker
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, PharmaCampus, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstr. 48, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Samer Haidar
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, PharmaCampus, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstr. 48, 48149, Münster, Germany; Faculty of Pharmacy, 17 April Street, Damascus University, Syria
| | - Mariam Dubiel
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, PharmaCampus, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstr. 48, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Ana Estévez-Braun
- Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica Antonio González, Departamento de QuímicaOrgánica, Universidad de La Laguna, Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez Nº 2, 38206, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Joachim Jose
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, PharmaCampus, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstr. 48, 48149, Münster, Germany.
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Béganton B, Coyaud E, Laurent EMN, Mangé A, Jacquemetton J, Le Romancer M, Raught B, Solassol J. Proximal Protein Interaction Landscape of RAS Paralogs. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12113326. [PMID: 33187149 PMCID: PMC7696408 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12113326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary RAS paralogs (HRAS, NRAS and KRAS) are of major interest in biology because they are involved in developmental disorders (e.g., Costello and Noonan syndromes) and in a broad variety of human neoplasia. Many research groups have devoted tremendous efforts to deepen our understanding of the RAS proteins functions and regulations, notably through identifying their functional protein partners. However, while most of these studies were focused on pathogenic RAS mutants, much less research has been dedicated to deciphering the normal activities of RAS paralogs. However, such characterization appears as a prerequisite to clearly identify pathogenic features. We delineated and compared the wild type RAS paralogs proximal interactomes. We detected more than 800 RAS high confident proximal interactors, either shared between paralogs or unique, and validated a subset of data through proximity ligation assays-based validation. Our results describe differential interactors enrichment between RAS paralogs and uncover novel ties between RAS signaling and cellular metabolism. We believe that our findings will support further studies aiming at better understanding how RAS paralogs could be differentially involved in discrete cellular processes and could serve as a basis to template oncogenic mechanism investigations. Abstract RAS proteins (KRAS, NRAS and HRAS) are frequently activated in different cancer types (e.g., non-small cell lung cancer, colorectal cancer, melanoma and bladder cancer). For many years, their activities were considered redundant due to their high degree of sequence homology (80% identity) and their shared upstream and downstream protein partners. However, the high conservation of the Hyper-Variable-Region across mammalian species, the preferential activation of different RAS proteins in specific tumor types and the specific post-translational modifications and plasma membrane-localization of each paralog suggest they could ensure discrete functions. To gain insights into RAS proteins specificities, we explored their proximal protein–protein interaction landscapes using the proximity-dependent biotin identification technology (BioID) in Flp-In T-REx 293 cell lines stably transfected and inducibly expressing wild type KRAS4B, NRAS or HRAS. We identified more than 800 high-confidence proximal interactors, allowing us to propose an unprecedented comparative analysis of wild type RAS paralogs protein networks. These data bring novel information on poorly characterized RAS functions, e.g., its putative involvement in metabolic pathways, and on shared as well as paralog-specific protein networks that could partially explain the complexity of RAS functions. These networks of protein interactions open numerous avenues to better understand RAS paralogs biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoît Béganton
- CHU Montpellier, Department of Pathology and Onco-Biology, Univ Montpellier, 34295 Montpellier, France;
- IRCM, INSERM, Univ Montpellier, ICM, 34298 Montpellier, France;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-467-33-58-71
| | - Etienne Coyaud
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; (E.C.); (E.M.N.L.); (B.R.)
| | - Estelle M. N. Laurent
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; (E.C.); (E.M.N.L.); (B.R.)
| | - Alain Mangé
- IRCM, INSERM, Univ Montpellier, ICM, 34298 Montpellier, France;
| | - Julien Jacquemetton
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon (CRCL), INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR5286, Université Lyon 1, 69008 Lyon, France; (J.J.); (M.L.R.)
| | - Muriel Le Romancer
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon (CRCL), INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR5286, Université Lyon 1, 69008 Lyon, France; (J.J.); (M.L.R.)
| | - Brian Raught
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; (E.C.); (E.M.N.L.); (B.R.)
| | - Jérôme Solassol
- CHU Montpellier, Department of Pathology and Onco-Biology, Univ Montpellier, 34295 Montpellier, France;
- IRCM, INSERM, Univ Montpellier, ICM, 34298 Montpellier, France;
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Quadri R, Sertic S, Muzi-Falconi M. gRASping Depolarization: Contribution of RAS GTPases to Mitotic Polarity Clusters Resolution. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:589993. [PMID: 33178703 PMCID: PMC7593642 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.589993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Quadri
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Sarah Sertic
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Muzi-Falconi
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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Prior IA, Hood FE, Hartley JL. The Frequency of Ras Mutations in Cancer. Cancer Res 2020; 80:2969-2974. [PMID: 32209560 PMCID: PMC7367715 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-3682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 487] [Impact Index Per Article: 121.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ras is frequently mutated in cancer, however, there is a lack of consensus in the literature regarding the cancer mutation frequency of Ras, with quoted values varying from 10%-30%. This variability is at least in part due to the selective aggregation of data from different databases and the dominant influence of particular cancer types and particular Ras isoforms within these datasets. To provide a more definitive figure for Ras mutation frequency in cancer, we cross-referenced the data in all major publicly accessible cancer mutation databases to determine reliable mutation frequency values for each Ras isoform in all major cancer types. These percentages were then applied to current U.S. cancer incidence statistics to estimate the number of new patients each year that have Ras-mutant cancers. We find that approximately 19% of patients with cancer harbor Ras mutations, equivalent to approximately 3.4 million new cases per year worldwide. We discuss the Ras isoform and mutation-specific trends evident within the datasets that are relevant to current Ras-targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian A Prior
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
| | - Fiona E Hood
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - James L Hartley
- NCI RAS Initiative, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
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Tang L, Yao T, Fang M, Zheng X, Chen G, Li M, Wang D, Li X, Ma H, Wang X, Qian Y, Zhou F. Genomic DNA methylation in HLA-Cw*0602 carriers and non-carriers of psoriasis. J Dermatol Sci 2020; 99:23-29. [PMID: 32522384 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2020.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND HLA-Cw*0602 has long been established as one of the most important genetic biomarkers in psoriasis. However, the epigenetic and gene expression differences between HLA-Cw*0602 carriers and non-carriers has not yet been investigated. OBJECTIVE We aim to explore the whole-genome methylation and gene expression differences between HLA-Cw*0602 carriers and non-carriers. METHODS HLA imputation was performed to get landscape of variants in this region. Genome-wide DNA methylation was compared between positive and negative HLA-Cw*0602 groups. Eleven methylation loci were selected for further validation in additional 43 cases. For differentially methylated genes, GO and KEGG were used to annotate gene functions. RESULTS We imputed 29,948 variants based on the constructed HLA reference panels, and obtained 42 HLA-Cw*0602 carriers and 72 non-carriers. Significant methylation differences were detected at 4321 sites (811 hypo- and 3510 hypermethylated). The cg02607779 (KLF7, P = 0.001), cg06936779 (PIP5K1A, P = 0.002), cg03860400 (BTBD10, P = 0.017) and cg26112390 (GOLGA2P5, P = 0.019) were identified and validated to be the significant CpGs contributed to different HLA-C*0602 groups. Among the hypo- and hypermethylated sites, the top CpGs were in gene body and CpG island. CONCLUSION We performed the first whole-genome study on methylation differences between psoriatic individuals with or without HLA-Cw*0602, and found the key methylation sites which may contribute to the carrying status of HLA-Cw*0602. Methylation loci located in gene body and CpG island are more likely to affect the methylation levels in HLA-Cw*0602 carriers. This integrated analysis shed light on novel insights into the pathogenic mechanisms of genomic methylation in different HLA genotypes of psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Tang
- Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Institute of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Key Laboratory of Dermatology (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education, Hefei, China; State Key Laboratory Incubation Base of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Tianyu Yao
- The First Clinical Medical College of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Miaohong Fang
- The First Clinical Medical College of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaodong Zheng
- Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Institute of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Key Laboratory of Dermatology (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education, Hefei, China; State Key Laboratory Incubation Base of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Institute of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Key Laboratory of Dermatology (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education, Hefei, China; State Key Laboratory Incubation Base of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Mengqing Li
- Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Institute of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Key Laboratory of Dermatology (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education, Hefei, China; State Key Laboratory Incubation Base of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Institute of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Key Laboratory of Dermatology (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education, Hefei, China; State Key Laboratory Incubation Base of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Xinyu Li
- The First Clinical Medical College of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Haining Ma
- The First Clinical Medical College of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Xiangru Wang
- The First Clinical Medical College of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Yunhong Qian
- The First Clinical Medical College of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Fusheng Zhou
- Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Institute of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Key Laboratory of Dermatology (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education, Hefei, China; State Key Laboratory Incubation Base of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, China.
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43
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Excoffon KJDA. The coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor: virological and biological beauty. FEBS Lett 2020; 594:1828-1837. [PMID: 32298477 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (CAR) is an essential multifunctional cellular protein that is only beginning to be understood. CAR serves as a receptor for many adenoviruses, human group B coxsackieviruses, swine vesicular disease virus, and possibly other viruses. While named for its function as a viral receptor, CAR is also involved in cell adhesion, immune cell activation, synaptic transmission, and signaling. Knockout mouse models were first to identify some of these biological functions; however, tissue-specific model systems have shed light on the complexity of different CAR isoforms and their specific activities. Many of these functions are mediated by the large number of interacting proteins described so far, and several new putative interactions have recently been discovered. As antiviral and gene therapy strategies that target CAR continue to emerge, future work poised to understand the biological implications of manipulating CAR in vivo is critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine J D A Excoffon
- Biological Sciences, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA.,Spirovant Sciences, Inc, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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44
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Li S, MacAlpine DM, Counter CM. Capturing the primordial Kras mutation initiating urethane carcinogenesis. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1800. [PMID: 32286309 PMCID: PMC7156420 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15660-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The environmental carcinogen urethane exhibits a profound specificity for pulmonary tumors driven by an oncogenic Q61L/R mutation in the gene Kras. Similarly, the frequency, isoform, position, and substitution of oncogenic RAS mutations are often unique to human cancers. To elucidate the principles underlying this RAS mutation tropism of urethane, we adapted an error-corrected, high-throughput sequencing approach to detect mutations in murine Ras genes at great sensitivity. This analysis not only captured the initiating Kras mutation days after urethane exposure, but revealed that the sequence specificity of urethane mutagenesis, coupled with transcription and isoform locus, to be major influences on the extreme tropism of this carcinogen. Why the carcinogen urethane causes only lung tumours driven by a specific oncogenic mutation in just one Ras gene in mice is unclear. Here, the authors capture mutations immediately after urethane exposure and show that the sequence specificity of mutagenesis, transcriptional status, and Ras genetic loci may all contribute to this specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - David M MacAlpine
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Christopher M Counter
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
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45
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Budayeva HG, Kirkpatrick DS. Monitoring protein communities and their responses to therapeutics. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2020; 19:414-426. [PMID: 32139903 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-020-0063-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Most therapeutics are designed to alter the activities of proteins. From metabolic enzymes to cell surface receptors, connecting the function of a protein to a cellular phenotype, to the activity of a drug and to a clinical outcome represents key mechanistic milestones during drug development. Yet, even for therapeutics with exquisite specificity, the sequence of events following target engagement can be complex. Interconnected communities of structural, metabolic and signalling proteins modulate diverse downstream effects that manifest as interindividual differences in efficacy, adverse effects and resistance to therapy. Recent advances in mass spectrometry proteomics have made it possible to decipher these complex relationships and to understand how factors such as genotype, cell type, local environment and external perturbations influence them. In this Review, we explore how proteomic technologies are expanding our understanding of protein communities and their responses to large- and small-molecule therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna G Budayeva
- Department of Microchemistry, Proteomics and Lipidomics, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Donald S Kirkpatrick
- Department of Microchemistry, Proteomics and Lipidomics, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA.
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46
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Xu C, Wan Z, Shaheen S, Wang J, Yang Z, Liu W. A PI(4,5)P2-derived "gasoline engine model" for the sustained B cell receptor activation. Immunol Rev 2020; 291:75-90. [PMID: 31402506 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
To efficiently initiate activation responses against rare ligands in the microenvironment, lymphocytes employ sophisticated mechanisms involving signaling amplification. Recently, a signaling amplification mechanism initiated from phosphatidylinositol (PI) 4, 5-biphosphate [PI(4,5)P2] hydrolysis and synthesis for sustained B cell activation has been reported. Antigen and B cell receptor (BCR) recognition triggered the prompt reduction of PI(4,5)P2 density within the BCR microclusters, which led to the positive feedback for the synthesis of PI(4,5)P2 outside of the BCR microclusters. At single molecule level, the diffusion of PI(4,5)P2 was slow, allowing for the maintenance of a PI(4,5)P2 density gradient between the inside and outside of the BCR microclusters and the persistent supply of PI(4,5)P2 from outside to inside of the BCR microclusters. Here, we review studies that have contributed to uncovering the molecular mechanisms of PI(4,5)P2-derived signaling amplification model. Based on these studies, we proposed a "gasoline engine model" in which the activation of B cell signaling inside the microclusters is similar to the working principle of burning gasoline within the engine chamber of a gasoline engine. We also discuss the evidences showing the potential universality of this model and future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenguang Xu
- Center for Life Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Key Lab for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengpeng Wan
- Center for Life Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Key Lab for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Samina Shaheen
- Center for Life Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Key Lab for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Center for Life Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Key Lab for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiyong Yang
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Wanli Liu
- Center for Life Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Key Lab for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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47
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Strätker K, Haidar S, Amesty Á, El-Awaad E, Götz C, Estévez-Braun A, Jose J. Development of an in vitro screening assay for PIP5K1α lipid kinase and identification of potent inhibitors. FEBS J 2020; 287:3042-3064. [PMID: 31876381 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The human phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate 5-kinase type I α (hPIP5K1α) participates in the phosphoinositide-3-kinase/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathway. Despite the evidence that hPIP5K1α plays a role in the development of prostate cancer (PCa), only one inhibitor is known to date. With the aim of identifying new inhibitors, a nonradiometric assay for measurement of the hPIP5K1α enzyme activity was developed. The assay is based on the separation of the fluorescently labeled substrate phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate (PI(4)P) and the resulting product phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2 ) by capillary electrophoresis (CE). Furthermore, an inactive mutant K261A of hPIP5K1α was generated by site-directed mutagenesis and used as a control. Michaelis-Menten analysis revealed a Km value of 21.6 µm and Vmax of 0.65 pmol·min-1 for the cosubstrate ATP. The average Z' value was determined to be 0.86, indicating a high reliability of the assay. An in silico screening of an in-house compound library was performed employing the crystal structure of zebrafish PIP5K1α. By applying this strategy, three compounds with a 2-amino-3-cyano-4H-pyranobenzoquinone scaffold were identified and tested using the CE-based assay. These compounds inhibited hPIP5K1α to > 90% at a concentration of 50 µm. Subsequently, the inhibitory activity of all compounds with a pyranobenzoquinone scaffold (29) was tested on hPIP5K1α. Compound 4-(2-amino-3-cyano-6-hydroxy-5,8-dioxo-7-undecyl-5,8-dihydro-4H-chromen-4-yl)benzoic acid appeared to be the most potent inhibitor of hPIP5K1α identified so far with an IC50 value of 1.55 µm, exhibiting a substrate-competitive mode of action. The effects of this compound on cell viability and the induction of apoptosis were investigated in LNCaP, DU145, and PC3 PCa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Strätker
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Germany
| | - Samer Haidar
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Germany.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Damascus University, Syria
| | - Ángel Amesty
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica Antonio González (CIBICAN), Universidad de La Laguna, Spain
| | - Ehab El-Awaad
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Germany.,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Egypt
| | - Claudia Götz
- Universität des Saarlandes Medizinische Biochemie und Molekularbiologie Geb, Homburg, Germany
| | - Ana Estévez-Braun
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica Antonio González (CIBICAN), Universidad de La Laguna, Spain
| | - Joachim Jose
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Germany
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Abdelkarim H, Banerjee A, Grudzien P, Leschinsky N, Abushaer M, Gaponenko V. The Hypervariable Region of K-Ras4B Governs Molecular Recognition and Function. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20225718. [PMID: 31739603 PMCID: PMC6888304 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20225718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The flexible C-terminal hypervariable region distinguishes K-Ras4B, an important proto-oncogenic GTPase, from other Ras GTPases. This unique lysine-rich portion of the protein harbors sites for post-translational modification, including cysteine prenylation, carboxymethylation, phosphorylation, and likely many others. The functions of the hypervariable region are diverse, ranging from anchoring K-Ras4B at the plasma membrane to sampling potentially auto-inhibitory binding sites in its GTPase domain and participating in isoform-specific protein-protein interactions and signaling. Despite much research, there are still many questions about the hypervariable region of K-Ras4B. For example, mechanistic details of its interaction with plasma membrane lipids and with the GTPase domain require further clarification. The roles of the hypervariable region in K-Ras4B-specific protein-protein interactions and signaling are incompletely defined. It is also unclear why post-translational modifications frequently found in protein polylysine domains, such as acetylation, glycation, and carbamoylation, have not been observed in K-Ras4B. Expanding knowledge of the hypervariable region will likely drive the development of novel highly-efficient and selective inhibitors of K-Ras4B that are urgently needed by cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazem Abdelkarim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC), Chicago, IL 60607, USA; (H.A.); (P.G.); (N.L.); (M.A.)
| | - Avik Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC), Chicago, IL 60612, USA;
| | - Patrick Grudzien
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC), Chicago, IL 60607, USA; (H.A.); (P.G.); (N.L.); (M.A.)
| | - Nicholas Leschinsky
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC), Chicago, IL 60607, USA; (H.A.); (P.G.); (N.L.); (M.A.)
| | - Mahmoud Abushaer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC), Chicago, IL 60607, USA; (H.A.); (P.G.); (N.L.); (M.A.)
| | - Vadim Gaponenko
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC), Chicago, IL 60607, USA; (H.A.); (P.G.); (N.L.); (M.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +312-355-4839
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The Great Escape: how phosphatidylinositol 4-kinases and PI4P promote vesicle exit from the Golgi (and drive cancer). Biochem J 2019; 476:2321-2346. [DOI: 10.1042/bcj20180622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PI4P) is a membrane glycerophospholipid and a major regulator of the characteristic appearance of the Golgi complex as well as its vesicular trafficking, signalling and metabolic functions. Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinases, and in particular the PI4KIIIβ isoform, act in concert with PI4P to recruit macromolecular complexes to initiate the biogenesis of trafficking vesicles for several Golgi exit routes. Dysregulation of Golgi PI4P metabolism and the PI4P protein interactome features in many cancers and is often associated with tumour progression and a poor prognosis. Increased expression of PI4P-binding proteins, such as GOLPH3 or PITPNC1, induces a malignant secretory phenotype and the release of proteins that can remodel the extracellular matrix, promote angiogenesis and enhance cell motility. Aberrant Golgi PI4P metabolism can also result in the impaired post-translational modification of proteins required for focal adhesion formation and cell–matrix interactions, thereby potentiating the development of aggressive metastatic and invasive tumours. Altered expression of the Golgi-targeted PI 4-kinases, PI4KIIIβ, PI4KIIα and PI4KIIβ, or the PI4P phosphate Sac1, can also modulate oncogenic signalling through effects on TGN-endosomal trafficking. A Golgi trafficking role for a PIP 5-kinase has been recently described, which indicates that PI4P is not the only functionally important phosphoinositide at this subcellular location. This review charts new developments in our understanding of phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase function at the Golgi and how PI4P-dependent trafficking can be deregulated in malignant disease.
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50
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Najafi M, Ahmadi A, Mortezaee K. Extracellular-signal-regulated kinase/mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling as a target for cancer therapy: an updated review. Cell Biol Int 2019; 43:1206-1222. [PMID: 31136035 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway is activated in a wide spectrum of human tumors, exhibiting cardinal oncogenic roles and sustained inhibition of this pathway is considered as a primary goal in clinic. Within this pathway, receptor tyrosine kinases such as epithelial growth factor receptor, mesenchymal-epithelial transition, and AXL act as upstream regulators of RAS/RAF/MEK/extracellular-signal-regulated kinase. MAPK signaling is active in both early and advanced stages of tumorigenesis, and it promotes tumor proliferation, survival, and metastasis. MAPK regulatory effects on cellular constituent of the tumor microenvironment is for immunosuppressive purposes. Cross-talking between MAPK with oncogenic signaling pathways including WNT, cyclooxygenase-2, transforming growth factor-β, NOTCH and (in particular) with phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase is contributed to the multiplication of tumor progression and drug resistance. Developing resistance (intrinsic or acquired) to MAPK-targeted therapy also occurs due to heterogeneity of tumors along with mutations and negative feedback loop of interactions exist between various kinases causing rebound activation of this signaling. Multidrug regimen is a preferred therapeutic avenue for targeting MAPK signaling. To enhance patient tolerance and to mitigate potential adversarial effects related to the combination therapy, determination of a desired dose and drug along with pre-evaluation of cancer-type-specific kinase mutation and sensitivity, especially for patients receiving triplet therapy is an urgent need.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Najafi
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, School of Paramedical Sciences, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Ahmadi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, 48175-861, Iran
| | - Keywan Mortezaee
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
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